Landscape Conservation Action Plan Part 1

Fellfoot Forward

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 1 Fellfoot Forward is led by the North Pennines AONB Partnership and supported by the National Lottery Heritage Fund.

Our Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership includes these partners Contents

Landscape Conservation Action Plan Part 1 1. Acknowledgements 3 8 Fellfoot Forward LPS: making it happen 88 2. Foreword 4 8.1 Fellfoot Forward: the first steps 89 3. Executive Summary: A Manifesto for Our Landscape 5 8.2 Community consultation 90 4 Using the LCAP 6 8.3 Fellfoot Forward LPS Advisory Board 93 5 Understanding the Fellfoot Forward Landscape 7 8.4 Fellfoot Forward: 2020 – 2024 94 5.1 Location 8 8.5 Key milestones and events 94 5.2 What do we mean by landscape? 9 8.6 Delivery partners 96 5.3 Statement of Significance: 8.7 Staff team 96 what makes our Fellfoot landscape special? 10 8.8 Fellfoot Forward LPS: Risk register 98 5.4 Landscape Character Assessment 12 8.9 Financial arrangements 105 5.5 Beneath it all: Geology 32 8.10 Scheme office 106 5.6 Our past: pre-history to present day 38 8.11 Future Fair 106 5.7 Communities 41 8.12 Communications framework 107 5.8 The visitor experience 45 8.13 Evaluation and monitoring 113 5.9 Wildlife and habitats of the Fellfoot landscape 50 8.14 Changes to Scheme programme and budget since first stage submission 114 5.10 Moorlands 51 9 Key strategy documents 118 5.11 Grassland 52 5.12 Rivers and Streams 53 APPENDICES 5.13 Trees, woodlands and hedgerows 54 1 Glossary of abbreviations 124 5.14 Land use and ownership 56 2 Record of community engagement and consultation 125 5.15 Management of the High Fell 57 3 Fellfoot Forward Management guidelines for landscape type 132 5.16 Farming on the Fellside 58 4 Terms of Reference for Fellfoot Forward Advisory Board 139 6 Threats and Opportunities in the Fellfoot Landscape 60 5 Theory of Change model 141 6.1 Climate Change 61 6 North Pennines AONB Partnership: Staff Organogram with Fellfoot Forward LPS 143 6.2 Rivers and Natural Flood Management 63 7 Durham County Council procurement and finance guidance 144 6.3 On the Fells 66 6.4 Fellfoot Farms 69 Landscape Conservation Action Plan Part 2 6.5 Our Natural Heritage 72 The Scheme Plan: non-technical project summaries. 6.6 Our Cultural Heritage 75 Separate document 6.7 Visiting Fellfoot 78 6.8 Understanding the landscape 80 Landscape Conservation Action Plan Part 3 7 Scheme vision, aims and objectives 82 Mechnical Project plans, maps, consents and agreements, budgets, 7.1 Vision statement 83 management and maintenance plans, surveys and reports. 7.2 Fellfoot Forward LPS Aims and Objectives 86 Separate document 7.2.1 Aims 86 7.2.2 LPS Objectives and National Lottery Heritage Fund Outcomes 86

2 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 1. Acknowledgements

This Landscape Conservation Action Thanks to Ged Lawson at Durham County Thanks to Andy Lees, Programme Manager Photo Credits Plan has been put together by the Council for our landscape character and Chris Woodley-Stewart, Director at assessment. Thanks to Jake Morton, North the North Pennines AONB Partnership for David Ambridge North Pennines AONB Partnership’s Pennines AONB Partnership (NPAONB) and their support in putting this LCAP together. Mike Collins Scheme development officers, Phillip Clegg for our geology description. Thank you also to Sophie McKee at National David Gosling Fiona Knox and Emma Wright, with Thanks to Paul Frodsham, Oracle Heritage Lottery Heritage Fund and Harriet Carty, our Dave Greaves for summarising the landscape’s history NLHF Mentor, for their help and advice. Shane Harris support from environment officer and to Sally Hemsley, Eden District Council, Charlie Hedley Vivien Kent. It brings together the Paul Walker, Carlisle City Council and Thank you to our advisory board and all Vivien Kent collective efforts of our partnership Sarah Hudspeth, Simon Wilson and Shane our partners for their support, advice and Fiona Knox Harris, NPAONB, for their contributions enthusiasm. Special thanks are due to the Gary Lintern and our advisory board, with to sections on communications, tourism, Fellfoot communities for their welcome Damon Mahoney particular thanks to our chair, Tom access and communities. Thanks to Veronica and for helping us shape our collective Adam Moan Speight, who wrote our foreword. Waller and Kate Gascoyne at the Farmer vision for the Fellfoot landscape. Andrew Parkinson Network for their descriptions of farming, Graham Relf and thanks to Jenny Garbe at Eden Rivers Eden Rivers Trust Trust for summarising the watercourses. Steve Westerberg Thank you to Hazel Graham at Cumbria Northeastwildlife.co.uk Action for Sustainability for her advice North Pennines AONB and ‘Future Fair’ vision for the Scheme. Partnership Warwick Bridge Primary School

Illustration Credits

Jake Morton Elizabeth Pickett

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 3 2. Foreword

Welcome to the Fellfoot Forward This landscape of the Eden Valley and An awful lot of work has gone into talking the fells above it is one of gentle beauty, and listening to local people and to local Landscape Conservation Action Plan. varied history and heritage and of organisations. To try to understand what it is people - who both live and work here as they would like to become involved in, what well as visit. Some of it well known, well they would like to become better connected used and well understood, some of it to. What it is that matters to them. We all more hidden, tranquil and out of sight. want this to be relevant to the people and Some might call it a “slow” landscape. to the landscape where they – we – live. And we all want to use the expertise that This project is a chance to strengthen a project such as this can introduce. understanding and awareness of an area I have grown to love and cherish in the A “slow” landscape is one of charm, fifteen years in which I have lived here. sustainability and deep understanding. It feels like a golden opportunity to join But it’s also very much a living landscape. things up, think big and build on all of I’d like this project to enhance curiosity, the natural wealth, both in the people of to excite the next generation, and to all ages and land of all contours, already quietly educate all who live, work and visit here. An opportunity to enhance and then here. And I’d like it to be well managed, root that “slowness” in a futureproofed carefully considered and fun to deliver. way, ready for whatever may come next. I have every confidence that it will be.

Tom Speight, Advisory Board Chair July 2019

4 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 3. Executive Summary

Once carved by ice, scoured by the Our Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Led by the North Pennines AONB has come together with the commitment Partnership and supported by the Helm Wind and torn between nations, to conserve, enhance and celebrate this National Lottery Heritage Fund, the the Fellfoot Forward landscape is now area’s unique natural and cultural heritage. Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership one of outward peace and tranquillity. We have an eye to the past: to the eight Scheme will empower local communities thousand years of human stories which to become guardians and ambassadors A landscape of gentle walks and need to be conserved and shared. But of their heritage. We will restore and majestic views, of veteran trees and we have also a keen awareness of the connect habitats, protect and celebrate ancient woodlands, of rich wildlife and threats that face our landscape today. our heritage and create access that encourages a deep and lasting hidden histories. It is a slow landscape, From curlew on the fells to rare bumblebees engagement with this special place. its quiet drama uniquely suited to an in our meadows; water vole along the immersive and reflective experience riverbanks and white-clawed crayfish in Our exciting and ambitious projects will the streams: our landscape is home to be complete by 2024. Our legacy will be a of a rich biodiversity and a deep past. many species which are scarce throughout more resilient landscape, left in the hands the rest of the U.K. Farming practices, of communities better-equipped to protect many of which are generations-old, are and celebrate their own particular Eden. responsible for protecting our soils, mitigating flood risks and conserving heritage features for visitors and residents. However, all these assets are at risk, as habitat degradation, political and economic upheaval and climate change threaten the conservation of our Fellfoot landscape.

“Cumbria’s best-kept secret: Eden is Eden”

A Fellfoot resident

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 5 4. Using the Landsape Conservation Action Plan

This Landscape Conservation Action The LCAP will guide four exciting years of Part 3: Project plans and scheme delivery. Fellfoot Forward, a National Lottery Heritage Part 3 includes working documents for Plan (LCAP) is the manifesto for Funded scheme. The Fellfoot Forward LPS each project with detailed key actions, our Fellfoot landscape, for our will connect Fellfoot communities and audiences and communications, risk communities, and for our natural build natural resilience into the landscape, registers and management plans. The forging creative connections with locals and reports and surveys that informed our and cultural heritage. It is the guiding visitors that encourage deep engagement projects are stored here. It also details document for the Fellfoot Forward with the heritage of this special place. the LPS budget, staffing structure and our Landscape Partnership Scheme Management and Maintenance Plan. The LCAP is divided into (LPS), and draws together all the three parts, as follows: This LCAP was prepared by the Fellfoot consultation, planning and research Forward LPS Development Officers between that has gone into developing this Part 1: Introduction, background May 2018 and August 2019. It was prepared and Scheme vision. This section in consultation with many individuals and Scheme, under the leadership of the describes our Fellfoot landscape, organisations in the Fellfoot Forward LPS North Pennines AONB Partnership. its history and its communities. It area, and has been influenced by a number highlights the importance of its heritage of national and regional strategies outlined assets, and it identifies the threats and in Section 9: Key strategy documents. A opportunities facing this landscape list of consultees, consultation events and meetings is presented in Appendix 2. Part 2: The Scheme plan provides a series of non-technical summaries of the projects that, together, will conserve, protect and enhance the natural and cultural assets of this special place.

6 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 5. Understanding the Fellfoot Forward Landscape

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Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 7 5.1. Location

The landscape bounded by the To the west, the river Eden flows through a The Fellfoot Forward LPS encompasses landscape of gently rolling hills, pasture and an area of 267 km2 in Cumbria, with Fellfoot Forward Landscape wood pasture, arable fields and woodland. part of the area lying in Carlisle District Partnership Scheme is one To the east, a dramatic escarpment rises Council and part in Eden District Council. of stark contrasts. steeply to moorland with three plateaux This is a sparsely populated region, with summits, the highest of which is Cold Fell approximately 5,400 people, or 20 people/ with an altitude of 621m. The northern km2. Its inhabitants live in the distinctive boundary follows that of the North Pennines Fellfoot villages which give our LPS its name, Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty or in outlying farms. From the centre of the through Hallbankgate, and the southern scheme area the nearest city, Carlisle, is 20 boundary is defined by the A686 which miles away and outside our LPS boundary. rises up to Hartside Pass. The project area is divided centrally by the North Pennines AONB boundary, which runs north-south.

Map 1: Fellfoot Scheme Area and AONB in UK context Map 2: Fellfoot Forward Scheme Area in Cumbria and North Pennines AONB boundary Map 3: Fellfoot Forward Scheme Area

km km 8 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 5.2 What do we mean by landscape?

The European Landscape This definition recognises that a landscape View over Croglin. is so much more than a panoramic view: Convention defines landscape as it includes the physical features, built ‘an area, as perceived by people, heritage, habitats and wildlife, geology, whose character is the result archaeology, history, current land use and the values and perceptions of people of the action and interaction of who live in and visit the area. In this natural and/or human factors.’ definition, landscape character is dynamic and subject to change. In this definition, therefore, we are all responsible for protecting our landscape and its heritage.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 9 5.3 Statement of Significance: What makes our Fellfoot landscape special?

Our Fellfoot landscape is one of Our project area is home to 25 Scheduled Our landscape’s diverse geology lies This is a very rural landscape, with just 5,423 Monuments and 48 listed buildings, beneath a unique range of habitats and people scattered across 14 villages, hamlets outstanding natural and cultural along with countless unmarked or wildlife. The unique range of species and and isolated farmsteads. The area is served heritage. Eight thousand years of undiscovered heritage features. habitats in our Fellfoot landscape are by good and outstanding local primary human stories can be read here: from protected by a number of national and schools. The pubs, community village If we travel back in time even further, international designations, including ten shops and village halls host badminton the Neolithic stone circle of Long Meg along geological timescales, we discover Sites of Special Scientific Interest, three clubs, preschool groups, local weavers, and her Daughters to today’s Fellfoot a story full of rifts and risings from the Special Areas of Conservation and the North community film screenings, annual beer communities. The field patterns and Carboniferous and Permian periods of Pennines Special Protection Area. Red List festivals, scarecrow trails and touring Earth history, with dramatic changes during and Annex 1 bird species can be found in theatre and music festivals. There is a strong ‘lonnings’ travelling up the fellside the last ice age. Over the rocks, we find a the rivers, moorlands, farmland, woods connection between people and landscape tell of ancient farming cycles, many landscape of high fells with peatlands and and hedgerows across the project area, with five local history groups and Kirkoswald of which are still in practice today. acid grasslands; a limestone dominated along with other nationally endangered Environment Group active in the area. escarpment with woodland and ‘becks’ wildlife such as white clawed crayfish, water running through steep-sided valleys, and a vole, red squirrel, pearl-bordered fritillary Visitors are greeted by a network of fields, post-glacial landscape of rolling farmland butterfly and brown-banded carder bee. quiet country lanes, farmland, countryside giving way to the broad Eden Valley. This walks and red sandstone-built villages all complex geological past is celebrated in Farmers here have learned how to manage set against the dramatic backdrop of the several designations: it is part of the North the tremendous range of altitudes, the short North Pennines escarpment. Eden valley Pennines UNESCO Global Geopark and summers and the notorious ‘Helm Wind’ to visitors seek landscape, scenery and a includes seven Local Geological Sites and produce sheep and cattle that are renowned quieter, more relaxed, off the beaten one National Geological Review site. for their quality across the UK. Protecting track destination. They explore along our archaeology, conserving hedgerows paths, tracks and quiet roads or strike off and woodlands for wildlife, creating nesting along one of the ‘lonnings’ up onto the grounds for curlew and mitigating flood risk higher fellside, which connect the Fellfoot in the towns and villages downstream; this villages with the high, remote fell tops. way of farming is generations-old and lies behind many of the processes and heritage assets that we have in our landscape.

Following page image: View over the Croglin area.

10 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 11 5.4 Landscape Character Assessment Fellfoot Forward Landscape Character Framework

Scope and purpose National Character Areas Fellfoot Forward landscape typology The principle differences between the The Landscape Character Framework (LCF) The project area covers parts of two The proposed Fellfoot Forward typology Fellfoot Forward LCF and the North Pennines has been undertaken to provide information National Character Areas, The North (Figure 4) is based on landscape types AONB LCF in areas outside of the AONB are: on landscape character to inform the Pennines (NCA 10) and the Eden Valley and sub-types identified in the Cumbria development of projects for the Fellfoot (NCA 9). These are shown on Figure 1. Landscape Classification for areas outside • small areas identified as Moorland Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme. of the AONB (Figure 2) and landscape types Fringe were assimilated into The project covers areas within and outside Regional landscape typologies identified in the North Pennines AONB LCF neighbouring Upland Fringe LCT to for areas within the AONB (Figure 3). make identifying geographically discrete of the North Pennines Area of Outstanding The two National Character Areas are landscape character areas easier; Natural Beauty (AONB) and is covered covered by a number of more local The principle differences between the • some areas identified as Moorland by several different existing landscape Landscape Character Assessments. These Fellfoot Forward LCF and the Cumbria Ridges & Summits were reclassified character assessments (LCA). The framework are based on different approaches to typology in areas outside of the AONB are: as Moorland Fringe reflecting more is designed to provide a consistent approach characterisation which result in slightly detailed assessment of land use; to landscape character across the project different character typologies: area, while retaining as much consistency • the Drumlins landscape type / Sandy • the Geltsdale area, identified as Moorland Knolls and Ridges subtype was found Fringe, was reclassified as Upper Dale as possible with the existing LCA. • The Cumbria Landscape Classification not to be comprised largely of drumlins to better reflect its topography. (Planning Cumbria Technical Paper 5); but of undulating sandy moraine that • North-West Landscape was more extensive than mapped; In addition to identifying landscape Character Framework; • minor modifications were made to the character types, the Fellfoot Forward • North Pennines AONB Landscape boundaries of other LCT to achieve a LCF identifies landscape character areas: Character Framework. better fit with features on the ground. geographically specific landscapes belonging

to those broader landscape types. These are shown on Figure 5 and the overall classification is set out in Table 1.

12 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Landscape Character Framework

Figure 1: National Character Areas Figure 2: Cumbria landscape typology: Figure 3: North Pennines AONB landscape types and sub-types landscape typology

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 13 Landscape Character Framework

Figure 4: Fellfoot Forward LCF: landscape character types Figure 5: Fellfoot Forward LCF: landscape character areas Table 1: Landscape Classification

Landscape Type Character Area

Intermediate land - Viol Moor - Glassonby & Melmerby Mire - The Glassonby Beck valley

Main Valleys: Broad valleys - The Eden Valley: Staffield, - Kirkoswald & Little Salkeld

Main Valleys: Gorges - The Eden Gorge

Middle Dale - Tindale

Moorland Ridges & Summits - Tindale, Geltsdale and Croglin Fells

Moorland Fringe - Talkin & Tindale Fell Fringes

Rolling Lowland - Eden & Irthing Lowlands - The Cairn Beck valley

Sandstone Ridge - Ainstable & Longdales

Sandy Knolls & Ridges - Fellfoot Sandhills - The Lower Gelt valley

Upland Fringe Foothills - Tindale & Geltsdale Fringes - The Upper Gelt valley - Eden Vale Foothills - Gateshaw, Broomrigg & Ruckcroft - The Croglin Water valley - Middle Moor, Long Moor & Scales Moor - The Raven Beck valley

Upper Dale - Geltsdale

14 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Landscape Types and Character Areas Landscape Type: Intermediate Land

Viol Moor East of Glassonby Images © 2018 Google 2019 Key Characteristics • Gently rolling or undulating topography • Intermediate in character between lowland and upland landscapes • A mosaic of thin free draining soils over red sandstones and heavy soils over boulder clays • Agricultural land use is predominantly pasture • Varied patterns of hedges or stone walls including regular parliamentary enclosures and less regular field Viol Moor Character Area Glassonby & Melmerby Character Area systems around older villages An open landscape of largely pastoral farmland, An open landscape of mixed, but largely pastoral • Hedgerow trees are sparse on gently rolling or undulating land between 100- farmland, on gently rolling or undulating land between but locally abundant in older 200m AOD between the shallow valleys of the 100-200m AOD incised by the shallow branching hedges close to villages Raven Beck in the north and the Glassonby Beck in tributaries of the Glassonby Beck. Soils are a mosaic • An open landscape with scattered the south. Soils are heavy surface water gleys on of thin free draining soils overlying red sandstones plantations and corridors of semi- boulder clays with localised pockets of free draining and heavier surface water gleys on glacial boulder natural woodlands following soils overlying sandstones of glacial gravels. clays. Field patterns are diverse with regular grids the shallow valleys of becks of parliamentary enclosure dry stone walls in the • A mixture of old lanes and Field patterns are largely regular grids of parliamentary centre of the area giving way in the east and west to straight enclosure roads enclosure period dry stone walls and occasional sub-regular and linear patterns of older enclosures hedges with very few hedgerow or field trees. The area close to the villages of Glassonby, Gamblesby and • A sparsely settled landscape of is crossed by straight and uniform enclosure roads. Melmerby. In these areas, walls give way to hedges isolated farms lying between the Woodland cover is very sparse with thinly scattered with scattered, locally abundant, hedgerow trees. chains of old villages following the small plantations. There are scattered isolated valley of the Eden to the west and farmsteads and no larger settlements. A visually open The area is crossed by a mixture of straight and the foot of the fells to the east landscape appreciated in shallow views in which isolated uniform enclosure roads and older more winding lanes. farms and plantations are landmarks on the skyline, Woodland cover is sparse in places but with some and with notable deeper views of the fells rising to the heavily wooded areas with frequent blocky plantations east. A tranquil, remote and strongly rural landscape. around Glassonby and Melmerby and narrow riparian woodlands following the Melmerby and Hazelrigg Becks. There are scattered isolated farmsteads. A visually open landscape appreciated in shallow views in which farms, trees and woodlands feature on local skylines and with notable deeper views of the fells rising to the east. A tranquil, remote and strongly rural landscape.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 15 Landscape Types and Character Areas

Landscape Type: Intermediate Land Landscape Type: Main Valleys: Broad Valleys

North of Glassonby North of Kirkoswald Images © 2018 Google 2019 Images © 2018 Google 2019 Key Characteristics • Broad river valley with flat floodplains bordered by rising valley slopes and occasional steeper bluffs • Winding, in places meandering, watercourse of slow pools and faster riffles • Silty soils on the alluvium of the floodplain and elsewhere a mosaic of heavy soils on boulder clays and lighter brown earths on glaciofluvial sands & gravels • Agricultural land use is Glassonby Beck Character Area predominantly pasture The Eden Valley: Staffield, Kirkoswald The shallow valley of the Glassonby Beck flows & Little Salkeld Character Area • Varied patterns of hedges, with westwards to the Eden from its branching headwaters The broad valley of the River Eden runs northwards occasional stone walls, generally in the west. Soils are a largely free draining brown from Little Salkeld to Kirkoswald before entering a more sub-regular but with some more earths overlying glaciofluvial sands and gravels. tightly defined gorge south of Staffield. The relatively flat regular parliamentary enclosures Agricultural land use is pastoral with a mixture of valley floor and floodplain west of Kirkoswald is flanked semi-improved and improved pasture with some • Hedgerows are often gappy or by moderate valley slopes to the east which steepen wood-pasture in the riparian corridor. Field patterns overgrown with scattered, locally along the river southwards to Little Salkeld. The River are generally irregular, with some more linear abundant hedgerow trees Eden follows a natural winding course of long slow pools fossilised strip fields south and west of Glassonby, • A heavily wooded landscape: large and short riffles. Alluvial silts and glacial sands, gravels bounded by old hedges often rich in hedgerow trees. blocky plantations on steeper valley and boulder clays support farmland of improved and slopes, occasional ancient woodlands semi-improved pasture with some wood-pasture in the The landscape is well-wooded with semi-natural on steep bluffs and incised valleys riparian corridor. Field boundaries are generally hedges, woodlands, plantations, tree lines, open scrub and wood and areas of open parkland with occasional stone walls, generally in irregular or sub- pasture following the meandering corridor of the beck. • Winding roads and occasional regular patterns around the old villages and hamlets but The area is crossed by old winding lanes. The small straighter enclosure roads with some more regular parliamentary enclosures in areas village of Glassonby, its older buildings of red sandstone, between them. Hedgerows are often gappy or overgrown stone flag and slate, sits on high ground on the southern • A settled landscape of historic with scattered, locally abundant hedgerow trees. flanks of the valley. A visually enclosed landscape but villages and hamlets – with with notable views from higher vantage points of the buildings of local sandstone - strung fells rising to the east and the valley of the Eden to the out along the valley floor west. A tranquil, remote and strongly rural landscape. • Attractive deep and panoramic views across and along the valley from high ground

16 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Landscape Types and Character Areas

Landscape Type: Landscape Type: Main Valleys: Gorges Main Valleys: Broad Valleys

Armathwaite Images © 2018 Google 2019 Images © 2018 Google 2019 The landscape is heavily wooded in places with corridors Key Characteristics of woodland along the tributary valleys and blocky • Linear gorge of steep bluffs, rocky plantations on the steeper valley slopes. The valley floor cliffs and narrow floodplains is more open, often with a parkland quality created by • Meandering river with fast stony abundant hedgerow and field trees. There is an area of riffles and long deep pools designed historic parkland south of Staffield Hall. The valley is a long-established communications corridor, its • Permian sandstones outcrop locally but settlements linked by minor roads and with a notable are generally overlain by boulder clays river crossing at Eden Bridge. Historic villages and and glacial or fluvial sands & gravels hamlets – Kirkoswald, Little Salkeld and Staffield - lie • A mosaic of improved and semi-improved on the valley floor at the confluence of the Eden and pasture, woodland and forestry each of its tributary becks, their older buildings of red • Varied patterns of hedges generally sandstone, stone flag and slate. A settled rural landscape sub-regular but with some more The Eden Gorge Character Area with attractive deep and panoramic views across and regular parliamentary enclosures along the wider valley of the Eden from high ground. The incised gorge of the River Eden follows the • Hedgerows are often gappy or overgrown areas between them. Hedgerows are often gappy or western boundary of the project area from west of with locally abundant hedgerow trees overgrown with scattered, locally abundant hedgerow Cumwhitton in the north to Staffield in the south. The trees. The landscape is heavily wooded in places with • A heavily wooded landscape. Ancient steep slopes of the gorge cut through glacial tills and corridors of woodland along the tributary valleys and semi-natural oak-birch woodlands cover sands & gravels, with occasionally rocky cliffs of red blocky plantations on the steeper valley slopes. the steeper slopes of the gorge, modified sandstone. The gorge widens locally into a tight valley in places by the planting of conifers with steep bluffs overlooking narrow floodplains. The valley floor is more open, often with a parkland • Sparsely settled with isolated farms quality created by abundant hedgerow and field and small villages at bridging points The River Eden follows a winding course of long slow trees. There is an area of designed historic parkland pools and short riffles. The steeper slopes of the • An attractive, picturesque landscape gorge are lined with ancient semi-natural oak/ birch south of Staffield Hall. The valley is a long-established with commanding views from high communications corridor, its settlements linked by woodlands, locally replanted with conifers. Gentler ground and sense of wildness slopes and floodplains are clothed with pasture, often minor roads and with a notable river crossing at Eden and naturalness in places Bridge. Historic villages and hamlets – Kirkoswald, bounded by old hedges with scattered hedgerow Little Salkeld and Staffield - lie on the valley floor at trees. There are elements of ornamental designed the confluence of the Eden and each of its tributary landscapes on the river banks as at Armathwaite. becks, their older buildings of red sandstone, stone flag and slate. A settled rural landscape with attractive The valley is a long-established communications deep and panoramic views across and along the corridor, particularly west of the river outside of wider valley of the Eden from high ground. the project area. East of the river minor roads parallel the gorge linking a chain of villages to the east. There is a single notable river crossing at Armathwaite. An attractive, often picturesque landscape with commanding views from high ground and sense of wildness and naturalness in the less accessible parts of the gorge.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 17 Landscape Types and Character Areas Landscape Type: Middle Dale

East of Coalfell Images © 2018 Google 2019 Key Characteristics • Upland valleys with moderately sloping valley sides • Carboniferous rocks overlain on lower slopes by boulder clays. Narrow floodplains of alluvium or glacial sands and gravels • Rocky fast flowing meandering streams • Heavy, often waterlogged, clay soils • A mixture of improved and semi- improved pastures and rush pasture • A mixture of dry stone walls, wire Tindale Character Area The small former mining village of Hallbankgate lies fences and relict or overgrown A small shallow and isolated upland valley running in the shallow head of the valley where it merges hedges. Occasional ash, oak between Hallbankgate and Midgeholme. Intermediate with the wider moorland fringe, a mixture of older and sycamore field trees in character between middle and upper dale landscape buildings of local stone and later buildings of brick and • Sparsely wooded. Narrow tree types and the coalfield upland fringe landscapes east render. The hamlet of Tindale, and occasional wayside lines along watercourses. Scattered of the Pennines. Gently rounded and moderately terraced cottages are also a legacy of the coal mining plantations of pine, larch or spruce sloping valley sides of carboniferous limestones, industry which was active here until the early-mid • Small villages, hamlets and building sandstones, mudstones and shales are overlain C20th. Isolated farms are scattered across the dale. clusters follow valley floor roads – by boulder clays. Narrow floodplains of alluvium scattered farms and field barns on or glacial sands and gravels are crossed by the Buildings are generally of local stone with roofs of the dale side. Older buildings of local narrow Coalfell Beck and the meandering Haining stone flag or slate and have a vernacular character. stone with roofs of stone flag or slate. Burn. Soils are heavy, often waterlogged clays. The area is crossed by the historic Brampton Railway Some later building of brick or render which was notable for its early (1808) use of wrought The landscape is made up largely of Improved and iron rails. The landscape is visually open but enclosed • Relics of the lead and coal mining semi-improved pastures, locally rush-infested on by encircling moorland ridgelines. A settled and largely industry including disused workings wetter ground. Field systems are regular or sub- tranquil upland landscape with a strong mining heritage. and abandoned railway lines regular in pattern and date largely from C18th and • Visually open but enclosed by C19th enclosures, a mixture of outgrown hedges, encircling moorland ridgelines drystone walls of locally quarried stone and wire • Settled tranquil upland landscapes fences. Tree cover is generally sparse with scattered field trees of ash, oak and sycamore and tree lines (alder) along watercourses. A sparsely wooded landscape with small plantations of pine, larch or spruce scattered across the dale side and a band of trees following the former Brampton Railway line.

18 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Landscape Types and Character Areas Landscape Type: Moorland Ridges & Summits

View north from Hartside Pass View north from Hartside Pass Images © 2018 Google 2019 Images © 2018 Google 2019 Key Characteristics • Broad upland ridges with high rounded or flat-topped summits divided by deep moorland valleys with a strong horizontal grain to the topography • Grits and limestones outcrop locally in low grey crags and stone bands. Skeins of sink holes follow outcrops of thicker limestones • Rocky, quick flowing becks in steep sided gills • Extensive tracts of blanket bog of heather, cotton grass Tindale, Geltsdale & Croglin Fells Character Area The landscape is largely devoid of man-made features and sphagnum mosses A remote upland landscape of elevated moorland ridges other than occasional fences, grouse butts, cairns, and high summits. The topography of the landscape sheepfolds and bields. There are no roads across • Drier slopes clothed in upland heath of is heavily influenced by its geology. Alternating strata the moors other than shooting tracks and the A686 heather and bilberry or acid grasslands of Carboniferous limestones, sandstones and softer on the very southern edge of the project area which • Extensive grazing by hardy hill sheep shales give a stepped profile to slopes and a strong follows the strategic Hartside Pass. There are localised • Burning patterns on grouse horizontal grain to the topography. Thick layers relics of small-scale coal and barytes mining. moors create a patchwork of of peat cover much of the terrain but underlying older and younger heather rocks outcrop locally to form low grey scars and The landscape is visually very open with panoramic • Few man-made features other stone bands. Ridges are broad and deeply divided long-distance views out across unbroken moorlands than occasional fences, grouse by valleys on their flanks, drained by rocky, quick- and across extensive lowlands to the west towards butts, cairns and sheepfolds flowing becks in steep sided gills or shallower sikes. the Atlantic coast and the hills of the Lake District. The visual simplicity of the landscape coupled with a • Localised relics of coal and barytes The highest ground is occupied by extensive tracts of severe climate of high rainfall, cold winters and short mining and limestone quarrying blanket bog of heather, cotton grass and sphagnum summers gives it an austere and elemental character. In • Panoramic long-distance views out mosses. This gives way on drier ground to moorland the heart of the moorlands, where man-made features across unbroken moorlands and of heather and bilberry or acid grassland on peaty are few, the landscape has a near wilderness quality. across extensive lowlands to the gleys and podzols. The moors are managed for west towards the Atlantic coast grouse shooting and the extensive grazing of hardy and the hills of the Lake District upland breeds of sheep like Swaledales. On heavily • A remote and elemental landscape with grazed moors heather is replaced by ‘white moor’ a near wilderness quality in places dominated by Mat-grass. Burning patterns on grouse moors create a patchwork of older and younger heather, creating a diversity of colour and texture.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 19 Landscape Types and Character Areas Landscape Type: Moorland Fringe

South of High Fell West of Forest Head Images © 2018 Google 2019 Key Characteristics • Upland landscape of improved moorland, intakes and allotments • Varied topography including valleys, upper dale sides and foot-hills • Carboniferous rocks bare of drift or covered by boulder clays • Shallow, infertile or waterlogged peaty soils • Wet, rushy pastures, rough grazing and enclosed moorland • Large regular fields bounded by Talkin & Tindale Fell Fringes Character Area The landscape is sparsely settled with a scattering of low stone walls and wire fences The rolling foothills of the high moors of Talkin Fell isolated farmsteads dating from the period of enclosure • Isolated farms connected and Tindale Fell fall northwards towards the shallow and a small cluster of former quarry workers cottages by straight roads dale of the Coalfell Beck, incised by the valleys of at Forest Head. Buildings tend to be small and built of • Scattered conifer plantations the Cleskett and Howgill Becks. The shallow Tindale local stone with roofs of stone flag or slate. Tindale Tarn and shelterbelts Tarn is a notable feature of the Howgill Beck valley. House which incorporates the remains of a C15th pele On higher ground carboniferous sandstones, tower occupies a defensive site south of the tarn. Roads • Relics of the minerals industry – limestones, mudstones and shales are bare of drift and tracks date partly from the period of enclosure abandoned quarries, waste heaps, and covered by thin soils. On lower ground these and are often relatively straight and uniform in width. waggonways, reservoirs, flues, are masked by glacial drift of boulder clays. Soils chimneys and processing plant are impoverished and often waterlogged - peaty The landscape is generally open with few trees or • Visually open and often broad in gleys, podzols and heavy surface water gleys. woodlands. There are occasional copses of beech and scale with extensive views across sycamore planted as shelter trees around exposed adjacent moors, dales and lowlands A pastoral landscape of wet, rushy pastures and rough farms, and thinly scattered conifer plantations • A remote and tranquil landscape on the grazing of acid grassland, enclosed from moorland and shelterbelts. The remains of a C19th & C20th margins of settlement and agriculture wastes in successive waves of agricultural improvement zinc spelter works lie east of Tindale Tarn and and expansion since the late C18th. Regular grids there are abandoned limestone quarries at Forest of parliamentary enclosures or larger moorland Head and east of Hallbankgate. The landscape is intakes are bounded by low dry-stone walls, wire visually open and broad in scale; enclosed within fences or sparse, overgrown hedges. The diversity of the valleys but with extensive panoramic views grasslands, grazed by hardy upland sheep and beef across adjacent dales and moors and the lowlands cattle, creates a patchwork of muted and brighter to the west. A remote and tranquil landscape on greens reflecting varying degrees of improvement. the margins of settlement and agriculture.

20 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Landscape Types and Character Areas Landscape Type: Rolling Lowland

North of Cumwhitton Cairnbridge Images © 2018 Google 2019 Images © 2018 Google 2019 Key Characteristics • Gently rolling or undulating topography incised in places by shallow valleys of rivers and becks • A mosaic of brown earths over glaciofluvial sands & gravels and heavier soils over boulder clays with localised pockets of raised mire peats on poorly drained ground • Land cover is predominantly pasture • Strong sub-regular patterns of old hedges with locally abundant hedgerow trees and occasional tracts of more Eden & Irthing lowlands Character Area The Cairn Beck Valley Character Area regular parliamentary enclosures A gently rolling rural landscape which forms part of a The shallow valley of the wandering Cairn Beck is wider lowland plain to the west. The terrain is gently incised within the wider rolling lowland landscape. • Generally open but heavily wooded rolling, drained by small becks flowing to the River Eden. Soils are a mosaic of sands and sandy clay loams in places with large secondary semi- Soils are a mosaic of brown earths on glaciofluvial sands on alluvial deposits and heavier clay loams on natural woodlands on raised mires & gravels and heavier soils on boulder clays. There glacial till. There are localised pockets of peats on and narrower broadleaved woodlands are localised pockets of raised mire peats on poorly poorly drained ground. Agricultural land-use is a and tree lines following becks drained ground at Cumwhitton Moss and Moorthwaite mixture of improved and semi-improved pasture, • A settled landscape of historic green Moss. Agricultural land use is predominantly pastoral much of poorly drained, together with areas of villages and hamlets of medieval with improved pasture, meadow and grasslands unmanaged grassland. Field boundaries are mostly origins with some later housing cropped for haylage or silage. Field boundaries are old hedgerows, many of them gappy and overgrown. • Older buildings of red sandstone give largely hedgerows. The older enclosures closer to distinctive character to villages villages and hamlets often have strong sub-regular or The immediate corridor of the beck is heavily • A mixture of sinuous old lanes curvilinear patterns. Later enclosures of the former wooded. Woodlands are predominantly made up of and straight enclosure roads commons between them are in more regular grids. broadleaved species, some planted but with pockets of ancient woodland and secondary semi-natural The landscape is generally open although wooded woodland and scrub, together with some areas of in places, with large secondary semi-natural conifer plantation and tree lines (alder) along the woodlands of pine and birch at Cumwhitton Moss watercourse. The area is free of settlement or buildings and Moorthwaite Moss, and narrower broadleaved and crossed by a single old bridge at Cairnbridge. woodlands and tree lines following becks. A settled landscape of historic green villages and hamlets of medieval origins, including Cumwhitton Fenton, and How but with some later development. Older buildings are of a vernacular character built in the local red sandstone. Later buildings are less locally distinctive.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 21 Landscape Types and Character Areas Landscape Type: Sandstone Ridge

North of Towngate Images © 2018 Google 2019 Key Characteristics • Gently rolling low ground in the floor of the Eden Vale • Red sandstones are overlain by glacial till, sands and gravels • Soils are clay loams, sandy loams and sands • Land-use is predominantly pasture • Field boundaries are a mixture of hedges and stone walls • Field systems include sub-regular patterns of older fields associated Ainstable & Longdales Character Area Woodlands are largely restricted to narrow denes with older villages and more regular A small outlier the wider Sandstone Ridge east of the following tributary streams towards the River grids of parliamentary enclosures Eden, the character area occupies rolling low ground Eden. A sparsely settled landscape with scattered • Thinly scattered hedgerow trees: locally in the floor of the Eden Vale between the river and isolated farms and hamlets generally concentrated more abundant in tracts of older hedges the higher ground of the Upland Fringe Foothills towards the rising ground of the upland fringe • An open landscape with woodlands to the east. Red sandstones are thinly covered foothills to the east. The small village of Ainstable largely restricted to narrow denes in places but generally overlain by glacial till with lies on the eastern edge of the character area. fluvio-glacial sands and gravels towards the river. Older buildings are of local red sandstone. Roads • Sparsely settled with scattered farms include both old winding lanes and minor roads, hamlets and villages along the foot Land-use is predominantly pastoral with a mixture together with straighter sections of roads and lanes of higher ground to the east. Older of permanent pasture and land cut for hay and laid out in the enclosure of formerly open land. buildings are of local red sandstone sileage. Soils are clay loams on the till with sandy • Roads include old winding lanes loams and sands and the fluvio-glacial deposits. Field The landscape has a remote, tranquil, and strongly and straight enclosure roads boundaries are a mixture of hedges and dry-stone rural character. The openness of the landscape • A remote and tranquil rural landscape walls of local sandstone. Field systems include sub- allows for wide shallow views across the Eden valley regular patterns of older fields associated with older towards the high ground of the Sandstone Ridge to • Shallow views across the Eden valley farms and villages and more regular grids of later the west and the upland fringe foothills to the east. defined by the high ground of the ‘surveyor-enclosed’ fields. Hedgerow trees are generally Sandstone Ridge to the west and the sparse, though locally more abundant in tracts of upland fringe foothills to the east older hedges. This, combined with a lack of woodland cover, gives the landscape a very open character.

22 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Landscape Types and Character Areas Landscape Type: Sandy Knolls & Ridges

South of Ring Gate Talkin Tarn Images © 2018 Google 2019 Images © 2018 Google 2019 Key Characteristics • Undulating topography with prominent knolls and ridges, locally incised by river valleys • Underlying geology is masked by thick layers of glacial moraine • Soils are sands and sandy loams • Agricultural land use is predominantly pastoral • Field patterns vary in character but are typically irregular or sub-regular • Field boundaries are hedges Fellfoot Sandhills Character Area North of the Gelt valley the landscape towards with scattered, locally abundant A lowland landscape with strongly undulating Brampton becomes more open. Settlement is hedgerow trees topography of prominent knolls and ridges, locally relatively sparse with scattered farms and hamlets. • Heavily wooded in places with coniferous incised by river valleys. The underlying geology of Roads include both old meandering roads and plantations, semi-natural woodlands, Triassic sandstones in the west and Carboniferous lanes and occasional straighter enclosure roads. parklands and hanging woods limestones in the east is masked by thick layers • Scattered farms and hamlets of glaciofluvial deposits of sands and gravels. The The area is crossed by the Newcastle and Carlisle soils developed on these deposits are sands and railway. There are numerous active and abandoned • Active and abandoned sand pits sandy loams. Talkin Tarn is a notable kettle hole sand pits. The landscape has a remote, tranquil, and • Roads include old winding lanes and lake formed in the undulating glacial terrain. strongly rural character, although crossed locally occasional straighter enclosure roads by busy roads and railway lines. The landscape • Active and abandoned sand pits Agricultural land use is predominantly pasture. Field is generally enclosed and intimate, with views patterns vary in character but are typically irregular framed or defined by woodlands and landforms. • A remote and tranquil rural or sub-regular with occasional more regular grids landscape, often visually enclosed of later enclosures. Fields are often defined by woodland edges. Field boundaries are largely hedges with scattered, locally abundant hedgerow trees. The landscape is heavily wooded with extensive areas of both deciduous and coniferous woodland, including notable tracts of ancient upland oak woodland and planted ancient woodland sites.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 23 Landscape Types and Character Areas

Landscape Type: Sandy Knolls & Ridges Landscape Type: Upland Fringe Foothills

East of Greenwell North of Talkin Images © 2018 Google 2019 Key Characteristics • Rolling foothills and foot-slopes of the Pennine ridge dissected by minor river valleys • Triassic sandstones of the foothills and lower foot slopes give way to carboniferous limestones, siltstones and sandstone on higher ground • Steeper slopes and higher ground are largely free of drift. On lower ground the bedrock is masked by tracts of glaciofluvial sands and gravels The Lower Gelt Valley Character Area with later alluvium and river terrace Tindale & Geltsdale Fringes Character Area The River Gelt carves an incised wandering sands and gravels in the valleys Gently rolling low ground and steeper foot slopes course though the rolling sandhills, cutting • Soils are a mosaic of clayey loams on till falling from the northern end of the Pennine ridge to down into the sandstone bedrock in places. The and sand and sandy loams on sandstone the lowlands of the River Irthing, locally dissected by soils on these sandstones and glacial deposits bedrock and sand & gravel drift the valley of minor streams; the Castle Carrock Beck, are free draining sands and sandy loams. Hell Beck and Lineholme Burn. Carboniferous rocks • Agricultural land-use is are free of drift on higher ground and are overlain predominantly pasture Land-use is predominantly woodland with a mosaic progressively by till and sands & gravels on lower of ancient semi-natural upland oak woods and • Field boundaries are a mixture ground. Soils are a mixture of heavy clay loams on the coniferous and deciduous or mixed plantations, of hedges and walls dating from till and sands and sandy loams on the sands & gravels. some on former ancient woodland sites. Alongside successive periods of enclosure the woodlands lie small areas of pasture, with a • The landscape is open with occasional Agricultural land-use is predominantly pastoral; largely more open mosaic of woodland, pasture and scrub large blocky plantations and woodlands improved pasture and grassland cut for hay and in the south around Greenwell. Field boundaries area otherwise largely confined to the river sileage. Field boundaries are largely old hedgerows, generally old, relict hedges rich in hedgerow trees. valleys which contain corridors of often rich in hedgerow trees, dating from the woodland, wood pasture and tree lines enclosure of the town fields of villages and the fields The area is largely free of settlement other than • Settlement is sparse, with a chain of older farms. There are tracts of later parliamentary small hamlets or building clusters at Greenwell of old villages strung out along the enclosures on low ground west of Castle Carrock. in the south and Low Geltbridge in the north. foot of the Pennines in the east The river is crossed in places by small stone and scattered farms elsewhere bridges and a larger stone railway viaduct. • Roads are a mixture of old winding lanes and straight enclosure roads • A remote and tranquil rural landscape with long open views to the west and rising fells to the east

24 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Landscape Types and Character Areas Landscape Type: Upland Fringe Foothills

East of Castle Carrock Images © 2018 Google 2019 Images © 2018 Google 2019 Field patterns are a mixture of irregular, sub-regular, and linear strip fields typical of early enclosure, and regular grids of later enclosure. The landscape is generally open, although rich in field trees, with woodlands following the valleys of becks and burns and tracts of scrub on steep banks of sandy glacial deposits. The large Castle Carrock reservoir, constructed in the early C20th to supply water to Carlisle, lies at the foot of the fell, fringed with narrow belts of woodland. The landscape has a long history of settlement. The old villages of Castle Carrock, Talkin and Farlam, and some of the older farmsteads of the area, are connected by wandering lanes. Straighter enclosure roads cross the later field systems in the south-west. The Upper Gelt Valley Character Area A remote and tranquil rural landscape with The River Gelt carves a tumbling rocky course though a strong sense of cultural continuity. the foothills of the Pennines, cutting down into the bedrock of carboniferous limestones, siltstones and sandstones. Soils are a mixture of sandy and clayey loams over till, river terrace deposits and bedrock.

Tracts of woodland clothe the steeper slopes of the valley including ancient upland oak woods and wood pasture, and secondary woodlands of a similar character. There are localised areas of ancient woodland replanted with conifers. Outside of the woodlands improved and semi-improved pastures are bounded by an irregular network of old hedges and walls, locally rich in hedgerow trees. The area is largely free of settlement. The river is crossed in places by an old stone bridge at high Gelt Bridge.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 25 Landscape Types and Character Areas Landscape Type: Upland Fringe Foothills

The Eden Vale Foothills Character Area The landscape is generally open, although locally rich Gently rolling low ground and steeper foot slopes in field trees, with narrow deciduous woodlands and falling from the Pennine ridge to the lowlands of the tree lines following the minor valleys of becks and River Eden from Cumrew in the north to Melmerby in occasional conifer plantations. The landscape has the south. Triassic sandstones underlie much of the a long history of settlement. A chain of old villages area, with some carboniferous limestones, sandstones, Cumrew, Newbiggin, Croglin, Renwick, Unthank, siltstones and mudstones on higher ground rising to the Gamblesby and Melmerby run along the foot of the fells. These rocks are overlain by a patchy mosaic of till Pennines Fells connected by a network of minor roads. and glaciofluvial sands & gravels. Soils are a mixture of heavy clay loams on the till and sands and sandy loams Older vernacular buildings are built of red sandstone, on the sandstone bedrock and sands & gravel drift. often coursed rubble with dressed sandstone window surrounds and coins, and with rooves of Westmorland Agricultural land-use is predominantly pastoral; slate. The landscape is deeply rural and tranquil with largely improved pasture and grassland cut for a strong sense of cultural continuity. There are often hay and sileage. Field boundaries are a mixture of open long-distance views to the north, south and west hedges and walls. These include tracts of old hedges with the rising fells a prominent feature to the east. in irregular or sub-regular patterns or linear strips typical of early enclosure, locally rich in hedgerow trees. These surround the older villages and farms. More regular field systems originating in the later enclosure of formerly open moor can be found further afield on both higher and lower ground.

26 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Landscape Types and Character Areas Landscape Type: Upland Fringe Foothills

Gateshaw Broomrigg & Ruckcroft Character Area There are large forestry plantations at Gateshaw Low foothills between the edge of the Pennines and the and Broomrigg, most of which have been felled River Eden. The topography is rolling, locally undulating, and restocked in recent years. The landscape is with moderate slopes in the east and steeper slopes sparsely settled. The small hamlet of Ruckcroft lies in the west forming a low west-facing escarpment. in the south of the area. Elsewhere there are only isolated farms. The area is crossed by a network of The area is underlain by Triassic sandstones in the minor roads, mostly straight and uniform in width, east. The western escarpment is underlain by Permian dating from the period of enclosure. There are some mudstones and gypsums of the Eden Shales Formation. notable prehistoric remains including stone circles Higher ground and steeper slopes are free of drift. at Broomrigg and Grey Yauds. A remote and tranquil The bedrock is overlain elsewhere by glacial till in the rural landscape with long open views to the west south, with localised pockets of peat, and glaciofluvial from higher ground and rising fells to the east. sands & gravels in the north. Soils are of clayey loams on till, and sands and sandy loams on sandstone bedrock and sand & gravel drift. Agricultural land-use is predominantly pastoral; largely improved or semi- improved pasture with some grassland cut for hay and sileage. Field boundaries are mostly dry-stone walls, with occasional hedges. Field patterns are generally regular grids of parliamentary enclosures with some localised areas of older, sub-regular enclosure close to older villages like Ainstable and Ruckcroft. The landscape is visually very open. Hedgerow and field trees are absent or sparse.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 27 Landscape Types and Character Areas Landscape Type: Upland Fringe Foothills

Middle Moor, Long Moor & Scales Moor Character Area The landscape is sparsely settled with thinly Rolling low ground between the valleys of the Raven scattered and isolated farms. The area is crossed Beck and Croglin Water. The area is underlain by red by a network of minor roads, mostly straight and Triassic sandstones. Higher ground and steeper slopes uniform in width, dating from the enclosure of the are free of drift. The bedrock is overlain elsewhere by former moors. A remote and tranquil rural landscape glacial till and glaciofluvial sands & gravels. Soils are of open shallow views across rolling countryside of clayey loams on till, and sands and sandy loams and rising fells a prominent feature to the east. on sandstone bedrock and sand & gravel drift.

Agricultural land-use is predominantly pastoral; largely improved or semi-improved pasture. Field boundaries are mostly dry-stone walls, with occasional hedges. Field patterns are generally regular grids of parliamentary enclosures. The landscape is visually very open. There are occasional small conifer plantations and mixed woods following the valleys of minor becks.

28 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Landscape Types and Character Areas Landscape Type: Upland Fringe Foothills

The Croglin Water Valley Character Area The valley is heavily wooded in places. Broadleaved The valley of the Croglin Water is incised into the upland woodlands – including ancient upland oak woods – fringe foothills, broadening and deepening towards the occupy the steeper valley slopes, and narrow riparian River Eden with steep valley sides overlooking a narrow, woods and tree lines (principally Alder and Willow) follow flatter, valley floor. The river follows a wandering tree- the watercourse along the valley floor. The valley has a lined course with long shallow pools and short riffles. long history of settlement with a number of old farms In places it cuts down into the red sandstone bedrock; including the C15th tower house of Croglin Low Hall elsewhere it flows over glacial gravels and alluvium. and old water mills at Dale Mill and Walmersyke Mill. Soils are a mixture of sands and sandy clay loams on glaciofluvial sands and gravels and alluvial deposits. The valley is crossed by a number of minor roads Agricultural land-use is a mixture of improved and semi- and the river is bridged in several places, with old improved, often rushy, pasture, with some grassland stone bridges at Dale and Croglin. A remote and cut for hay on better ground in the lower valley. tranquil rural landscape with a strong sense of history, visually enclosed and intimate in scale. Field boundaries are a mixture of hedges and dry-stone walls in a variety of patterns dating from successive periods of enclosure. Hedges are often gappy and overgrown. Hedgerow trees are locally abundant.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 29 Landscape Types and Character Areas Landscape Type: Upland Fringe Foothills

The Raven Beck Valley Character Area The valley has a long history of settlement with a The valley of the Raven Beck is incised into the upland number of old farms including the C17th Huddlesceugh fringes between the foothills of Scales Moor to the Hall and Nether Haresceugh, the remains of a castle north and the lower ground of Viol Moor to the south, at Haresceugh, and old water mills at Low Mill and broadening and deepening as it falls towards the River Ravenbridge Mill. The valley is crossed by a number of Eden at Kirkoswald. The river follows a wandering minor roads and the river is bridged in several places, course with long shallow pools and short riffles. In with old stone bridges at Sickergill and Ravenbridge. places it cuts down into the red sandstone bedrock; A remote and tranquil rural landscape with a strong elsewhere it flows over glacial gravels and alluvium. sense of history, visually enclosed and intimate in scale Soils are a mixture of sands and sandy clay loams on but with views out to the fells from higher ground. glaciofluvial sands and gravels and alluvial deposits.

Agricultural land-use is a mixture of improved and semi-improved pasture. Field boundaries are a mixture of hedges and dry-stone walls in a variety of patterns dating from successive periods of enclosure. Hedges are often gappy and overgrown. Hedgerow trees are generally sparse but locally abundant in some older hedges. The valley is heavily wooded. The immediate corridor of the river is followed by a chain of woodlands, including ancient upland oak woods and areas of old wood pasture. Some areas have been replanted with conifers. There are scattered plantations on the upper slopes of the valley. In open sections the river is followed by tree lines, principally of Alder and Willow.

30 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Landscape Types and Character Areas Landscape Type: Upper Dale

Geltsdale Geltsdale Images © 2018 Google 2019 Images © 2018 Google 2019 Key Characteristics • Upper reaches of the Pennine Dales • Varied valley topography • Carboniferous rocks bare of drift or overlain by boulder clays. Narrow floodplains of alluvium or river terrace deposits • Rocky fast flowing meandering streams • Shallow, infertile or waterlogged soils • Wet rushy pastures, upland hay meadows and rough grazing in the moorland fringes • Regular field patterns of dry- Geltsdale Character Area The landscape is sparsely settled with a small number stone walls and wire fences The branching valley of the River Gelt cuts deeply of isolated farmsteads and cottages. Relics of the • Few trees or woodlands – occasional into the high fells of the Pennines. Carboniferous coal mining industry including disused workings concentrations of conifer plantations limestones, sandstones and mudstones are free from and abandoned railway lines are a feature of the drift on the steep northern flanks but masked by glacial northern flanks of the dale. There are small water • Scattered small farms with occasional till on the gentler southern slopes and by alluvium and management works including small dams on the farm clusters and hamlets river terrace deposits in the valley floor. The River Gelt, Gelt and New Water in the head of the dale above • Relics of the lead and coal mining and its tributary the How Gill Beck, area shallow, rocky Pump House Cottage. A remote and tranquil industry including disused workings and fast flowing. Soils are shallow and infertile on the landscape at the limits of settlement. Visually and abandoned railway lines steeper slopes and heavy and poorly drained on the till. open with views out across the adjacent moors • Visually open but enclosed by but enclosed by encircling moorland ridgelines. encircling moorland ridgelines Land use is a mosaic of semi-improved pasture, rush pasture, rough grazing with scattered scrub and • Settled tranquil upland landscapes bracken, woodland and wood pasture. The land is subdivided into large enclosures by straight dry-stone walls, many of them now derelict and redundant. Unlike many upper dale landscapes the upper Gelt valley is heavily wooded with extensive tracts of broadleaved woodland and wood pasture, much of it ancient upland oak and oak-birch woodland. There is a large blocky conifer plantation on the southern slopes bordering Castle Carrock Fell.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 31 5.5 Beneath it all: Geology

The Fellfoot Forward scheme lies One of only seven Geoparks in the One of the most striking topographic It is virtually impossible to calculate UK, this designation recognises the features of the area is the North Pennine the overall vertical displacement of the in the northwest corner of the internationally significant geology Escarpment, which forms a divide fault, although from the presence of North Pennines AONB. As well as its within the North Pennines. between the high fells of the North Permo-Triassic rocks positioned much designation of Area of Outstanding Pennines and the low-lying Vale of Eden. lower than Carboniferous rocks, it can The predominant rocks in the Fellfoot This NNW-SSE trending feature through be deduced that this is in the order of Natural Beauty, the North Pennines landscape comprise Carboniferous (354 to the middle of the Fellfoot Forward area hundreds to thousands of metres. is a UNESCO Global Geopark and part 290 million years old), limestones, shales marks the line of the Pennine Fault. of the European Geoparks Network. and sandstones that make up the high fells Caught up along the line of the fault in the east and Permian to Triassic (between This Fault defines a boundary between are a series of relatively small inliers of 290 and 201 million years ago) sandstones the Carboniferous limestones, shales older rocks of Ordovician and Silurian and shales that form the lower, undulating and sandstones that form the uplands age (approximately 495 to 417 million landscape of the Vale of Eden. This complex of the North Pennines, and the lower- years ago). Collectively, these inliers geological past is celebrated in seven Local lying land that comprises the Vale of are known as the Cross Fell Inlier. Geological Sites and one National Geological Eden. This is a Normal Fault, whereby Review site, which provide glimpses of Whin crustal extension has caused the Vale of Sill, St Bees Sandstone, Penrith Sandstone Eden and its Permo-Triassic rocks to slip and exposure of the Great Limestone. downwards relative to the Alston Block which contains the North Pennines.

The relation of the project area to the geology of the North Pennines AONB A diagram of the Pennine Fault

Exhumed Permo-Triassic Rocks

Vale of Eden Basin Carboniferous Rocks Permo-Triassic Rocks

Buried Carboniferous Rocks Alston Block

32 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 5.5 Beneath it all: Geology

How Pennine cyclothem formed.

The impact of this rich geological Ordovician and Silurian Carboniferous The most ancient rocks observed within the The high fells of the North Pennines and the heritage is everywhere; influencing Fellfoot area date to the Ordovician and slopes of the North Pennine Escarpment the topography, the flora and Silurian periods and are shallow marine are composed predominately of flat fauna, and ultimately, human mudstones, siltstones and limestones, lying limestones, shales and sandstones thought to be equivalent to rocks of of Carboniferous age. The rocks are the endeavours within the Fellfoot area. the Dent and Stockdale groups of the product of changes in sea level and the Windermere Supergroup in the southern development of an extensive coastal delta Lake District. The outcrop of these rocks system, which covered much of what is within the Fellfoot area is very restricted, now northern England. A conspicuous with only a small outcrop exposed along the feature of the Carboniferous succession road cutting of the A686 at grid reference of rocks in Northern England including NY623383. The site is a SSSI registered as the Fellfoot area is the cyclical nature of Melmerby Road section (Caradoc-Ashgill) their deposition. Periodic change between marine and fresh water conditions Devonian caused by changes in sea level allowed There is some speculation regarding the the deposition of the well-developed and presence of Devonian (between 417 and laterally extensive cycles of sedimentation 354 million years ago) rocks in the area. A (cyclothems) for which the region is famous. series of conglomerates crop out at several The ideal cyclothem comprises in upward places on the lower part of the North succession: marine limestone, mud Pennine Escarpment. They are composed washed in by rivers, shale, sandstone of rock types recognisable amongst the deposited in river deltas with swampy Ordovician rocks of the Lake District and forests that grew on top of the deltas Cross Fell Inlier, from which areas they were eventually becoming coal seams. almost certainly derived. These rocks are of extremely limited extent and are known from only a handful of very small outcrops along parts of the lower slopes of the North Pennine Escarpment, including the village of Melmerby. However, because fossils have not been found in these rocks their age cannot be established with certainty.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 33 5.5 Beneath it all: Geology

Top: The North Pennine escarpment. Bottom: The Forest Head Lime Kiln and quarry.

Typically, in the field the cyclothem is often incomplete, passing from sandstones back to limestone without the development of a coal layer. In some areas of the Fellfoot area, for example Hallbankgate and Tindale, coal is present within the cyclothem sequence in economically viable quantities and it has been extensively mined over many years. Another characteristic feature of the Carboniferous geology of the area is the stepped topography. This can be clearly seen when looking back to the Pennine Escarpment from the western side of the Fellfoot area and also the Tindale Fells at Geltsdale RSPB reserve and is the product of differential erosion. The softer, less resistant shales have been preferentially eroded, creating broad gently sloping terraces, leaving the harder and more resistant limestone and sandstone layers as a series of crags and scars extending across the escarpment.

The limestones and sandstones have been extensively quarried across the Fellfoot area, evidenced by numerous small quarries and limekilns.

34 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 5.5 Beneath it all: Geology

Top: Long Meg Standing Stone. Middle: How the North Pennine escarpment might have looked 250 million years ago. Bottom: Close up of Penrith Sandstone showing rounded sand grains

Permian and Triassic These red sandstones are widely used as The base of the Pennine Escarpment building materials throughout the Vale denotes the change from Carboniferous of Eden, although there is currently no rocks to the east into rocks that are active large-scale quarrying of this stone Permian or Triassic in age, sometimes anywhere in the region. It can readily referred to as Permo-Triassic to the west. be observed in many local buildings, and can also be seen to outcrop south The sandstones in the west of the Fellfoot of Armathwaite. Here cross-bedded region are ascribed to the St. Bees and sandstones can be seen underfoot at Penrith Sandstones, which date to the the Local Geological Site Coombs Glints Permian (299-252 million years ago) on the eastern banks of the River Eden, and Triassic (252-200 million years ago) NY505451 and also in a small cliff section. respectively. Typically, these are red in colouration, and are made up of well-sorted The tall standing stone of Long Meg round ‘millet seed’ sand grains, which have itself is thought to be comprised of local a haematite coating responsible for their red sandstone, which was probably red colouration. These sediments were sourced either from the River Eden or deposited in arid environments at a time from somewhere in the Lazonby Hills. when all the world’s landmasses were This means the stone is likely be ascribed combined to form the supercontinent to the St. Bees Sandstone, making the of Pangaea, which was so vast that rain stone itself early Triassic in age. rarely reached its interior. As a result, vast deserts of red sandstone formed Overlying the Penrith Sandstone are across much of the land, within which the Eden Shales. These were formed as sediment was moved and deposited in accumulations of mud and silt deposited systems of sand dunes. Evidence of this within desert lakes or on the flood plains can be seen in many sandstone deposits of rivers which crossed the desert. The in the form of cross-bedding structures. desert lakes periodically dried up, leaving beds of carbonate-rich mudstone and in places thick beds of evaporates, which here comprise mainly gypsum or anhydrite. The Eden Shales are relatively weak and easily eroded leading to few natural exposures. Gypsum and later Anhydrite were mined at Long Meg mine, (NY 5634 3769) near Little Salkeld until 1976.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 35 5.5 Beneath it all: Geology

Outcrop of the Armathwaite Dyke.

Igneous Rocks The Armathwaite Dyke (also known as the In late Carboniferous and early Permian Cleveland Dyke) is a long, linear feature that times, deep-seated crustal stretching stretches from Scotland and into the north and fracturing allowed huge quantities of of England. It formed 66-56 million years ago magma to rise from deep within the earth. in the Palaeogene Epoch. Earth movements In northern England this magma did not associated with the opening of the Atlantic reach the surface but spread widely as Ocean caused cracking of rocks in a radial sheets between the layers of pre-existing pattern for many miles away from the rocks, where it cooled and crystallised. This volcanic centre on the Isle of Mull. As they extensive suite of intrusive igneous rocks developed deep beneath the surface, these is collectively termed the Whin Sill or the cracks were filled with basaltic magma, Great Whin Sill and has been radiometrically forming a series of extremely long dykes. dated to around 290 million years ago. The outcrop in the river at Armathwaite is This complex underlies much of north east relatively finely-grained and the size of these England, including most of the AONB. It crystals is indicative of a moderate cooling typically comprises a series of widespread rate, which could only have happened if sills with some associated dykes and is the magma remained beneath the surface. composed of quartz dolerite which exhibits The overlying rock has since been eroded, a remarkable continuity in mineralogical leaving a pronounced ridge where the hard- and chemical composition across its weathering basaltic andesite stands proud extensive outcrop. Whilst a prominent of the surrounding sandstones, resulting feature in various parts of the AONB, the in the impressive rapids in the River Eden Whin Sill is less evident in the Fellfoot south of Armathwaite (NY 5039 4536). area, although exposures can be seen in quarries east of Croglin and Croglin Water as well as Raven Beck near to Renwick.

36 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 5.5 Beneath it all: Geology

Top: Talkin Tarn. Bottom: Formation of kame terraces.

Quaternary features In places they form kame terraces. These Beginning approximately 2.6 million appear as a series of large mounds years ago a series of glacial periods have which run approximately parallel to the covered large expanses of northern escarpment. Their formation is associated Europe, including much of the North with the build-up of sediment on top of Pennines, in thick ice sheets. The last the ice sheet, which were deposited as of these glacial periods ended around irregular mounds when the ice melted. The 12,000 years ago. The floor of the Eden Brampton kame belt is envisaged to have Valley is littered with numerous NW-SE formed during the stagnation of ice in the trending drumlins in what is commonly lee of the Pennines and Penrith sandstone termed a ‘basket of eggs’ topography. outcrop as ice retreated westwards across The main characteristics of glaciation within the Tyne Gap into the Solway Lowlands. the Fellfoot area is one of erosion and These structures form the Brampton deposition as the ice sheets retreated and Kame Belt, which is one of the largest melted. The deposits left by the retreating glacio-fluvial complexes in the UK. ice are a mix of river sands, gravels, and unsorted clay and boulders. The resultant landforms in the Fellfoot Forward area comprise a series of kettle holes (e.g. Talkin Tarn), eskers (e.g. Hallbankgate) and flat- topped hills (e.g. south of Talkin Tarn).

Sediment build-up on top of ice sheet North Pennine K Escarpment K

Kames K Ice Sheet

Ice Age Present day

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 37 5.6 Our past: pre-history to present day

The Fellfoot landscape includes Long Meg and her Daughters is the third largest stone circle in England and one of visible evidence of human the most important ancient monuments in activity extending back to the the country. It dates from about 3,000BC. Neolithic, or New Stone Age. The stone circle forms part of a complex of which other elements lie buried under ground. Some of these additional elements are 1,000 years older than the stone circle, dating from a time when people were just beginning to experiment with agriculture. Recent survey and excavations have discovered links between Long Meg and sites in the Lake District and north east England, as well as further afield in Scotland and Ireland. Many other sites of a broadly similar date, including further stone circles and numerous burial monuments, lie scattered throughout the project area. Eden the River The Monument We know that people were living and farming in the project area during Iron Age William Wordsworth (1770–1850) and Roman times, as several examples of settlements and field systems have been Commonly Called Long Meg and Her recorded as cropmarks, for example in Daughters, near the River Eden fields near Hayton and Carlatton. However, A WEIGHT of awe, not easy to be borne, none of these sites have been excavated Fell suddenly upon my spirit,—cast so there is still much to discover about From the dread bosom of the unknown past, these features. Hadrian’s Wall was built When first I saw that family forlorn. just to the north of the project area, and Speak thou, whose massy Roman quarries that supplied stone for strength and stature scorn the Wall survive in Geltsdale, many of The power of years,—pre-eminent, and placed which include Roman inscriptions. Apart, to overlook the circle vast,— Speak, giant-mother! tell it to the Morn While she dispels the cumbrous shades of night; Let the Moon hear, emerging from a cloud; At whose behest uprose on British ground That sisterhood, in hieroglyphic round Forth-shadowing, some have deemed, the infinite, The inviolable God, that tames the proud!

Top: Long Meg and her Daughters. Above: Written Rock of Gelt.

38 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 5.6 Our past:pre-history to present day

Kirkoswald Castle

In common with much of northern England, project area passed between England and little is known about the area during the Scotland, eventually becoming permanently centuries following the end of Roman rule English in 1157, though the threat of border in about 410AD until the Norman Conquest conflict remained until the Union of the of 1066. One site of great importance is Crowns in 1603. Documentary evidence of the ‘lost’ church of Addingham, which was many present-day villages extends back destroyed when the River Eden changed to the twelfth century; Kirkoswald, for course in medieval times but from which example, is recorded in 1167. Kirkoswald several carved stones dating from the Castle dates originally from about 1201, eighth to eleventh-century have been was destroyed by the Scots in 1314, rebuilt recovered. Another important site is the in about 1320, and much modified in the early tenth-century Viking cemetery at late fifteenth century before eventually Cumwhitton, one of only four known being abandoned in the seventeenth Viking cemeteries in the whole of mainland century and its masonry plundered for Britain. Most of the area’s settlements, building projects in the adjacent village. and their churches, were probably founded in pre-Conquest times, though evidence of their origins is hard to find. Following the Norman Conquest, the

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 39 5.6 Our past:pre-history to present day

Limestone Quarry

Each of the project area’s villages has its own Although primarily an agricultural landscape, unique story to tell. Several have churches some parts of the project area saw industrial dating from medieval times, if not earlier, activity, notably coal mining within the East though in many cases these were wholly Cumberland Coalfield. Some of this was on or largely rebuilt in the nineteenth century. quite a large scale, such as on Tindale Fells Some retain other medieval buildings, albeit and in Geltsdale in the north of the project sometimes much modified, such as the area, while several smaller scale collieries sturdy tower-houses like that at Croglin. exploited reserves of lesser quality south- In many cases evidence of medieval field east of Croglin. Some lead mining occurred systems survives around villages, often in in the south of the project area, though the form of curved field walls which reflect nothing on the scale of developments to and fossilise the pattern of medieval fields. the east on Alston Moor. Several limekilns, In contrast to the agrarian landscape in varying states of disrepair, survive within around the villages, large upland areas the project area, these demonstrating in the north-east of the project area, the the intimate link between agriculture and Forest of Geltsdale (recorded as early industry throughout post-medieval times. as 1210) and the Forest of Bruthwaite, were set aside as hunting forests. In summary, the Fellfoot Forward project area contains many important sites During post-medieval times, the enclosure that collectively represent a unique and movement saw much previously fascinating historic environment. However, unimproved land enclosed within stone- many aspects of this environment walled fields, greatly changing the character remain poorly understood and there of the landscape. Settlements expanded are tremendous opportunities for local in the peaceful centuries following the people to study it and make significant cessation of border conflict after the and exciting new discoveries. Union of the Crowns, with the local red sandstone used to construct many attractive houses and other buildings, many of which are now legally protected as listed buildings. The road network was also much improved; today, the historic signposts that survive in many places now contribute to the area’s unique character.

40 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 5.7 Communities

The communities of our Fellfoot Our Fellfoot landscape is a sparsely The area has a higher proportion of people People traveling by train can reach the area populated rural area with a population economically active than the national along the Carlisle Settle railway with stations LPS area date from prehistoric times of approximately 5,400 people. The average and a higher proportion who at Langwathby, Lazonby and Armathwaite and continue today to change and to majority of inhabitants live in the villages are self-employed and working from on the edge of, or within cycling distance influence the viability and vitality of of Melmerby, Kirkoswald, Glassonby, home. The overall satisfaction of people to, the Fellfoot Forward area. Brampton Gamblesby, Renwick, Croglin, Cumrew, of where they live is high, around 85%1. Junction, on the northern edge of the area, today’s landscape and settlements. Newbiggin, Cumwhitton, Castle Carrock, is within walking distance of Talkin Tarn and Farlam, Hallbankgate, Hayton and Heads The River Eden, with crossing points at links to mainline services at Carlisle and Nook. A small proportion of people live in Langwathby, Lazonby, Armathwaite and along the Tyne valley to Haltwhistle, Hexham scattered hamlets and farmsteads on the Warwick Bridge, borders the villages to and ultimately Newcastle upon Tyne. eastern side of the project area, beneath the west and funnel connectivity with the the fells. The main market towns lying villages, main market towns and City of just outside the Scheme area are Penrith Carlisle west of the area. Travelling east to the southwest, Brampton in the north by car, the fellside escarpment forces with the city of Carlisle just beyond. people to travel north or south, restricting communication with Northumberland and market towns such as Alston, Haltwhistle and Hexham. The old drove roads crossing the county borders can still be walked from Croglin Fell, crossing east into Northumberland at Knarsdale Fell.

1 Parish Profiles, from http://www.cumbriaaction.org.uk/

Table 2: Parish Profiles Parishes Population Households Children Over 65 Economically Self-employed Working from Happy with (Data: Census 2011) under 16 Active home where they live Glassonby 310 125 50 50 210 65 40 88% (including Gamblesby) Melmerby 445 190 80 90 241 94 55 88% Kirkoswald 900 370 165 160 513 150 75 88% Ainstable 570 230 105 105 310 110 55 88% Carlatton & 130 50 25 20 81 33 20 83% Cumrew Cumwhitton 310 125 45 65 185 72 30 83% Castle Carrock 330 145 50 75 189 53 15 83% Hayton 1808 965 365 495 1,149 246 110 83% Farlam 670 295 110 115 369 115 55 83%

Parish Profiles, from http://www.cumbriaaction.org.uk/

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 41 5.7 Communities

Top: Gamblesby. Bottom: Ainstable church.

The area’s human geography has been As in many rural areas, the scattered and influenced by its physical landscape low-density population in the Fellfoot features. Most farms in this area are not landscape affects access to services. There ‘ringfenced’ holdings, but rather have is very limited access to public transport, land scattered in parcels up the fellside: and 80% of households own and use their from the Fellfoot villages, with pasture cars for work, services and pleasure2. further up the fellside bordering the moorland, and common grazing onto the The Fell Runner Bus used by residents open fell. This locally typical pattern of has a limited service. On each day of the landownership has created west/east bands working week, there is a service in the of agricultural landholding split between morning to Penrith and a return home early the valley bottom and the east fellside. afternoon. Not every village is serviced each day. On Friday, there is a service The civil parishes reflect this historic to Carlisle and back from some of the tradition of landownership, running villages. Other than this there is a ‘Rural broadly west to east. Thus, the Fellfoot Wheels’ and volunteer Social Car Share. villages have developed as self-reliant communities. Through our Landscape Partnership Scheme consultation, we have become aware that there is little interaction between Fellfoot communities with a notable lack of engagement across the north/south parish and village boundaries.

2 Community Led Plans – Brampton and area Parish Plan 2005

42 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 5.7 Communities

Clockwise from top left: Fetherston Arms, Kirkoswald. Music on the Marr 2018. Ravenbridge Store. Hallbankgate Hub.

The Fellfoot area is well served by good Many of the villages have village halls, a and outstanding rural primary schools good pub and there are village shops at with pupils going to secondary schools Melmerby, Kirkoswald and Hallbankgate. in Penrith, Carlisle and Brampton. The The village halls are a focus for community provision of good local schools is key to socialising. Many are the home of the the wellbeing and future of our villages. local WI, badminton club and pre-school Pupils from Hallbankgate go to William playgroups. Ainstable village is home to Howard Secondary School with a travel the Eden Valley Flix Community Film Club time of around 20 minutes. For some, and Castle Carrock, Faugh, Armathwaite however, travelling from the Ainstable and Melmerby Village Halls are all on the or Kirkoswald area to Penrith Queen Highlights Rural Touring scheme. Hayton Elizabeth Grammar School could mean has an annual scarecrow trail and beer a bus trip of 45 minutes there and back festival in May. Castle Carrock hosts the each day. Feedback in community-led Music on the Marr folk festival every July. plans that cover the area highlights Eden Valley Artist Network have artists the need for more provision for young from the scheme area in their network people 11-18. Young people themselves and twice a year, in early summer and have expressed a ‘lack of things to do’. autumn, hosts open studios in the Scheme area at Castle Carrock and Armathwaite. The area hosts one of Andy Goldsworthy’s sheep folds at Melmerby and is home to three of the East Cumbria Countryside project’s Eden Benchmark sculptures.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 43 5.7 Communities

Top: Hallbankgate houses. Bottom right: Melmerby Village Green. Bottom left: Watson Institute, Castle Carrock.

Through consultation, we have become The villages are surrounded by agricultural aware of cultural heritage as a strong land. The Farmer Network, providing basis for local groups. Victoria County information and training workshops, History volunteers have researched the supports the farming community. The local history of Kirkoswald CP and are main summer agricultural show is held at now actively researching Ainstable CP. Penrith while Carlisle hosts the Cumberland The Cumbria Vernacular Buildings Group County show. Sheep sales are an important and Cumbria Industrial Society are active social date in the farming calendar and in the area and the umbrella organisation Lazonby Mule Gimmer lamb sales and Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian Penrith Swaledale Sales of breeding ewes and Archaeological society have members and rams in the autumn are key dates. from the Fellfoot Forward area. The area has one of the key prehistory sites in The Fellfoot Forward landscape is rural in England at Long Meg and her Daughters. nature and experiences rural deprivation in respect of access to services including Kirkoswald Environment Group is very transport, broadband and secondary active and visible in the Kirkoswald area. schools. However, the village communities Members support conservation initiatives are active, relatively affluent and the area such as helping install swift boxes in has a high satisfaction as a place to live. houses in Castle Carrock in spring 2019.

44 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 5.8 The visitor experience

The Fellfoot Forward project area is It has a relatively undeveloped tourism Whilst all these organisations work together • In the same period (2018), Carlisle infrastructure with no major ‘honey- to achieve shared outcomes in terms attracted 9.15 million visits, with £522.2 an attractive rural destination, with pot sites’. The visitor offer is different, of the visitor experience and economy, million (up 0.8% on 2017) being generated its network of fields, quiet country but complementary to the nearby Lake limited resources means marketing of within the local economy through visitor lanes, farmland, countryside walks District and Yorkshire Dales National the area is generic and does not currently and tourism business expenditure. During Parks, and Hadrian’s Wall World Heritage promote Fellfoot’s local distinctiveness. 2018, tourism accounted for 6,749 full- and red sandstone-built villages set Site. The area shares many of the Visitor figures and data have not historically time equivalent jobs in Carlisle district3. against the dramatic backdrop of attributes of the North Pennines Area been collected specifically for the Fellfoot the North Pennines escarpment. of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) area. However, the value and volume of According to tourism businesses in and UNESCO Global Geopark (half of tourism in the Eden and Carlisle districts the North Pennines (surveyed in 2016) the project area lies within the AONB). as a whole has been steadily growing the top five motivations for visiting over the last few years and tourism is the area were: peace and tranquillity; The North Pennines AONB Partnership is a vital part of the local economy: enjoying the view; walking; visiting the body responsible for conserving and the North Pennines as a destination; enhancing the natural beauty of the area. • During 2018, Eden attracted 5.06 and the AONB designation itself4. As part of this work the Partnership also million tourism visits (an increase of addresses issues around how people can 1.2% on 2017), with £365.4 million (up better explore, enjoy and understand the 8.6% on 2017) being generated within landscape and in so doing support a nature- the local economy through visitor and culture-based economy. In terms of and tourism business expenditure. local authority coverage, part of the Fellfoot During 2018, tourism accounted for Forward area falls within Eden District and 4,639 full-time equivalent jobs in Eden part within the rural hinterland of Carlisle (an increase of 3.7% on 2017). City District. Eden Tourism, the tourism team of Eden District Council and the Destination Manager at Carlisle City Council together with Cumbria Tourism (the official Destination Management Organisation for Cumbria) share responsibility for the promotion of the area to visitors and support for local tourism businesses.

3 STEAM Model Data, available at http://www.globaltourismsolutions.co.uk/steam-model 4 North Pennines Tourism Business Survey, available at http://www.northpennines.org.uk/our-work/tourism/

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 45 5.8 The visitor experience

The Duke of Cumberland, Castle Carrock, has a self-catering apartment.

Every three years, Cumbria Tourism Visitor Accommodation undertake a visitor survey at various The Fellfoot area has a variety of places locations throughout Cumbria. Whilst to stay but these are low in number none of these survey points were actually compared with neighbouring areas. There within the Fellfoot Forward area, the Eden are a handful of county house hotels, a district findings extend our knowledge of range of self -catering properties (some on why visitors come to the Eden Valley as a farms), small bed and breakfasts and pubs whole and what is important to them. The and inns offering both accommodation 2018 Cumbria Visitor Survey revealed that and food. There are also a few camping/ the Eden visitor tends to be older, mainly glamping/caravan sites, mostly on farms. post-family and 71% of those surveyed tend Very recently, two new businesses have to be visiting for the physical scenery and set up on farms offering glamping. This landscape. In addition, 47% said that they shows a confidence in the area having the visit Eden for the atmospheric characteristics potential to sustain a tourism offer and an e.g. peaceful, relaxing, beautiful. Clearly, understanding of what visitors to this area these attributes are offered by the Fellfoot will be looking for. These businesses have area. Of those surveyed in Eden 97% been seeking business support, particularly said that they were likely to purchase in raising awareness amongst visitors of and consume local produce while 30% of the local assets of the area, which is an visitors booked accommodation through element covered in the tourism outputs the accommodation’s own website5. of the Fellfoot Forward LPS proposals.

Overwhelmingly, tourism businesses in the North Pennines are small: 86% employ five people or less and 42% are one-person enterprises. A third reported annual turnover of up to £25K and 45% reported that between 21% and 60% of their turnover was spent in the local economy6

5 Cumbria Visitor Survey, available at https://www.cumbriatourism.org/results-of-cumbria-visitor-survey-revealed-ju/ 6 North Pennines Tourism Business Survey, ibid p. 47

46 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 5.8 The visitor experience

Top: Little Salkeld Watermill Bottom: Cyclists in Unthank.

Attractions Reaching and exploring The visitor attractions in this area are mainly The Settle to Carlisle Railway line (itself an natural and historic attractions, not ‘pay attraction) runs along the fringe of the area to go and see’ attractions. The landscape, with stations at Lazonby and Armathwaite geology, nature, history and heritage are the providing great potential for sustainable area’s clear selling points. The Old Village travel to the area and links with walking and Bakery in Melmerby and Little Salkeld cycling routes. Brampton junction on the Watermill offer local produce and cafes. Carlisle – Newcastle line is on the north west There is an activity provider in the area and fringe and again offers sustainable transport equestrian activities. Long Meg stone circle is links to the area. The M6 and A69 offer good of great interest and a management plan for access for those arriving by car. The area the site is included in the Fellfoot Forward has a wealth of small settlements, linked LPS proposals. There are rural volunteer- by small rural roads carrying the traditional run outdoor community swimming pools black and white cast iron Cumberland road located just outside the area in Lazonby signs. The settlements offer village shops, and Hunsonby. Talkin Tarn Country Park pubs and village greens on which to picnic lies in the north of the LPS scheme area for walkers, cyclists and horse-riders. and is a well-used accessible attraction for visitors and residents, offering a range of The C2C cycle route passes through activities and cultural events throughout the Gamblesby and Melmerby in the south year including sports and outdoor theatre. of the Fellfoot area with approximately Talkin Tarn also has a tea room, camp 10,000 cyclists per year. There are no site, public toilets and changing facilities. other long distance or national trails in the immediate area. There are several self-guided circular walks that were produced some years ago but that are now out of print and unsupported. With a focus currently on health and wellbeing, the area has great potential for gentle walking and cycling, something that the Fellfoot Forward LPS will promote.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 47 5.8 The visitor experience

Top: Gelt Woods. Bottom: Walkers in Geltsdale.

There is huge scope for increasing the At Ainstable the network of footpaths to the opportunity for people to discover and north of the village all radiate away from enjoy the area through the network of the Church out to farms such as Northgill routes that exist as a hidden web within Bank, Beckbrow and Towngate, bringing the the landscape. There is an extensive local farming families to church and back. network of public rights of way (155km In Geltsdale the network of public routes footpath, 59km bridleway, 4km byway can be seen to be the miners and quarry open to all traffic) and quiet lanes. This workers’ routes out from the villages of network of footpaths, bridleways and Hallbankgate, Tindale and Castle Carrock to byways criss-crossing across the Fellfoot the coal mines, quarries, lime kilns and back. Forward landscape originally were routes for miners, farmers, quarry workers, church From late medieval times drove roads goers, labourers and school children, and moved cattle and sheep south from now form a fascinating insight into the Scotland through eastern Cumbria. heritage and communities of the area. Packhorse routes zigzagged their way up the fellside and by the early 1800s Historic routes Turnpike roads were formalised, sometimes Along the eastern fellside the sheep were using former packhorse or drovers’ moved from lowland pasture to higher routes. In the 1700s enclosure roads, ground along the lonning, a herb-rich straight and wide, were created to give walled wide track that the sheep grazed as access to fields and new farmsteads. they made their way up slowly on to the higher fell in the summer. Some of these By promoting the old routes in the lonnings have been adopted as public rights Fellfoot Forward area we can reveal of way and now lead people from villages their past purposes and the stories such as Croglin and east of Haresceugh on they have gathered along the way. to the open access land of the fellside.

48 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 5.8 The visitor experience

Top: Skywatch at Talkin Tarn. Bottom: Tourism workshop.

Stargazing Business Engagement The North Pennines is the darkest mainland The Fellfoot Forward area has potential Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (only to grow its visitor offer in a sensitive and the Scilly Isles are darker) and is one of sustainable way. Two workshops have the darkest places in England. The AONB been held during the development stage Partnership has been working with tourism for tourism businesses, one in Ainstable businesses across the area for several and one at Talkin Tarn, and local tourism years to develop our stargazing offer. businesses have contributed to the ‘Astro-tourism’ has the potential to address development of the LPS tourism offer. some of the issues of seasonality in the There is considerable potential to work tourism offer, as the best opportunities with tourism businesses to improve for discovering dark skies are in the ‘off’ the way that they locate themselves seasons of autumn and winter. In 2018, within this spectacular area. the AONB’s second North Pennines Stargazing Festival attracted over 1,500 The Fellfoot Forward scheme area’s people to discover our dark skies and take tourism offer complements the wider part in daytime star-themed activities. tourism offer of Alston Moor (with the A network of 16 Dark Sky Discovery Sites South Tynedale Railway, network of local have been designated across the North walks, underground tours at Nenthead Pennines AONB. The East Fellside villages Mines) and the wider North Pennines. such as Cumrew, Renwick and Outhwaite The potential to better link in activities in that hug the east fellside escarpment benefit the project area with the identity, profile from the dark skies over the North Pennines and visitor economy of this nationally and Fells. Enthusiastic volunteer astronomers internationally recognised and protected are taking Dark Sky Quality readings here, area is potentially of significant benefit. and we aspire to identify future Dark Sky Discovery Sites in our Fellfoot Forward LPS.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 49 5.9 Wildlife and habitats of the Fellfoot landscape

Geltsdale Woods.

With internationally important Many of these habitats are designated as Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) priority blanket bog on the fells and ancient habitats, the latest revision of which woodland in the valleys; in freshwater dates to 2007. These UK BAP priority streams and along hedgerows; rare habitats are those which have been identified as being the most threatened basin mires, acid grassland and wet and requiring conservation action under heath: our Fellfoot landscape hosts the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. a wealth of habitats and wildlife. There are a number of other designations which reflect the significant nature conservation interest within the area: 10 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI); 1 Special Area of Conservation (SAC); part of the North Pennines Special Protection Area (SPA); and 19 County Wildlife Sites. RSPB Geltsdale, in the north of the area, is the Society’s flagship upland nature reserve.

50 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 5.10 Moorlands

Top: Broadmea restored peatland. Bottom: Curlew.

At the highest altitudes of our In the wetter zones of this moorland landscape are rare basin mires and Fellfoot landscape lie wide expanses wet heath micro-habitats. Species-rich of blanket bog and upland heathland, parts of these habitats contain heather, both UK BAP priority habitats. cross-leaved heath, hare’s-tail cotton grass, bilberry, common cotton grass, cloudberry, cowberry and bog asphodel.

In the UK context, the density of breeding waders in the North Pennines is second only to the Outer Hebrides. These moors are of national importance for a variety of globally and nationally endangered birds. Important populations listed on Annex 1 of the European Commission Birds Directive (i.e. internationally endangered) are found here, including black grouse, golden plover, merlin and short eared owl. Of increasing national and international scarcity, curlew breed on the moors and peripheral high ground. Geltsdale Reserve is one of the best places in the country to see breeding whinchat. Hen harrier, peregrine and merlin, all Annex 1 raptor species, occasionally breed here too. Other birds using the moors include lapwing, redshank, oystercatcher, ring ouzel, skylark and meadow pipit. Red grouse are common, thanks to active management for shooting.

Adders, common toad and common lizard, all BAP Priority species, are relatively common here. The wetter areas of our moors are home to water voles and rare invertebrates, including the argent and sable moth.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 51 5.11 Grassland

Landscape change from Fells to fields.

Below the moorland edge, heather Species rich hay meadows are also still present; a rare habitat throughout gives way to wet, rushy pastures and Europe, the North Pennines AONB is rough grazing on acid grassland. home to approximately a third of the UK’s remaining species-rich hay meadows.

These grassland pastures along the fellside, between the moorland and the more intensively managed fields in the valley bottom, provide a gradual change in habitat with shelter and food resource for breeding black grouse, barn owl, curlew, snipe and lapwing. Species rich and unimproved grassland are home to rare and declining insects including black and violet oil beetles, narrow-bordered bee hawkmoth and brown- banded carder bee and moss carder bee.

52 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 5.12 Rivers and streams

River Eden sub catchments in Fellfoot Forward LPS. Water vole.

The moorland drains into the River The Fellfoot Forward area comprises five main sub-catchments: Glassonby, Eden via many tributaries, or ‘becks’ Raven, Gelt, Croglin Water and Cairn as they are locally known. These Beck, all of which meet the River Eden waterbodies exhibit a wide range which then travels into Carlisle before of typologies. The upper-most meeting the sea at the Solway Firth. reaches are dominated by peat The Eden and its tributaries have some of geology, which falls to the lowland the highest diversity of aquatic plants and animals in England, including wild Atlantic glacial sand and gravel areas on salmon; brook lamprey and river lamprey. the floodplain of the River Eden. Threatened by non-native invasive signal crayfish, white clawed crayfish are still present in some Fellfoot rivers, having disappeared from much of their range in the U.K. The Croglin sub catchment in particular is thought to be particularly important in the conservation of our native crayfish as a 10m waterfall towards the lower end of the catchment is likely to present a barrier to the non-native American signal crayfish, present elsewhere in the Eden Catchment.

Water vole are in danger of national extinction due to habitat loss and degradation, and predation from the non-native American mink. The North Pennines AONB offers a real haven for these much-loved mammals, and they have been recorded in the Renwick and Melmerby sub catchments, though they are now missing from much of the rest of the Eden Catchment. Otter, another BAP priority mammal species, are present throughout the area.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 53 5.13 Trees, woodlands and hedgerows

Green hairstreak.

The oldest woodlands surviving in These ancient semi – natural woodlands Riparian trees and shrubs which may total over 200 hectares and are dominated not be considered to form ‘woodland’ are the Fellfoot landscape are mostly by either oak or ash. This habitat supports also an important feature of the Fellfoot found in the most inaccessible an important group of migrant birds which landscape, providing movement and feeding areas, the steep-sided valleys and are characteristic of mature woodlands corridors for invertebrates, birds, bats and in the northern and western UK. Pied other mammals, including red squirrels. The gorges alongside rivers and streams, flycatcher, redstart, and wood warbler and ancient network of hedgerows crisscrossing such as in the Eden Gorge. garden warbler are found in our summer the Fellfoot landscape offers food, shelter woodlands, with BAP priority species spotted and breeding grounds for wildlife, as well flycatcher and cuckoo also joining the as connectivity between habitats. According many resident woodland birds such as the to the RSPB, hedgerows can support up severely declining willow tit and marsh tit. to 80% of our woodland birds, 50% of Clearings, glades and rides in our mammals and 30% of our butterflies deciduous woodland offer important (RSPB, 2016)7. Nine of the UK’s bat species habitat for BAP insects including have been recorded in the Fellfoot area; green forester moth, pearl-bordered hedgerows will support many of these, fritillary butterfly and dingy skipper. providing ‘highways’ through the landscape for hunting. Hedgerows and scrubby Plantation woodland is also a feature of field margins are also vital for barn owl, the Fellfoot landscape and large blocks a species highlighted as locally significant of coniferous woodland are obvious in our Fellfoot Forward consultation. features in the upper catchment landscape. 236 hectares of plantation woodland is designated as Plantations on Ancient Woodland Sites. Whilst nowhere near as species rich as broadleaved woodlands, these woods provide important refuge for nationally endangered red squirrels.

7 RSPB 2016, Value of Hedgerows for Wildlife https://www.rspb.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/advice/farmhedges/value.aspx

54 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 5.13 Trees, woodlands and hedgerows

Top: Upland trees. Bottom: Roadside hedgerow and ash tree.

Field boundary trees provide shelter for livestock as well as habitat for a variety of invertebrates, birds and mammals. The Fellfoot landscape has many veteran and ancient trees within hedgerows and isolated in fields. These ancient trees, predominantly oak and ash, are some of the oldest living organisms in the UK. They are unrivalled in the many habitats they offer wildlife and in their landscape importance. Linnets, yellowhammer and barn owl are all found along hedgerows and field margins in the project area, though they are all undergoing severe national decline.

Wood pasture offers a home to many of our landscape’s ancient trees and can be found at two large sites and several smaller locations across the Fellfoot area. This BAP priority habitat is rare in a North Pennines context, and is nationally under threat. Specialised and varied habitats within wood-pasture and parkland provide a home for a wide range of species, many of which occur only in these habitats, particularly insects, lichens and fungi which depend on dead and decaying wood.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 55 5.14 Land use and ownership

Stagsike RSPB Centre, Geltsdale.

Farming is by far the dominant There are few large estates compared to the rest of the North Pennines AONB, and much land use in the Fellfoot landscape, of the land in the estates is tenanted out. with most land in private ownership and farmed either under On the moor ground, grouse moor management is the dominant land use, owner-occupier management though sheep are hefted to the hills for or a tenancy agreement. grazing in the summer. RSPB Geltsdale also comprises a large part of the Fellfoot uplands, which is in part owned by the RSPB and in part managed under a series of tenancy and management agreements. It is the RSPB’s flagship uplands reserve in England and farming forms a key part of its land use, alongside nature conservation.

Not many farm businesses would be viable without public funding support, and many farms in the project area are managed at least in part under a Countryside or Environmental Stewardship scheme. However, scheme uptake is now in decline as 10-year agreements come to an end and replacement Countryside Stewardship agreements are narrowly targeted with fewer resources.

56 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 5.15 Management of the High Fell

High Fell above Croglin.

Several hundred metres above With spectacular views across the Eden Valley to the Lake District and over to sea level, the moorland of Fellfoot the Solway Firth, these heathery, boggy is too high, too windswept and expanses convey a sense of wilderness too remote for cultivation. unique to the North Pennines.

However, they are still very much a managed landscape. Traditional livestock farming in the Fellside uses the high upland fell for summer pasture. Sheep are hefted to the moors through the summer months, allowing the meadow land to grow a grass crop.

Parts of the moor are managed also for grouse shooting. Here, heather is burnt on rotation and medicated grit is left out to support high numbers of red grouse, in preparation for shooting each autumn.

The moorland used to sit within the North Pennines Higher Level Stewardship Target Area, with most of the land being managed within this scheme to protect special features including its breeding waders and blanket bog. As these schemes come to an end, some of the land is being transitioned to the new Countryside Stewardship Scheme, whilst some is no longer being managed under environmental incentives.

All of the moorland in the Fellfoot Forward LPS area is designated as Open Access land under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act (2000), and so is open to the public.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 57 5.16 Farming on the Fellside

Farming practices, many of which The Fellfoot landscape is largely made up The quality of sheep and cattle produced The Helm Wind is the only named wind in of mixed farms, mainly beef and sheep in the area is renowned throughout the the UK and is a very influential feature of are generations-old, are responsible with arable crops grown for on-farm UK. Livestock from this area do very farming in the area. It occurs when there for protecting our soils, mitigating animal feed, plus some specialist dairy well when taken ‘down the hill’ and is a directly easterly wind due to the flow flood risks and conserving heritage farms. Most farms along the fellside livestock markets at Penrith and Carlisle of cold area across the flat-topped fell, have a mixture of lower ground (from are key community and trade centres. combined with the warmer air on the west features for visitors and residents. approximately 500ft above sea-level) where Some farms with low-lying land and good of the Pennines. It is a phenomenon on arable crops, usually feed barley, turnips quality sandy-loam soils are suitable approximately a 30 mile stretch of the or fodder beet, can be grown; enclosed for dairying, producing milk for the fellside in this area. The wind ‘shakes’ rough grazing known as “allotments” and wholesale market through grass-based vegetation, damages buildings, chills new grazing rights on open common land. This or more intensive production systems. born livestock and slows grass growth combination of land allows the farms to considerably. When combined with run up to 3 types of sheep flock including: The meadow land on the livestock farms snowfall, the effect is catastrophic - as is cut during the summer to produce seen in March 2018 with Storm Emma. • Swaledale ewes that are mated with pure silage, haylage and/or hay for winter feed. Swaledale rams and graze on the fell and The meadows are important for ewes There is surprisingly little tourist allotments producing pure-bred Swaledale and lambs at lambing time and in May/ diversification at present in the Fellfoot lambs. The female lambs are kept as June when the sheep return to the fell, Forward area, but a few farmers have flock replacements and, by grazing with the meadows are closed off for around recently diversified and developed lodges their mothers, are ‘hefted’ onto the fell. eight weeks to allow the grass to grow to target visitors interested in ‘secret- • ‘Draft’ Swaledale ewes too old to survive before cutting. On higher farms only one hideaway’ type accommodation. on the fell are mated with Blue Faced crop is produced and the re-growth (or Leicester rams to produce the North aftermath known locally as “fog”) is available of England Mule, for which this area is for weaned lambs in early autumn. On famous. Male lambs go into the meat better farms, or in warmer summers, it chain, either as ‘stores’ which are finished may be possible to take a second cut. by farmers in lowland areas, or “finished” on the farm if enough feed can be grown. Rainfall in the area is relatively low •On the lower land, North of England compared to other parts of Cumbria Mule ewes or other lowland ewes and the Pennine dales, due to being in are crossed with a ram from a breed the ‘rain shadow’ of the Lake District. such as a Texel, producing finished Where sandstone is the underlying lambs for the meat market. rock, as is the case on the drumlin hills and by the riverside, this can make the land vulnerable to drought.

58 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 59 6. Threats and Opportunities in the Fellfoot Landscape

In this section of our Landscape Conservation Action Plan, we consider the threats facing the natural and cultural heritage features of our Fellfoot landscape. We reflect on the opportunities for the conservation, preservation and enhancement of these features, and detail the specific ways in which our Landscape Partnership Scheme will realise these opportunities.

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60 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 6.1 Climate Change

National research predicts that The resulting hotter, drier summers and Climate change is already forcing change Opportunities warmer, wetter winters threaten irreversible on seasonal ecological cycles at a rate Climate change science demands we average temperatures in the North damage to many of our heritage assets. at which dependent wildlife is unable act now to halt predicted irreversible Pennines will be more than 3°C to match. Warmer and wetter winters environmental changes on a global warmer by the end of the century. Average precipitation is likely to fall by paired with droughts in summer shifts scale. The Fellfoot Forward Landscape almost a quarter in summer but increase the composition of vegetation types and Partnership Scheme presents an by 15% in winter over this period. In leads to habitat loss and degradation and opportunity for delivering a Scheme where Cumbria, we have already suffered the a reduction in biodiversity. In a landscape climate change mitigation is a priority first impacts of this, with three ‘100 year of fragmented and increasingly degraded in parallel with its focus on heritage. +’ flood events in the last twenty years. habitats, native wildlife has little or no According to climate science, the frequency resilience to these dramatic alterations. We will increase the resilience of and intensity of such events will magnify Conversely, invasive non-native species are habitats and wildlife through creating as climate breakdown intensifies. commonly able to exploit these changes new connectivity in the landscape and and the new ecological niches they present. enhancing existing habitats. We will Threats promote high nature value farming The increase in temperature will cause and provide training that reflects the agricultural soils and internationally climatic pressures on farming traditions. important peat bog to dry out, increasing Natural Flood Management activities will erosion, which will be exacerbated by be well-sited to mitigate flood risk and flooding and increased fire risk on the protect soils. Our capital works, including moorland. Increased erosion will reduce access, interpretation and monument water quality, which, paired with a lower consolidation, will anticipate and plan for seasonal flow in rivers, will lead to a future pressures from climate change. loss of aquatic biodiversity. Warmer waters will reduce the habitat quality further for fish and invertebrates.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 61 6.1 Climate change

The Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership • Ensure that we communicate how the Key opportunities Project connections Scheme is built on a foundation of ‘Future project can be delivered to reduce Fair’: working for positive outcomes for the carbon output or sequester carbon Restore peat through grip blocking B1: Better Becks future generation. The scheme will ensure (peat restoration, increased tree cover that in delivering events and projects, and soil conservation) whilst delivering it gives a clear, positive and enabling positive outcomes for people and place; Training in soil conservation and B2: Farm Futures message to all with whom it engages, • Boost economic and heritage activity in high nature value farming including the young people who live here, the area through choosing procurement who will inherit the future. We will: processes that favour lower carbon inputs, Increase and enhance habitats A2: Species Recovery; A3: Wild Connections including lower food miles, sustainable and habitat connectivity transport or using local services; • Arrange meetings where access by public Utilise Natural Flood B1: Better Becks or sustainable transport is possible Management techniques or facilitate car share to the event; • Help locals to make the link between their Protect historic features from A4: Monuments at Risk own lifestyle and consumer choices and climate-related degradation the impact on people, place and heritage. Protect new and existing access C1: Bringing the Past Alive; C3: Slow Trails and interpretation from climate- related degradation

Promote ‘Future Fair’ actions and activities. All projects Empower partners and communities to make a difference to climate change.

62 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 6.2 Rivers and Natural Flood Management

At 80 miles long, the River Eden is It has five sub catchments in the Fellfoot These issues are caused by a range of wildlife. The loss of trees and hedgerows Forward project area: Glassonby, Raven, activities in the Fellfoot area. Historically, from much of our landscape means there one of England’s finest examples of Gelt, Croglin Water and Cairn Beck (see meanders have been removed from are few barriers to pollutants running off a limestone and sandstone river. Better Becks map in section 5.12 watercourses for land drainage. This the land and into our watercourses, and Rivers and Streams). These host rare removes habitats for wildlife, increases agricultural grazing practices in which species, such as the native white-clawed erosion and reduces the area’s capacity livestock roam close to rivers can create crayfish and water vole. Our watercourses for water retention in flood events. Weirs erosion and pollution. With fewer trees and provide vital ecosystem services for and other man-made structures in the woodlands providing shade, our rivers are communities downstream, such as river can impede fish migration, limiting also more prone to higher temperatures, water quality and flood protection. them to the lower reaches of watercourses making the water uninhabitable for where habitat is often unsuitable for many fish and invertebrates. Threats feeding and breeding. Diffuse pollution and The Water Framework Directive (WFD) sedimentation from agricultural run-off classification provides an overall score lead to poor water quality for fish and other to waterbodies to represent their ecological and chemical status. The table below shows the watercourses in the Fellfoot Forward area are either poor Sub-catchment Sub-catchment River name WFD 2016 status or moderate, according to their 2016 name area classification. This is predominantly due to low fish numbers and for low flows in Gelt 62km2 Gelt Poor Old Water in the Gelt sub catchment. Old water Moderate New water Poor

Croglin Water 42km2 Croglin water (lower) Moderate Croglin water (upper) Poor Briggle Beck Poor

Cairn Beck 41km2 Cairn Beck Poor Raven 31km2 Raven Beck Moderate Glassonby 23km2 Glassonby Beck Moderate

Table 3: WFD classification of Fellfoot Forward sub catchments

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 63 6.2 Rivers and Natural Flood Management

Cumrew leaky dams.

The River Eden and its tributaries have Peatland on the fell is degraded, with Opportunities flooded several times in the last decade, limited water storage potential. ‘Grips’ The flooding caused by Storm Desmond most notably in Storm Desmond in 2015, or ditches, cut into the peat in the last in December 2015 had major impacts to which saw several thousand houses in century, ensure that water flows rapidly homes, businesses and infrastructure in Carlisle and the wider Eden catchment off the fellside and towards communities the city of Carlisle. Since then, agencies and inundated with flood water. At this time, below. The lower and more intensively landowners have recognised the importance the river Eden experienced the highest farmed regions of the Fellfoot Forward LPS of working with natural processes to slow flow levels ever recorded on any river area have seen in a decline in landscape and store flood water in the upper reaches in England. The resulting flood damage ‘texture’ and soil condition as a result of of Eden catchment. These measures, known in Cumbria from this single event was farming practises, including the loss of trees, as Natural Flood Management (NFM), are estimated to cost £500 million. hedgerows and wetlands. Without these most effective on smaller catchment areas, features, there are few barriers to slow the helping protect smaller communities at Climate change science predicts an progress of water flowing off the fellside. risk of flooding. The Fellfoot Forward area increase in the frequency and the severity has six communities which have been of these types of heavy rainfall events in Native white-clawed crayfish are present classified by the Environment Agency as at the coming years and decades, yet our in parts of the Fellfoot area, though they risk of flooding, and in these areas NFM has modern landscape is far less resilient to are under threat from non-native American been identified as a priority for flood risk high rainfall and flooding than it once was. signal crayfish which outcompete white- management: Warwick Bridge and Cumrew Compacted soils and drained wetlands clawed crayfish for resources and carry (in the Cairn Beck sub-catchment), Croglin, mean there are few places for water to be disease. Where they are present in local Renwick, Glassonby and Gamblesby villages. held before travelling to the floodplain. An watercourses, white-clawed crayfish are also homogenous landscape with few trees and under threat from habitat degradation due The Fellfoot Forward LPS offers the hedgerows to resist and capture rainwater to diffuse pollution from agricultural activity. opportunity to slow the flow of water to the means water travels quickly down the lower Eden catchment during high rainfall hillside, funnelled through straightened Non-native invasive plant species also events and reduce flood risk downstream water channels. The issues are exacerbated threaten the lower riparian habitats of in communities like Cumrew, Gamblesby as rainwater erodes shallow soils and the area’s watercourses: giant hogweed, and Croglin as well as further downstream gravel, reducing water quality and causing Himalayan balsam and Japanese knotweed in Carlisle. Through careful employment infrastructure failure downstream. all outcompete our native plants for space of natural flood management measures, and resources. These non-native invasive site-specific solutions can work across plants also undermine riverbank structure an entire landscape to ‘slow the flow’ of leaving it more vulnerable to erosion, water, reduce flooding and at the same thus leading to poorer water quality from time enhance biodiversity and habitats. sedimentation and localised flooding issues.

64 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 6.2 Rivers and Natural Flood Management

Natural flood management in Gamblesby Beck.

Natural flood management is a vital tool to increase the resilience of catchments to high rainfall events. It is also a relatively new addition to the nation’s toolkit of flood mitigation, and its role in reducing our reliance on heavily engineered defences is still being assessed. The Fellfoot Forward LPS will share the knowledge gained through our work in this field through our communications and our representation on other partnerships such as the Northern Upland Chain Local Nature Partnership. Workshops for farmers and landowners on NFM measures such as soil management, woodland creation and riparian buffer strips will provide the opportunity for individual farms to play a role in natural flood management. Working with the wider community through public events and education programmes, the Fellfoot Forward LPS will help people understand what NFM can achieve on a landscape scale and connect communities upstream and downstream. Key opportunities Project connections Restore peat through grip blocking B1: Better Becks

Training in soil conservation B2: Farm Futures

Improve conservation of A2: Species Recovery endangered river species

Utilise Natural Flood B1: Better Becks Management techniques

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 65 6.3 On the Fells

The North Pennines AONB is home to These peatlands are a vital upland resource: Overgrazing with cattle or sheep, particularly Payments for peat conservation efforts, they form internationally important habitats in inappropriate areas or seasons, leads including bare peat restoration and approximately 900 square kilometres for wildlife; they play an important role to the removal of peatland vegetation and grip blocking to retain water, have in of internationally important in maintaining drinking water quality and subsequent erosion of the underlying peat. the past been awarded through agri- peatlands, with 68 square kilometres in mitigating floods downstream; they Inappropriate heather burning, to improve environment schemes. However, with the are a significant store of carbon and they the land for grouse management, also UK’s projected departure from the EU and of this found on the upper altitudes contain a record of the historic environment causes drying of the peat and reduction in the resulting limitations to stewardship, of our Fellfoot Forward LPS area. dating as far back as the last ice age. the diversity of peatland plant species. there is currently no scope for peatland conservation through environmental Threats Peatland degradation affects not only support payments in the Fellfoot landscape. Despite their international importance the landscape at the top of the fell, but for wildlife, carbon storage, water quality land downstream as well. Degraded peat As climate change intensifies, we expect and flood protection, much of our upland and extensive grip networks reduce the warmer temperatures and increased peatland resource is suffering from water storage potential of the fells. With high rainfall events in the coming years extensive erosion. In the North Pennines, the loss of storage for water upstream, to increase peatland degradation in this is a result of several factors. Man-made runoff from the tops of the Fellfoot moors our landscape. As peat degradation ‘Grips’, or ditches, cut into the peat in the flows swiftly down steep tributaries during increases, we will see a corresponding last century, remove water swiftly off the periods of heavy rainfall, causing issues of loss of an internationally important fellside, drying the peat and leading to channel erosion and flooding in Fellfoot carbon store, vital water storage capacity rapid erosion across significant areas. communities and on productive farmland. and valuable wildlife habitats. Water quality is affected, with increased peat solids both in suspension and in sediments in watercourses downstream.

66 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 6.2 On the fells

Top: Ring Ouzel. Bottom: An eroded gully on Croglin moorland, recently restored and awaiting re-vegetation.

Wildlife dependent on our Fellfoot Opportunities: moorlands include ring ouzel, a BAP Priority The North Pennines AONB Partnership’s Species and hen harrier, an Annex 1 species Peatlands Programme has restored 35,000 of the European Birds Directive. Ring ouzel hectares of bare and degraded peat in the breed on North Pennine moorland and last 13 years and have established a process often feed on in-bye grasslands. Their UK of successful peat restoration and grip range contracted by 27% between 1970 blocking. Their results-based experience, and 1990, and the population is thought to paired with investment through the Fellfoot have decreased by a further 60% between Forward LPS, offers a major opportunity 1990 and 1999. With specific requirements to reverse and repair peat degradation. for sward length and nesting sites, the continued decline of ring ouzel seems The moorland of Croglin Estate includes certain without better understanding and several km of active drains which are promotion of best conservation practice. currently channelling water off the fells, causing substantial peat erosion and Illegal persecution is widely acknowledged contributing to flooding further down the as the primary reason for the decline fell. Blocking these moorland drains, or and disappearance of hen harriers from ‘grips’, will allow ditches to fill up with water much of the UK’s uplands. When they and re-vegetate, restoring to a moorland breed on Geltsdale, careful monitoring vegetation rich in sphagnum moss and and nest protection is vital for any cotton grass. This well-vegetated and pairs to successfully fledge chicks. diverse habitat will no longer erode into tributaries, resulting in better water quality and reduced flooding risk downstream.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 67 6.2 On the fells

The Fellfoot Forward LPS, through Results of these research and monitoring Key opportunities Project connections partnership with the RSPB at their trail- programmes will feed nationally into blazing research reserve, offers the the RSPB’s advocacy and policy work, Restore peat through grip blocking B1: Better Becks opportunity to increase the impact of our whilst training workshops for local land conservation of red-list moorland species, managers will promote results and best Training in upland land management B2: Farm Futures ring ouzel and hen harrier. Understanding practice. Fellfoot Forward LPS partners vegetation requirements of ring ouzel will will share the knowledge gained through Improve conservation of endangered species A2: Species Recovery be key to their recovery, and the Fellfoot these trials more widely, through forums Forward LPS will enable the RSPB to such as the Northern Upland Chain LNP. Enhance existing moorland habitats A3: Wild Connections extend their existing monitoring of trial sites and obtain meaningful long-term data. Alongside this research programme, the Fellfoot Forward LPS will enable staff and volunteers at Geltsdale to monitor and protect any hen harrier nests on the reserve, ensuring that chicks will fledge.

68 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 6.4 Fellfoot Farms

Cattle on Glassonby road.

Farming has shaped much of Many habitats are dependent on specific • Direct support payments, specifically farming practices: whether they are the Basic Payment Scheme (BPS), will the landscape in the Fellfoot peripheral to agricultural processes, be phased out between 2021 and Forward Scheme area, and such as hedgerows and woodlands, or 2027. All farmers will have payments agriculture continues to develop integral to the systems that retain them, reduced during this transition period, such as hay meadows and other species- although it is likely that those who and change in response to rich grassland. Local communities rely receive the highest payments will changing economic forces. on populations associated with farming see bigger reductions initially. to retain local services and a sense of ‘rural vitality’ within the Fellfoot villages. • During the transition period from 2021-27, Traditional skills, such as hedge-laying and Defra is proposing that direct payments be woodland management, which are key to “delinked” from the requirement to farm protecting our landscape heritage, are often the land. It is possible that these transition found within the farming community. payments might be made available as a lump sum to be used by farmers Threats: to invest in their businesses, diversify Farming in the Fellfoot landscape is on the their activities, or retire from farming. cusp of great upheaval, as the uncertainty over the future status of farming policy • There will be a new support payment dominates discussions over markets replacing both BPS and existing and the environment. At the time of Stewardship schemes called the new writing this LCAP, one of the biggest risks Environment Land Management to Fellfoot farms is a changing subsidy Scheme (ELMS). As well as the existing regime with the projected departure of Stewardship scheme priorities, this the UK from the EU. The Agriculture Bill, scheme will pay for “public goods” published in September 2018, sets out the including better air and water quality, Government’s plans for agricultural support soil health, animal welfare, access and in England after we leave the European measures to reduce flooding. Defra is Union. The Bill may be amended as it goes planning for the scheme to be piloted through Parliament and timescales might from 2021 and rolled out from 2024. change, but a summary of the proposals in the original Bill is shown here:

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 69 6.3 Fellfoot Farms

View to north and grazing sheep from Glassonby road.

Defra’s analysis shows that these changes Land Management Scheme may not to support payments are likely to have offset the significant loss of income from the greatest impact on beef and sheep direct payments, particularly for farms in producers. Taking the average for the 3 the uplands who have fewer options to years 2015/16 - 2017/18, the Basic Payment cut costs and increase output because Scheme has provided 88% of Farm Business of their physical disadvantages. There Income for upland livestock farms, 86% is no guarantee that the same amount for lowland livestock and 103% for mixed will be spent on agricultural support post farms (NB: Farm Business Income is 2022 and farmers are also facing the similar to a farm’s net profit but excludes uncertainty of whether we will leave the costs such as rent and family labour). European Union with ‘No Deal’ which would particularly impact the sheep sector. In our Fellfoot landscape, farms are mostly a mix of sheep with beef and arable crops Without swift and comprehensive transfer grown for on-farm animal feed. This sector of farms to a fit-for-purpose Environmental of mixed farming has the highest projected Land Management Scheme, the many loss of income as Basic Payment Scheme is environmental benefits accrued from phased out. Defra states that this loss of Countryside Stewardship will be lost. income may be offset by payments from Without the income from environmental the new ELMS scheme, reducing farm subsides, an intensification of agricultural rents, cutting costs, maximising output and practices may be expected, with a decrease with farmers becoming more efficient. in high nature value farming, increased pollution and loss of biodiversity. We will The current system of direct payments see a decline in iconic landscape features has had its problems with the payments such as walls, hedgerows and woodland artificially inflating rents and inhibiting through insufficient maintenance, structural change. The removal of direct development pressures and a loss of payments may provide opportunities for heritage skills and person power. younger farmers with more farmland becoming available and potentially lower rents. However, the new Environmental

70 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 6.3 Fellfoot Farms

The new ELM Schemes are likely to be Opportunities: A local community interested and engaged The scheme’s inclusive outlook facilitates outcome based. This means further The Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership with how its food is produced, and a broad approach to supporting farm uncertainty as to their uptake as farmers Scheme comes into this rural area at a how their natural heritage is protected, businesses beyond agricultural practices. will be responsible for identifying species time of massive uncertainty for farmers. will also help build the resilience of For example, partnership with Cumbria and habitats on their farms and determining We are uniquely placed to support farmers farm businesses. From ‘buying local’ to Tourism and Eden Tourism offers their status. This will, for many farmers, in safeguarding high nature value farming supporting favourable national policies, a opportunities for the LPS to support require new knowledge and skills, and across this period of transition. Grant supportive and knowledgeable public will farms with promoting diversification there is a risk that this may dissuade many support, advice and training will all be be key to protecting farming futures. ventures such as B&Bs or providing small from entering vital conservation schemes. unlocked through the Fellfoot Forward LPS, grants for enhancing visitor or education offering farm businesses the resilience businesses. This will further support farm Against this background, farmers need needed to sustain the vital services businesses in future-proofing their income support in managing uncertainty and they provide the Fellfoot landscape. in this time of uncertainty and change. making their farm businesses more resilient to potential future changes to The new Environmental Land Management support payments, including finding ways Scheme will pay farmers according to a to maximise payments from the new principle of ‘public money for public goods’. Environmental Land Management Schemes. The Fellfoot area has a rich natural and cultural heritage and considerable capacity Key opportunities Project connections Whilst changes in policy and support for ecosystem services, including natural payments threaten farm income, climate flood management, improving water Training in soil management B2: Farm Futures and A1: Better Becks change threatens the soil on which farm quality and recreational access. These businesses depend. National research valuable public goods will all be enhanced Training in habitat ID and conservation B2: Farm Futures predicts that average temperatures in and increased through our Fellfoot the North Pennines will be more than Forward LPS, and it is hoped that this will Training in traditional skills B2: Farm Futures and B6: Trainees 3°C warmer by the end of the century. justify higher levels of support to Fellfoot Average precipitation is likely to fall by farmers under the future ELM Scheme. Support in diversification B5: Fellfoot Welcome and C5: almost a quarter in summer but increase Community Grants by 15% in winter over this period. Create new habitats A3: Wild Connections With these dramatic changes to climate and associated weather patterns, good Enhance existing habitats A3: Wild Connections soil management will be essential as erosion risks from both drought and Engage the public with the value of farming B2: Farm Futures and B4: high rainfall events will increase. If soil The Next Generation management on a farm fails, so too will the farm business, with ramifications for food production, water quality and biodiversity.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 71 6.5 Our Natural Heritage

The Fellfoot Forward landscape This patchwork of habitats creates a unique Climate breakdown is projected to Until very recently, the last two millennia landscape character, offering a unique impose a 3°C increase in temperature have seen a near-constant decline in incorporates many different and diverse place to live, work and visit. on the North Pennines by 2100. This woodland cover across the North Pennines habitats, from moorland to meadow, Historically, these different habitats were temperature increase will alter weather AONB, as trees have been cleared to heather to woodland, rocky ghylls connected by a network of hedgerows, patterns, seasonal norms and phenology. make space for agriculture and to provide veteran trees and riparian corridors, all Our wildlife, already under pressure from fuel for households and industry. Many to the meandering River Eden. facilitating the movement of wildlife through severe decline in the quality and quantity of of our remaining woodlands are no the landscape. However, our habitats are habitat and food resources, is under serious longer managed through, for example, becoming increasingly fragmented. threat from this temperature increase. coppicing and thinning as there is a reduced demand for local woodland Threats: A wide hedgerow full of different tree products such as firewood and animal The Lawton Report (Making Space species acts as a corridor through the fodder. This lack of management can for Nature – DEFRA 2010) recognised landscape, criss-crossing fields and result in a loss of structural diversity as that England’s habitats have become connecting other habitats via a resource- the canopy closes, reducing the diversity increasingly fragmented and isolated, rich highway. In our landscape we see of reliant species including plants, leading to declines in the provision of hedgerows increasingly grown out, with invertebrates and woodland birds. some ecosystem services and losses to wide gaps, as a loss of time, skills and species populations. The report identified investment means that they are no longer The North Pennines AONB is one of the two main drivers of change: habitat loss, managed, and are replaced instead with most important sites throughout the UK driven by agriculture and development, barbed wire fences. The fragmentation and for wading birds, including the curlew. and habitat deterioration, as traditional loss of hedgerows leaves remaining habitats, The rapid decline in populations of these management practices are abandoned. such as woodlands and rivers, isolated iconic birds in the UK is predominantly Both these drivers have resulted in and more difficult for wildlife to exploit. attributed to changes in agricultural fragmentation of the remaining habitat practices, namely drainage and grassland leading to a loss of wildlife due to reduced improvement resulting in a loss of opportunities for survival and diversity. suitable breeding habitat. Locally in the North Pennines, infestations of soft In the Fellfoot landscape, agricultural rush on breeding grounds has rendered intensification, reduced subsidy support large areas unsuitable as breeding sites and a loss of knowledge and heritage skills for curlew and other wading birds: an have driven a decline in the quality and issue likely to be exacerbated as climate quantity of many vital wildlife habitats. change drives warmer and wetter winters Our woodlands are depleted, ash trees and increased rush cover. Electricity are dying and species-rich hay meadows cables pose an additional threat; many are replaced with monoculture sward. bird species suffer severe numbers of fatalities due to strikes on power lines.

72 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 6.5 Our Natural Heritage

View over Croglin.

Ash dieback poses a considerable – and When people are disconnected from their inexorable – threat to Fellfoot’s numerous natural heritage, environmental knowledge ash trees and to the landscape and is lost. Without it, a simple lack of awareness biodiversity they support. The loss of this can lead to a decline in wildlife, which we can species from the landscape will create see in our Fellfoot landscape. For example, substantial gaps in both biodiversity and some road verges and village greens are connectivity. More generally, the landscape cut too early and too frequently to allow is at risk of losing veteran trees within wildflowers to flourish, and recently planted wood pasture as they succumb to eventual woodland is neglected and at risk of failure. senescence or are poorly managed. This will Our projected departure from the EU result in a loss of important ‘stepping stones’ creates great uncertainty around the future between habitats, biodiversity unique to of environmental support, through which ancient and veteran trees and a decline millions of pounds have been invested in a key landscape feature of the area. in protecting these habitats. Without incentives through a future Environmental Whilst the risks described above to wildlife Land Management Scheme, many existing and habitats are known, they are poorly habitats will be lost and opportunities for documented. Cumbria Biodiversity Data enhancement or creation will go unrealised. Centre has identified that the Fellfoot Wildlife does not have the resilience to ‘wait’ Forward Scheme area lacks species for a solution to this policy impasse; nor, records in comparison to the rest of indeed, do farm businesses. Woodlands, the county. Without up-to-date and hedgerows, species-rich field margins robust data, it is difficult to target action and meadows: all these vital habitats are to protect local wildlife and enhance under threat of loss and destruction in habitat quality and connectivity. the coming years without investment.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 73 6.5 Our Natural Heritage

Opportunities: By following the Lawtonian Key opportunities Project connections Our Fellfoot Forward LPS offers the recommendations for nature conservation expertise, investment and partnership of ‘bigger, better and more joined-up’, Improve woodland management A3: Wild Connections and A2: Better Becks required to build a landscape that is better our habitats and wildlife will be more for wildlife. By working across the entire resilient and better able to adapt to climate Increase hedgerows A3: Wild Connections landscape, from fellside to floodplain, we change. Carbon sequestration benefits will create new habitats, enhance what will accrue from woodland and scrub Enhance river quality A1: Better Becks is already here and secure connectivity creation, from grassland management for wildlife across farm boundaries. and from grip blocking on the fells. Increase native broadleaf woodland cover A3: Wild Connections Working with community groups, parish councils and Cumbria County Council, this Workshops, school activities and community Create new wetlands A3: Wild Connections connectivity will be extended to include arts programmes will celebrate the village greens, gardens and highways. natural heritage of the Fellfoot landscape, Protect ancient trees and A3: Wild Connections securing a shared love and responsibility recruit new veterans for its wildlife and wild spaces. Improve habitat for breeding A2: Species Recovery, A3: Wild waders and black grouse Connections, A5: Going Underground

Increase local traditional skills, B2: Farm Futures such as hedgelaying

Increase local knowledge of natural heritage B3: Citizen Science and C4: Arts Connections

Increase local involvement in conservation B3: Citizen Science and C5: Community Grants

Inspire children and young B4: The Next Generation people in the natural world

74 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 6.6 Our Cultural Heritage

Top: Kirkoswald Castle. Bottom: Vehicle parking on Long Meg site.

Evidence of human habitation in Much of the character of the built In addition to their physical decline, key environment comes from the use of local historic features of the Fellfoot landscape the Fellfoot landscape stretches red sandstone in the vernacular architecture offer little to visitors, with poor access back to the Stone Age, creating of the Fellfoot villages, making a direct and no interpretation. This basic lack of an area rich in human history. connection between geology, people and infrastructure poses the severe risk of their landscape. There are also 25 Scheduled potential being under-valued: both as a Monuments and 48 listed buildings, draw for visitors and a source of celebration alongside an industrial mining heritage for local communities, resulting in ever more which can still be seen in fragments across uncertainty in their future. Long Meg, for the landscape. A network of village greens example, is 5,000 years old and is England’s is connected to the high fell through ancient third largest stone circle. Despite this grazing patterns and green lanes travelling national importance it has no interpretation, up the fellside. Families have worked and and visitor access is currently damaging the lived here for many generations and can structure and integrity of the monument. offer a wealth of memories that bring the landscape and its history to life. Similarly, although some 4,000 years younger, Kirkoswald Castle is of significant Threats interest to both locals and visitors as a key Many relic features in our landscape are in part of the history of Kirkoswald. Like Long physical decline and without investment and Meg, access to the castle is currently very restoration they are unlikely to persist in poor and lacking in interpretation. With their current form for future generations to no current management or restoration enjoy. Climate change is likely to exacerbate programmes, the final remaining this decline, particularly, for example, tower of this important monument is on features subject to erosion from deteriorating and at risk of collapse. flooding or landslips. Scrub encroachment and poor visitor management places additional pressures on monuments.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 75 6.6 Our Cultural Heritage

Below: Renwick Reading Rooms and date inscription.

Many of the buildings which serve as In addition to the monuments standing Opportunities: community spaces in the area are historic within the Fellfoot landscape, our wealth The Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership assets and part of a distinct Fellfoot of human history, evidenced in local is in a unique position of being able to vernacular. As such, they are often old, archaeology, is under-researched and offer a programme of works to protect difficult to heat and expensive to maintain. under-recorded. This leaves many features both the physical and intangible elements These historic community assets often unprotected against development and of our cultural heritage. Consolidation and fall into decline when the community deterioration. It also means that an restoration works on important monuments can no longer afford to maintain and opportunity on our doorstep for learning will preserve them for future generations. heat them. Sometimes this results in the and appreciation is going unrealised. Interpretation and access management buildings being sold for private housing will invite and inspire locals and visitors. and lost as a community resource. The pool of stories and memories Community archaeology will engage the Depending on change of use, this may that reflect very personal elements of heritage conservators of the future, and a mean loss of original vernacular features. our landscape heritage is decreasing. practical programme of energy conservation Whilst new experiences will continue in heritage community buildings will help to replace them, we are at risk of losing to make them viable for the future. important cultural memories which serve to open up opportunities for new understandings of our landscape today. Without a record and celebration of the Fellfoot landscape’s cultural heritage, we will see an ever-diminishing value placed upon history and memories, leaving it at increased risk of being undervalued, exploited and lost forever.

76 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 6.6 Our Cultural Heritage

Summit of Talkin Fell.

There is an ever-diminishing window of Key opportunities Project connections opportunity to capture memories reflecting the landscape and its past use, and to Protect and restore key heritage structures A4: Monuments at Risk celebrate these in a way that engages new audiences with their heritage. Interpretation Protect key community buildings A6: Community Buildings of our cultural heritage is limited only by collective imagination: festivals, Use key sites to interpret Fellfoot history C1: Bringing the Past Alive workshops, education projects and new trails will all foster a sense of belonging Record and celebrate cultural memories B1: Uncovering the Past and ownership of cultural heritage. Engage communities in translating and C4: Arts Connections celebrating our cultural heritage

Engage communities in local histories B1: Uncovering the Past

Inspire children and young B4: The Next Generation people with Fellfoot heritage

Interpretation traveling C3: Slow Trails through the landscape

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 77 6.7 Visiting Fellfoot

The beautiful green valleys, Active tourism agencies: Eden Tourism in the Reaching out-of-season visitor number The access network suffers from a lack south of the project area and Carlisle City targets is a connected risk; if businesses of historic investment and support, in traditional villages and wild Pennine Council in the north along with county-wide are unable to achieve reasonable comparison with other nearby landscapes. fells make the Fellfoot landscape an Cumbria Tourism, support visitor businesses numbers of visitors through autumn and This issue has been highlighted at ideal tourism destination, without and promote the area’s attractions via winter, they may become unviable. the consultations undertaken with their websites and other resources. Conversely, efforts to increase visitor communities, with improvement of the crowds and traffic jams of the numbers to the Fellfoot landscape run access being a commonly supported Lake District or the Yorkshire Dales. Threats: the risk of unsustainable exploitation of proposal. The development of the access Communities can stagnate without the area’s heritage, for example through network will allow visitors to stay longer economic activity and the tourism economy footpath erosion, wildlife disturbance or and enjoy and understand the area, is a vital part of the economic wellbeing of deterioration of historic features. With supported by improved visitor facilities and rurally isolated areas such as the Fellfoot un-managed access, the special qualities of interpretation of a fascinating heritage. landscape. A lack of awareness of an area locations or features could become eroded. can stall future investment by agencies For both locals and visitors, well-maintained and business. A fragmented management The Fellfoot landscape is criss-crossed and well-described routes for recreational of the tourism offer can lead to a lack with rights of way, some of which follow access can bring a landscape to life. of understanding of visitor numbers ancient routes such as the packhorse Without maintenance, paths will undergo and their impact on the conservation trails. However, there is little promotion of an exponential decline as they are little of the unique character of the area. this area as a place for walking, cycling or used and become harder to walk or ride, horse riding, and many potential visitors becoming increasingly overgrown and thus Our heritage assets are extensive, but a are lost to the more famous fells of the used even less frequently. This decline is common theme across these is that of Lake District or the Yorkshire Dales. already evident on a number of routes poor interpretation and promotion. One throughout the Fellfoot area, even on of the greatest risks to tourism in the much-loved routes such as those through Fellfoot area is that the heritage offer Gelt Woods and to Lacy’s Cave. Extremes of of the region is under-realised, leading weather and/or changes in the surface can to a loss of potential visitors, associated lead to the loss of routes as ground slips income and the opportunity to immerse or is lost into the rivers; a process that is the visitor in the landscape and share likely to be exacerbated with climate change a responsible tourism message. and an increase in droughts and flooding.

78 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 6.7 Visiting Fellfoot

Footpath in Gelt Woods.

Opportunities: We want people to take time in the area Tourism businesses have not, until – to connect and explore and develop a now, engaged with the support offered greater understanding and appreciation of by the district, city and county council the special landscape, culture, wildlife and tourism services. Our Fellfoot Forward dark skies. The Fellfoot Forward LPS will LPS, with its remit of heritage protection, improve the quality of the access network conservation and celebration, will for sustainable, slower journeying, including network businesses and agencies, and for those less mobile. New and improved share key responsible tourism messages. interpretative trails and a cycling route, The heritage assets are strong and the Fellfoot 40, linked to service centres and infrastructure is capable of improvement. main transport routes will attract wider and With improved communication between diverse audiences to the area and enhance businesses, the wider community and both visitor and local appreciation of the tourism partners, it will be possible to landscape’s heritage. These routes will ‘sensitively turn up the volume’ on this be themed on the special qualities of the often-overlooked part of the country. area, allowing people to discover heritage and enhancing the potential for social and Historically, resource limitation has economic benefits. Access to key features of resulted in limited engagement with the historic environment on popular routes tourism businesses in the area. The Fellfoot will be improved in sustainable and locally Forward LPS will provide a platform to appropriate methods. More people will better engage with tourism businesses to be exploring the area by bike and on foot, promote a responsible tourism message. reducing the carbon footprint of their visit. Key opportunities Project connections Visitor spend will be retained locally, rather Protect, interpret and promote A4: Monuments at Risk; C1: Bringing than leaking to higher profile, adjacent The Fellfoot Forward LPS will use traditional heritage assets the Past Alive; C4: Arts Connections destinations. Through focussing on the mechanisms to increase people’s area’s special qualities and unique ‘sense opportunity to explore, such as printed and Promote stargazing C2: Stars in the Tarn of place’, businesses will be empowered digital self-guided routes but also innovative to better articulate their offer and the IT such as augmented reality applications. Support and inspire ‘Fellfoot Ambassadors’ B5: Fellfoot Welcome things to see and do around them. Improve and promote access C3: Slow Trails for diverse users

Promote a Future Fair approach B5: Fellfoot Welcome; C3: Slow Trails to sustainable tourism

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 79 6.8 Understanding the landscape

The outstanding wealth of natural Threats Aspects of our heritage are not always In contrast to much of England, the North A disconnection with the landscape can well understood or appreciated by many Pennines has truly dark night skies. It is and historical heritage in the Fellfoot lead to a lower appreciation of its heritage local residents and visitors. For example, the country’s darkest mainland Area of Forward LPS offers real opportunity and inherent value. This in turn can lead traditional skills in hedgerow restoration Outstanding Natural Beauty and only for growing people’s knowledge and to individuals, communities and agencies and management are increasingly the Isles of Scilly AONB has darker skies. committing little to heritage protection lost due to time and lack of resources, However, this special feature of our appreciation of their landscape. and conservation, resulting in a decline in leaving both the hedgerows and the skills landscape is under threat from increased landscape value, biodiversity and heritage. behind their management under-valued. light pollution. Security lights, floodlights Moreover, those who feel disconnected The lack of awareness and knowledge and street lights can all break into the from their landscape lose the potential of which would allow threats to heritage darkness and threaten the intactness that landscape to teach, inspire and heal. to be recognised and the shortage of a landscape’s dark night sky. of skills to manage heritage assets Lack of contact with nature is a fact of positively will inevitably lead to losses. Opportunities: life for many children and young people The Fellfoot Forward LPS aims to connect today, and anecdotally this seems to hold Our Fellfoot landscape is not just below communities to their landscape. By true for rural as well as urban children. our feet: it is the exceptionally dark night building awareness and knowledge, we This separation from nature and lack of skies above us too. We live in an age will collectively secure a shared love outdoor exploration can be a barrier in when we know more about the universe and responsibility for the landscape’s the development of knowledge, skills and than at any other time in our history, unique heritage features: our history, our love for our natural and cultural heritage. yet we have never been less connected dark skies, our wildlife and our stories. to it than we are today. Sixty per cent of Through our capacity building, we will New small-scale developments will bring Europeans have never seen the Milky empower our communities to protect new residents to the Fellfoot area. Presence Way, yet it is visible on every clear night these features long into the future. of and access to facilities such as libraries from dark locations anywhere on Earth8. is likely to remain limited, and memories, histories and traditions are easily lost if records are not kept and passed on.

8 F. Falchi, P. Cinzano, D. Duriscoe, C. C. M. Kyba, C. D. Elvidge, K. Baugh, B. A. Portnov, N. A. Rybnikova, R.Furgoni, The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness. Sci. Adv. 2, e1600377 (2016).

80 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 6.8 Knowing the landscape

Image of the moon taken in the North Pennines AONB. Science of the Sun and the Moon event.

The breadth of activities in the Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme provides the opportunity to engage people in a variety of creative and relevant ways. For example, volunteer astronomers will help identify new Dark Sky Discovery Sites to add to the North Pennines AONB network. A new installation at Talkin Tarn will encourage residents, visitors and local schools to discover our dark skies.

Environment groups will be resourced to better protect their local sites, whilst training programmes in species ID and traditional land management will encourage a much greater practical knowledge of our landscape’s wildlife and habitats. Schools programmes, community projects, volunteer work, visitor attractions, Key opportunities Project connections training, interpretation and gatherings will realise the potential of Fellfoot as Protect and enhance A6: Community Buildings; an inspirational learning landscape. community village spaces

Record, interpret and celebrate key A3: Wild Connections cultural and natural heritage assets

Engage children and young people C1: Bringing the Past Alive; C4: Arts with their local heritage Connections; B5: Fellfoot Welcome

Create ‘new heritage’ C2: Stars in the Tarn; B4: Next Generation

Provide training in traditional skills C4: Arts Connections B2: Farm Futures; B6: Trainees

Facilitate community-led C5: Community Grants conservation of heritage assets

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 81 7. Scheme vision, aims and objectives

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82 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 7.1 Vision statement

We will connect our Fellfoot communities, strengthen their ties to the landscape, and work together to realise our shared vision for a ‘slow’ landscape; one that is naturally resilient, rich in wildlife, accessible, and that encourages deep engagement with our natural and cultural heritage.

Communities will be better connected, more resilient and ‘Future Fair’

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 83 7.1 Vision statement Connected Resilient

The Fellfoot Forward landscape is defined These historic boundaries separate the Resilience has been a cornerstone of the We will, for example, work with land by the Pennine Fault that runs from north villages and hamlets in the area, despite Fellfoot Forward communities in recent managers to create a textured landscape to south through the project area. This their shared histories and geography. In decades. Despite outwardly peaceful best able to respond to extreme rainfall, geological rift has created a dramatic the wider Cumbrian context, these same appearances, farms and villages have borne using natural flood management step change in the landscape, so that communities share an identity through the brunt of catastrophic events including techniques to ‘slow the flow’ of water. We the upland Pennine escarpment in the their separation from the rest of the North the foot and mouth disease outbreak and will work with communities to investigate east rises several hundred metres above Pennines by the barrier of the fellside, and three devastating floods, each of which local energy conservation, and to the lowland Vale of Eden in the west. from the Lake District by the River Eden. was categorised as a 100 year+ event. weatherproof their heritage buildings.

This geography has given rise to an ancient A desire within these communities to Looking ahead, communities are aware We will follow the Lawtonian nature pattern of land management, in which come together across historic boundaries of major changes on the horizon. An conservation principles of ‘Bigger, better, farmers have utilised the fellside as summer in order to protect a shared heritage increase in extreme weather events such more joined up’ to build resilience for our pasture and the lowland fields in the winter has been articulated throughout our as flooding and high winds is already wildlife. Our team will support farmers for their livestock. Linear patterns of land consultation for the Fellfoot Forward occurring as climate change intensifies; with future land management funding ownership and parish boundaries have Landscape Partnership Scheme. new plant and animal diseases such as opportunities, and our own environmental evolved which extend from the fells in Ash dieback are anticipated and political grants will nurture additional work to join up the east down to the valley in the west. and economic changes such as leaving the priority habitats. We and our partners will EU will force change on the landscape. restore hedgerows, meadows, woodlands and rivers, forming wildlife friendly ‘stepping The Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership stones’ and ‘corridors’ across the landscape Scheme will harness the spirit of local communities and build the resilience needed to weather these literal and metaphorical storms. We will recognise the potential impacts of climate change and globalisation on our local heritage, and seek ways to mitigate, adapt and realise opportunities in these changes.

84 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 7.1 Vision statement Curiosity, exploration and immersion in a ‘slow’ landscape rich in nature Future Fair and culture will lead to reflection and care for our heritage.

Future Fair means working for positive We are ensuring we are Future Fair Ours is a landscape of prehistory, of gentle Reflecting our ‘slow’ landscape, we wish outcomes for the next generation. This through professional consideration of walks and majestic views, of rolling byways to develop the depth of experience of our concept forms the foundation of the our plans, through ongoing reviews of and traditional village greens, of veteran visitors, deepening their understanding and Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership our activities and through communicating trees and ancient woodlands, and of rich love for this area. We will encourage longer Scheme: we will consider the impact our Future Fair ambitions to all we wildlife and hidden histories. It is a slow stays, repeat visits and recommendations of our all our actions and activities with work with. We look forward to engaging landscape, its quiet drama uniquely suited to those who will share our passion for respect to climate change, use of limited the next generation as we develop to an immersive and reflective experience this area. Our commitment to a Future resources and our generation of waste. our Future Fair work and inspiring our of a rich biodiversity and a deep past. Fair approach will underpin this work partners in the local communities and as we support local businesses to meet beyond with our commitments. Some of this heritage is neglected and needs aspirations for sustainable tourism. our help. From flower rich meadows to rush pastures for curlews, and from prehistoric Our rich natural and cultural heritage stone circles to medieval castles, we will needs its ambassadors and its guardians work with local communities and partners to for the future. We will work with artists and ensure that our natural and cultural heritage communities to raise awareness of our is conserved, enhanced and celebrated. landscape’s special qualities, translating its hidden depths with workshops, celebrations Much of the area’s cultural and natural and installations. We will help farms to host assets are hidden, inaccessible or just little open days and will run a citizen science known. From the country’s third largest programme to engage farmers, residents, stone circle at Long Meg to internationally young naturalists and visitors in caring for important populations of curlew and our natural world. An outreach programme lapwing, we will help people discover the for schoolchildren and their families will Fellfoot landscape’s hidden treasures. We inspire and enable new generations to will create self-guided and accessible walking conserve local heritage. A community history and cycling routes. Our work with tourism programme will help residents explore providers will celebrate the area’s heritage, the rich archaeology on their doorsteps. and we will use innovative interpretation to help people learn more about these assets. The Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme will offer local communities and visitors an opportunity to share their knowledge, to learn from others, and to immerse themselves in the landscape’s wildlife, its wild spaces and our shared histories.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 85 7.2 Fellfoot Forward LPS Aims and Objectives

7.2.1 Aims 7.2.2 LPS Objectives and National Lottery Heritage Fund Outcomes

• To create a landscape that is more Table 4 details the aims and objectives resilient and richer in wildlife of our Landscape Partnership Scheme, • To conserve distinctive heritage features and how the objectives relate to our of the Fellfoot Forward landscape programmes of work. These aims and • To increase understanding of the objectives are the result of our consultation landscape and its unique heritage and development and draw on a Theory • To create meaningful connections between of Change model which was drawn up a wide range of people and their heritage prior to our Stage 1 application to National • To ensure all our actions are Future Fair Lottery Heritage Fund (see Appendix 5). Table 4 also identifies how these ambitions will achieve the nine outcomes that National Lottery Heritage Fund (NLHF) require from Landscape Partnership Schemes. These outcomes are as follows:

1. Heritage will be better managed 2. Heritage will be in better condition 3. Heritage will be identified/recorded 4. People will have developed skills 5. People will have learnt about heritage 6. People will have volunteered time 7. Environmental impacts to communities will have been reduced 8. More people and a wider range of people will have engaged with heritage 9. The landscape will be a better place to live, work and visit

86 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 7.2 Fellfoot Forward LPS Aims and Objectives

LPS Vision Aims Objectives NLHF Outcomes Programme 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 • To increase quality, quantity and connectivity of habitats          To create a landscape • To protect and conserve key endangered species that is more resilient • To reduce risk of flooding through natural and richer in wildlife flood management techniques

To conserve distinctive • To conserve key historic sites heritage features of the • To conserve and enhance key heritage community buildings Fellfoot Forward landscape A: Conserving and Restoring

• To engage communities with researching,        recording and sharing histories • To inspire schools and young people with the landscape’s outstanding heritage To increase understanding • To train land managers in protecting and conserving natural heritage of the landscape and • To train communities in wildlife identification, its unique heritage recording and local conservation The Fellfoot Forward • To empower our visitor businesses to champion our heritage assets landscape and its communities will be B: Engaging and Training better connected, more resilient and ‘Future Fair’ • To creatively and collectively interpret the       stories around our heritage features • To offer differently accessible, immersive walks To create meaningful through the area’s ‘slow landscape’ connections between • To empower local communities to protect a wide range of people and enhance their heritage assets and their heritage C: Revealing and Connecting

• To underpin all our activities with a ‘Future Fair’ approach      • To promote a ‘Future Fair’ approach to all our communities and visitors To ensure all our actions are Future Fair All programmes

Table 4: Aims and Objectives of Fellfoot Forward LPS Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 87 8 Fellfoot Forward LPS: Making it Happen

In this section we detail how we will achieve our Partnership’s vision for the Fellfoot landscape. We reflect on our consultation, we detail our partnership and its Advisory Board and we describe how we will deliver our projects.

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88 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 8.1 Fellfoot Forward: the first steps

The North Pennines AONB Consultation on the 2014-2019 Management This consultation revealed the special This work provided clarity and more detail Plan revealed a strong local impetus qualities of the Fellfoot area. We discovered to the original Stage 1 submission, such Partnership produces a for heritage conservation in the fellside ancient connections between Fellfoot that following resubmission in May 2017 statutory Management Plan area of the North Pennines AONB east of settlements and the high escarpment; we were awarded a ‘Stage 2 pass’. This every five years, which guides Carlisle. A Landscape Partnership Scheme little-known footpaths and prehistoric provided funding from NLHF, matched by (LPS) was identified as the best vehicle for archaeology; endangered species various sources, to develop our Fellfoot our work for that period. a project of this scale and ambition, and and rare habitats. We found a desire Forward proposals into a full Landscape development of this was prioritised within within fellside communities to come Partnership Scheme. This was submitted the North Pennines AONB Partnership. together across historic boundaries to NLHF in August 2019. The development to protect a shared heritage. work undertaken by North Pennines AONB The Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership and partners to take Stage 1 Partnership came together from a series The first iteration of the Fellfoot Forward proposals to the full LPS is detailed within of meetings with Local Authorities, partner LPS was submitted as a Stage 1 Landscape this Landscape Conservation Action Plan. organisations and community groups in Partnership Scheme bid to National Lottery 2015. This was followed by a period of Heritage Fund (NLHF, then Heritage Lottery consultation, which included community Fund) in May 2016. This bid was returned by drop-ins and events, questionnaires and NLHF with guidance on how to refine this engagement with specialist groups such application. Following NLHF advice, further as the North Pennines AONB Access and consultation and project development Recreation, Tourism, Historic Environment was carried out. Additionally, the North and Geopark Advisory Groups. Pennines AONB Partnership completed a Functional Analysis of the Fellfoot landscape and a Theory of Change model. These two documents informed key priorities for the LPS by identifying the heritage assets of most importance in sustaining landscape functions, and the processes and stakeholders best placed to conserve them.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 89 8.2 Community Consultation

This section describes how we have Our engagement and consultation process From the late summer 2018 to spring A series of 10 public open workshops with started with consultation meetings with 2019 we ran a series of open workshops, an average of 20 people at each, held across engaged and consulted with the prospective partners, several articles farm visits and individual conversations. the Fellfoot Forward area invited people people of the Fellfoot area in order appearing in local print and broadcast We delivered school consultation events, to share their knowledge and ideas on to define and shape our plans for media and in parish newsletters, drop- attended Parish Council meetings and in events and a questionnaire that delivered joint events with local groups. • Walking, cycling, and promotion of delivery. A list of all consultation was made available both electronically We used this contact time to revisit and routes for locals and visitors events is given in Appendix 2. and in paper form. The key issues that establish with Fellfoot Forward communities • Recording and conservation of people who completed the questionnaire their interests and observed threats for wildlife by the communities wanted the scheme to address were: the heritage of this landscape. We have • Improving wildlife habitats on farms shared widely the potential of the Fellfoot • The main historical heritage assets, • Community archaeology Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme to threats and sites to be studied • Woodland creation/tree planting support individual and collective aspirations • Support tourism businesses and a • Hedgerow/wall restoration for community, wildlife and cultural responsible tourism message • Species conservation heritage. The consultation has informed the • School activity to help school communities • Improving access and rights of way programmes we hope will go on to deliver connect with their heritage • Small scale renewable energy a lasting legacy for this special landscape. development and conservation • Collaborating with farmers on habitat management • Collaborating with farmers on Natural Flood Management “Fantastic project – what a difference this could make to the area, community, landscape and environment. It could be transformational!”

Participant in open workshop.

90 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 8.2 Community Consultation

Warwick Bridge schools workshop.

Two schools brought 6 staff and 60 pupils We commissioned a community to explore how to connect with their local archaeologist to consult on people’s heritage. These schools experienced a day knowledge of the hidden heritage assets with a community archaeologist at Long Meg and opportunities for more research. and a day learning about the future health of They circulated 30 questionnaires to their streams and rivers on the Cairn Beck. known individuals and local history groups followed by two consultation workshops We have met and talked with 3 youth to establish a programme of work. organisations, Cumbria Action for Sustainability, A Focus On Nature, Recognising the knowledge farmers hold students from University of Cumbria about their farming practices, history and a community farm to better and wildlife we sent out through The understand how to facilitate meaningful Farmer Network 120 consultation letters project activity for younger people. and made 25 individual farm visits. We also secured a £5000 scoping project We have used village halls, church institutes for Environment Agency Slow the Flow and pubs to gather people for workshops, initiatives in the Croglin, Gamblesby and events and talks across the Fellfoot Forward Glassonby catchments and carried out area. We commissioned 4 consultation consultations around holding and slowing energy audits on Hallbankgate, Ainstable, the rate of runoff of water from the land Croglin and Renwick village halls and reading rooms. In conversation with the committees, these have summarised achievable initiatives to keep the heritage community buildings viable.

“I learned that rivers need our help!!!” “I love rivers because they make me feel happy.”

Pupil participants in schools workshop.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 91 8.2 Community Consultation

Top left: Cumbria Biodiversity Data Centre recording day. Top Right: Eden Rivers Trust Supporters Day. Bottom: Farmers workshop. with 12 farmers and landowners. Of the twelve parish councils that Alongside the community consultation, cover the Scheme area, we have there has been an ongoing dialogue with been in conversation with 6 councils partners and agencies and staff have reaching 60 members of the public. been part of partner organisation events such as Ancient Tree Forum recording Several of the projects convened or utilised day, Cumbria Biodiversity Data Centre existing working groups and projects during recording day, Natural England field visits the development phase such as the North and Eden Rivers Trust’s Supporter day. Pennines Historic Environment Working Group, North Pennines AONB Partnership’s During the development period out in the Earthworks project, Eden Tourism Network area we have taken every opportunity to or consulted with specific interest groups have conversations with residents and such as the Cumbria Vernacular Buildings visitors helping us to understand who lives group, Kirkoswald Environment Group here and why people are visiting. The deep and Victoria Counties History group. connection of people with the Eden Valley landscape and the desire for their place to be vibrant and valued has been very evident.

92 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 8.3 Fellfoot Forward LPS Advisory Board

The Fellfoot Forward Advisory The North Pennines AONB Partnership The Advisory Board has met quarterly Members of the board include: brought together individuals from Local through our Development Stage Board came together in the early Authorities, parish councils, agencies and and will continue this frequency of • The Director and the Programme days of our collective Landscape organisations who shared our ambitions to meetings through the Delivery of our Development Manager of the North Partnership ambitions for the area. develop a more resilient Fellfoot landscape. LPS. Members will work together to: Pennines AONB Partnership (Lead Partner) Members of the Advisory Board all bring key skills, knowledge and experience of the • ensure the implementation of the Plus representatives of: area, and have been important advocates Scheme’s programmes by co-ordinating for the LPS in the wider community. and focusing effort and resources to • Fellfoot communities (including create real change on the ground; our Chair, Tom Speight) Board membership is detailed in Appendix • develop and promote the Scheme’s • Historic England 4, with a copy of the Terms of Reference, objectives as widely as possible; • Natural England which all members have signed. The • encourage and secure the active • RSPB Terms of Reference states principally participation of communities, landowners, • The Environment Agency that the purpose of our Advisory Board farmers and other businesses; • Eden Rivers Trust is take a strategic and proactive lead in • identify gaps and secure new • Eden Tourism guiding the implementation of the Fellfoot funding for projects; • Eden District Council Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme. • support the delivery of the Scheme and • Cumbria County Council act in its best interests at all times; • Carlisle City Council The Advisory Board will remain in its • review and assess the performance • The Farmer Network current form to guide and monitor and direction of the Scheme, and • The Parish Councils the Fellfoot Forward LPS in delivery. If recommend changes if required; • Cumbria Action for Sustainability additional members are required as the • receive, and comment on, reports on the Scheme develops, they will be recruited Scheme’s work programmes including according to the Terms of Reference. existing, proposed and completed projects; • help to secure match funding to support the implementation of the Scheme; • exchange information, ideas and advice to support the implementation of the Scheme; • keep under review the membership of the Board, introducing change as required; • establish working groups as required; • recommend any research and studies deemed necessary to support the implementation of the Scheme.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 93 8.4 Fellfoot Forward: 8.5 Key milestones 2020 – 2024 and events

The Fellfoot Forward Landscape Having led the project through Key milestones and events for the Development Stage, the lead Partnership hopes to hear in partner will remain the North the LPS scheme are shown in December 2019 that our bid Pennines AONB Partnership. Table 5. Timetables for individual to National Lottery Heritage projects are included in the project Following approval at the end of 2019, Fund has been successful. the North Pennines AONB Partnership plans in Part 3 of the LCAP. will recruit a team of delivery staff as detailed in Section 8.6. It is hoped that this team will be in place in the early spring, ready to begin delivery of the Landscape Partnership’s projects in summer 2020. A welcoming event is anticipated in summer 2020 to celebrate the start of the scheme and share opportunities for getting involved with local communities.

Projects will be delivered from 2020 to 2024, with quarterly Advisory Board meetings following the same cycle as our quarterly updates to the National Lottery Heritage Fund. It is anticipated that the majority of project delivery will be complete by winter 2023, leaving a few months at the end of the LPS to conclude the scheme appropriately. This will include final celebration events to thank partners and volunteers, a final evaluation and end-of-Scheme reporting.

94 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 8.5 Key milestones and events

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Oct-Dec Jan- April- July- Oct- Jan- April- July- Oct- Jan- April- July- Oct- Jan- April- July- Oct- Jan- April- Mar June Sept Dec Mar June Sept Dec Mar June Sept Dec Mar June Sept Dec Mar June NLHF reporting quarter Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Decision on Round 2 Application  Permission to start from NLHF  Recruit staff team   Prepare Hallbankgate office   Advisory Board meetings                 NLHF Reporting                  Launch Event  Trainee recruitment    Recruit Evaluation Monitor  Evaluation      Legacy planning                  Management and maintenance plans   Final Celebration Event  Scheme completion and final report 

Table 5: Key Milestones and Events Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 95 8.6 Delivery Partners 8.7 Staff Team

Delivery Partners have signed The North Pennines AONB The North Pennines AONB Partnership will recruit a staff team to the Fellfoot Partnership Agreements, which Partnership will recruit a staff team Forward LPS by March 2020. Once this are included in LCAP Part 3. to the Fellfoot Forward LPS by March team is in place, delivery of the Scheme These agreements detail financial 2020. Once this team is in place, will begin and will run until March 2024. Job descriptions for LPS Delivery arrangements and agreed outputs delivery of the Scheme will begin team can be found in LCAP Part 3. for each project. The Fellfoot and will run until March 2024. Forward LPS scheme manager Five members of staff will be employed by the North Pennines AONB Partnership will be responsible for working to deliver the Fellfoot Forward LPS. with delivery partners throughout An organogram showing the staffing the LPS to ensure that outputs structure of the AONB Partnership staff team and the line management of staff are being delivered and financial associated with the Landscape Partnership arrangements are followed. Scheme is shown in Appendix 6.

In addition to the staff detailed, three trainees will be recruited through our trainee programme (see LCAP Part 2: B6 Trainees), who will support the staff team in project delivery.

96 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 8.7 Staff Team

Scheme Manager Community Engagement Officer Environment Officer Communications Officer

The Scheme Manager will take overall A full time Community Officer will A full time Environment Officer will A Communications Officer will be responsibility for the Fellfoot Forward be employed to lead on community be employed to lead on the natural employed on a three day/week basis LPS. They will be responsible for liaison development and involvement, education heritage aspects of our LPS. to provide external communications with Advisory Board and partners and for and awareness, arts and festivals. The Environment Officer will have specific support for our LPS. the delivery of the Scheme as a whole. The Community Engagement Officer responsibility for the following projects: They will be responsible for sharing will have specific responsibility Admin. and Finance Officer and reporting our work to funders, for the following projects: A1: Better Becks including our main reporting schedule A2: Species Recovery An Admin. and Finance Officer will with National Lottery Heritage Fund. A6: Community Buildings A3: Wild Connections be employed on a full time basis to The Scheme Manager will have specific B1: Uncovering the Past B2: Farm Futures assist with financial management and responsibility for the following projects: B4: Next Generation B3: Citizen Science reporting, and with LPS administration. B5: Fellfoot Welcome C3: Slow Trails (jointly with Community A4: Monuments at Risk C1: Bringing the Past Alive (jointly Engagement Officer) A5: Going Underground with Scheme Manager) C5: Community Grants (jointly with B6: Trainees C2: Stars in the Tarn Community Engagement Officer) C1: Bringing the Past Alive (jointly with C3: Slow Trails (jointly with Community Engagement Officer) Environment Officer) C4: Arts Connections C5: Community Grants (jointly with Environment Officer)

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 97 8.8 Fellfoot Forward LPS: Risk Register

The Fellfoot Forward Landscape Our first two LPSs, the Allen Valleys LPS There are, inevitably, key risks in the delivery and Living North Pennines LPS delivered of such an ambitious scheme. These risks Partnership Scheme is the third their objectives successfully, often above are outlined in Table 6, along with their Landscape Partnership Scheme for and beyond the predicted outcomes. We likelihood, impact, consequence, mitigation which the North Pennines AONB come to our Fellfoot Forward LPS with a and lead responsibility. Risk registers for keen sense of ‘what works’ to deliver a individual projects are given LCAP Part 2. Partnership has been the lead partner Landscape Partnership, and a toolkit for in development and delivery. responding to the inevitable difficulties that arise from such a wide-ranging project.

Our Partnership is a group of individuals and organisations with a diverse set of skills and networks, which together represent Fellfoot communities and the landscape. Our collective investment in community engagement and in landscape assessment gives us a strong footing for the delivery sage. This, paired with a vision to which our Partnership is fully committed, leaves us confident that we present a low-risk scheme with high potential to protect, conserve and restore the heritage of the Fellfoot landscape.

98 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 8.8 Risk Register

Risk Likelihood Impact Consequence Mitigation Lead

Partnership Board and Staff Members step Low Low The Advisory Ensure other members Advisory Board Chair down from the Board no longer can take over key Advisory Board represents the positions if necessary communities and Scheme Manager organisations of the Fellfoot LPS Ensure broad and can no longer representation deliver strategic is maintained management. Grant recipient Low High The LPS cannot The North Pennines North Pennines AONB Director loses interest in be delivered or AONB Partnership the programme, is incomplete and its host is forced to re- authority, Durham Advisory Board focus activities and County Council are therefore LPS takes committed to the a lower priority. delivery of the LPS Director of the NPAP and the Scheme board. Failure to recruit Low High The LPS Delivery Job description and North Pennines AONB suitable staff team is unable to person specifications Partnership Management Team achieve scheme to reflect a clear outputs and basis for selection objectives

Roles will be widely advertised Loss of staff at Medium Medium The LPS Delivery Ensure financial Scheme Manager key points, e.g team is unable to contingency for through resignation achieve scheme additional help or sickness outputs and North Pennines AONB objectives Partnership Management Team Develop skills and flexibility within the team

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 99 8.8 Risk Register

Risk Likelihood Impact Consequence Mitigation Lead

Finance National Lottery Medium High The LPS cannot Sufficient work in the Development Officers Heritage Fund LPS be delivered Development Stage Grant not secured to secure a strong partnership and North Pennines AONB programme of works Some of the Partnership Management Team individual elements of the scheme may be separately Advisory Board fundable Match funding not Medium Medium Impact of the Most match Scheme Manager available or available LPS is reduced funding secured in at reduced rate. the Development Stage of the LPS Advisory Board

Staff team to commit to securing remainder in the early stages of Delivery

Refrain from full project commitment until full match funding secured

100 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 8.8 Risk Register

Risk Likelihood Impact Consequence Mitigation Lead

Changes to Medium Medium Impact of the CS Match funding Scheme Manager Countryside LPS is reduced. has been secured in Stewardship (CS) Development Stage. make it difficult to Delivery Partners use agri-environment Match funding is no funding to deliver longer available at Projects dependent part of the scheme a sufficient level. on CS (within Programme A) will be completed by year 2 of the LPS, securing delivery before CS funding is removed. Prices from High Medium Some of the Costs based on Scheme Manager consultants, individual elements experience in contractors etc. of the scheme Development Stage over budget cannot be delivered Delivery Partners

Quotes to be sought on a competitive basis, as detailed in Procurement Policy

Contingencies available within budgets where projects are most at risk

Flexibility built into the overall budget to ensure projects are deliverable

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 101 8.8 Risk Register

Risk Likelihood Impact Consequence Mitigation Lead

Project Delivery Delivery Partners Medium Medium Some of the Project feasibility Scheme Manager do not deliver individual elements tested during projects on time or of the scheme Development Stage to agreed outputs cannot be delivered Delivery Partners

Ensure quarterly reporting is in Advisory Board place and project progress is reported to Advisory Board

Provide additional support where needed Consolidation of Low High Some of the Work has been Scheme Manager historic structures individual elements planned, costed proves to expensive of the scheme and budgeted in the or unfeasible for cannot be delivered Development stage Historic Environment partners other reasons

A longlist with contingency options is available

Delivery staff will source additional funding to supplement the budget as required.

102 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 8.8 Risk Register

Risk Likelihood Impact Consequence Mitigation Lead

Failure to Low High Some of the Project outcomes have Scheme Manager secure sites for individual elements been forecasted from environmental of the scheme interest generated in outcomes due to cannot be delivered the Development Stage Delivery Partners lack of interest/ land ownership difficulties/ More sites to be lack of external Natural Environment partners identified than needed Stewardship funding to secure contingencies

Seek additional funding sources where needed Poor weather and/ High High Some of the Allow flexibility Scheme Manager or site conditions individual elements within timescales prevent completion of the scheme of capital works cannot be delivered Scheme Staff Ensure largescale capital works are begun near the beginning of Delivery to ensure sufficient time for completion Loss of the Low Medium Impact of the LPS is Continued contact Scheme Manager undergrounding reduced. Reduction with Electricity North project at Geltsdale in match funding West. In the event of to the Scheme non-delivery, request North Pennines AONB to NLHF for increased Partnership Management Team intervention rate.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 103 8.8 Risk Register

Risk Likelihood Impact Consequence Mitigation Lead

Local community Low High Some of the Comprehensive Scheme Manager are not engaged individual elements consultation and with LPS Delivery of the scheme engagement has been cannot be delivered carried out through Advisory Board Development Stage

LPS and its Scheme Staff associated Good representation partners gains a of local communities poor reputation on the Advisory Board

A wide-ranging programme of projects promises something to interest all members of the community

Sufficient finances have been allocated to communications in Delivery

Table 6: Risk Register for Fellfoot Forward LPS

104 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 8.9 Financial arrangements

A part-time Finance Officer The AONB Partnership’s host authority Where partners are responsible for delivery will be employed by the North is Durham County Council, and all or part delivery of projects, a Partnership Pennines AONB Partnership to financial transactions will follow their Agreement has been signed which details support the Scheme Manager policies and procedures. This includes the procedure for reporting and claiming procurement rules which are as follows: funds from the Delivery Body (the North in managing financial control Pennines AONB Partnership). Partnership and reporting for the LPS. • Expenditure between £500 and agreements and their associated Delivery £5000 requires a single quote Plans are included in Part 3 of the LCAP. • Expenditure of £5000 and above and below £50,000 requires three quotes Non-cash expenditure will take several • Expenditure above £50,000 forms, including the employment of staff requires a full tender process by partner organisations, expenditure on contracts by partner organisations These thresholds are lower than or the donation of time by landowners. the NLHF thresholds and therefore Each non-cash contribution will require compliance with DCC procedures will evidence that time and/or money has ensure compliance with NLHF rules. been spent on the Scheme projects, but evidence for each will be different. The The Durham County Council Procurement type of evidence required for each non-cash Policy is attached in Appendix 7. contribution already secured or pending confirmation is listed in LCAP: Part 3.

Quarterly Reports and claims will be submitted to National Lottery Heritage Fund, according to their schedule. Reports and the current budget will also be shared at the same time with the Advisory Board. The overall Scheme budget and cashflow forecast are presented in LCAP: Part 3

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 105 8.10 Scheme Office 8.11 Future Fair

Landscape Partnership Scheme staff Cumbria Action for Sustainability They are a delivery partner on our LPS and will help us ensure that our will be based predominantly in an (CAfS) are a local organization projects and approach are ‘Future office at the Hallbankgate Hub. This with twenty years of experience Fair’. By considering the impact of all is a community-owned shop, café of engaging and working with our actions and activities with respect to climate change and ecological and library located in Hallbankgate communities to support their sustainability, we will work towards positive village, towards the north of the low carbon aspirations. outcomes for future generations. Scheme area. By renting office space, Climate change, and how we respond locally the Landscape Partnership Scheme and globally, will affect the security and will be helping to sustain this vital impact of everything we invest in through rural service. Office furbishing the Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme. Through our community costs are included in the budget. engagement work, Fellfoot Forward will offer opportunities for conversations and demonstrations of ways of working that will support future generations. ‘Future Fair’ means that communities and individuals in the Fellfoot area will have access to the facts, knowledge, skills and resources to make a difference on climate change whilst engaging in inspirational local heritage activities for the benefit of their own wellbeing and for future generations. Our Future Fair theme is the ‘golden thread’ of sustainability running through our Scheme, ensuring that it delivers for heritage and people, for now and for the future.

106 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 8.12 Communications Framework

About Fellfoot Forward The project partners

How will we be Future Fair? This communications framework Fellfoot Forward is a project led by the Funding partner: sets out the way that the Fellfoot North Pennines AONB Partnership and is The National Lottery Heritage Fund • Internal operations – we will reduce being developed in partnership with a wide distributes the heritage share of the carbon footprint of our operations, Forward Landscape Partnership range of organisations, communities and National Lottery funding, supporting a reduce staff travel miles and source Scheme will communicate with people. The groups and individuals involved wide variety of projects across the UK. catering sustainably. We will consider its various audiences and outlines in Fellfoot Forward have come together to NLHF Heritage Grants applications are climate impact during the development research, share, enhance and conserve the assessed in two rounds: a Development of all projects. We will develop a the correct use of the Fellfoot iconic wildlife and rich cultural heritage of Stage and a Delivery Stage. sustainability tick-list for consideration Forward visual identity. this distinctive working landscape stretching Website: heritagefund.org.uk/ for each project, meeting and event. from the Cumbrian fellside of the North Pennines AONB to the northern reaches of Project lead: • Reduce impact of existing planned the River Eden. In delivery, Fellfoot Forward The North Pennines AONB Partnership is an project delivery – we will incorporate low will enable people to better understand past alliance of 24 public, statutory and voluntary carbon messages and events in project Communications and present ways of life, actively conserve sector bodies with an interest in the future delivery. We will seek low carbon transport Framework Contents: habitats and key species, gain better of the AONB. The work of the Partnership access to project locations, integrating cycle access into and through this landscape is carried out by its staff team which takes and walking routes with public transport. About Fellfoot Forward and collectively celebrate this beautiful action to conserve and enhance the natural The project partners rural landscape and its communities. beauty of the area, to raise awareness of • Emission reduction projects – we will Project values and identity The work of the Fellfoot Forward partnership its special qualities and to improve the enhance energy conservation in heritage Tone is funded by the National Lottery Heritage quality of life for local people. The North community owned buildings. We will Consistency Fund and following development, project Pennines Partnership is leading the Fellfoot increase carbon sequestration through Acknowledgement and recognition delivery will start in early 2020 for four years. Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme. woodland creation, peat restoration, • Acknowledgment of HLF support Website: northpennines.org.uk hedgerow creation and soil conservation. • North Pennines AONB Partnership communications agreement A full list of Fellfoot Forward • Additional delivery elements and Visual identity delivery partners can be found education – we will deliver a climate Key messages at the start of the LCAP. change-themed programme of activity PR with local schools. We will incorporate • Media releases and promote our Future Fair ideas and • Main points of contact for the media action in all projects to demonstrate action • Partner media contacts to mitigate against climate change. Social media • Website • Strategy development and communications plan

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 107 8.12 Communications Framework

Project values and identity

The project values and identity were Working towards: Tone Acknowledgement and recognition developed through communications • Keeping the area special, Fellfoot Forward is a Landscape All work delivered as part of Fellfoot Forward workshops with the Fellfoot Forward for locals and visitors Partnership Scheme, with the emphasis should acknowledge the project, the North Landscape Partnership. • Becoming a better place on ‘partnership’ in delivery and with Pennines AONB Partnership and, above • Pride in living here the community. This should be evident all, the National Lottery Heritage Fund. People and the landscape: • Positivity through all communications activity. • Fellsiders are stoic/resilient, • Social – sharing / caring / Our communications should reflect The use of funder logos, and the AONB talented, creative group work / community activity, evidencing delivery and Partnership logo is dealt with in the section • Communities often have a very local focus • Thriving countryside and demonstrating benefit to communities. on visual identity. Further information • Pride in their area resilient landscapes on acknowledging funding online can be • Sense of place, embedded • Economic development Consistency found in the section on social media. • Strong traditions • Cross-generational projects Messages about Fellfoot Forward should • Innovative, not old-fashioned • Sustainable living be consistent, giving the right message The North Pennines AONB Partnership • Scattered people and communities • Skills and knowledge sharing across all our target audiences. This has produced an agreement for • Heritage • Future fair communications framework will enable communications, acknowledging funders • Understanding and sharing the history • Sustainable lifestyles, vibrant us to achieve a consistent message, by and the AONB Partnership (right). and stories of the communities (pride) communities and economy identifying shared values and key messages. • Uncovering the hidden heritage • Clean, quality environment In Delivery, we will develop ‘boilerplate’ • Living heritage • Tourism businesses being ambassadors text which will draw on our Scheme vision • Sandstone for the area, through local knowledge and will help share a consistent message. • Upland harvest of sheep, hardy cattle • Communities would have ownership • Wilder, upland landscape, biodiverse of the project and its outputs • Distinctive landscape • Aspiration – to connect • More intense lowland farming communities, accessible for all • Part of nature – clear links between land, people, wildlife, the environment • Natural and sustainable heritage skills

108 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 8.12 Communications Framework

Communications agreement for contractors and delivery partners working with the North Pennines AONB Partnership

As a condition of much of the North In the first instance, any media and • Before you carry out any communications Social media channels Pennines AONB Partnership’s funding, we communications activity should be activity please make sure that this are required to acknowledge the source initiated by the North Pennines AONB does not pre-empt or conflict with any @NorthPennAONB of our support in all public facing activity Partnership. You should contact the planned AONB Partnership activity and publicity. This also applies to work Partnership’s Communications Officer: • Please send press releases or articles @NorthPenninesAONB carried out by external contractors or Sarah Hudspeth, to us before they are issued, either to partner organisations. We also require that T: 01388 528801, the project officer or to shudspeth@ the North Pennines AONB Partnership is E: [email protected] northpenninesaonb.org.uk @northpenninesaonb acknowledged in any such communication. • Please let us know in advance of You may also wish to carry out additional any media activity, such as TV or Communications activity includes: communications activity. If you choose radio, that you have arranged • Press, including trade press to do so, it is important to make clear • Always mention any relevant funder • Websites and blog content that work is or was part of an AONB support / tag funders in your • TV or radio Partnership project or initiative. If the AONB communications, including social media • Exhibitions Partnership has obtained funding from (guidelines for acknowledging support • Social media an external source such as the National from individual funders are available • Print, signage and interpretation Lottery Heritage Fund, Arts Council England, from the Communications Officer) • E-newsletters the EU LIFE Programme or others, these • Always mention and tag the North • Video or audio funders must also be acknowledged Pennines AONB Partnership in your in your communications activity. communications or social media activity • Please refer to the location as the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty/AONB and UNESCO Global Geopark • Any print material should be agreed by the North Pennines AONB Partnership and should feature Partnership and funder logos as appropriate • Any launches or VIP visits should be coordinated by the AONB Partnership • These guidelines also apply to completed work beyond the end of the project

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 109 8.12 Communications Framework

Visual identity The Fellfoot Forward ‘stamp’

Work delivered under the Fellfoot Forward Restrictions Brand identity colours LPS will be identified using a ‘stamp’, shown The Fellfoot Forward symbol can be used The Fellfoot Forward colours have been below. The symbol is made up of the words against a coloured or white background, chosen to represent the landscape Fellfoot Forward and the chevron graphic. or over an image. It must not be stretched, and geology of the project area. distorted or angled in any way other The Fellfoot Forward symbol should not be than that shown. The logo should not Typography used in the logo line with organisational appear in the organisational logo line (as Candela is the main font used in the logos but should be used as shown below. shown next page). There is an exclusion Fellfoot Forward symbol and should zone which corresponds to the width be used for promotional material. The logo line should be used as shown of the smallest chevron. The minimum Open Sans Regular should be used on page 111 with the acknowledgement size of the symbol is 25mm wide. for documents which use large line: Fellfoot Forward is led by the amounts of text as body copy. Candela North Pennines AONB Partnership and should still be used for headings. is supported by the National Lottery Both fonts are open source Heritage Fund. Any delivery partner and available free. logo will be used in the logo line.

Fellfoot Forward symbol. Fellfoot Forward symbol reversed version. Fellfoot Forward symbol minimum size

Fellfoot Fellfoot Forward Forward Fellfoot Forward

110 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 8.12 Communications Framework

Visual identity The Fellfoot Forward identity assets

Fellfoot Forward symbol Fellfoot Forward typography Fellfoot Forward colours exclusion zone

North Pennines AONB Purple Candela Book CMYK 85 0 100 0 Fellfoot RGB 82 47 145 Forward abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 Sandstone Pantone 2348 CMYK 0 76 65 0 RGB 229 85 79 Candela Bold Limestone light abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Pantone 7536 CMYK 11 13 30 32 1234567890 RGB 166 159 136

Fellfoot Forward Limestone dark example poster Open Sans Regular Pantone 410 CMYK 22 33 28 60 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz RGB 116 102 97 1234567890 Fellfoot Forward Long Meg Lowland grass Pantone 381 CMYK 25 0 98 0 Secrets of RGB 206 220 0 Fellfoot Forward acknowledgement line the stones High fell Pantone 7766 CMYK 14 5 100 0 Saturday Nation con rehent exceper RGB 180 169 31 spernam quiae et, ide optur? 6 July 2020 Itiatur aut repudam ne qui Fellfoot Forward is led by the North Pennines AONB Partnership nonsequi ipsunt reptasp eribero and supported by the National Lottery Heritage Fund. River Nation con rehent exceper Pantone 2905 spernam quiae et, ide optur? Itiatur aut repudam ne qui nonsequi CMYK 45 1 0 1 ipsunt reptasp eribero. RGB 141 200 232

For more information northpennines.org.uk

Fellfoot Forward is led by the North Pennines AONB Partnership and supported by the National Lottery Heritage Fund.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 111 8.12 Communications Framework

Key messages Media and PR The Fellfoot Forward story

Fellfoot Forward, led by the North Pennines Key message: Media releases Acknowledgement of support from AONB Partnership, is being developed • The Fellfoot landscape is, and will continue • News releases about the project will the National Lottery Heritage Fund with local communities and organisations. to be, a special place to live and to visit be produced by the North Pennines When referring to the project on social The work will forge creative connections AONB Partnership in association with media (Twitter, Facebook, Instagram) between people and landscape, conserve Secondary messages: any relevant delivery partner. the following hash tags should be used: habitats and key species and celebrate this • There is hidden heritage in the Fellfoot • All news releases must be agreed #NationalLottery and #NLHFsupported. beautiful area with its communities. This landscape and the community’s with the National Lottery Heritage Where possible, National Lottery distinctive working landscape stretches stories help bring it to life Fund prior to release. players should be thanked. from the Cumbrian fellside of the North • Activity delivered through the Fellfoot • All news releases will be circulated to Pennines AONB and UNESCO Global Forward LPS is sustainable and future fair project partners for information. Website Geopark to the River Eden and runs north and will help to create vibrant communities We will develop a project website which from Melmerby to Hallbankgate. Fellfoot and a strengthened economy. Main points of contact for media will be part of the North Pennines AONB Forward is a Landscape Partnership • Fellsiders are stoic, resilient, Partnership’s main website. It will have Scheme supported by the National Lottery talented, innovative and creative. Sarah Hudspeth, Communications Officer its own URL which will redirect to the Heritage Fund. Project delivery will start • The Fellfoot landscape is a great place North Pennines AONB Partnership. project’s site. The site will become a hub for early 2020 and run for four years, subject for nature and biodiversity, with clear 01388 528801/ 07768 123247 information and news about the project. to a second stage grant approval. links between the land and its people, [email protected] and the natural environment Other channels • This is a living landscape that Social media We will develop a mailing list and supports a range of communities Social media for the project will use the e-newsletter specifically for Fellfoot Forward. • Visitors will find a slower pace of life North Pennines AONB Partnership’s This will help us to promote events and that will restore and rejuvenate current channels and those of delivery share milestones, as well as communicate • Partners and local communities partners. Activity will be identified using the values and messages of the project. are working together to deliver the hashtag #fellfootforward. the Fellfoot Forward scheme The Facebook group specifically for Strategy development and • A legacy of the Fellfoot Forward Fellfoot Forward will be developed communications plan Landscape Partnership Scheme further and will form a key channel for The Landscape Conservation Action Plan for will be a resilient landscape communication and information sharing. Fellfoot Forward will be used to develop a We will engage with established social media communications strategy and action plan, networks and groups in the local area to in consultation with delivery partners. share successes and grow support within the communities of the Fellfoot Forward area.

112 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 8.13 Evaluation and monitoring

We will commission a contractor We propose the following outline timetable (subject October 2022 to discussion with the appointed contractor. early in the delivery stage to Publish mid-term progress report. Produce ‘The work with us on monitoring July 2020 Story So Far’ leaflet in digital and print format. and evaluating the Scheme. Appoint evaluation and monitoring contractor September 2023 – February 2024

September 2020 Collation of final monitoring information, final meetings with contractor and writing of First meeting between contractor and key delivery staff Scheme evaluation report by contractor. (Scheme Manager, Environment Officer, Community Officer, and representatives from key projects) to set Feb 2024 – March 2024 up monitoring and evaluation criteria and develop an evaluation framework for the duration of the project. Completion of final evaluation report. Evaluation and celebration event for all LPS duration Scheme manager to share each quarterly volunteers, partners and communities. report with the evaluation and monitoring contractor.

September 2021

Check-in meeting with contractor to consider monitoring and evaluation criteria and progress with monitoring. In light of project delivery to date, agree any changes to evaluation framework.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 113 8.14 Changes to Scheme programme and budget since first stage submission

As our LPS went through These were predominantly due to Table 8 lists the key changes to projects information yielded through our that emerged following detailed Stage 2 of its development, it consultation with partners and local consultation and project planning. inevitably underwent a number communities, and are summarised in the Changes to the budget from Stage 1 to of changes to the original two tables shown on the following pages. Stage 2 are included in LCAP: Part 3. structure, outputs and budget. Table 7 illustrates the original structure of A Theory of Change model is also included the LPS that was submitted at Stage 1. On in Appendix 5. An initial version of this was consultation with partners, it was decided created for Stage 1 of Fellfoot Forward’s that the programmes and associated development; whilst the outcomes are projects would benefit from a restructure broadly the same as were originally that better reflects our aims and the defined, outputs have since been updated relationships between projects. The transfer to reflect our developed project plans. of projects into our restructured Delivery Plan is listed in Table 7, whilst the Delivery Plan is listed in the second table, Table 8.

114 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 8.14 Changes to Scheme programme and budget since first stage submission

Table 7: Fellfoot Forward LPS Stage 1 plan and Stage 2 change

Stage 1 submitted plan Stage 2 changes

Programme 1 Heritage Uncovered

1a Fellside landscapes revealed Re-organised to C3 1b Dig It Re-organised to B1 1c Learn at the Tarn Re-organised to B4. 1d Fellfoot Voices and Memories Re-organised to B1

Programme 2 Heritage Enhanced

2a Sub-catchment farming clusters Incorporated into A1, A3 and training provision in B2

Re-organised into A2 (on Geltsdale Nature Reserve) and A3 (wider 2b Conserving Our Species and Habitats landscape). Community training element now in B3 2c Village Greens Opportunities for capital/interpretative works on village greens are included in C5 2d Going Underground Re-organised to A5 2e Our built heritage Re-organised to A4

Programme 3 Heritage Harnessed

3a Mobile Heritage Hub Reconfigured due to lack of legacy security. Outputs now incorporated into B5, C4, C1 3b Heritage Celebrations Re-organised to C4 3c Community Micro-hydro Re-organised to A6. 3d Fellfoot 40 Re-organised to C3

Re-organised to B5 (training, Heritage Hubs, Information Points, 3e Developing Heritage Tourism web resources)C2 (Dark Sky elements) and C5. 3f Fellfoot Fun & Discovery Re-organised to B4 3g Traineeships and Heritage skills Re-organised to B6

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 115 8.14 Changes to Scheme programme and budget since first stage submission

Table 8 Fellfoot Forward LPS Delivery Plan and changes since Stage 1

Fellfoot Forward LPS Delivery Plan Key changes/additions since Stage 1

Programme A Conserving and Restoring

Expansion of delivery area to include Raven Beck, Gamblesby and Gelt. Grip blocking targets reduced A1 Better Becks and downstream interventions increased to reflect on-the-ground survey of requirements. Species A2 Recovery Ring ouzel recovery project added to RSPB delivery

Wild Increased targets to reflect demand from farmers for hedgerow creation, A3 Connections riparian buffer strips and woodland management planning Monuments Monuments for conservation are Long Meg and Kirkoswald Castle. In Development, we explored Kirkhouse A4 at Risk Gasworks but access arrangements with the landowner proved too difficult to retain this project in the Scheme. Going A5 Underground No change

Community Heritage Energy conservation in community buildings to replace micro-hydro generation A6 Buildings following scoping by Cumbria Action for Sustainability

116 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 8.14 Changes to Scheme programme and budget since first stage submission

Table 8 Fellfoot Forward LPS Delivery Plan and changes since Stage 1

Programme B Engaging & Training

Uncovering B1 the Past Expanded to include Historic Village Atlases and archaeology field work

B2 Farm Futures New programme in response to high demand for on-farm training

Citizen B3 Science Increased focus on training in species identification in response to consultation with community groups

Next Teacher training and self-guided resources to replace self-contained education B4 Generation programme, securing a longer legacy at Talkin Tarn

Fellfoot B5 Welcome Heritage Holidays removed from targets due to lack of take-up and legacy security

Heritage B6 Trainees Reduced from 6 to 3 trainees, allowing greater investment of budget into capital works and community engagement

Programme C Revealing and Connecting

Bringing the C1 Past Alive Interpretation drawn into a single project to facilitate delivery contract

Stars in C2 the Tarn Dark sky discovery to include a functional art installation at Talkin Tarn

Village trails; easy access walks; multi-user routes. Fellfoot 40 is now a cycle route C3 Slow Trails following consultation with user groups and visitor businesses

Arts C4 Connection A single arts project to draw on creative, interpretative and celebratory elements of all other projects Community C5 Grants Original tourism grant expanded in remit and budget to allow development of wider community projects

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 117 9. Key Strategy Documents

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118 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Fellfoot Forward in Context

At the core of this Scheme is our This recognises landscapes in law as Natural Environment Biodiversity 2020: A Strategy for an essential component of people’s England’s Wildlife and Ecosystem Services aim to implement key requirements surroundings, an expression of the DEFRA: A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan (Defra 2011) has the following mission: of the European Landscape diversity of their shared cultural and to Improve the Environment (Defra 2018) ‘To halt overall biodiversity loss, support Convention which came into natural heritage, and a foundation of their has stated aims of ‘achieving a growing healthy well-functioning ecosystems and identity; and supports the participation and resilient network of land, water and establish coherent ecological networks, force in the UK in March 2007. of the general public, local authorities, sea that is richer in plants and wildlife.’ On with more and better places for nature and other parties in the management, land and in freshwaters the ambition is to for the benefit of wildlife and people’. planning and protection of the landscape. ‘restore 75% of our one million hectares of terrestrial and freshwater protected The Natural Choice: securing the value Numerous other plans and strategies sites to favourable condition, securing of nature (The Natural Environment relate to the Scheme including: their wildlife value for the long term and White Paper June 2011). The National to create or restore 500,000 hectares of Ecosystem Assessment shows that over The DEFRA 25 year environment plan, wildlife-rich habitat outside the protected 30% of the services provided by our the Agriculture Bill, Cumbria Local site network, focusing on priority habitats natural environment are in decline. Development Framework, the North as part of a wider set of land management Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural changes providing extensive benefits.’ The Lawton Report, Making Space Beauty Management Plan, Cumbria for Nature (2010), found that nature in Biodiversity Action Plan, Geodiversity Agricultural Bill 2017-2019 (currently in England is highly fragmented and unable Action Plan for Cumbria, Cumbria River passage through Parliament) expresses to respond effectively to new pressures Basin Management Plan, Eden Catchment the wish for land or water to be managed such as climate and demographic changes. Management Plan, Historic England’s ‘in a way that protects or improves the As a result, the Government ‘wants to National Heritage Protection Plan, North environment; provides support for promote an ambitious, integrated approach, West Archaeological Research Framework public access to and enjoyment of the creating a resilient ecological network , Cumbria Countryside Access Strategy, countryside, farmland or woodland and across England. We will move from net Cumbria Tourism Strategy, the various better understanding of the environment; biodiversity loss to net gain by supporting parish and neighbourhood plans and more. maintains, restores or enhances cultural healthy, well-functioning ecosystems or natural heritage; helps in mitigating and coherent ecological networks.’ Some extracts from - and/or references or adapting to climate change.’ to - key plans that are relevant to this Scheme are highlighted in this section :

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 119 9. Key strategy documents

Natural England’s Vision for the Uplands North Pennines AONB Management The Cumbria Biodiversity Action Plan Cumbria Geodiversity Action Plan in 2060 has seven key components Plan 2019-24. The vision for the new identifies rivers and streams, ancient and/ (2009) includes the objectives: which are seen as vital outcomes management plan is ‘A landscape or species rich hedgerows, hay meadows from the uplands in the future: better protected for the future, richer and lowland pastures, blanket bog, • To raise public awareness of the in natural and cultural heritage, cared upland heathland, reedbed, upland oak importance of preserving, protecting 1. Upland communities and economies are for by more people and providing woodland, upland mixed ash woodland and maintaining geological and vibrant sustainable and forward looking things they increasingly value’ and wet woodland habitats as conservation geomorphological sites in Cumbria 2. Clean water supply priorities, all of which are a focus of this • To publicise the value of geological 3. Risks and impacts of ‘natural’ hazards This vision leads to a series of project. Species action plans exist for and geomorphological sites are reduced by the uplands outcomes, which are an exact fit with bats, red squirrel, water vole, barn owl, • To forge links with educational 4. Health and well-being benefits from the Fellfoot Forward Scheme: song thrush, amongst other animals establishments by promoting sites ‘wild’ experiences and inspirational and plants. The action plan has three of particular teaching value memories of upland landscapes • There is a more resilient principle objectives: to implement national and historic environments landscape, richer in wildlife biodiversity targets at the local level; to 5. Food, wood and other raw materials • Natural and cultural heritage assets address local priorities not identified in the are produced sustainably are maintained in good condition UK plan; and to engender greater awareness 6. Upland land use helps to mitigate • Natural and cultural heritage assets and understanding of Cumbria’s biodiversity and reduce climate change are valued for their own sake and and wider participation in its conservation. 7. Resilient upland ecosystems for all that they provide us • Communities have a strong sense of place European Commission Birds Directive Our Scheme addresses all of and people share their heritage with others (2009) Pillar 8 of the Directive states that: these desired vital outcomes. • Well-managed heritage supports ‘The preservation, maintenance or sustainable tourism and restoration of a sufficient diversity and area safeguards local service of habitats is essential to the conservation of all species of birds. Certain species Amongst the top 10 conservation priorities of birds should be the subject of special in the plan are the following heritage conservation measures concerning their features which this Scheme addresses: habitats in order to ensure their survival and reproduction in their area of distribution. • Peatland and other soils Such measures must also take account of • Species rich grassland migratory species and be coordinated with • Native and mixed woodland and scrub a view to setting up a coherent whole.’ • Rivers and riparian habitat • Breeding wading birds • Dark night skies • Species conservation • Archaeological sites and features • Historic buildings and structures

120 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 9. Key strategy documents

Mitigation of and adaptation Historic Environment Historic England’s Places Strategy (2018) Strategies and Plans relevant to Climate Change provides the following definition of the to Access and Tourism Historic England’s National Heritage value and worth of our historic places: England Biodiversity Strategy - Protection Plan (2010) sets out the Cumbria Countryside Access Strategy Climate Change Adaptation Principles framework for Historic England and its ‘No country has a greater diversity 2014-2019 cites the following priority areas (2008) identifies the principles that are partners to protect the historic environment. of historic places. They delight and of work which our Scheme addresses: fundamental to the conservation of It includes strong support for local action intrigue, they are sources of prosperity biodiversity in a time of rapid climate with communities more involved in heritage and wellbeing, and heritage lies at their • Improving rights of way and change and include actions to increase protection, collection of information heart. Time and again, historic buildings, countryside access ecological resilience, accommodate change, and providing views on the values of town and cityscapes, landscapes and our • Managing rights of way and integrate action across all sectors, develop heritage assets (sections 4.7 & 6.5). archaeological inheritance are the focus of countryside access knowledge and plan strategically. a dramatic transformation for the better.’ • Interpretation, awareness and promotion Actions include: • Access to open country Cumbria County Council’s Local Flood Historic England lists four real world Risk Management Strategy (2015). Policy (5A4) To support local communities impacts of heritage conservation which The statutory North Pennines AONB objectives include: Reduction in flood in protection measures for assets accord well with the aims of our Scheme Management Plan (covering the period risk to the people of Cumbria; Increased which are valued for their contribution 2019-24) has been jointly prepared by knowledge and awareness of the factors to local distinctiveness and • People feel a stronger sense of identity the AONB Partnership on behalf of the affecting flood risk across Cumbria and community through heritage area’s five local authorities (including Eden (5A5) To develop practical means to • National and local decisionmakers see and Carlisle). In the document’s vision Eden Catchment Management Plan (2019) assist local people and organisations with heritage as an asset from which everyone for 2030 the tourism industry is seen as appropriate registration of non-structural benefits, now and in the future both environmentally responsible and assets which currently lie outside the • People can take part in looking economically sustainable, with a wealth of framework of statutory designation after and celebrating the historic nature and culture-related things to see and places that they care about do. There is much in the Fellfoot Forward • The international standing of the project which will contribute to this vision. UK is boosted by its reputation for heritage conservation

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 121 9. Key strategy documents

The Cumbria Rural and Visitor Economy Cumbria County Council Cycling Making the Dream Reality – The Tourism Solway, Border & Eden Local Development Growth Plan 2017 coordinated by Cumbria strategy 2017-2022 supports Strategy for Cumbria (2008-2018) is Strategy (2014-20). Priorities include: Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) sets cycling for all as a means to improve described as ‘A strategy that will guide out the priorities for growth in Cumbria’s physical and mental well-being. the development of tourism both for our • Support for sustainable tourism initiatives rural and visitor economies over the economic success, but which will also be which develop a distinctive sense of next 5 years and at its heart is the need ‘There is great potential to increase the in sympathy with what makes Cumbria place which is joined up and accessible; to maintain and enhance the special health and wellbeing of Cumbrian residents special’. The strategy outlines the criteria it • Investment in small scale infrastructure qualities of Cumbria’s rural areas. Outputs and visitors through the development and would like to be used in developing tourism and activities that widen the appeal from the Fellfoot Forward Landscape promotion of cycling. In order to do this, in the county. Two of these criteria are: of the Solway, Border & Eden area, Partnership scheme around culture, we want to expand successful programmes the quality of visitor offer & support heritage, walking, cycling and business that are already being delivered through ‘We want tourism to help sustain related business development; support echo the priorities in the Plan. a range of national and local partners to our communities, our environment • Promote energy efficient, sustainable provide a countywide coverage alongside and our way of life.’ use of energy and increase the Fellfoot Forward LPS (Project B5: developing new initiatives seeking to appeal capacity for renewable energy Fellfoot Welcome) is listed as a Strategic to a wider and more diverse audience.’ ‘…. But we want development to be Objective in Eden District Council’s well managed so that our environment Planning and Economic Development and the character of our towns and Service Plan for 2019/20 and will be villages is conserved and improved.’ included in future Service Plans. Our scheme welcomes and supports these aspirations.

122 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Appendices

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Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 123 Appendix 1: Glossary of abbreviations

AES Agri-environment Scheme AOD Above Ordnance Datum (above sea level) AONB Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty BAP Biodiversity Action Plan BPS Basic Payment Scheme CBDC Cumbria Biodiversity Data Centre CS Countryside Stewardship DCC Durham County Council Defra Department for Food and Rural Affairs ELMS Environmental Land Management Scheme ERT Eden Rivers Trust ES Environmental Stewardship EU European Union FF Fellfoot Forward HLS Higher Level Stewardship LCA Landscape Character Assessment LCAP Landscape Conservation Action Plan LCF Landscape Character Framework LNP Local Nature Partnership LPS Landscape Partnership Scheme NCA National Character Area NFM Natural Flood Management NLHF National Lottery Heritage Fund NPAONB North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty RSPB Royal Society for the Protection of Birds SAC Special Area of Conservation SPA Special Protection Area SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

124 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Appendix 2: Record of community engagement and consultation

2016 2018

Initial consultation meeting 69 consultation meetings with with potential partners stakeeholders and partners 6 workshops 4 Parish Council meetings attended 1 community event Letter sent to Farmer Network mailing list 2 conferences

5 consultation meetings 42 consultation meetings with stakeholders and partners 3 Parish newsletter articles 3 workshops 10 mail-outs for drop-in events 2 Parish Council meetings attended 2 Community drop-in events 5 engagement events 3 Questionnaires to different stakeholder groups

2017 2019

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 125 Appendix 2: Record of community engagement and consultation

Date Name/Organisation Location Event

14/12/2016 ERT, CaCC, Melmerby PC, RSPB, CuCC Talkin Tarn Consultation Meeting 06/01/2017 ERT Penrith Consultation Meeting 10/01/2017 RSPB – Steve Westerberg, Julia del Nova Geltsdale Consultation Meeting 20/01/2017 United Utilities Consultation Meeting 20/01/2017 Kirkoswald Raven Kirkoswald Parish Newsletter article 25/01/2017 Castle Carrock Newsletter Castle Carrock & Cumrew Parish Newsletter article 01/02/2017 AONB – newsletter/Facebook General newsletter/post

10/02/2017 Parish Councils FF area FF area Fliers – emailed/posted 15/02/2017 FF area schools Kirkoswald, Hayton, Langwathby, Fliers – emailed Hallbankgate, Castle Carrock 15/02/2017 Melmerby & District Gardening Club Melmerby Fliers – emailed 15/02/2017 Carlisle Beekeepers Croglin & Castle Carrock Advertising for drop in events 16/02/2017 Castle Carrock & Cumrew Castle Carrock & Cumrew Parish Newsletter article Parish newsletter 16/02/2017 Penrith Beekeepers Melmerby & Croglin Advertising for drop in events 16/02/2017 Fellfoot contact group Advertising for drop in events 16/02/2017 Press release Advertising for drop in events 17/02/2017 Alston Wildlife Group Advertising for drop in events 22/02/2017 Kirkoswald Environment Group Advertising for drop in events 22/02/2017 Carlisle Chamber of Commerce Advertising for all events 27/02/2017 Croglin community Croglin Community Drop-in event 02/03/2017 Castle Carrock community Castle Carrock Community Drop-in event 07/03/2017 Melmerby community Melmerby Community Drop-in event 16/03/2017 Public email list, KEG, Schools Survey Monkey questionnaire Board, KO newsletter, Castle Carrock & Cumrew newsletter

06/04/2017 Hallbankgate Hub, Talkin Tarn, Castle Paper copy of Survey Monkey questionnaire Carrock pub, Kirkoswald Village shop 10/04/2017 Farmers on ERT mailing list Questionnaire 21/04/2017 Environment Agency – Liz Old Tebay Consultation Meeting Cheslett-Davey

126 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 9. Key strategy documents

Date Name/Organisation Location Event

21/04/2017 ERT – Will Penrith Consultation Meeting 08/05/2017 AONB Board Melmerby Board update and community buy in 10/04/2018 FF site visits – ERT, EA FF area Consultation Meeting 11/04/2018 FF site visits – ERT, EA FF area Consultation Meeting 26/04/2018 FF Advisory Group Castle Carrock Consultation Meeting 09/05/2018 Natural Flood Mgt Workshop - EA Kendal Conference 24/05/2018 Iris Glimmerveen Salkeld Consultation Meeting 25/05/2018 Learning Workshop Workshop 05/06/2018 ERT – Jenny Garbe Penrith Consultation Meeting 07/06/2018 Alice Bondi Penrith Consultation Meeting 08/06/2018 CuCC – Claire Driver Alston Consultation Meeting 12/06/2018 Cumbria Wildlife Trust – David Harpley Carlisle Consultation Meeting 12/06/2018 CBDC – Stuart Colgate, Deb Muscat Carlisle Consultation Meeting 19/06/2018 Eden Catchment Mgt Gp meeting Penrith Consultation Meeting 19/06/2018 Croglin Estate – Andrew Fox Kirkoswald Consultation Meeting 26/06/2018 CBDC – Stuart Colgate Hallbankgate Community Event 28/06/2018 Neville Elstone – Cumbria Woodlands Scotch Corner Conference/workshop 03/07/2018 Natural England – Simon Stainer Kirkby Stephen Consultation Meeting 04/07/2018 Members of Farmer Network FF area Letter sent to all farmers on mailing list 26/07/2018 John Hurford – Farmer Ainstable Consultation Meeting 30/07/2018 RSPB – Janet Fairclough Allendale Consultation Meeting 01/08/2018 Brampton PC – Alison Ridell Gelt Woods Consultation Meeting 01/08/2018 Tom Stobart – Farmer Croglin High Hall Farm Consultation Meeting 01/08/2018 KEG – Nigel Harbron Kirkoswald Consultation Meeting 06/08/2018 John Elliott – Farmer Farlam Hill Farm Consultation Meeting 07/08/2018 Robert Craig – Farmer Cairnhead Farm Consultation Meeting 07/08/2018 Tom Bowman – Farmer Holme Farm Consultation Meeting 14/08/2018 Phillip Clegg – Geologist FF area Geology tour 21/08/2018 Red Squirrels NE – Simon O’Hare Alston Consultation Meeting 22/08/2018 Judith Sargent Renwick Consultation Meeting 28/08/2018 Woodland Trust – Pete Leeson Penrith Consultation Meeting

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 127 Appendix 2: Record of community engagement and consultation

Date Name/Organisation Location Event

29/08/2018 Simon Dalton – Farmer Hallbankgate Consultation Meeting 29/08/2018 Brampton Red Squirrel Hallbankgate Consultation Meeting Group – Paul Bassindale 30/08/2018 Judy Sargent – Farmer Renwick Consultation Meeting 04/09/2018 Brian & Peter Armstrong – Farmers Kirkoswald Consultation Meeting 06/09/2018 Eden Catchment Mgt Group Penrith Consultation Meeting 06/09/2018 Penrith Red Squirrel Grp Penrith Consultation Meeting 11/09/2018 James Stobart Croglin Consultation Meeting 11/09/2018 CuCC - Geoff Fewkes Carlisle Consultation Meeting 11/09/2018 Ainstable Parish Council Ainstable PC meeting 13/09/2018 Natural England – Simon Stainer Castle Carrock Consultation Meeting 13/09/2018 Richard Brockman – Local Historian Renwick Consultation Meeting 25/09/2018 FF Advisory Group Renwick Consultation Meeting 01/10/2018 Cumbria Woodlands -Neville Elstone Stanhope Consultation Meeting 01/10/2018 ERT Stanhope Consultation Meeting 02/10/2018 Talkin Tarn – Jon May Talkin Tarn Consultation Meeting 02/10/2018 CaCC – Paul Walker Talkin Tarn Consultation Meeting 02/10/2018 Linda Robinson Melmerby Consultation Meeting 09/10/2018 Paul Frodsham Long Meg Consultation Meeting 09/10/2018 CuCC - Tracey Morran Penrith Consultation Meeting 09/10/2018 CAfS – Caroline Turner Penrith Consultation Meeting 10/10/2018 Natural England Penrith Consultation Meeting 11/10/2018 Ancient Tree Forum Penrith Consultation Meeting 16/10/2018 CBDC – Stuart Colgate Stanhope Consultation Meeting 17/10/2018 EALC & EDC Penrith Workshop 18/10/2018 Brian Harrison – Farmer Carlatton Consultation Meeting 22/10/2018 John Thirlwall - Farmer Croglin Consultation Meeting 24/10/2018 NE – Cath Marsh Alston Consultation Meeting 29/10/2018 ERT Penrith Consultation Meeting 29/10/2018 Melmerby Bakery – June Hall Melmerby Consultation Meeting 01/11/2018 Footpaths & Bridleways Workshop Ainstable Workshop

128 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Appendix 2: Record of community engagement and consultation

Date Name/Organisation Location Event

02/11/2018 Tim Fetherstonehaugh Kirkoswald Consultation Meeting 02/11/2018 Newton Rigg – Pippa Tiller Newton Rigg Consultation Meeting 05/11/2018 Randal Raine – Farmer Outhwaite Consultation Meeting 05/11/2018 Rowleys & Andy Dyer Gamblesby Consultation Meeting 06/11/2018 Kirkoswald Primary School Kirkoswald Consultation Meeting 06/11/2018 Hallbankgate Primary School Hallbankgate Consultation Meeting 06/11/2018 Castle Carrock Primary School Castle Carrock Consultation Meeting 07/11/2018 Cumbria Woodlands – Neville Elstone Stanhope Consultation Meeting 07/11/2018 Gamblesby Parish Council Gamblesby PC meeting 09/11/2018 Cumbria Wildlife Trust Stanhope Consultation Meeting 10/11/2018 CBDC Conference Carlisle Consultation Meeting 13/11/2018 Farmer Workshop Croglin Workshop 14/11/2018 Castle Carrock CP Castle Carrock PC meeting 16/11/2018 Eden Catchment Mgt Gp meeting Penrith Consultation Meeting 20/11/2018 Ainstable PC Ainstable PC Meeting 23/11/2018 United Utilities – John Gorst Castle Carrock Consultation Meeting 23/11/2018 Kirkoswald Village Shop – June Hall Kirkoswald Consultation Meeting 26/11/2018 CaCC – Sarah Irving Carlisle Consultation Meeting 27/11/2018 Tourism Workshop Ainstable Workshop 28/11/2018 Wildlife Recording Workshop Kirkoswald Workshop 03/12/2018 NE – Simon Stainer Penrith Consultation Meeting 04/12/2018 FF Advisory Group mtg Ainstable Consultation Meeting 04/12/2018 CuCC – Claire Driver Alston Consultation Meeting 11/12/2018 Cumbria University Carlisle Consultation Meeting 12/12/2018 ERT – Jenny Garbe Croglin Consultation Meeting 19/12/2018 Ravenstonedale Farmers Grp Ravenstonedale Consultation Meeting 09/01/2019 Farlam Parish Council Hallbankgate PC meeting 15/01/2019 Tom & James Stobart – Farmers Croglin High Hall Consultation Meeting 15/01/2019 ERT; NE; WT; FC – Croglin meeting Penrith Consultation Meeting 15/01/2019 CWT – Jamie Normanton Howton Consultation Meeting 16/01/2019 CuCC – Mark Brierley Penrith Consultation Meeting

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 129 Appendix 2: Record of community engagement and consultation

Date Name/Organisation Location Event

16/01/2019 Penrith Museum Penrith Consultation Meeting 16/01/2019 EVAN Little Dockray Consultation Meeting 17/01/2019 Council/Landowner Long Meg Consultation Meeting 23/01/2019 Ged Lawson – DCC FF area LCA visit 25/01/2019 Teachers’ Workshop Talkin Tarn Workshop 28/01/2019 Janet Fairclough & Judith FF Area Consultation Meeting Sargent - Farmer 29/01/2019 Hallbankgate WI Hallbankgate Consultation Meeting 30/01/2019 CAfS – Hazel Graham Consultation Meeting 30/01/2019 Farmer Event Castle Carrock Workshop 05/02/2019 Mark Richards Consultation Meeting 08/02/2019 Kirkhouse Gasworks Hallbankgate Consultation Meeting 13/02/2019 George Morton – Farmer Gamblesby Consultation Meeting 20/02/2019 CaCC – Sarah Irving Carlisle Consultation Meeting 21/02/2019 Cumbria University Carlisle Consultation Meeting 21/02/2019 Susan’s Farm Gosling Sike Consultation Meeting 28/02/2019 ERT – Jenny Garbe Penrith Consultation Meeting 28/02/2019 Eden Catchment Mgt Group mtg Penrith Consultation Meeting 04/03/2019 Jenny Gillat & Peter Ryder Kirkoswald Consultation Meeting 04/03/2019 Kirkoswald Castle mtg Kirkoswald Consultation Meeting 04/03/2019 Mark Richards Consultation Meeting 15/03/2019 AFoN – April Windle Carlisle Consultation Meeting 19/03/2019 FF Advisory Group mtg Hallbankgate Consultation Meeting 19/03/2019 Prism Arts Carlisle Consultation Meeting 27/03/2019 Hunsonby PC Hunsonby PC Meeting 29/03/2019 Sally Helmsley – Tourism Alston Consultation Meeting 05/04/2019 ERT, NE, WT, EA Penrith Consultation Meeting 10/04/2019 Archaeology & Local History Workshop Ainstable Workshop 10/04/2019 Historic England Ainstable Consultation Meeting 16/04/2019 Warwick Bridge Schools Warwick Bridge Our Beautiful Becks Engagement Event 18/04/2019 Chris Graham – CCC Carlisle Consultation Meeting

130 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Appendix 2: Record of community engagement and consultation

Date Name/Organisation Location Event

18/04/2019 Prism Arts Carlisle Consultation Meeting 27/04/2019 Long Meg walk Little Salkeld Consultation Meeting 01/05/2019 ERT – Tania Crockett Penrith Consultation Meeting 02/05/2019 United Utilities mtg Preston Consultation Meeting 03/05/2019 Vernacular Buildings Event Kirkoswald/Croglin Engagement Event 07/05/2019 Tourism Feedback Event Talkin Tarn Engagement Event 07/05/2019 Archaeology & Local History Event 2 Ainstable Engagement Event 09/05/2019 Tristan Spicer Kirkhouse Gasworks Consultation Meeting 09/05/2019 Wildlife Recording Event 2 Melmerby Engagement Event 15/05/2019 Forestry Commission – Paul Penrith Consultation Meeting Clavey/Jim O’Neill 20/05/2019 Farmer Network – Kate Gascoyne Penrith Consultation Meeting 20/05/2019 ERT – Elizabeth Radford Penrith Consultation Meeting 05/06/2019 Long Meg Little Salkeld Consultation Meeting 10/06/2019 ERT, WT, NE Penrith Consultation Meeting 13/06/2019 Andrew Fox Kirkoswald Consultation Meeting 17/06/2019 FF Advisory Grp Mtg Melmerby Consultation Meeting 17/06/2019 John Slee – Farmer Gamblesby Consultation Meeting 26/06/2019 ERT – Elizabeth Radford & Jenny Garbe Penrith Consultation Meeting

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 131 Appendix 3: Fellfoot Forward Management Guidelines for Landscape Type

Table 1: Landscape Classification

Landscape Type Character Area Intermediate land

Intermediate land Viol Moor Natural features, watercourses Glassonby & Melmerby Mire & wetlands The Glassonby Beck valley • Protect the banks of streams from stock to improve water quality and encourage Main Valleys: Broad valleys The Eden Valley: Staffield, Kirkoswald & Little Salkeld regeneration of native woodland. Farmland Main Valleys: Gorges The Eden Gorge • Maintain and enhance semi-improved pastures and wet pasture by adopting Middle Dale Tindale appropriate stocking levels and avoiding further improvements such as Moorland Ridges & Summits Tindale, Geltsdale and Croglin Fells drainage, ploughing and reseeding. Talkin & Tindale Fell Fringes • Conserve species rich hay meadows – avoid ploughing and reseeding, Moorland Fringe Eden & Irthing Lowlands herbicide and fertiliser applications. Time cutting and grazing regimes to Rolling Lowland The Cairn Beck valley promote flowering and seed setting. • Restore former meadows by reseeding Sandstone Ridge Ainstable & Longdales and/or the use of hay crops from local meadows as a seed source. Sandy Knolls & Ridges Fellfoot Sandhills Trees, woodlands & forestry The Lower Gelt valley • Establish appropriate grazing regimes in areas of wood pasture to maintain Upland Fringe Foothills Tindale & Geltsdale Fringes habitat for target species. The Upper Gelt valley • Conserve, restore and extend existing Eden Vale Foothills woodlands by fencing and excluding Gateshaw, Broomrigg & Ruckcroft livestock to promote natural regeneration. The Croglin Water valley • Plant new native oak and oak-birch Middle Moor, Long Moor & Scales Moor woodlands to consolidate existing The Raven Beck valley riparian woodland corridors, and to buffer and extend ancient woodlands. Upper Dale Geltsdale • Increase the proportion of locally native species when restocking plantations. • Plant new small, mixed or broadleaved farm woodlands - avoiding sites of existing nature conservation value.

132 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Appendix 3: Fellfoot Forward Management Guidelines for Landscape Type

Cultural features Main Valleys: Broad valleys Farmland Main Valleys: Gorges • Conserve and maintain • Maintain and enhance semi-improved or traditional farm buildings. Natural Features, watercourses wet pastures and meadows by adopting Natural Features, watercourses • Protect archaeological features, & wetlands appropriate stocking levels or cutting & wetlands including rigg & furrow, from • Protect, and where appropriate restore, regimes. Avoid improvements such as • Protect the natural character damaging activities such as cultivation, the natural character of watercourses. drainage, ploughing and reseeding. Limit of the river watercourse. overstocking, or poaching. • Provide fish passes to bypass the use of fertilisers and herbicides. • Fence rivers banks against livestock Field boundaries obstacles to migratory fish. Cultural features to prevent erosion and allow • Protect, restore and maintain existing • Fence rivers, streams and wetlands against • Protect archaeological features regeneration of bank-side vegetation. dry stone walls and hedgerows. livestock to prevent erosion and allow including rigg & furrow from damaging • Control invasive species. Renovate overgrown gappy hedges by regeneration of bank-side vegetation. activities such as cultivation, tree Trees, woodlands & forestry laying or coppicing and gapping up. • Protect ponds from drainage or planting or poaching by stock. • Protect and conserve native woodlands. • Reinstate hedges and walls where they infilling. Restore former ponds and • Protect and conserve historic features • Remove non-native species from replanted have been replaced by fences – and create new ponds on suitable sites. such as old bridges and farm buildings. or modified ancient woodlands and particularly in areas of older enclosure • Control invasive species. • Conserve and maintain historic parklands restock using natural regeneration or and along enclosure roads and lanes. Trees, woodlands & forestry and landmark buildings, respecting planting native species of local origins. • Protect and maintain existing hedgerow • Protect, conserve and extend designed elements and veteran trees. • Plant new native oak woodland on valley and field trees where they occur. Plant new native riparian woodlands. Field boundaries slopes to buffer and extend native woods. field boundary trees (oak) or tag hedgerow • Remove non-native species from replanted • Protect and maintain hedgerows. • Plant new native wet woodland on saplings to replace the maturing stock or modified ancient woodlands and Renovate overgrown and gappy hedges river banks and stream sides and on in areas where they are characteristic. restock using natural regeneration or by laying or coppicing and gapping up. wet or seasonally flooded haughs. planting native species of local origins. • Allow trimmed hedges to grow higher • Protect and maintain existing hedgerow • Plant new native oak and oak-birch and broader. Encourage trimming every trees. Plant new hedgerow trees (oak) or woods in riparian corridors and along second or third year rather than annually. tag saplings to replace the maturing stock. steep riverside bluffs and valley sides. • Reinstate hedges where they have Farmland • Plant new native wet woodland on been replaced by fences - particularly • Maintain and enhance semi-improved river banks and stream sides and on in areas of older enclosure. or wet pastures and meadows by wet or seasonally flooded haughs. adopting appropriate stocking levels or • Protect and maintain existing hedgerow cutting regimes. Avoid improvements trees. Plant new hedgerow trees (Oak) or such as drainage, ploughing and tag saplings to replace the maturing stock. reseeding. Limit the use of fertilisers • Protect and conserve the veteran trees of and herbicides, and in particular close parklands and other field trees. Protect to woodland edges and watercourses. against physical damage, browsing and ground compaction by livestock. Plant new in-field trees to replace those that will be lost to senescence and/or disease.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 133 Appendix 3: Fellfoot Forward Management Guidelines for Landscape Type

Cultural features Middle Dale Cultural features Moorland Ridges & Summits • Protect and conserve historic • Protect archaeological features by features such as old bridges, water Natural features, watercourses avoiding overstocking or supplementary Natural features, watercourses mills and farm buildings. & wetlands feeding on sensitive sites. & wetlands Field boundaries • Profile engineered sections of • Protect and conserve lead mining remains • Protect natural rock outcrops, • Protect and maintain hedgerows. watercourses to create more natural – avoid physical damage, removal, infilling screes, stone bands & shake holes by Renovate overgrown and gappy hedges profiles, maximise biodiversity and or tree planting. Restore or consolidate preventing disturbance, stone removal by laying or coppicing and gapping up. provide habitat for target species. important structures and gate open shafts or tipping. Where necessary, fence • Reinstate hedges where they have Farmland and adits taking archaeological advice. vulnerable features against livestock. been replaced by fences - particularly • Conserve species rich hay meadows • Conserve and maintain historic field • Protect gills & ravines from livestock in areas of older enclosure. – avoid ploughing and reseeding, barns, farm buildings and lime kilns. to encourage regeneration of herbicide and fertiliser applications. • Conserve and enhance old quarries by semi-natural vegetation including Time cutting and grazing regimes to avoiding tipping and excluding livestock open scrub and woodland. promote flowering and seed setting. to promote natural regeneration. • Protect moorland flushes and pools – avoid • Restore former meadows by reseeding Maintain access to geological drainage works, supplementary feeding and/or the use of hay crops from exposures where safe to do so. and poaching by stock in their vicinity. local meadows as a seed source. Field Boundaries • Conserve blanket bog – avoid drainage • Manage semi-improved pastures to • Maintain and restore dry stone walls. works or physical damage and review enhance their biodiversity by adopting • Restore roadside hedges where they burning practices and stocking levels. appropriate stocking levels and avoiding are damaged or gappy and reinstate • Restore damaged bogs and flushes further improvements such as drainage, them where they have been removed. by blocking grips and drains. ploughing and reseeding. Limit the Moor & heath use of fertilisers and herbicides. • Manage heather moorland to Trees, woodlands & forestry sustain and enhance its biodiversity • Plant new native wet woodlands in by adopting appropriate stocking riparian corridors where consistent densities and burning regimes. with other management objectives. • Restore heathland where it has • Increase the proportion of locally native been damaged by overgrazing species when restocking plantations. by reducing stocking levels. • Conserve and reinforce stands of • Manage semi-natural acid and shelter trees around farmsteads calcareous grasslands to enhance • Conserve existing field trees and protect biodiversity by maintaining appropriate them from livestock where necessary. stocking levels and controlling the Plant new field trees (Oak, Sycamore) spread of bracken and rush. where they are characteristic. • Manage access by encouraging the use of structured and seasonal paths to decrease pressure on fragile substrates and avoid disturbance to breeding birds.

134 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Appendix 3: Fellfoot Forward Management Guidelines for Landscape Type

Trees, woodlands & forestry Moorland Fringe Trees, woodlands & forestry Rolling Lowland • Promote natural regeneration of semi- • Plant new native oak-birch and alder natural birch, oak-birch and juniper Natural features, watercourses woodlands in gills and ravines, riparian Natural features, watercourses woodlands along gills and ravines, in & wetlands corridors valley bottoms and lower slopes & wetlands valley bottoms and the moorland fringe. • Protect gills from stock to encourage where consistent with other objectives. • Conserve and restore natural hydrology Cultural features regeneration of semi-natural vegetation • Restructure forests and plantations and habitats of raised mires. • Protect archaeological features by including scrub and open woodland. to restore damaged habitats and • Fence stream banks against livestock avoiding overstocking and supplementary • Manage margins of tarns to favour archaeological sites, increase species to prevent erosion and allow natural feeding on sensitive sites. target species and habitats. diversity, and soften geometric regeneration of bank-side vegetation. • Conserve and restore moorland structures • Profile ditches to maximise biodiversity outlines. Consider removal of visually • Protect and conserve ponds and wet like sheepfolds, bields and bothies. and provide habitat for target species. intrusive isolated plantations. grasslands in low lying areas. • Protect and conserve lead and coal Moor & Heath • Conserve and reinforce stands of shelter Farmland mining features – avoid physical • Conserve and enhance areas of trees around isolated farmsteads. • Maintain and enhance semi-improved and damage, removal or infilling, consolidate semi-natural acid grassland and Cultural features wet pastures and meadows by adopting important structures; sensitively heath to increase their biodiversity • Protect archaeological features by appropriate stocking levels or cutting gate open shafts and adits. by adopting appropriate stocking avoiding overstocking or supplementary regimes and avoiding improvements such densities and/or burning regimes. feeding on sensitive sites. as drainage, ploughing and reseeding. • Restore moorland intakes and allotments • Protect and conserve lead and coal Limit the use of fertilisers and herbicides. on peaty soils to heather moorland by mining features – avoid physical damage, • Restore former meadows and restore reducing stocking levels and ditch blocking. removal or infilling; consolidate important diversity to improved pastures Farmland structures and sensitively gate open shafts where possible by reseeding or • Manage semi-improved grasslands and adits taking archaeological advice. the use of hay crops from local to enhance biodiversity by adopting • Conserve and maintain historic field meadows as a seed source. appropriate stocking levels and avoiding barns, farm buildings and lime kilns. further improvements such as drainage, • Conserve and enhance old quarries by ploughing and reseeding. Limit the use avoiding tipping and excluding livestock of fertilisers, herbicides and liming. to promote natural regeneration. Field Boundaries • Maintain and restore dry stone walls.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 135 Appendix 3: Fellfoot Forward Management Guidelines for Landscape Type

Trees, woodlands & forestry Cultural features Sandstone Ridge Cultural features • Protect and conserve native woodlands. • Protect archaeological features including • Conserve and maintain • Remove non-native species from replanted rigg & furrow from damaging activities such Natural features, watercourses traditional farm buildings. or modified ancient woodlands and as cultivation, overstocking, or poaching. & wetlands • Protect archaeological features, restock using natural regeneration or • Conserve and maintain • Protect the banks of streams from stock including rigg & furrow, from planting native species of local origins. traditional farm buildings. to improve water quality and encourage damaging activities such as cultivation, • Manage existing areas of wood pasture Field Boundaries regeneration of native woodland. overstocking, or poaching. with targeted grazing, or fence against • Protect and maintain existing hedgerows. Farmland Field boundaries livestock and manage towards woodland • Restore old field patterns by • Maintain and enhance semi-improved • Protect, restore and maintain existing through natural regeneration or planting. reinstating hedges where they pastures by adopting appropriate stocking dry stone walls and hedgerows. • Plant new native oak woodland on valley have been replaced by fences. levels and avoiding further improvements Renovate overgrown gappy hedges by slopes to buffer and extend native woods. • Renovate overgrown or gappy hedges such as drainage, ploughing and reseeding. laying or coppicing and gapping up. • Plant new native wet woodland on by laying or coppicing and gapping up. • Conserve species rich hay meadows • Reinstate hedges and walls where they river banks and stream sides and on – avoid ploughing and reseeding, have been replaced by fences – and wet or seasonally flooded haughs. herbicide and fertiliser applications. particularly in areas of older enclosure • Protect and maintain existing hedgerow Time cutting and grazing regimes to and along enclosure roads and lanes. trees. Plant new hedgerow trees (oak) or promote flowering and seed setting. tag saplings to replace the maturing stock. • Restore former meadows by reseeding • Plant new small and medium sized and/or the use of hay crops from broadleaved woodlands, respecting field local meadows as a seed source patterns, and avoiding sites of nature Trees, woodlands & forestry conservation or archaeological interest. • Conserve, restore and extend dene • Plant new in-field trees to woodlands by fencing and excluding replace those that will be lost to livestock to promote natural regeneration. senescence and/or disease. • Plant new native oak and oak- birch woodlands to consolidate dene woodland corridors. • Protect and maintain existing hedgerow trees. Plant new hedgerow trees (oak) or tag saplings to replace the maturing stock.

136 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Appendix 3: Fellfoot Forward Management Guidelines for Landscape Type

Sandy Knolls & Ridges Trees, woodlands & forestry Upland Fringe Foothills Trees, woodlands & forestry • Protect and conserve native woodlands. • Protect and conserve native woodlands. Natural features, watercourses • Remove non-native species from replanted Natural features, watercourses Remove non-native species from replanted & wetlands or modified ancient woodlands and & wetlands or modified ancient woodlands and • Fence stream and river banks restock using natural regeneration or • Fence river banks and gills from livestock restock using natural regeneration or against livestock to prevent erosion planting native species of local origins. to prevent erosion, improve water planting native species of local origins. and allow natural regeneration • Plant new native woodlands to quality and encourage regeneration • Conserve gill woodlands and extend of bank-side vegetation. buffer and extend native woods. of semi-natural vegetation and through natural regeneration or planting • Protect and conserve field ponds and wet • Protect and maintain existing hedgerow particularly native woodland. of native species (oak, birch, alder). grasslands in low lying areas and hollows. trees. Plant new hedgerow trees (oak) or Farmland • Plant new native woodlands in gills and • Create new field ponds. tag saplings to replace the maturing stock. • Maintain and enhance semi-improved on steeper hill slopes and tree lines Farmland • Plant new broadleaved woodlands to pastures and rough grazing by (alder, willow) on lower sections. • Maintain and enhance semi-improved reinforce the existing woodland pattern, adopting appropriate stocking levels • Increase the proportion of locally native pastures by adopting appropriate stocking and particularly on steeper slopes, and avoiding improvements such as species when restocking plantations. levels and avoiding improvements such avoiding sites of nature conservation drainage, ploughing and reseeding. • Protect and maintain existing as drainage, ploughing and reseeding. or archaeological interest. • Conserve species rich hay meadows hedgerow & field trees. Plant new field Limit the use of fertilisers and herbicides. Cultural features – avoid ploughing and reseeding, boundary trees (oak) where they are • Restore diversity to pastures where • Protect archaeological features including herbicide and fertiliser applications. characteristic, or tag saplings to replace possible, and particularly on thin rigg & furrow from damaging activities such Time cutting and grazing regimes to the ageing tree stock in hedges. soils and steep slopes, by reseeding as cultivation, overstocking, or poaching. promote flowering and seed setting. • Conserve and reinforce stands of or the use of hay crops from local • Conserve and maintain • Restore former meadows and restore shelter trees around farmsteads. meadows as a seed source. traditional farm buildings. diversity to improved pastures Cultural features • Restore sand pits to species rich Field Boundaries where possible by reseeding or • Protect archaeological features by grasslands. Manage grasslands of • Protect and maintain existing hedgerows. the use of hay crops from local avoiding overstocking or supplementary abandoned sand pits to enhance • Restore old field patterns by meadows as a seed source. feeding on sensitive sites. biodiversity for target species. reinstating hedges where they • Conserve and maintain historic field have been replaced by fences. barns, farm buildings and lime kilns. • Renovate overgrown or gappy hedges • Conserve and enhance old quarries by by laying or coppicing and gapping up. avoiding tipping and excluding livestock to promote natural regeneration. Maintain access to geological exposures where it is safe to do so.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 137 Appendix 3: Fellfoot Forward Management Guidelines for Landscape Type

Field Boundaries Upper Dale Cultural features • Protect and maintain existing dry • Protect archaeological features by stone walls and hedgerows. Natural features, watercourses avoiding overstocking or supplementary • Reinstate hedges and walls where they & wetlands feeding on sensitive sites. have been replaced by fences – and • Protect river banks and gills from stock • Protect and conserve lead and coal particularly in areas of older enclosure. to improve water quality and encourage mining features – avoid physical damage, • Renovate overgrown gappy hedges by regeneration of semi-natural vegetation removal, infilling or tree planting. laying or coppicing and gapping up. including scrub and open woodland. Restore or consolidate important Farmland structures and gate open shafts and • Manage semi-improved pasture and rough adits taking archaeological advice. grazing to enhance their biodiversity • Remove trees or plantations from by adopting appropriate stocking levels sensitive archaeological sites. and avoiding further improvements • Conserve and maintain historic such as drainage, ploughing and bridges and farm buildings. reseeding. Limit the use of fertilisers, Field Boundaries herbicides and liming. Control bracken. • Maintain and restore dry stone walls. Tree, woodlands & forestry • Establish appropriate grazing regimes in areas of wood pasture to maintain habitat for target species. • Conserve, restore and extend existing woodlands by fencing and excluding livestock to promote natural regeneration. • Plant new native oak-birch woodlands to buffer and extend existing native woodlands. • Restructure plantations to restore former semi-natural habitats, increase the proportion of locally native species, and soften geometric outlines. • Conserve and reinforce stands of shelter trees around isolated farmsteads.

138 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Appendix 4: Terms of Reference for Fellfoot Forward Advisory Board

Signed Terms of References are held by Terms of Reference for the Fellfoot Specific duties of the Advisory Board Chair the North Pennines AONB Partnership Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Advisory Board are to: for the following Board Members: • support the delivery of the scheme and The Advisory Board chair will be required to: Advisory Board act in its best interests at all times • lead the Advisory Board and co-opt 1. Tom Speight – Chair • review and assess the performance individuals as required to assist the 2. Kate Gascoyne – Farmers Network Duties of the Advisory Board and direction of the scheme, and work of the group and sub-groups. 3. Cllr Mary Robinson The purpose of the Advisory Board is to recommend changes if required • champion the Scheme to a 4. Elizabeth Radford – Eden Rivers Trust guide and monitor the implementation of • receive, and comment on, reports on the wide variety of audiences. 5. Jillian Hale – Carlisle City Council the Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership scheme’s work programmes including • work closely with any staff 6. Rebecca Ramsden - Environment Agency Scheme (hereafter known as “the scheme”). existing, proposed and completed projects appointed to deliver the Scheme 7. Rachel Whaley – Cumbria County Council The Advisory Board will take a strategic • help to secure match funding to support • liaise with the project manager on 8. Sally Helmsley – Eden Tourism Board and proactive lead to pursue the the implementation of the scheme all matters that may impact on the 9. Sarah Howard – Historic successful implementation of the project, • exchange information, ideas and advice to operational activity of the scheme. England (in Development Stage; in and members will work together to: support the implementation of the scheme • be willing and able to work with the project Delivery, representative TBC). • ensure the implementation of the • keep under review the membership team in preparation for quarterly meetings 10. Simon Stainer – Natural England scheme’s programmes by co-ordinating of the Advisory Board, introducing • be available to chair quarterly Advisory 11. Hazel Graham – Cumbria and focusing effort and resources to change as required Board meetings and attend intermittent Action for Sustainability create real change on the ground • establish working groups as required events (at weekends occasionally). 12. Andy Lees – North Pennines • develop and promote the scheme’s • recommend any research and studies AONB Partnership objectives as widely as possible deemed necessary to support the • encourage and secure the active implementation of the scheme participation of communities, landowners, farmers and other businesses Structure of the Advisory Board • identify gaps and secure new The Advisory Board will appoint funding for projects a chair and vice chair.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 139 Appendix 4: Terms of Reference for Fellfoot Forward Advisory Board

Advisory Board Membership Organisation of Advisory Board meetings Administration of the Fellfoot Forward Alterations to Terms of Reference Landscape Partnership Scheme Alterations to these Terms of Its members shall include: The Advisory Board will meet four Reference may be recommended times a year. Additional meetings The North Pennines AONB Partnership at any time by the Advisory Board The Programme Development can be called by the Chair. will administer the Scheme, and any staff for approval by the Chairman. Manager of the North Pennines appointed to manage it will be members AONB Partnership (Lead Partner) The Advisory Board may, at the discretion of the AONB Partnership staff team. Termination of the Chair, invite any person or The Advisory Board shall terminate at Plus a representative of: representative of an organisation to address Income the end of the implementation of the Carlisle City Council and take part in a meeting where his or her Any income generated by the operations five year scheme or when the landscape Eden District Council knowledge or experience would contribute of the Advisory Board shall be used to partnership’s purposes have been Cumbria County Council to a relevant matter on the agenda. further the objectives of the scheme. fulfilled or when there is no funding Eden District Councillors available, whichever is the earlier. Carlisle City Councillors The Advisory Board will endeavour to make Disputes Environment Agency decisions by agreement and consensus Disagreements within the Advisory Natural England wherever possible. However, where a vote Board will be dealt with by the North Eden Rivers Trust is required to resolve an issue, the decision Pennines AONB Partnership’s Chair Historic England will be by single majority and members or person authorised by them. Farmer Network of the Advisory Board will have equal Cumbria Action for Sustainability voting powers. In the event of an equal Exclusion of Partnership Act number of votes, the Chairman will have The Advisory Board does not Advisory Board members will comprise the casting vote. For matters requiring constitute a formal partnership individuals who share the vision for urgent decision by the Advisory Board, under the Partnership Act 1890. the scheme, have a direct involvement members will be contacted by email. in the area, and are willing and able to deliver changes on the ground. Where the Advisory Board considers that The Advisory Board will keep under a member has a prejudicial interest in a review its membership and may, at the matter, that member shall be excluded discretion of the AONB Partnership, invite from that part of the meeting. additional members or remove members.

140 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Appendix 5: Theory of Change Model

The Theory of Change model was developed in Stage 1 of the Fellfoot Forward LPS as a means of guiding and testing the Scheme’s goal and associated outputs and outcomes. The main model has been refined for Stage 2 to reflect our Scheme’s re-organised structure and outputs. It is included on the following page.

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 141 Appendix 5: Theory of Change Model

Inputs Outputs Short-term outcomes Med. term Goal Outcomes 220ha blanket bog restoration; 55ha of Woodland creation; woodland created;5km new hedgerow More habitat is better peatland restoration; 5 sub catchments of Eden River enhanced connected and managed, and hedgerow restoration 960ha of enhanced upland habitat for endangered species key species are conserved Natural Flood Management 1.9km of cable underground to enhanced landscape Communities at reduced Land manager advice 2 structures no longer at-risk risk of flooding Species recovery 4 community heritage buildings conserved Agri-environment schemes practise and research through better energy conservation deliver better outcomes Cable undergrounding Landscape is enhanced Consolidating heritage The landscape is Heritage structures structures more resilient and and features are better Conserving community richer in wildlife conserved and managed heritage buildings Connecting & Restoring Carbon emissions are reduced Distinctive Community is empowered heritage features to conserve heritage of the Fellfoot Community actively engaged in landscape are Community Archaeology New ‘community action for wildlife’ projects A resilient heritage discovery and recording conserved training incl. Historic 100 people uncovering and recording landscape, rich The area is a focus for high Village Atlas, field surveys heritage, learning new skills in natural and quality heritage education Visitors and and excavation 1310 new education experiences for cultural heritage, Young people are inspired residents have Engaging and inspiring school children and young adults cared for by by Fellfoot heritage an increased the next generation 5 Oral history projects on key aspects of the area the community, A responsible heritage-led understanding Training farmers and 210 people trained in wildlife identification and recording providing tourism economy begins to thrive of the landscape land managers 65 farmers receive on-farm training in functions that Rural skills are increased; sector and its unique Training tourism biodiversity conservation, habitat management people value employability is increased heritage ambassadors and natural flood management Training in wildlife recording A wide range of people are better

Engaging & Training connected with their heritage Community-led heritage celebration projects Communities come together to New multi-user access routes celebrate their heritage in ways 800 people experience Fellfoot dark skies that support the economy Interpreting and Expert heritage interpretation involves Many and diverse groups of celebrating heritage and connects volunteers people are able to engage Promoting heritage access 200 visitors and residents experience with heritage revealed Tourism initiatives Fellfoot heritage on guided walks by Fellfoot Forward Community grants 40 Community Grants awarded to local Community is empowered communities to protect their local heritage to conserve heritage Revealing & Connecting

142 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Appendix 6: North Pennines AONB Partnership: staff organogram with Fellfoot Forward LPS

North Pennines AONB Partnership Hosted by Durham County Council

Director

Tees Swale Scheme Peatland Programme Programme Development Manager Business Manager 0.6fte Manager Manager

Visitor Fellfoot Forward LPS Tees Swale Development Planning/Strategic Responsible Biodiversity Lead 0.8fte Services Communications Lead Scheme Manager Officeers 4fte Access Lead 0.4fte Tourism Lead Officer

Fellfoot Forward Project VC Caretaker Project Officers 2.4fte Earthworks Project Officer Finance Officer Officers 3.8fte 0.1fte

Digital Interpretation Community Development Peatland Field VC Assistant Admin Officer Officer 0.4fte Officer 0.8fte Officers 4fte 0.4fte

Peatland Programme admin & finance officer

Fellfoot Forward team within AONB structure

Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 143 Appendix 7: Durham County Council procurement and finance guidance

All delivery partners will follow the For all delivery partners, the following SERVICES, WORKS AND GOODS – Durham The process for relatively low value procurement rules set by National Lottery principles will be applied to procurement County Council are our accountable body work (below £5000) is as follows: Heritage Fund in relation to the purchase of goods and services at all levels: of goods and services. However, most Value thresholds procedures for contracts; • Find out from a likely supplier what the of the partners will have their own, • Potential contractors will be evaluated cost of your goods / services might be. more stringent requirements and will be on a balance of quality and price; £500 - £4,999 1 written quote required. If £5000 or over you will need to use responsible for ensuring that these are • Contractors and suppliers within or close DCC’s procurement system (see below) met in addition to those set by NLHF. to the Fellfoot area will be preferred £5,000 - £49,999 Durham County Council • Get a written / emailed quote wherever possible, in order to support the procurement process, 3 quotes. as proof of the cost Durham County Council are the host local economy and reduce travel miles; • Ask Aimee or Joy to raise an order, authority for the North Pennines AONB • Contractors and suppliers will be asked £50,000- £139,892 Durham County by providing the written quote Partnership, who are the lead partner on the to show their ‘Future Fair’ approach, Council procurement process, at least 3 and stating the costs centre with a Fellfoot Forward LPS. The DCC procurement including travel, sustainable provision contractors invited to submit a tender brief description of the work. process will be followed for all contracts of goods and dealing with waste within the Fellfoot Forward LPS where the products. A sustainability ‘tick list’ will £139,893+ Durham County For works likely to be £5000 or over: North Pennines AONB Partnership are the be delivered with Cumbria Action for Council procurement process, lead delivery partner. DCC procurement Sustainability to support this process. subject to an advert. We use DCC’s procurement system for thresholds are described below. any sum over £5,000. The first step is to fill out a Procurement Request (PR1) and Records will be kept by all partners, by then send it to corporate.procurement@ the delivery team and by the accountable durham.gov.uk. We are then assigned body, to demonstrate that procurement a procurement officer who takes us procedures have been followed correctly, through the process. Note - NLHF may for potential future audit or other purposes. need to approve contracts for spend over £10,000 for work they fund. Other funders may have similar procurement w requirements with differing limits. Durham County Council guidance http://procurement.durham.gov.uk/AdviceList.aspx Orders cannot be placed without a signed PAR if they are over £5000 Variation form http://procurement.durham.gov.uk/AdviceItem.aspx

The procurement catalogue under advice will gives all finance information.

144 Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan Fellfoot Forward

For more information

Contact Emma Wright: [email protected] or Fiona Knox: [email protected] 01388 528 801

North Pennines AONB Partnership The Old Co-op Building, 1 Martin Street, Stanhope, Durham DL13 2UY northpennines.org.uk

Fellfoot Forward is led by the North Pennines AONB Partnership and supported by the National Lottery Heritage Fund.

Version: May20 Design: [email protected] Fellfoot Forward Landscape Partnership Scheme Landscape Conservation Action Plan 145