Editor Associate Editors Managing Editor

VOLUME 27 / NUMBER 3 / 1985

Published by THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Editor MINZE STUIVER

Associate Editors To serve until January 1, 1989 STEPHEN C PORTER Seattle, Washington

To serve until January 1, 1986 W G MOOK Groningen, The Netherlands HANS OESCHGER Bern, Switzerland

To serve until January 1, 1987 RONALD B DAVIS Orono, Maine

To serve until January 1, 1990 ANDREW MOORE Managing Editor RENEE S KRA

Kline Geology Laboratory Yale University New Haven, Connecticut 06511 ISSN: 0033-8222 Radiocarbon

Proceedings of the 12th International Radiocarbon Conference Trondheim, Norway, June 24-28, 1985

Radiocarbon, Volume 28, Number 2A & B, 1986 @ $60.00 Please order from: Radiocarbon Kline Geology Laboratory Yale University PO Box 6666 New Haven, CT 06511 NOTICE TO READERS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Since its inception, the basic purpose of Radiocarbon has been the publication of compilations of 14C dates produced by various laboratories. These lists are extremely useful for the dissemination of basic 14C information. In recent years, Radiocarbon has also been publishing technical and interpretative articles on all aspects of 14C. We would like to encourage this type of publication on a regular basis. In addition, we will be publishing compilations of published and unpublished dates along with interpretative text for these dates on a regional basis. Authors who would like to compose such an article for his/her area of interest should contact the Managing Editor for information. Our new associate editor for Archaeology, Andrew Moore, is a prehistoric archaeologist who recently became an assistant professor in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. He received his doctorate from Oxford University and has also taught at the University of Arizona. His research is mainly concerned with the origins of agriculture and sedentary life in Southwest Asia. He is interested, further, in the prehistory of Europe, prehistoric economies, and theory and method in archaeology. Another section is added to our regular issues, "Notes and Comments." Authors are invited to extend discussions or raise pertinent questions to the results of scientific investigations that have appeared on our pages. The section includes short, technical notes to relay information concerning innovative sample preparation procedures. Laboratories may also seek assistance in technical aspects of radiocarbon dating. Book reviews will also be included for special editions. Manuscripts of radiocarbon papers shouldl follow the recommendations in Suggestions to Authors* and RADIOCARBON Style Guide (R,1984, v 26, p 152-158). Our deadline schedule for submitting manuscripts is: For Date Vol 28, No. 3, 1986 Jan 1, 1986 Half life of 14C. In accordance with the decision of the Fifth Radiocarbon Dating Conference, Cambridge, 1962, all dates published in this volume (as in previous volumes) are based on the Libby value, 5570 ± 30 yr, for the half life. This decision was reaffirmed at the 11 th International Radiocarbon Conference in Seattle, Washington, 1982. Because of various uncertainties, when 14C measurements are expressed as dates in years BP the accuracy of the dates is limited, and refinements that take some but not all uncertainties into account may be misleading. The mean of three recent determinations of the half life, 5730 ± 40 yr, (Nature, v 195, no. 4845, p 984, 1962), is regarded as the best value presently available. Published dates in years BP can be converted to this basis by multiplying them by 1.03. AD/BC Dates. In accordance with the decision of the Ninth International Radiocarbon Con- ference, Los Angeles and San I)iego, 1976, the designation of AD/BC, obtained by sub- tracting AD 1950 from conventional BP determinations is discontinued in Radiocarbon. Authors or submitters may include calendar estimates as a comment, and report these esO mates as AD/BC, citing the specific calibration curve used to obtain the estimate. b14C. Meaning of In Volume 3, 1961, we endorsed the notation z (Lamont VIII, 1961) for of '4C activity, corrected for isotopic fractionation in samples and geochemical measurements b14C in the NBS oxalic-acid standard. The value of that entered the calculation of was VI, 1959, and was corrected for age. This fact has been lost defined by reference to Lamont b14C sight of, by editors as well as by authors, and recent papers have used as the observed deviation from the standard. At the New Zealand Radiocarbon Dating Conference it was recommended to use b14C only for age-corrected samples. Without an age correction, the value should then be reported as percent of modern relative to 0.95 NBS oxalic acid (Pro- ceedings 8th Conference on Radiocarbon Dating, Wellington, New Zealand, 1972). The Ninth International Radiocarbon Conference, Los Angeles and San Diego, 1976, recommended that the reference standard, 0.95 times NBS oxalic acid activity, be normalized to b'c = -19%0. b14C In several fields, however, age corrections are not possible. and & uncorrected for age, have been used extensively in oceanography, and are an integral part of models and theories. For the present, therefore, we continue the editorial policy of using notations for samples not corrected for age. *Suggestions to Authors of the Reports of the United States Geological Survey, 6th ed, 1978, Supt of Documents, U S Govt Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

1 RADIOCARBON

Editor: MINZE STUIVER Managing Editor: RENEE S KRA Published by THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Editors: JOHN RODGERS, JOHN H OSTROM, ROBERT A BERNER Managing Editor: MARIE C CASEY

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11 Vol 27, No. 3 Radiocarbon 1985

CONTENTS

Historical 14C Measurements from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans AW Fairhall and AW Young ...... 473

DATE LISTS BM Janet Ambers, Keith Matthews, and Richard Burleigh British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XVIII ...... 508 T Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knul Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX ...... 525

UGRA Cecilio Gonzalez-Gomez, Purificacion Sanchez-Sanchez, and Maria Domingo-Garcia University of Granada Radiocarbon Dates II ...... 610 VRI Heinz Felber Vienna Radium Institute Radiocarbon Dates XV ...... 616

List of Laboratories ...... 623 Index to Volume 27 ...... 635

111

[RADIOCARBON, VOL 27, No. 3, 1985, P 473-507] Radiocarbon

1985

HISTORICAL 14C MEASUREMENTS FROM THE ATLANTIC, PACIFIC, AND INDIAN OCEANS A W FAIRHALL Department of Chemistry, University of Washington and A W YOUNG* Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington 98195

INTRODUCTION As a result of nuclear testing in the atmosphere, the estimated pre- atomic era world inventory of 14C of 2.2 x 1030 atoms was increased by ca 6 x 1028 atoms, ie, ca 3% (Fairhall & Young, 1970). About 40% of this bomb 14C was produced in nuclear testing from the decade before the 1958 mora- torium. The remaining 60% was added during the intensive nuclear testing of 1961 and 1962. Because the atmosphere contains a relatively small fraction (ca 2%) of the world's supply of natural radiocarbon, over 90% of the total being in the deep sea below 100m, the additional 14C from nuclear testing produced a dramatic increase in the level of 14C atmospheric CO2. Unlike the fission products, which have a comparatively short lifetime in the troposphere, the tropospheric residence time of 14C is on the order of a few years before being transferred to the sea. Thus, it appeared that a study of the distribution of the "excess" 14C in the sea and its change with time would give valuable insight into such problems as 1) the rate of CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and the sea and its dependence on wind speed over the sea surface, 2) the rate of transfer by oceanic mixing processes of contaminants, including fallout radionuclides introduced initially into the mixed surface layer of the sea, 3) the rate of bottom water forma- tion at high latitudes and subsequent aclvective transport from these source regions into the deep sea.

METHODOLOGY We report here the results of the '4C sampling program which we ini- tiated to study some of these processes.. Our first goal was to develop a system for stripping CO2 from sea water aboard ship, operated by the ship's personnel. We selected 60L of sea water as a sample of sufficient size for C assay yet easily handled by one person. Beer kegs modified with valves and spigot (Young, Buddemeier, & Fairhal1,1969) proved excellent for this purpose. We built ten of these at a very modest cost. Some of our deep-

*Current address: 11915 Lakeside Pl NE, Seattle, WA 98125 473 474 Fairhall and Young water samples were collected with other types of water samplers such as Niskin bottles, Bodman samplers, and bag samplers, depending ujon the type available on the particular ship. When vertical profiles of 1 C were measured, several samples were often collected on the same day. Those which could not be processed at once were stored temporarily in 20L plastic bottles. Another requirement for our 14C assay program was a suitable absorbent for CO2 stripped from sea water. Wet chemical methods have often been used to accomplish this, but we found that the molecular sieve technique, first used by Fergusson (1963), offered several advantages: the sieve is 100% efficient for absorbing CO2, provided the capacity of the sieve is ample; it is in the form of innocuous dry pellets which pose no problems should the container accidentally be broken; the absorbed CO2 is readily liberated on heating; the sieve can be re-used indefinitely with negligible memory effects. The system used to extract CO2 from ca 50L of sea water is shown schematically in figure 1. To liberate the CO2, the seawater samples were acidified with 250m1 of ordinary battery acid. A 1-pint (ca 500cm3) glass bottle of molecular sieve was used as the CO2 absorbent. The leak-tight aquarium pump circulated the residual air in the system at a rate of 1 L/ min, sufficient to completely strip the CO2 from the water in 4 hours. The CO2 in the air that was initially in the stripper bottle had a higher 14C/12C ratio (by perhaps as much as a factor of 2) than the CO2 which was stripped from the sea water, but the perturbation on the 14C analyses which this could have produced is completely negligible; Berger and Libby (1969) show that the rate of air-sea exchange of CO2 in a barrel of ocean water

/TO SIGNAL frhLIGHT I IMP I 1111 I I Ilil I I

GAS AQUARIUM SIEVE OUTLET AIR PUMP BOTTLE

FILL MAGNETIC TUBE REED SWITCH 50 LITER CARBOY MAGNET _WATER LEVEL

GAS E INLET u DOOR h N -1 FLOAT DRAIN HOSE STORAGE U

Fig L Outgassing unit for stripping CO2 from 50L of acidified sea water Historical 14C Measurements 475 through which air is bubbled is very slow. Therefore, most of the CO2 that was in the air inside the stripper before it was filled with sea water was expelled from the stripper without exchanging its 14C during the filling operation. The atmospheric CO2 that remained in the stripper after it was full was absorbed along with the CO2 from the seawater sample, but its volume is insignificant compared with the volume of CO2 released from the sea water, itself; hence, it can be neglected. The same is true for water stored temporarily in bottles. When the samples of exposed sieve were received in the laboratory, the absorbed CO2 and water were driven off by heating the sieve to 380°C. Water vapor was condensed in a trap cooled with a dry-ice-acetone bath. The dried CO2 was then condensed in a trap cooled with liquid nitrogen. A 50L sample of sea water typically yielded 2.5L-atmospheres (at 25°C) of CO2 and from 10 to 20cm3 of water, depending on the temperature of the water sample during the outgassing procedure. The CO2 stripped from the sieve was stored for a month in a steel cylin- der to allow radon to decay. (The molecular sieve contains traces of radium and yields significant quantities of radon on outgassing the CO2.) After a month this contaminant had decayed to a level that no longer interfered with the counting of 14C. The aged CO2 was then converted to methane by catalytic hydrogenation with tritium-free hydrogen (Buddemeier et al, 1970); a small aliquot of the CO2 was sometimes taken first for 13C/12C isotope ratio measurement. 14C 14C The assay for was performed in 1 of 3 gas proportional counters each of ca 1 L volume. Two of these were constructed from nylon and quartz and had backgrounds of between 1 and 2 counts per minute. The third counter was a thin plastic membrane counter with a background of <1 count per minute. The reference standard was oxalic acid distributed by the National Bureau of Standards. By convention (Broecker & Olson, 1961), the 14C concentrations relative to the oxalic acid standard are given by

(Asamie - 0.95 Astd 814C _ )xl000 (1) 0.95 Astd 8140 0140 8140 _ _ (28130 + so) (1 + (2) 1000 (13C/12C) S13C sample _ 1 X 13 12 1000 (3) ( C/ C)std In these equations, A refers to the net counting rate, after the background counting rate is subtracted, of the sample or the oxalic acid standard. Almost all the samples were counted at the same gas pressure (usually 2 atm 0.1 %) in the proportional counter to minimize the number of background and standard samples needing to be counted. The weighting factor, 0.95, applied to the activity of the oxalic acid standard brings its activity into agreement with the age-corrected activity of 19th century wood. The quan- 814C, tity, in units of per mil (%o), measures the difference in radioactivity 476 Fairhall and Young between the sample and the standard, uncorrected for isotope fractionation in the sample; 0140 is the corresponding quantity corrected for isotope fractionation. d13C is the correction factor for isotoe fractionation in the sample, also expressed in per mil. We measured the C/12C ratio relative to a sample of PDB belemnite using a modified CEC Model 21-103 mass spectrometer; the accuracy of these ratio measurements as determined by inter- laboratory comparisons was ±0.4%0. In general, S13C was observed to vary from an average of ca + 1.4%o in surface water to -1.5%o in deep water, although variations from these mean values were sometimes observed. This is particularly true in areas of strong upwelling. For samples that lacked 014C b13C measurements, was calculated using an average value of a13C of -0.1. Each sample was counted at least twice. If the two results agreed within 2 standard deviations, the two counts were averaged; otherwise, the sample was counted a third time and a weighted average taken. Allowing for a few per mil uncertainty in 4C due to a possible variation in Y3C from the mean value used in correcting the majority of the samples, the average standard deviation of the measurements is estimated to be ± 10%o. One problem that we encountered was contamination of our samples from tracer 14C used for productivity studies aboard oceanographic ships. The 14C-labeled carbonate used to inoculate samples of sea water to determine productivity is extremely labile. The contamination probably results from traces of airborne 14CO2 from these experiments exchanging with the seawater sample during its transfer from the water sampler to the CO2 outgassing unit. When it was possible to work in an area remote from the biology laboratory, preferably on an open deck or other location not on the ship's ventilation system, we obtained samples that yield internally consistent results. The deepwater samples agree well with samples collected at other times when there was no possibility of contamination. Under these favorable circumstances, there was probably no significant contribution of tracer 14C to the measured values. However, during one cruise, the sea water was processed in a laboratory where tracer 14C might have entered through the ventilating system, and several samples were highly suspect; the rest of the samples were also somewhat dubious or at least yielded only upper limits of 14C levels. Only those data that seem above suspicion are reported here. In addition to measuring 14C specific activity, on many of the cruises we collected 250m1 aliquots of water for total dissolved CO2 (CO2 = CO2 + HC03- + CO3-) analysis using the Nansen bottle accom- panying the beer keg sampler. The procedures followed for collection and storage were described by Wong (1968). The samples were analyzed in the laboratory by the gas chromatographic technique of Park, Kennedy, and Dobson (1964) which uses a sodium carbonate standard for comparison. The accuracy of the method is ± I %. Shipboard analysis soon after collection would have been preferable to returning the samples to the laboratory, but this was beyond our capabili- ties.

From the total dissolved CO2 and Z 4C, the absolute concentration of Historical 14C Measurements 477

14C in the water can be calculated from the equation (Fairhall, Young, & Bradford, 1972): 0140+40 14 8 14 absolute C = 7.0 x 108 x CO2 1 + C atoms/L (4) x 1000 The depths at which the samples were collected were determined, when possible, by protected and unprotected reversing thermometers. In most cases, the depth had to be estimated from the length of cable and wire angle. Except for some of the earliest samples, of which no salinities were measured, a Nansen bottle generally accompanied the water sampler so that salinities of sampler and Nansen bottle could be compared. The two were usually in acceptable agreement, lending reassurance that the water sampler did not pretrip or leak. Samples in which the salinity agreement was suspect were rejected and are not reported. A few 200L water samples were collected in 1958 by Dr Sayed El War- dani using different techniques from those outlined above: the CO2 was stripped from the water with a stream of nitrogen gas and absorbed in a solution of barium hydroxide. The resulting slurry of barium carbonate was stored in its glass container with a tightly fitting rubber stopper to exclude air. The top was then dipped in melted wax for further insurance against leakage. These samples remained in storage until 1966 when they were finally processed for 14C counting. Their 14C levels are in fairly good agreement with the early data of Bien, Rakestraw, & Suess (1960), indicating that there was little or no leakage of air into the containers during their long period of storage.

RESULTS Tables 1-9, below, include the following information: Name of the cruise and the cruise vessel Station number and its geographic location Date the sample was collected Nominal sampling depth Temperature and salinity at the sampling depth s14c b13C (a value in parenthesis is an assumed value) 14C Total CO2 (CO2)

14C Absolute concentrationAbsolute of in 10 atoms/liter Sample identification number

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As may be expected for a program that operated largely on a ship-of- opportunity basis, we are indebted to a great many individuals, some of whom are unknown to us. Those deserving special thanks include the officers and crew of the US Coast Guard cutters Bering Strait, Bibb, Campbell, Duane, Klamath, Spencer, Wachusett, and Winona; the officers and crew of the USNS Eltanin; Joe Reed and the officers and crew of the Scripps research vessel, Thomas Washington. 478 Fairhall and Young We also thank Joel Cline and the officers and crew of the University of Washington's research vessel, Thomas Thompson; Robert Burns and the officers and crew of the NOAA research vessel, Oceanographer; Vaughn Bowen and the officers and crew of the Woods Hole research vessel, Atlantis II; the officers and crew of the Canadian weather ships Quadra and Vancouver. We are grateful for the financial support provided by the US Atomic Energy Commission, later renamed the Department of Energy, and the National Science Foundation, Antarctic Research Division, which provided logistical support for sample collections aboard RV Eltanin.

REFERENCES Berger, R and Libby, W F, 1969, Equilibration of atmospheric carbon dioxide with sea water: possible enzymatic control of the rate: Science, v 164, p 1395-1397. Bien, G S, Rakestraw, N W, and Suess, H E, 1960, Radiocarbon concentration in Pacific Ocean water: Tellus v 12, p 436-443. Broecker, W S and Olson, E A, 1961, Lamont radiocarbon measurements VIII: Radiocarbon, v 3, p 176-204. Buddemeier, R W, Young, A W, Fairhall, A W, and Young, J A, 1970, Improved system of methane synthesis for radiocarbon dating: Rev Sci Instruments, v 41, p 652-654. Fairhall, A W and Young, J A,1970, Radiocarbon in the environment, in Radionuclides in the environment, advances in chemistry series no. 93: Washington, DC, Am Chem Soc, p 401-418. Fairhall, A W, Young, A W, and Bradford, P A, 1972, Radiocarbon in the sea, in Rafter, T A and Grant-Taylor, T, eds, Internatl conf on radiocarbon dating, 8th, Proc: Wellington, Royal Society of New Zealand, p C2-C16. Fergusson , G J, 1963, Upper tropospheric carbon-14 levels during Spring 1982: Jour Geo- phys Research, v 68, 3933-3941. Park, K, Kennedy, G, and Dobson, H, 1964, Comparison of gas chromatographic method and pH-alkalinity method for determination of total carbon dioxide in sea water: Analytical Chemistry, v 36, p 1686. Wong, C S, (ms), 1968, The distribution of inorganic carbon in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean: PhD dissert, Univ California, San Diego. Young, A W, Buddemeier, R W, and Fairhall, A W, 1969, A new 60-liter water sampler built from a beer keg: Limnol Oceanog, v 14, p 634-637. Historical 14C Measurements 479

TABLE 1

Seawater samples from the Atlantic Ocean

14C 13 14 14 Depth Temp Salinity b d C C CO2 C ay/ UW no.

(m) (°C) (0/00) (mM) (X10 )

CRUISE: ATLANTIS II-78

Station: 5-01/1913 Date: 9/5/73

0 22.19 36.546 100 17.67 36.411 200 16.41 36.289 300 15.03 36.044 400 13.76 35.900 500 81 -.3 700 10.89 35.564

Station: S-02/1914 27.2'N

E te: 9/7/13.

0 26.22 37.241 100 20.08 36.844 150 18,49 36.609 200 11.78 36.513 300 16.22 36.293 400 14.90 36.013 500 14.66 35.868 700 11.03 35.540 1000 7.92 35.325 1500 5,41 35.258 2000 3.88 35.091 3000 2.79 34.992 5500 2.49 34.896

Station: S-03/1921 18.1'N Date: 9/12/73

0 26.10 36.968 50 25.45 37.337 100 23.49 31.148 200 18.05 36.557 300 15.19 36.077 6 400 13.43 35.751 100 8.17 35.111 1000 6.03 34.912 1500 4.69 35.059 2200 3.71 35.029 3000 2.77 34.977 .2 5700 2.39 34.867

Station: S-04/1935 09.0°N

0 28.06 35.377 100 14.28 35.361 200 10.44 34.856 300 8.75 34.664 400 8.30 34.654 500 7.97 34,638 700 6,81 34,579 1000 5.05 34.623 1500 4,40 34.817 2000 3.52 34.816 -24 -.2 -72 2.18 1,48 0-0793 480 Fairhall and Young

TABLE 1 (continued)

Seawater samples from the Atlantic Ocean

14C 13 14 14 Depth Temp Salinity 6 a C C 002 C at1, 6W no,

(m) (°C) (0/00) (mM) (X10 1

Station: S-05/1942 9,0°N

0 28.68 29.526 100 22.01 36,303 62 200 13.12 35.562 500 7.41 34.111 700 5.89 34.819 850 5.28 34.631 1000 4,97 34.734 1500 4,36 35.019 2500 3.18 35.118 4500 2.10 34.843

Station: S-06/1954 12.0°N Date: 9/29/73

0 28.41 33.970 100 25.41 36.780 130 23.51 36.940 200 17.30 36.427 500 5.98 35.033 1000 5.22 35.043

Station: S-07/1963 13.5°N

0 27.32 36.647 100 24.15 36.618 140 28.42 37.143 200 18.81 36.596 300 14.53 35.900 500 9.25 35.078 700 1.82 34.704 1000 5.70 34.762 1500 3.51 34.980 2500 3.00 34.934 3500 2.50 34,902 5050 1.71 34.809

Station: S-08/1968 18.0°N Wte: 10/11/73

0 27.26 37.125 90 25.18 37,175 100 24.38 31.137 150 21.42 37.069 200 18.82 36.764 300 16.10 36.200 500 11.04 35.502 5 -.2 -45 2.22 1.54 0-0834 Historical 14C Measurements 481

TABLE 1 (continued)

Seawater samples from the Atlantic Ocean

14 13 14 Depth Temp Salinity C C C no. (m) (°C) (0/00)

Station: S-09/1914 23,O°N Date: 10/14/73

0 26,72 31.434 100 21.84 37.163 200 18.76 36.811 300 17.03 36.359 500 13.67 35.867 100 10.25 35.461 2500 3.08 34.945

Station: S-09/1915 23.0°N c8te: 10/18/73

1000 6.09 35.043 1500 4.83 35.045

Station: S-10/1986 23.5°N Late: 10/26/73

0 27.52 36.681 100 23.07 37.043 2 150 21.24 37,032 200 19.27 36.114 300 11.43 36.432 500 14.61 36.016 700 11.37 35.540 1000 6.74 35.012 2500 3.13 34,959 3500 2.78 34.912 5600 2.03 34.844

Station: S-11/1993 23.0°N

L te: 10/29/73

0 21,62 35.955 100 23,53 36.678 150 21,64 36,797 200 19,94 36,772 300 17,61 36,492 500 14,85 36.026 700 11,19 35,465 1000 6,42 34,967 1500 4,31 35,010 2500 3.07 34,947 4000 2,33 34.891 5879 2,07 34,833

Station: S-12/1997 20.0°N Date: 10/31/73

0 21.88 34.702 200 22.23 37.059 300 18.09 36.512 500 12.76 35.670 -43 -1,7 -88 2.11 1.45 0-0816 482 Fairhall and Young

TABLE 2

Sea water samples collected in the Caribbean Sea by NOAA ship OCEANOGRAPHER during the BORAX Expedition

14 13 14 14 Oepth Temp Salinity S C a C / C CO C at/( UW no. (m) (°C) (0/00) (mill (X1O-y

Station: 17.6°N 54.6°W Date: 5/29/69

0 27.42 35.229 100 21.42 35.225 200 21.42 35.258 300 27.32 35.457 7 400 26.87 36.405 500 26.50 36.792 1000 24.71 37.090 2000 19.03 36.601 3000 15.92 36.102 4000 13.23 35.658

TABLE 3 Seawater samples from the Atlantic Ocean at Ocean Weather Stations BRAVO, CHARLIE, DELTA and ECHO

14C 13 14 14 Depth Temp Salinity b S C Q C CO2 C 5/L SW no. (m) (°C) (0/00) (mM) (X10

Station: BRAVO 56.7°N 50.6°W Rate: 9/3/71

0 8.16 34.04 50 4.99 56 4 500 4.01 64 1500 3.68 -13 2000 -16 -.2 3500 -61 (-.1)

Station: BRAVO 56.7°N Rate: 10/6/12

10 4.96 34.43 1545 160 (-.1) 3445 116 (-.1)

Station: CHARLIE 52.5°N Rate: 9/29/69 to 10/5/69

0 10.14 34.530 115 5.72 34.672 2828 3.16 34.931 3212 3.10 34.995 18

Station: CHARLIE 52.5°N Rate: 1/26-30/70

0 6.86 36.683 110 6.81 34.650 231 5.31 34.150 319 5.11 34.944 0 426 4.78 34.909 48 551 4.37 34.946

2071 3.27 34.950 3 3106 2.97 34.982 25 3727 2.96 34.965 -1 (-.1) -50 2.23 1.54 0-0252 Historical 14C Measurements 483

TABLE 3 (continued)

Seawater samples from the Atlantic Ocean Weather Stations

14 13 14 Depth Temp Salinity C C C r.o, 2 (m) (°C) (0/00) (mM) i

Station: CHARLIE 52.5'N Date: 11/14-24/70

0 132 (-.1) 50 7.54 34.724 101 8.28 34.736 152 6.93 34.799 22) 5.85 34.804

Station: CHARLIE 52.5°N Late: 4/23/71

1000 3.91 34.95 5

Station: CHARLIE Date: 1/6/73

200 5.16 34.66 2000 38 (-.1)

Station: DELTA 44.0°N Date: 11/8-20/11

0 15.31 35.22 .8 50 15.24 35.33 100 15.08 35.40 200 13.72 35.76 300 13.10 35.75 63

500 10.35 35.38 1

700 7.87 35.15 1 1000 5.56 35.07 1500 4.24 35.01 0 2000 3.36 34.96 3500 -18 (-.1)

Station: DELTA 44.0°N Gate: 9/22/72

0 20.41 35.03 50 17.14 36.09 100 15.92 36.01 0

150 14,75 35.85 .1 200 13.88 35.72 300 13.08 35.69 500 10,57 35,34 700 8.03 35.13 0

1000 5,77 35,07 5 .1 2000 2.20 0-0676A 3000 39 (-,1) 4663 26 (-.1)

Station: LELTA 44,0°N Date: 6/18-23/73

0 17.77 36.030 100 15.71 36.088 100 13.88 35.688 300 12.82 36°391 400 11.82 35°522 500 35.219 25 700 35.075 22 1000 5.66 35.020 1500 4,00 34°908 2000 3,73 34,964 5 3000 3.03 35.011 .1 -66 2.19 1,49 0-0732 484 Fairhall and Young

TABLE 3 (continued)

Seawater samples from the Atlantic Ocean Weather Stations

14C 13 14 14 Depth Temp Salinity 6 6 C C CO2 C a /L OW no,

(m) (°C) (0/00) (mM) (X10 1

Station: ECI-O 35.0°N Ite: 6/1-29/72

0 22.59 36.50 100 18.51 36.40 500 15.22 36.04 700 11.98 35.59 1000 7.01 35.13 1900 -3 .5 2000 -16 .7 3000 -8 (-.1) 4877 -31 1.1

Station: ECHO 35.0°N Date: 1/1-20/73

0 18.06 36.39 100 18.63 36.333 205 18.32 195 305 11.41 36.396 405 16.62 36.282 525 15.42 36.059 770 35.440 2.30 1350 35.071 2 2650 35.007 6 0 3360 34.915 2.20 4050 34.884 14

TABLE 4

Seawater samples from the Pacific Ocean at Ocean Weather Stations 1(OVEMBER, PAPA and VICTOR

14C 13 14C 14 Depth Temp Salinity 6 6 0 / CO C aX/( OW no. (m) (°C) (0/00) (mM) (X10-y)

Station: NOVEMBER 30,009 Date: 11/11/68

0 306 .5 1000 34.422 -152

Station: NOVEMBER 30.0°N Date: 2/16/69

0 258 (-.1) 100 18.77 35.045 220 13.00 35.014 330 10.09 34.671 18 440 7.75 33.998 16 65 550 6.01 33.996 40 88 1100 3.87 34.449 1655 2.96 34.403 2000 -212 (-.1) 2205 2.38 34.614 2360 2.08 34.626 0-0206 3785 1.76 34.684 -116 -1.9 -214 Historical 14C Measurements 485

TABLE 4 (continued)

Seawater samples from the Pacific Ocean Weather Stations

Oepth 14C (4C 14 Temp Salinity C S a13 Q CO2 C a /L Uw no. (m) (°C) (0/00) (mM) (X10

30.0o Station: NOVEMBER

Date: (2/24/69

0 35.013 300 115 19.4 35.001 220 13.1 34.133 325 9.9 34.059 0 437 7.5 33.995 38 86 500 6.8 33.979 51 98 3040 1.6 34.655

Station: NOVEMBER 30.00 Date: 11/3/10

0 20.9 34,776 50 20.9 34.660 100 17.9 34.595 200 12.9 34.080 500 6.4 33.969 59 1000 3.8 34.391 2000 34.607 -180

Station: NOVEMBER 30.0 °W Date: 5/31/71

0 19,7 265 .7 102 18,9 248 204 12.5 147 306 10.2 52 0

405 8.5 - 23 72 506 6.6 - 97 125 5.0 -104 1000 4.4 -176 2105 2.4 -224 3080 2.0 -201 4470 1.9 -164

Station: NOVEMBER 30,0°)) Date: 9/1/12

0 22.6 316 101 19.1 35.018 200 15.0 34.477 310 11.0 34,172 442 7,9 34.010 48 96 556 6.3 34.054 83 738 5.3 34.250 1020 4.2 34,429 2010 2.5 34.636 3080 2.0 34.644 4500 2.0 34.689 -180 (-.1) -221 2.44 1,40 0-0665 486 Fairhall and Young

TABLE 4 (continued)

Seawater samples from the Pacific Ocean Weather Stations

14C 14C Depth Temp Salinity 3C a a) CO2 a /L UW no. (m) (°C) (0/00) (mM) (X)0

Station: NOVEMBER 30.0°N 140.0°W Date: 5/5/73

0 (8.22 34.894 100 17.78 34.941 200 16.57 34.724 330 10.14 34.136 400 34.083 - 14 63 700 34.168 - 95 2000 34.627 -195 3000 34.537 -152 4000 34.684 -168

Station: NOVEMBER 30.0°N

Date: 11/28/13

0 20.56 210 100 18.30 271 200 9.61 2.05 300 10.69 88 400 8.96 21 30

500 6.55 - 68 700 4.37 -118 1000 3.50 -168 2000 2.46 -204 3000 2.19 -187 4000 2.02 -165 4300 1.86 -116

Station: NOVEMBER 30.O °N W Date: 3/16/74

0 19.5 35.173 100 18.4 35.031 220 12.0 34.173 300 75 (-.1) 440 8.2 34.037 0 49 552 6.5 33.979 16 110 4.3 34.138 10)5 4.1 34.387 2610 2.6 34.648

Station: PAPA SO.0°N Date: 4/6/68

SO 5.90 32.578 100 5.13 32.629 150 4.80 33.567 4 43 300 3.80 33.902 80 500 3.70 34.147 1000 1.88 34.411 2000 1.93 34.589 3000 1.56 34.655 -170 -.7 -211 0-1589 Historical 14C Measurements 487

TABLE 4 (continued)

Seawater samples from the Pacific Ocean Weather Stations

14C 14C 14C Temp Salinity Depth b a13C CO2 ai/1 11W no.

(m1 (°C) (0/00) (mM) (X10 J

Station: PAPA 50.0°N Date: 3/26/69

0 215 .9 50 215 (-.1) 100 4.23 32.660 150 4.14 33.569 13 300 3.73 33.751 81 500 3.50 34.154 1000 2.80 34.410 2000 1.90 34.591

Station: PAPA 50.0°N Date: 2/11/69

50 32.606 210 100 4.5 32.702 150 33.513 8 42 200 4.1 33.739 63 500 3.8 34.138

Station: PAPA 50.0°N Date: 1/18/10

50 5.82 32.602 100 5.80 32.603 150 4.00 33.373 200 3.90 33.652 500 3.54 34.109

Station: PAPA 50.0°N

Date: 1/5/70

100 5.14 32.824 150 4.55 33.476 8 300 4.06 33.950 89 500 3.85 34.127 1000 3.00 34.380 2000 2.18 34.573 3000 1.90 34.645

Station: PAPA 50.0°N Date: 11/14/11

0 7.50 32.630 50 1.51 32.635 100 7.26 32.641 150 4.27 33.622 15 200 4.20 33.784 8 42 300 3.94 33.919 48 96 500 3.64 34.102 82 1000 2.85 34.382 2000 1.94 34.598 3000 1.62 34.665 -188 -.9 -227 2.40 1.31 0-0523 488 Fairhall and Young

TABLE 4 (continued)

Seawater samples from the Pacific Ocean Weather Stations

14 13 (k pth Temp Salinity C C C C CO /L no. L 2 (m) (°C) (0/00) (mM) 1

Station: PAPA 50.O °N Date: 6/2/13

0 32.581 268 100 5.06 32.764 .0 200 4.41 33.784 35 300 3.97 33.910 67 400 3.19 34.008 92

Station: PAPA 50.0°N Date: 3/1/75

0 220 (-.1) 50 221 (-.1) 100 2.05 0-0908 150 2.14 0-0909 300 2.26 0-0910

Station: VICTOR 34.O °N Date: 3/19/10

0 13.72 32.556 130 14.02 32.833 275 12.26 34.453 330 10.14 34.281 4 440 9.66 34.270 500 6.09 33.988 22 605 5.30 34.033 15 63

Station: VICTOR 34.0°N Date: 9/22/69

0 25.34 34.421 51 20.12 34.767 100 17.95 34.808 200 16.72 34.610 314 14.18 34.566 405 10.90 34.390 500 7.94 34.211 78 640 7.52 34.194 15 920 3.55 34.254 1010 3.73 34.271 1717 2.22 34.557 2030 2.49 34.623 3460 1.56 34.598

Station: VICTOR 34.0°N Date: 3/19/10

0 13.72 32.556 130 14.02 32.833 275 12.26 34.453 330 10.14 34.281 4 440 9.66 34.270 500 6.09 33.988 22 605 5.30 34.033 15 63 2.24 1.53 0-0288 Historical 14C Measurements 489

TABLE 4 (continued)

Seawater samples from the Pacific Ocean Weather Stations

14 13 14 Temp Salinity 14 a C b C 0 C CO C a_Z/( UW no. (°C) (0/00) (m')) (X10 y)

Station: VICTOR 34.0°N 164.1°E Sate: 5/31/11

0 132 (-.1) 76 0-0369 30 152 (-.1) 95 0-0310 69 100 (-.1) 45 0-0311

150 - 25 (-.I) - 13 0-0372 299 - 12 (-.1) - 62 0-0373 1300 -(76 (-.1) -217 0-0374 1995 -218 (-.1) -257 0-0375 2975 -2)6 (-.1) -255 0-0376

Station: VICTOR 34.0°N 164.1°E Date: 8/3/11

10 25.4 126 1.3 67 1.98 1.53 0-0484 102 14.2 69 (-.1) 16 2.06 1.52 0-0485 210 11.6 6 (-.1) - 45 2.09 1.46 0-0486 311 8.5 2 (-.1) - 48 2.12 1.47 0-0487 414 6.9 18 (-.1) - 32 2.13 1.50 0-0488 520 5.6 -127 (-.1) -170 2.20 1.34 0-0489 112 4.5 -146 -.7 -188 2.36 1.41 0-0490 1065 3.6 -165 (-.1) -207 2.31 1.35 0-0491 2135 2.3 -209 (-.1) -248 2.4) 1.34 0-0492 3158 2.0 -180 (-.1) -220 2.33 1.34 0-0493 4086 2.0 -196 -.8 -235 2.29 1.29 0-0494

TABLE 5

Miscellaneous sea water samples from the Pacific Ocean

14 13 14 14 Depth Temp Salinity d C 6 C a C C CO2 C e UW no. L / (m) 1°C) (0/00) (mM) (X10 1

Date: 7/1/58 48.7° 130°W

0 - 14 (-.1) - 63 0-0059 2565 -168 (-.1) -210 0-0037

Qate: 7/4/58 49.2°N 135.1°W

0 15.10 32.480 58 (-.1) 5 0-0038

Date: 7/5/58 49.2°N 136.1°W

0 15.68 32.510 9 (-.1) - 41 0-0039 3850 -177 (-.1) - 21 0-0040

49.4°N 140.90W

-182 (-.1) -223 0-0041

49.7N 144,70W

1000 2.81 34.4)0 -146 (-.1) -188 0-0042 4150 1.53 34,700 -152 -.1 -194 0-0043 490 Fairhall and Young

TABLE 5 (continued)

Miscellaneous sea water samples from the Pacific Ocean

14C 14C Oepth Temp Salinity b CO a1/L no. (m) (°C) (0/00) (X10-yl

Gate: 7/10/58 47.1°N

1000 2.89 34,410

ate: 1/11/58 46.1'N

1000 2.97 34.380

Dente: 7/12/58 44.8°))

0 15.52 33.030 4950 1.58 34.700

C>ste: 7/14/58 41.3°N

4500 -143 (-.1) 1000 3.11 34,350

Date: 1/16/58 38.4°N

0 19.47 33.380 8 5000 1.56 34.700

Date: 1/18/58 39.7°N

1100 2.92 34.410 0 19.11 33.440 27

Qate: 7/20/58 40.6°

3700 1.55 34,680

Dote: 1/21/58 40.1'N

3700 -156 (-.1)

Gate: 7/22/58 39.4°

16.91 32.890 24 27

0 16.45 33.060 31 3350 1.58 34,690 60

0 5 -.8 44

0 190 (-.I) 50 190 1.8 100 138 -.3 150 41 -.3 11

200 - 28 -.9 75 250 - 46 -.I 93 0-0015 Historical 14C Measurements 491

TABLE 5 (continued)

Miscellaneous sea water samples from the Pacific Ocean

14C 6'3C 14c 14 Oepth Temp Salinity a co, C SW no.

(m) (0/00) (mM) (X10 1

Oate: 10/13/66 48.5°N

14 (-.1) - 35

Oate: 10/15/66 47.6°N

3 44 1.5 11

0 244 .8 50 13.16 32.543 75 7.60 234 100 6.33 208 150 6.70 33.371 200 6.62 33.8(9 37 250 6.04 33.877 25 300 5.49 33.904 48 95 350 5.07 33.933 70

47.0°N Date: 10/21/66

3 278 .9

Date: 10/23/66 47.0°N

280 - 44 (-.1) 88 380 4.80 33.964 81 540 4.17 34.141 670 -101 -.6

Date: 10/27/66 47.0°N

980 3.36 34.384 1360 -205 (-.1)

Date: 10/29/66 41.0°N

3 246 1.3

Date: 2/5/67 53.0°N

0 5.50 32.600

Date: 2/20/67 59.5°N

0 4.10 32.400

Date: 2/26/61 51.5°N

0 3.80 32.500

Date: 3/2/67 52.3°N

0 3.30 32.700

Date: 3/4/67 53.0°N

0 3.70 32.700 157 (-.1) 100 0-0090 492 Fairhall and Young

TABLE 5 (continued)

Miscellaneous sea water samples from the Pacific Ocean

14 13 14 14 Depth Temp Salinity C C CO2 C aj/i no.

(m) (°C) (0/00) (X10 J

Date: 6/25/67 48.2°N

5 - 22 (-.1) 71

45 - 24 (-.1) 13

90 - 12 (-.1) 62

Date: 6/25/67 48,2°N

5 - 3 -2.0 49 80 1.3 (-.1) 48

160 - 30 (-.1) 18

Date: 6/25/67 48.2°N

51 5 - 4 -1.5 100 4 (-.1) 46

200 - 35 (-.1) 83

0 261 .9 100 148 -.1 200 6 -1.0 42

300 - 21 -.4 69

400 - 44 -.4 90

0 28.11 33.895 50 21.95 33.889 15 100 20.38 34.270 9 150 14.74 34.776 15 61 200 12.63 34.838 30 79 300 11.53 34.176 9 57 500 8.66 34.623 40 84 2000 2.30 34.636

Date: 2/2/68 10.0°N

0 23.89 34.499 6 53 50 14.41 34.869 4 51 100 13.31 34.888 10 57 150 12.83 34.865 20 66 200 12.52 34.815 4 48 300 10.95 34.755 26 70 500 8.21 34.628 82 1000 4.80 34.513 2000 -164 -.9 3000 -188 (-.1)

Date: 1/1/69 16.3°S

0 94 1.4 50 128 (-.1) 100 3 (-.1) 41

500 - 21 -.5 69 3000 -198 (-.1) 4000 -148 (-.1) 5500 -149 -.1 -191 0-0483 Historical 14G Measurements 493

TABLE 5 (continued)

Miscellaneous sea water samples from the Pacific Ocean

140 140 Depth Temp Salinity 6 a /L no.

(mM) 1 (m) (°C) (0/00)

Date: 3/8/69 9.0°N

200 - 16 (-.1) 65 300 2 (-.1) 48

400 - 41 (-.1) 89

600 - 64 (-.1)

Date: 6/21/69 47.0°8

50 300 (-.1) 100 246 (-.1) 200 10 (-.1) 40

300 - 36 (-.1) 84

400 - 71 (-.1)

500 - 24 (-.1) 13

600 - 58 (-.1)

Date: 3/16/10 39.0°S

0 232 .7 50 210 (-.1) 100 193 (-.1) 200 88 (-.1) 300 9 (-.1) 41 500 19 (-.1) 31 750 - 34 (-.1) 82 1000 - 70 2.7 1500 -122 (-.1) 2000 -131 (-.1) 2400 -141 (-.1)

Date: 2/23/72 9.0°N

0 178 2.6

100 - 38 -.6 85

500 - 71 -.1 1000 -135 1.1 -180 2.43 1.46 0-0527 494 Fairhall and Young

TABLE S (continued)

Miscellaneous sea water samples from the Pacific Ocean

14C 13 14 14 Depth Temp Salinity & a C C CO2 C a / UW no.

(m) (°C) (0/00) (mM) (X10 J

CRUISE: PIQUERO III

Station: Drake's Passage 57.8'S Date: 1/25/69

0 6.50 34.081 94 4.19 34.116 195 3.89 34.180 1986 1.94 34.712 3930 1.02 34.719

CRU)SE: ARIES - 2

Station: ST 24(M)S) Date: 1/27/71

0 85 .9 811 2.41 34.570 1208 2.20 34.690 2375 1.36 24.732 4368 0.54 34.701

CRUISE: ROSS SEA

Station: S-A1 (MIS) Date: 2/11/74

0 -31 -.6 100 -58 (-.1) 200 -80 (-.1) 300 -102 -.9 400 -98 -1.0 500 -95 -1.0 700 -84 -.9 .2 1500 -113 1.1

TABLE 6

Air and sea water samples collected by NOAA ship OCEANOGRAPHER on a circumnavigation

Depth Temp 14 13 14 14 Salinity S C s C Q C CO2 C ay/L OW no. (m) (°C) (0/001 (mM) (X10 1

Station: 32.9'N 71.9'W Date: 4/2/67

0 168 .I 109 00-0001

Station: 34,9'N 59.4'W Date: 4/4/67

0 162 1.0 102 00-0002

Station: 34,9'N 43.9'W Date: 4/6/67

0 194 -.1 134 00-0003 Historical 14C Measurements 495

TABLE 6 (continued)

Air and sea water samples collected by NOAA ship OCEANOGRAPHER

14 13 14 14 Depth Temp Salinity C C CO2 C UW no. bC a j B/L (m) (°C) (0/00) (mM) (X(0 J

Station: 38.0°N 28.5°W Date: 4/14/67

0 221 .2 159 00-0004

Station: 36.7N 08.7°W Date: 4/26/61

197 (.1) 138 00-0005

Station: 32.9N 30.8°E Date: 5/18/67

Air 743 -9.7 690 00-0006

Station: 18.8°N 65.3°E Date: 6/18/67

0 176 .3 117 00-0007

Station: 18.8N 65.3°E Date: 6/18/67

Air 697 (-10) 46 00-0008

Station: 11.1'N 71.6E Date: 7/1/67

0 212 (-.1) 152

Station: 08.7N 74.)E Date: 7/2/67

0 177 (-.i) 1)8 00-0010

Station: 05.6°N 82.1°E Date: 7/4/61

0 163 (-.1) 105 00-0011

Station: 05.1N 90.4°E Date: 7/6/67

0 191 (-.1) 132 00-0012

Station: 00.4°S 107.0°E Date: 8/10/67

Air 695 (-10) 644 00-0014

Station: 04.2°S 110.4°E Date: 8/11/67

0 119 (-.1) 120 00-0015

Station: 13.2S 114.1E Date: 8/15/67

Air 648 (-10) 599 00-0017 496 Fairhall and Young

TABLE 6 (continued)

Air and sea water samples collected by NOAA ship OCEANOGRAPHER

14C 14C 14C Depth Temp Salinity a C02 no. (m) (°C) (0/00) (mM) (X(0

Station: 13.2'S 114.('E Date: 8/16/61

51 169 (-.1) 100 165 (-.1) 165 11 (-.1)

Station: 35.0'S 112.5'E Date: 8/30/67

Air 686 (-10)

Station: 34.8'S 122.O'E Date: 9/1/67

0 163 (-.1)

Station: Date:

0 (-.1)

Station: Date: 9/10/67

Station:

142

Date:

Station: Date:

0 (-.1)

Station: 35.0'S Date:

0 (-.1) 124 00-0033 Historical 14C Measurements 497

TABLE 6 (continued)

Air and sea water samples collected by NOAA ship OCEANOCRAPRER

14c 14C 14C Depth Temp Salinity b C C0 a/ no. L 2 (m) (°C) (0/00) (mM) (X)0

Station: 35.1'S 130.2'W Date: 10/21/67

0 253 (-.1) 50 187 (-.1) 100 215 (-.1) 150 216 (-.1) 200 155 (-.1) 250 89 (-.1) 35 300 81 (-.1)

Station: 35.0'S 118.9'W Date: 10/23/67

0 219 (-.1)

Station: 34.9'S 110.0'W Date: 10/24/67

Air 663 (-10)

Station: 34.2'S 104.8'W Date: 10/25/67

0 201 (-.1) Station: 32.9'S 75.3'W Date: 10/29/67

0 205 (-.1)

Station: 12.0'S 84.9'W Date: 11/15/67

Alr 675 (-10) 0 214 (-.1)

Station: 05.4'S 84.9'W Date: 11/17/67

0 264 (-.1)

Station: 02.9'S 92.0'W Date: 11/21/67

Alr 681 (-10)

Statlo n: 11.2'N 92.0'W Date: 11/26/67

0 180 (-.1)

Station: 21.4'N 108.4'W Date: 11/30/67

0 235 (-.I)

AIr 692 (-10)

Station: 33.6'N 120.8W Date: 12/5/67

161 00-0053 0 222 (-.1) 498 Fairhall and Young

TABLE 7

Surface sea water samples from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans collected by RV THOMAS THOMPSON

14 13 14 14 Depth Temp Salinity 60 a C Q 0 002 0 a?/ UW no. (m) (°C) (0/CO) (mM) (X10

GUISE: THOMAS THCMPSON - 010

Station: S-001 38.7N Date: 10/9/65

0 265 (-.1)

Station: S-002 20.8N Date: 10/14/65

0 282 (-.1)

Station: S-003 11.2°N

0 299 .9

Station: S-004 07.8N Date: 11/28/65

0 232 (-.1)

Station: S-005 15.3°N Date: 12/2/65

0 212 (-.1)

Station: S-006 33.0°N Date: 12/10/65

0 240 (-.1)

Station: 5-007 39.i°N Date: 12/12/65

0 284 (-.I)

Station: S-008 42.8N Date: 12/13/65

0 223 (-.1) 162 00-0034 Historical 14C Measurements 499

TABLE 8 Sea water samples from the Pacific Ocean collected by RV ELTANIN on Cruises 36, 38, 39 and 43

14 Depth 13 14 14 Temp Salinity a C C C a G CO2 C UW no. (m) (°C) -y) (0/00) (mill (X10

CRUISE: ELTANIN-36

Station: EL36/00-01-0000 Gate: 10/20/68

Air 610 (-10) 0 170 (-.1)

Station: EL36/07-02-0896 49.1S Date: 10/26/68

0 6.91 34.367 93 75 6.87 34.346 94 175 5.44 34.168 91 100 4.20 34.326 -35 1000 3.11 34.380 -60 2000 2.30 34.714 -40

Station: EL36/16-03-0910 61.8'S ate: 11/3/68

Air 6(0 (-10) 0 -1.63 33.958 56 100 -1.23 34.167 -12 300 1.89 34.642 -69 500 1.96 34.711 -86 700 1.84 34.740 -83 1000 1.65 34.149 -96 2000 0.81 34.717 -96 3000 0.22 34.691 -101 4000 -0.18 34.683 -91

Station: EL36/32-04-0935 44.0'S Date: 11/21/68

0 130 .8 100 11.27 34.880 (22 300 9.64 34.748 (25 500 8.80 34.636 65 1000 5.55 34.423 -6 3000 1.84 34.616 -97

Station: E136/35-05-0938 50.0'S Date: 11/25/68

0 8.90 34.655 86 100 8.88 34.623 90 500 8.09 34.576 68 1000 6.62 34.4(1 36 (-.1) -(6 OE-0034 500 Fair/sail and Young

TABLE 8 (continued)

Sea water samples from the Pacific Ocean collected by RV ELTANIN

14 13 14 14 Depth Temp Salinity C C 0 C CO2 a/ no. (m) (°C) (0/00) (ml)) (X10 i

Station: EL36/35-05-0938 49.8'S Date: 11/25/80

1500 3.05 34.434 -62 2000 2.40 34.642 -60 3000 1.74 34.760 -12

Station: EL36/45-06-0951 62.7'S Date: 12/3/68

Air 609 (-10) 0 1.56 33.999 159 100 -0.58 34.370 82 300 1.63 34.121 53 0 500 1.49 34.137 -46 700 -0.74 34.740 -70 1000 1.00 34.728 -7 2000 0.37 34.697 -50

Station: EL36/54-07-0966 50.0'S Date: 12/12/68

0 9.35 34.380 126 0 300 1.62 34.435 164 500 6.94 34.396 104

Station: EL36/55-08-0000 42.0'S Date: 12/15/68 0 144 2 86 100 13.69 35.196 (-.1) 500 9.44 34.772 52 0 1000 5.34 34.418 0 1500 3.14 34.567 -89 2000 2.22 34.652 -102 2500 1.80 34.709 -56

CRUISE: ELTANIN-38

64.2'S Station: EL38/07-01-0002 Dete: 3/29/69

100 1 . 40 34.617 150 1.58 34.654

190 1 . 68 34.731 400 1.72 34.809 470 1.68 34.804 -84 -54 980 1.24 34.712

Station: EL38/08-02-0007 62.0'S Date: 4/5/69

0 0.31 33.912 300 1.98 34.624 1000 1.65 34.729 1500 1.13 34.733 0E-0189 2000 0.95 34.706 -79 (-.1) -125 Historical '4G Measurements 501

TABLE 8 (continued)

Sea water samples from the Pacific Ocean collected by RV ELTANIN

14 13 14 Depth Temp Salinity d C a C o C r.o. 2 (m) (°C) (0/00) (mM) I

Station: EL38/09-03-0009 57.3°S 149.5°E pate: 4/20/69

50 3.59 33.875 28 .6 150 -0.34 34.374 -36 (-.1) 1000 1.98 34.718 -82 (-.1) 1460 1.58 34.172 -89 (-.1) 1940 1.08 34.714 -103 (-.1) 3200 0.39 34.695 -99 2.2

Station: EL38/10-04-0012 54.0°S 151.5°E pate: 4/22/69

1000 2.53 34.564 -51 (-.1) 1920 1.92 34.741 -82 (-.1) 3900 0.74 34.697 -96 1.6

Station: EL38/11-05-0014 49.7°S 152.5°E Date: 4/26/69

50 9.53 34.304 121 1.2 100 9.22 34.547 110 (-.1) 145 8.53 34,562 75 (-.I) 210 8.71 34.633 69 (-.1) 320 8.54 34.599 80 (-.1) 400 7.94 34.528 83 (-.1) 510 7.40 34.464 45 (-.1) 1000 3.76 34.342 -28 1.4 3100 1.40 34.726 -77 (-.1) 4200 0.89 34.702 -104 .0

Station: EL38/12-06-0019 40.0°S 152.O'E Date: 5/8/69

50 15.81 35.333 351 (-.1) 195 11.95 35.130 173 (-.1) 480 8.55 34.645 18 (-.1) 1000 4.92 34.433 -40 (-.1) 3050 1.57 34.726 -113 (-.1) 3920 1.15 34.715 -118 (-.1) 4600 1.12 34,717 -109 (-.1)

CRUISE: ELTANIN-39

Station: 41,0'S 126,0°E pate: 6/24/69

0 139.5 (-.1) 83 OE-0165

Station: 42.0°S 126,0°E Date: 6/24/69

0 123 (-.1) 67 0E-0166

Station: 43.0'S 126.0'E Ekte: 6/25/69

136 (-.1) 79 0E-0167 502 Fairhall and Young

TABLE 8 (continued)

Sea water samples from the Pacific Ocean collected by RV ELTANIN

14 13 14 Depth Temp Salinity b C C C no. (oC) G (m) (0/00) 1

Station: 45.0S 126.0E Date: 6/25/69

0 203 (-.1)

Station: 46.0S 126.0°E Date: 6/26/69

OE-0098 0 10.40 157

Station: 47.0°S 126.0E Ote: 6/21/69

0 9.50 117

Station: 48.0S 126.0E Date: 6/27/69

0 140 (-.1)

Station: 49.0S 126.0'E Date: 6/28/69

0 149 (-.1)

Station: 51.0'S 126.0°E Qate: 6/29/69

0 123 (-.1)

Station: 52.0S 126.0E Date: 1/1/69

0 4.50 141

Station: 54.0S 126.0°E Date: 7/2/69

0 138 (-.1)

Station: 55.0S 126.0E Date: 7/3/69

0 2.60 85

Station: 56.0S 126.0E Date: 7/4/69

0 2.50 108

Station: EL39/05-01-1138 40.0S Date: 6/23/69

0 12.00 34.753 100 11.90 34.165 200 9.49 34.718 300 9.01 34.614 500 8.62 34.611 5 700 8.01 34.547 1000 5.32 34.396 2000 2.52 34.658 3000 1.83 34.741 -110 -.4 -154 2,29 1.42 OE-0178 Historical 14C Measurements 503

TABLE 8 (continued)

Sea water samples from the Pacific Ocean collected by RV ELTANIN

14C 13 14 14 Depth Temp Salinity 6 6 C C C CO2 C ay/ UW no.

(m) (°C) (0/00) (mM) (X)0 1

Station: EL39/11-02-1150 50.0'S 126.O'E Date: 6/29/69

0 7.14 34.045 136 (-.1) 100 7.34 34.058 143 (-.1) 200 9.35 34.630 103 1.8 300 7.82 34.383 102 1.6 500 6.17 34.453 -8 1.8 700 4.84 34.349 -7 .6 1000 3.10 34.351 -42 .2 2000 2.22 34.721 -93 .4 2800 1.58 34.750 -97 .3

Station: EL39/16-03-1161 57.8'S 126.5'E Date: 7/5/69

0 1.34 33.829 103 (-.1) 100 1.39 34.835 94 1.3 200 1.36 34.212 37 (-1.) 540 2.23 34.597 -86 (-.1) 1000 2.05 34.121 -106 .3 2000 1.25 34.737 -70 (-.1) 3000 0.49 34.737 -105 (-.1) 4000 0.07 34.682 -118 .1

Station: EL39/20-04-1164 52.0'S 134.0E Oate: 7/10/69

0 6.35 34.093 144 (-.1) 100 6.37 34.097 138 (-.1) 200 7.07 34.288 85 (-.1) 500 5.20 34.319 -25 (-.1) 700 3.85 34.308 -61 (-.1) 1000 3.02 34.424 -88 -.9 2000 2.22 34.701 -67 (-.1) 2800 1.41 34.142 -117 -.1

Station: EL39/25-05-1168 42.0'S 142.5'E Oate: 7/18/69

0 9.90 34.701 120 1.0 100 9.83 34.700 133 (-.1) 200 9.84 34.701 109 1-.))

300 8.68 34.647 43 (-.1 ) 500 7.14 34.470 -3 (-.I) 100 5.40 34.400 -48 (-.1) 1100 3.43 34.411 -78 -.7 2000 2.30 34.710 -102 (-.1) 3000 1.10 34.744 -121 (-.1) 4000 1.07 34.719 -102 -.9

Station: EL39/37-06-1169 40.8S 154.6'E Date: 7/27/69

0 15.33 35.520 97 (-.1) 100 13.69 35.286 89 (-.1) 200 12.09 35.069 144 (-.I) 300 10.98 34.950 99 (-.1) 500 9.24 34.704 33 (-.1) 700 1.93 34.558 35 (-.1) 1000 5.56 34.462 -44 (-.1) 2000 2.45 34.653 -94 (-.1) 3101 1.66 34.736 -95 (-.1) 4000 1.21 34.725 -108 (-.11 -152 AF-ntFL 504 Fairhall and Young

TABLE 8 (continued)

Sea water samples from the Pacific Ocean collected by RV ELTANIN

14C Depth 14C 14C Temp Salinity a a13C Q CO2 ay/ OW no. C) (m) I (0/CO) (mM) (X10

CRUISE: ELTANIN-43

Station: EL43/04-01-1181 Oete: 4/29/70

Air 595 (-10) 100 -0.68 34,121 2 200 1,13 34.372 300 1.49 34.459 500 2.04 34.607 100 2.02 34.668 2000 1.15 34.727

Station: EL43/08-SD-1185 62,5'S Date: 5/4/70

4800 0.44 34.716 -108

Station: EL43/09-02-1186 57.7'S

0 5.65 34,152 192 100 5.68 34.152 126 200 5.43 34.223 106 300 5.03 34.230 79 400 4.60 34.192 20 500 4.34 34.249 -12 100 3.46 34.291 -51 1000 2.76 34.423 -87 2000 2.06 34.732 -80 4200 0.74 34.716 -119

Station: EL43/10-03-1187 52.6'S Date: 5/11/70

0 6.62 34.185 138 100 6,62 34.241 96 200 6,56 34,310 94 300 5,99 34.293 81 400 5,68 34.284 39 500 5.21 34.259 45 700 4,46 34.309 -14 1000 3.20 34.368 -55 2200 2.03 34.720 -115

Station: EL43/11-04-1188 46.9'S Date: 5/13/10

0 9.91 34.212 165 100 9.53 34.268 144 200 7.01 34.392 66 300 6.81 34.396 79

400 6.62 34.386 60 7 500 6.37 34.366 49 1000 4,28 34.330 -44 2000 2.30 34.647 -97 4500 1.29 34.720 -117 -.3 -(61 2.34 1.44 OE-0282 Historical 14C Measurements 505

TABLE 8 (continued)

Sea water samples from the Pacific Ocean collected by RV ELTANIN

14C 14C 14C Depth Temp Salinity b o13c G C CO at/L UW no. L (m) (°C) (0/00) (mM) (X10-yI

Station: EL43/14-05-1190 60.4'S 162.5'W Date: 5/24/70

0 1.80 33.905 43 .7 100 1.16 33.945 57 (-.1) 4 200 1.66 34.077 0 (-.1) 300 2.05 34.243 -57 (-.1) 400 2.30 34.363 -14 (-.1) 500 2.33 34.459 -84 (-.1) 100 2.34 34.584 -101 .6 1000 2.21 34.689 -103 (-.1) 3000 4.87 34.122 -125 .4

Station: EL43/15-06-1191 54.8'S 175.1'W Date: 5/27/70

0 6.56 80 (-.1) 100 6.50 34.176 102 1.5 200 5.91 34.291 86 (-.1) 300 5.03 34.191 56 (-.1) 3 400 5.10 34,257 -4 (-.1) 500 4.58 34.271 -25 (-.1) 700 3.63 34.286 -67 .4 1000 2.80 34.356 -80 (-.1) 2000 2.18 34.739 -104 (-.1) 5218 0.89 34.712 -123 .5

TABLE 9

Sea water samples from the Indian Ocean collected by RV Eltanin on Cruise 48

13 14 14 Depth Temp Salinity a C C C02 C a/L UW no.

(m) (°C) (0/00) (mM) (X10 )

Station: EL48/03-01-1325 41.0'S

0 10.43 34,796 100 10.47 34.195 200 10,47 34.775 300 10.19 34.813 500 9,76 34.777 700 8.82 34.659 1015 5.73 20 2000 2.49 34.659

Station: EL48/04-H1-1326 38.9'S Date: 7/14/11

1010 5.47 34.383 -152 1.43 OE-0321 4110 2.32 34.114 -108 (-.1) 2.30 506 Fairhall and Young

TABLE 9 (continued)

Sea water samples from the Indian Ocean collected by RV ELTANIN

14 13 14 Depth Temp Salinity C C C no. ° 2 (m) ( C ) (0/00) (mM) 1

Station: EL48/06-02-1328 34.0'S Oate: 7/16/71

0 14.95 35.565 194 100 14.80 35.560 192 200 11.47 35.319 116 300 11.48 35.075 134 500 10.07 34.886 51 5 100 8.97 34.702 37 1010 5.74 34.413 -28 2000 2.50 34.618 -114 4250 1.02 34.716 -88

Station: EL48/09-H2-1329 30.5'S Date: 7/18/11

0 11.14 35.896 213 1010 4.66 34.390 -56 3160 1,49 34.735 -120

Station: EL48/12-03-1331 28.5'S Dote: 7/21/71

0 18.91 35.878 230 100 18.91 35.878 260 200 16.79 35.515 163 .6 300 13.89 35.382 155 500 10.99 34.958 90 700 9,25 34.122 31 1010 6.11 34.426 -47 2000 2.35 34.121 -114 3250 1.40 34.733 -116

Station: E148/10-H3-1330 28.5'S Oate: 7/19/71

0 18.91 35.761 208 1010 6.11 34.449 -59 3950 1.29 34.124 -139

Station: EL48/16-H4-1333 35.40'S Dete: 7/24/71

0 15.14 35.568 190 1010 5.46 34.396 -32 3510 1.22 34.713 -98

Station: EL48/20-04-1334 39.9'S

i te: 7/28/71

0 11.74 112 100 11.72 34.986 139 200 11.76 34.987 115 300 11.51 34.991 106 500 10.83 34,881 103 700 10.00 34.806 49 1010 6,21 34.434 -38 2000 2.60 34.643 -71 3320 1.49 34.721 -113 -.6 -156 2.30 1.42 OE-0348 Historical 14C Measurements 507

TABLE 9 (continued)

Sea water samples from the Indian Ocean collected by RV ELTANIN

13 14 14 Depth Temp Salinity a C C CO2 C at/` UW no. Q L (m) (°C) (0/00) L(mM) (X10 9i

Station: EL48/22-H5-1335 39.1'S Date: 7/29/71

0 12.39 35.063 137 1010 5.07 34.358 -55 4360 1.34 -89

Station: EL48/30-H6-1337 36.5'S

0 12.39 35.216 151 .6 1010 5.84 34.420 -26 2360 2.15 34.735 -97

Station: EL48/32-05-1338 34,9'S Date: 8/3/11

0 13.30 161 100 13.09 35.102 154 200 12.03 35.063 144 300 11.59 35.008 114 500 10.98 34.950 60 4 700 9.82 34.801 75 1010 6.02 34.434 -44 2000 2.54 34.671 -94 3650 1.27 34.733 -99

Station: EL48/37-06-1339 30.0'S Obte: 8/5/71

0 17,21 35.830 201 100 16.21 35.705 183 100 13.24 35.255 125 300 11.69 35.025 108 500 10.65 34,930 69 700 9.33 34,739 19 1010 5.08 34,402 -44 2000 2.46 34,713 -110 4150 1,34 34.721 -136

Station: EL48/54-07-1343 32.1'S

0 15.21 35.772 201 100 14.79 35.646 118 200 14,49 35.556 184 300 11.48 35.060 138 500 9.27 34.726 76 700 8.37 34.608 28 1010 4,18 34.409 -92 2000 2.56 34.651 -85 OE-0382 5100 1.01 34.715 -99 (-.1) -144 2.30 1.44 [RADIOCARBON, VOL 27, No. 3, 1985, P 508-524] BRITISH MUSEUM NATURAL RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS XVIII JANET AMBERS, KEITH MATTHEWS, and RICHARD BURLEIGH Research Laboratory, The British Museum, London WC 1 B 3DG, England The following list consists of dates for archaeologic and geologic samples mostly measured from June 1983 to June 1984. The dates were obtained by liquid scintillation counting of benzene using the laboratory procedures outlined in previous lists (see, eg, BM-VIII, R, 1976, v 18, p 16). Dates are expressed in radiocarbon years relative to AD 1950 based 14C on the Libb7 half-life for of 5570 yr, and are corrected for isotopic fractionation ((3 3C values are relative to PDB). Some dates are corrected, using the calibration tables of Klein et al (1982), and are reported in the Comment with an asterisk (*). The modern reference standard is NBS oxalic acid (SRM 4990). Errors quoted with dates are based on counting statistics alone and are equivalent to ± 1 standard deviation (± 1 cr). Descriptions, comments, and references to publications are based on information supplied by submitters.

ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES

British Isles England

1950 ± 50 BM-2157. Stonea S13C = -28.0%o Waterlogged wood, ref ADZ/AEQ W38, from large bundle of prepared rods embedded in thick peat deposit within very large feature at Stonea Grange, near March, Cambridgeshire (52° 30' N, 0° 10' E, Nail Grid Ref TL 449937). Colt 1982 and subm by R Jackson, Dept Prehist and Romano-British Antiquities, British Mus. Comment (RJ): subsequent excavation in 1983 and 1984 that feature was filled in ca AD 130-140, thus according well withsuggests C determination. Modern BM-2158. Ozengell 8130 = -22.6%o Collagen from shaft of right femur from burial of complete skeleton of ox in rectangular pit (ref Fl/LOM 5/82) cut into chalk within circular ditched enclosure at Ozengell (Lord of the Manor), Ramsgate, Kent (51 ° 20' N, 1° 25' E, Natl Grid Ref TR 356653). Colt 1982 and subm by D R J Perkins, Is. Thanet Archaeol Unit, to provide date for later modification of group of Neolithic/Bronze age enclosures/harrows, and for presumed remains of Bosprimigenius, ca 1000 bc. Comment (DRJP): enclosure is one of group presumed to be small henges, interspersed with ploughed-off round barrows and Ozengell Anglo-Saxon cemetery. Excavations 1976 to 1977 revealed re-use of enclosures assoc with Beaker pottery and crouched 508 British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements X VIII 509 burial (Perkins & MacPherson-Grant, ms in preparation). Pit (F2) at center of enclosure LOM 5, close to ox burial, contained selected human bones from 4 individuals. Possibly these bones were found and re-interred when pit Fl was dug for relatively modern burial of ox. Result shows remains belong to domestic ox, not Bos primigenius.

Dorchester Cursus series Samples from cursus and assoc earthworks at Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxfordshire (51 ° 40' N, 1° 10' W, Nat! Grid Ref SU 582948). Coll 1981 by R Chambers, Oxfordshire Archaeol Unit and subm by R Bradley, Univ Reading.

3840 ± 40 BM-2161. Dorchester Cursus b13C = -24.6%o Charcoal, ref Site III 2009/8, (outer rings of Quercus sp, >15 yr old) id by M Robinson, Univ Mus, Oxford, from burned post in situ within post pit of timber circle, loc at center of cursus monument. Measured to establish terminus post quern for bldg of timber circle.

3870 ± 60 BM-2162. Dorchester Cursus b13C = - 24.2%0 Charcoal, ref Site III 2013/9, (Quercus sp, possibly sapwood) id by M Robinson, from outer rings of different burned post from same timber circle as BM-2161, above.

3780 ± 50 b13C BM-2163. Dorchester Cursus = -24. 7%o Charcoal, ref Site III 2009/1, (Quercus sp) id by M Robinson, from upper fill of post pipe of upright belonging to same timber circle as BM- 2161, -2162, above, assoc with deposit of cremated bone. Measured to establish interval between use of circle and deposition of cremation.

3890 ± 60 BM-2164. Dorchester Cursus b13C = -24.4%o Charcoal, ref Site III 2014/11, (Quercus sp, possibly heartwood) id by M Robinson, from outer rings of different burned post from same timber circle as BM-2161, -2162, -2163, above. 3330 ± 80 BM-2165. Dorchester Cursus b13C = -25.1%0 Charcoal, ref Site III 2013/1, (Quercus sp, Fagus sp) id by M Robinson, from upper fill of post pipe of timber circle postdating burning of post and assoc with cremated bone.

3730 ± 45 BM-2166. Dorchester Cursus b13C = - 24.6%0 Charcoal, ref Site III 2014/7, (Quercus sp) id by M Robinson from upper fill of post pipe of upright belonging to same timber circle as BM- 510 Janet Ambers, Keith Matthews, and Richard Burleigh 2161 to -2165, above. Measured to date re-use of site after removal of timber circle.

3390 ± 70 BM-2167. Dorchester Cursus b13C = -24.8%o Charcoal, ref Site IV F 1006, (Quercus sp) id by M Robinson, from pit at center of ring ditch inside cursus, assoc with Collared Urn and cremated bone.

3950 ± 70 BM-2268. Dorchester Cursus 513C = - 21.3%0 Collagen from antler pick, ref Site I F81, id as probably red deer by R Wilson, Univ Mus, Oxford, from top of primary fill of ditch of hengiform single-entranced enclosure within E terminal of Dorchester Cursus. Mea- sured to establish terminus ante quern for cremation burials cut into upper- most filling of ditch. General Comment (RB): samples suggest date of secondary activity inside cursus complex, involving construction of substantial post circle and hengiform enclosure. BM-2163 and -2166 suggest date of secondary use of timber circle for deposition of human cremations. BM-2165 should date same activity but seems anomalously late. BM-2167 indicates continuing signifi- cance of cursus in Early Bronze age. Earlier use of cursus is suggested by OxA-119, 4800 ± 130 by (Gillespie et al, 1984).

11,570 ± 410 BM-2168. Kent's Cavern b13C = -19.8%o Collagen from fragmentary atlas vertebra of bovid (ref no. 1951), id by A Currant, Dept Palaeontol, British Mus (Nat Hist), from `Black Band' above cave earth sealed by stalagmite in Kent's Cavern, Lincombe Hill, Tor- quay, Devon (50° 25' N, 3° 30' W, Nat! Grid Ref SX 935642). Coll 1867 by W Pengelly and subm by R M Jacobi, Dept Classics and Archaeol, Univ Lan- caster, from Pengelly colln in British Mus (Nat Hist) (ref no.M559), to help estimate range of time over which fauna! remains and artifacts attributed by Pengelly to `Black Band' could have accumulated. Comment (RMJ): this new determination opens possibility of incorporation of Late Glacial backed blade assemblage (see dates for Gough's Cave, BM-2183 to -2188, this list, below) into this part of Pengelly's excavations at date later than inferred previously (ca 14,000 bp; Campbell & Sampson,1971). Both dates need to be taken into consideration when estimating age of possible human return after last glacial max (Jacobi et al, ms in preparation). Down Farm series Samples from Neolithic ring ditch re-used as Deverel-Rimbury cremation cemetery near Down Farm, Woodcutts, Dorset (50° 55' N, 2° 0' W, Nat! Grid Ref SU 002137). Coll 1980 and subm by R Bradley. Ring ditch is 130m from Deverel-Rimbury enclosed settlement site previously dated (cf BM-1850, 2680 ± 130; BM-1851, 2730 ± 50; BM-1852, 2740 ± 40; BM- 1853, 2790 ± 45; BM-1854, 2800 ± 45; R, 1982, v 24, p 271). British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements X VIII 511

3050 ± 70 BM-2177. Down Farm Ring Ditch b'3C = - 25.0%o Charcoal, ref L4, (Quercus sp) id by M Robinson, from upper filling of ring ditch, directly sealed by flint layer, L3, measured to give terminus post quem for flint layer, dated directly by BM-2178, below.

3010 ± 60 BM-2178. Down Farm Ring Ditch b'C = -24.9%o Charcoal, ref L3, (Quercus sp, heartwood) id by M Robinson, from flint packing containing cremated bone and Deverel-Rimbury pottery in top filling of ring ditch. Dated to check if contemporary with nearby Deverel-Rim- bury settlement.

2740 ± 30 b'3C BM-2179. Down Farm Ring Ditch = -24. 7%o Charcoal, ref crem 12, (Fraxinus sp) id by M Robinson, from pit outside ring ditch, assoc with human cremation and Deverel-Rimbury sherds. Dated to check if deposit is contemporary with nearby settlement.

2810 ± 50 b'3C BM-2180. Down Farm Ring Ditch = -24. 7%o Charcoal, ref crem 6, (Fraxinus sp) id by M Robinson, from pit outside ring ditch, assoc with human cremation and Globular Urn fragments. Dated to check if deposit is contemporary with nearby settlement. General Comment (RB): BM-2177 and -2178, both on heartwood, indicate period of re-use of Neolithic ring ditch, whilst BM-2179 and -2180 suggest that secondary cremation cemetery may have belonged to nearby settlement dated by BM-1850 to-1854; R,1982,v24, p271.

5520 ± 60 b'3C BM-2181. Pitstone = -23.2%o Collagen from basal part of fragmentary left horn core of Bos primigenius, id by Barbara Noddle, Univ Coil, Cardiff, from Postglacial (Flan- drian) buried soil beneath hillwash in Pitstone no.3 Quarry, N E side of Tring Gap, Pitstone, Buckinghamshire (51 ° 50' N, 00 40' W, Natl Grid Ref SP 933140). Coll 1970 and subm by J G Evans, Dept Archaeol, Univ Coil, Cardiff, from Bucks Co Mus colln (ref 378.1972) to provide max age for onset of hillwash and date for Bos primigenius (late Pleistocene/early Holo- cene mammalian extinctions program; R, 1983, v 25, p 39-41). Comment (JGE): horn core was found in buried soil overlying coombe rock and under several m of colluvium in bottom of dry valley. Charcoal from buried soil in adjacent valley assoc with molluscan evidence for woodland clearance was dated 3910 ± 220 (HAR-327; Evans & Valentine, 1974). Mollus- can assemblages from hollows below buried soils in two other closely adjacent valleys were of closed woodland type indicative of an Atlantic age (Evans, 1966). Although correlation is indirect assemblages are probably approx same age as horn core. 512 Janet Ambers, Keith Matthews, and Richard Burleigh Gough's Cave series Collagen from bones of horse (Equus ferns) id by Dorothea Bate, from levels (spits) in Gough's (New) Cave, S side of Cheddar Gorge, Mendip, Somerset (51 ° 15' N, 2° 45' W, Nat! Grid Ref ST 467539). Coll 1927 to 1928 by R F Parry (1929) and subm 1982 by R M Jacobi, Dept Classics and Archaeol, Univ Lancaster from British Mus (Nat Hist) colln, to provide dates for assoc Cheddarian artifacts and occurrence of horse in late Deven- sian fauna of British Is.

12,120 ± 120 BM-2183. Gough's Cave 813C = -20.6%o Atlas vertebra, humanly modified, from Parry's Level 10.

12,020 ± 120 BM-2184. Gough's Cave 8130 = -20.3%o Calcaneum from Parry's Level 12.

11,970 ± 230 8130 BM-2185. Gough's Cave = - 20.2%o Metapodial from Parry's Level 13.

12,240 ± 220 BM-2186. Gough's Cave 8130 = -20.2%o Metapodial from Parry's Level 14.

12,070 ± 170 BM-2187. Gough's Cave 5130 = -19.9%o Metapodial from Parry's Level 16.

12,160 ± 210 BM-2188. Gough's Cave 5130 = -19.9/oo Metapodial from Parry's Level 18. General Comment (RMJ): believed to be 1st reliable dates for important Late Glacial backed blade assemblage, so-called "Cheddarian" industry. Stylisti- cally, assemblage seems very similar to that recovered from Black Band at Kent's Cavern (BM-2168, above). Results imply contemporaneity of this type of assemblage with later Hamburgian style stone tool kits from further E in European mainland. Dates confirm Cheddar Man (9080 ± 150; R, 1971, v 13, p 180) was later, intrusive, inhumation, and are substantially earlier than ages of just before 11,000 bp, apparently assoc with lithic assemblage with many Tjonger points from in front of Mother Grundy's Parlour, Creswell Crags, Derbyshire (Jacobi, 1981, p 62; Burleigh, Jaco- bi, & Jacobi,1985). Whitton Hill series Charcoal from prehistoric earthworks at Whitton Hill, Northumber- land (55° 40' N, 2° 0' W, Natl Grid Ref NT 930355). Coll 1982 and subm by R Miket, Tyne and Wear Co Council, to establish chronol for site. British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements X VIII 513 4820 ± 80 b13C BM-2203. Whitton Hill = -26. O%o Charcoal, ref T2/1, from patch of burning cut by W arc of ring ditch (Site 2). Measured to date earliest evidence of activity found at site.

2860 ± 90 b13C BM-2204. Whitton Hill = -24.9%0 Charcoal, ref T2/3, from Pit 1 at entrance to monument (Site 2), assoc with cremation deposit.

3610 ± 45 b13C BM-2205. Whitton Hill = -26.5%o Charcoal, ref T2/4, from mid-point of ditch of Site 2.

3740 ± 50 b13C BM-2206. Whitton Hill = -25.3%o Charcoal, ref T1/2, from timber structure within ditch (Site 1).

2880 ± 310 b13C BM-2264. Whitton Hill = -24.2%o Charcoal, ref T2/2 from beneath stone covering central cremation on Site 2.

3680 ± 80 b13C BM-2265. Whitton Hill = - 26.2%0 Charcoal, ref T1/1, from timber structure within ditch (Site 1), from similar context to BM-2206, above.

3660 ± 50 b13C BM-2266. Whitton Hill = -25.9%o Charcoal, ref T1/3, from central burial in Site 1.

2770 ± 170 b13C BM-2267. Whitton Hill = -25.2%o Charcoal, ref T2/5, from ditch on Site 2. General Comment (RM): from structure and assoc finds, both monuments were considered to fit within later 3rd/early 2nd millennium BC context. Corrected dates for Site 1 are consistent with this. Two of 5 dates for Site 2, however, present anomalies. Ditch, central deposit, and entrance pits all appear to be part of same process. Date for ditch fill (BM-2205) would also link this monument to adjacent Site 1, but consistently younger dates from other elements of monument (BM-2264, from central deposit, and BM- 2204, from 1 of entrance pits) do not match expected earlier date. Date, 820 ± 170 be (BM-2267), from upper silting of ditch fill was assoc with vessel of 1st millennium BC. This was seen as evidence of much later discard activity, but conflicting dates referred to above now throw this open to question. 514 Janet Ambers, Keith Matthews, and Richard Burleigh Rangoon Street series Bone from two articulated female human skeletons buried together in one grave orientated N-S in `Dark Earth' layer from Rangoon St, Aldgate ° Ward, City of London (51 30' N, 0° 05' W, Natl Grid Ref TQ 335815). Coll 1982 and subm by Barbara West and David Butler, Dept Urban Archaeol, Mus London, to date `Dark Earth' in London.

1050 ± 45 BM-2214. Rangoon St b13C = -16.0%0 Collagen from human ribs, ref 1090.

980 ± 50 b13C BM-2215. Rangoon St = -20. 4%0 Collagen from human ribs, ref 1157. General Comment (BW) skeletons are one of few examples of non-residual datable objects within `Dark Earth' but burial itself is enigmatic. N-S orien- tation suggests pagan burial but there are no grave goods and date is too late for pagan Saxon burial. Dates might fit Viking activity but lack of grave goods is surprising. Asham Quarry series Samples of charcoal and shells of Pomatias elegans from biostrat sec in Asham Quarry, near Lewes, Sussex (50° 50' N, 0° 0' W, Natl Grid Ref TQ 440060). Coll 1982 to 1983 and subm by Caroline Ellis, Dept Geol, Impe- rial Coll, Univ London, from buried soil assoc with open-country and mixed open-country and woodland molluscan faunal assemblages representing clearance (molluscan biozones d and e). Samples measured to provide dates for molluscan zones (Kerney,1977) and for comparison of dates for charcoal and snail shells from related strat level.

2760 ± 120 BM-2216. Asham b13C = -25.6%o Charcoal from N Sec, from hearth in middle of molluscan column. Open-country assemblage (biozone e, clearance horizon, but prior to appearance of Monacha cartusiana). Carbonized seeds from sample include Arrhenatherum elatius, Atriplex spp, Potentilla anselina, Veronica hederifolia, and Plantago lanceolata, id by D T Holyoak, Geog Dept, Univ Nottingham.

3460 ± 190 BM-2217. Asham b13C = -25.6%o Charcoal from N Sec, from hearth ca 3m to right of molluscan column and strat below BM-2216. Mixed open-country and woodland assemblage (biozones d and e).

3580 ± 280 b13C BM-2277. Asham = -24. 7%o Charcoal from S Sec, from same strat layer as BM-2217, above. Open- country assemblage with small element of woodland sp (boundary between biozones d and e). British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements X VIII 515 4590 ± 110 BM-2296. Asham b13C = - 6.5%o Carbonate, aragonite form, id by Susan La Niece, Research Lab, Brit- ish Mus, from shells of Pomatias elegans from N Sec for comparison with charcoal from same sec, BM-2217, above. General Comment (CE): charcoal results indicate Bronze age date for forest clearance at this site. Date for shell carbonate is older than corresponding charcoal despite careful selection of shells without calcite encrustations (forms part of continuing comparative study of dates for charcoal and shells of selected sp of land snails).

3450 ± 150 b13C BM-2219. South Heighton = -24.6%o Charcoal from biostrat sec at South Heighton, near Newhaven, Sussex (50° 45' N, 00, W, Nat! Grid Ref TQ 450034). Coll 1982 to 1983 and subm by Caroline Ellis, from clearance horizon (base of biozone) in buried soil with open-country molluscan faunal assemblage with Monacha cartusiana present. Comment (CE): charcoal result obtained from South Heighton indicates Bronze age date for forest clearance. Several Bronze age artifacts were found close to site.

Cow Gap series Charcoal and shells of Pomatias elegans from slope deposits at Cow Gap, near Eastbourne, Sussex (51 ° 40' N, 0° 10' E; Nat! Grid Ref TV 595957). Coll 1982 to 1983 and subm by Caroline Ellis, from biostrat sec assoc with mixed open-country and woodland molluscan fauna! assemblage representing clearance (boundary between molluscan biozones d and e). Samples measured to provide dates for molluscan zones (Kerney, 1977) and for comparison of dates for charcoal and snail shells (cf Asham Quarry, above).

4820 ± 350 b13C BM-2220. Cow Gap = -24.6%o Charcoal from base of postglacial colluvium directly overlying late glacial deposits of chalk rubble and silts, assoc with mixed molluscan fauna of open-country and woodland sp including Monacha cartusiana.

5860 ± 130 b13C BM-2295. Cow Gap = -6. 1%o Carbonate, aragonite form, id by S La Niece, from shells of Pomatias elegans from basal co!luvium directly overlying late glacial deposits, dated for comparison with charcoal from same level, BM-2220, above. General Comment (CE): charcoal date is considerably earlier than those for Asham and South Heighton, above. Date falls within Neolithic period and agrees with sherd of finger-impressed Beaker pottery from same strat layer (Bell, 1981). Carbonate date from Pomatias elegans shells from same layer is considerably older than charcoal date, as is shell carbonate date from 516 Janet Ambers, Keith Matthews, and Richard Burleigh Asham. Possible sources of error in shell dating are discussed by Burleigh and Kerney (1982) and Goodfriend and Hood (1983). Gallibury Down series Charcoal samples from Bronze age round barrow at Gallibury Down, Calbourne, Isle of Wight (50° 40' N, 1° 20' W, Natl Grid Ref SZ 442855). Coil 1978 and subm by D J Tomalin, Co Archaeol Unit, Newport, Isle of Wight, to establish chronol for site.

3560 ± 50 BM-2230. Gallibury Down b13C = -27.0%0 Charcoal, ref NBD 78 Context 20 (sample 1), from scattered deposit on old ground surface sealed by clay upcast from primary Beaker burial pit containing Dorset-type bowl. Sample dates use of ground surface just before primary burial.

5150 ± 60 BM-2231. Gallibury Down b13C = -26.9%o Charcoal, ref NBD 78 Context 18/22, from in and around posthole 100u.

3380 ± 80 BM-2232. Gallibury Down b13C = -26.6%o Charcoal, ref NBD 78 Context 14/5 (sample 3), from scatter at base of turf stack. Sample dates opening of phase II contemporary with barrow construction. Terminus post quem for graves G and H.

3440 ± 150 BM-2233. Gallibury Down b13C = -25.4%o Charcoal, ref NBD 78 Context 15 (sample 5), from scatter on paleosol beneath turf stack. Dates later part of phase I of barrow construction.

3520 ± 90 BM-2234. Gallibury Down b13C = -26.0%0 Charcoal, ref NBD 78 Context 15 (sample 6), from scatter on paleosol beneath turf stack. Dates later part of phase I of barrow construction. General Comment (DJT): BM-2230 provides terminus post quem for deposition of handled Beaker bowl and Clarke's Dorset type. Date is also assoc with palynol horizon indicative of pastoral/grassland environment on surrounding chalk hilltop. BM-2233 and -2234 give terminus post quem for close of phase I of barrow and are approx coincident with graves B, C, D, and E (graves D and E assoc with Food Vessels with lugs and feet), BM-2232 provides terminus post quem for construction of outer post corduroy and turf enlargement of barrow at opening of phase II. Date also gives terminus post quem for insertion of secondary food vessel urn cremation graves G and H. On grounds of Armorican ceramic assoc, grave H can be generally equated with Gerloff's Armorican-British C dagger grave series. BM-2231 is equated with charcoal evidence for archaic anthropogenic activity pre- British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XVIII 517 served in B horizon and pre-barrow paleosol. Series provides concise dating for sustained use of barrow and accords with proposed development of Tomalin's Form 3 Food Vessel/Urn series after ca 1500 bc.

9930 ± 210 b'3C BM-2249. Soldier's Hole = -19.3%0o Collagen from juvenile reindeer metacarpal (Rangifer tarandus) id by A Currant, Dept Palaeontol, British Mus (Nat Hist), from Spit 8 of Unit 3 in Soldier's Hole, Cheddar Gorge, Mendip, Somerset (51 ° 15' N, 2° 45' W, Nat! Grid Ref ST 469540). Coll 1928 to 1929 by R F Parry (1931) and subm 1983 by R M Jacobi, Dept Classics and Archaeol, Univ Lancaster, from colln of Manchester Mus, as addition to series of dates for remains of reindeer from later contexts in British Is. (late Pleistocene/early Holocene mammalian extinctions program; see, eg, R, 1983, v 25, p 39-41). Comment (RB & RMJ); result compares with few other available dates for reindeer from late glacial/early postglacial contexts in British Is. (Glutton-Brock & Burleigh, 1983), and agrees closely with date of 9920 ± 130 by (Q-1581) for reindeer antler from neighboring site, Gough's Cave. Bone shows no evidence of human modification and need not be assoc with Cheddarian- type late Magdalenian technol from this unit (cf BM-2183 to -2188, dates for Gough's Cave, Cheddar, above). With determinations from Gough's (New) Cave (Q-1581; Hawkins & Tratman,1977) and Sun Hole (Birm-819; Colcutt, Currant & Hawkes, 1981) confirms terminal ice-age presence of reindeer in Mendip area. Ireland Ferriters Cove series Samples from series of shell middens resting on wave-cut platform overlain by sand dunes at Ferriters Cove, Ballyoughteragh South, Co Kerry, Eire (52° 10' N, 10° 30' W). Coll 1983 and subm by P C Woodman, Univ Coll, Cork.

5230 ± 200 BM-2227. Ferriters Cove b13C = -29.3%o Charcoal, ref Sample 1, Site 1, loosely assoc with plano-convex stone knife and stone-working industries.

5190 ± 110 b'jC BM-2227A. Ferriters Cove = -29.3 %o Repeat measurement of BM-2227, above.

5580 ± 110 BM-2228. Ferriters Cove 513C = -29. l%o Charcoal, ref Sample 7, Site 2, assoc with stone-working industry.

5620 ± 80 b'3C BM-2228A. Ferriters Cove = -29.1 /oo Repeat measurement of BM-2228, above. 518 Janet Ambers, Keith Matthews, and Richard Burleigh 5310 ± 130 BM-2229. Ferriters Cove b13C = -28.5%o Charcoal, ref Sample 1, from Site 3, assoc with stone industry.

5270 ± 90 BM-2229A. Ferriters Cove b13C = -28.5%o Repeat measurement of BM-2229, above. General Comment (PCW): dates from Site 1 are slightly later than those from other sites which could be in keeping with slightly different industrial tradi- tion and loose assoc with plano-convex knife. Industry from Sites 2 and 3 was, despite absence of "type fossils," reminiscent of later Mesolithic of N E Ireland. Dates would be in keeping with assumption that this material is later Mesolithic.

Ecuador Hacienda Guarumal series Samples from Jambeli site at Hacienda Guarumal, near Machala, Eloro (3° 20' S, 80° 0' W). Co111976 and subm by Elizabeth J Currie (Carter), Inst Archaeol, Univ London.

1820 ± 70 BM-1682. Hacienda Guarumal b13C = -24.9%o Charcoal, ref HG 76 A13 S41, from thick layer of charcoal in probable fossil `A' horizon of original land surface beneath Shell Mound 1 (1.6m as!) just before 1st dumping of as yet unid. sp of Crassostrea. Dated for early phase of site occupation, as represented by exploitation of sp as primary food source.

1760 ± 70 BM-1684. Hacienda Guarumal b13C = -24.8%o Charcoal, ref HG 76 Al 1 S37, from within Crassostrea deposits. General Comment (EC): BM-1684 dates span for Crassostrea phase and provides ref between early date, BM-1682, for surface prior to shell dumping, and late date from final dumping layer in Mound 1, BM-1688 (R, 1983, v 25, p 46). BM-1684 fits with expectations for level well into Crassostrea deposits and is consistent with interpretation of regular exploitation of this shellfish for many seasons. These dates, with previous series (BM-1688, -1689; R, 1983, v 25, p 46) contribute to dating of main phases of site occupation, and, with pottery analysis, confirm this to be within later half of Ecuadorian Regional Development period. India Zawar series Samples from early zinc-smelting site covering wide area at Zawar, Udaipur Dist, Rajasthan (center ca 24° N, 74° E). Coll 1983 and subm by P T Craddock, Research Lab, British Mus. British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XVIII 519 10±40 BM-2222. Zawar b13C = -27.0%o Charcoal from Tr 1, Layer 3. Comment: AD 1680 to 1705,1810 to 1850, or 1880 to 1920*.

230 ± 60 BM-2223. Zawar b13C = - 29.0%0 Charcoal from Site 30 near N side of excavated furnace of form so far unique to Zawar. Comment: AD 1505 to 1675, 1710 to 1805, or 1925 to 1950*.

80 ± 60 BM-2243. Zawar b13C = -26. l%o Charcoal sample, ref 33, from Site 34 at W end of Old Zawar. Sample taken from below many layers of floor levels where sec cut through occupation layers by modern road. Comment: AD 1665 to 1940*. General Comment (PTC): zinc distillation is described iii detail in Indian spa- gyrical works from 13th century onwards. Presence of concentration of 14th and 15th century temples within smelting area and documentary evidence from same period suggest extensive early zinc smelting at this time. Tod's reliable history (1829, p 399) records that mines were working in 1760 but were completely extinct by 19th century. Two samples from inside mine (BM-2184, -2149; R, 1984, v 26, p 67-68) gave dates of ca 2000 bp, but mines produced mixed silver/lead/zinc ore and these early dates probably relate to exploitation of silver/lead, with zinc production commencing at some time in medieval period. Zinc production on massive scale resulting in heaps of debris that cover site seems to have occurred in final 3 centuries of early process, possibly connected with rise and fall of East India trade to Europe.

Israel

1210 ± 100 BM-2242. Timna b13C = -25.1%o Charcoal, ref 1393, from bottom of smelting furnace cut into bedrock at Timna Site 30, in Timna Valley (Rothenberg, 1972; Rothenberg, Tyle- cote, & Boydell,1978), Wadi Arabah, ca 30km N of Elat, Gulf of Aqaba (34° 55' N, 29° 45' E) assoc with Egyptian pottery. Coll 1982 and subm by B Rothenberg, Inst Archaeo-Metallurg Studies, London. Comment supplied by P T Craddock, Research Lab, British Mus. Comment (PTC): sample came from Layer-l-type furnace, which was previously placed in Late Bronze age. However, this date and presence of some early Arabic pottery in vicinity suggests type was used much later. Other samples are currently being studied to establish if all Layer 1 furnaces are so late, or whether this furnace type had long use. For other dates from site, see BM-1115, -1117, -1162, -1163; R, 1979, v21, p349-350; BM-1368, -1598; R,1982,v24, p 165. 520 Janet Ambers, Keith Matthews, and Richard Burleigh Nigeria

Igbo-Ukwu series Samples from sites at Igbo-Ukwu (6° 30' N, 7° 0' E). Area has produced cast bronzes, evidence of iron smelting, and copper (Shaw, 1975). Coil 1964 and subm by T Shaw, Cambridge.

720 ± 360 BM-2142. Igbo-Ukwu b13C = -25.0%o Wood, ref IR 420, from stool in burial chamber at Igbo Richard. Frac- tionation correction estimated.

1030 ± 300 BM-2143A. Igbo-Ukwu 513C = -26. l%o Combined charcoal samples, ref IJ 248, IJ 441, IJ 381, and IJ 325 from Pit IV, Igbo Jonah.

880 ± 240 b13C BM-2143B. Igbo-Ukwu = - 26.1 %o Repeat measurement of BM-2143A, above. General Comment (TS): controversy existed over 5 previous 14C dates from Igbo-Ukwu, of which 4 (I-2008, -1784; R, 1968, v 10, p 289 and Hv-1514, -1515; unpub) fall in 9th century ad and 1(Hv-1516; unpub) in 15th (Shaw, 1975). These 3 additional dates, together with 5 previous ones, would appear to place Igbo-Ukwu finds firmly in 9th to 11th centuries ad.

Pakistan Charcoal samples measured to supplement series from Punjab and North West Frontier Prov already pub (R, 1983, v 25, p 50-54). All samples coll 1983 and subm by K D Thomas, British Archaeol Mission to Pakistan and Inst Archaeol, Univ London.

2140 ± 130 BM-2195. Bhir Mound b13C = -25.0%o Charcoal, ref BM 1, from earliest occupation, 4 to 4.1 m below present surface, NE side of Bhir Mound, Taxila Valley, Punjab Prov (30° 45' N, 72° 50' E). Coordinates correct those previously given. Sample comes from distant part of site and was measured to check if surprisingly late dates from earlier series (BM-1951 to -1965; R, 1983, v 25, p 51-54) can be applied to whole site. Comment (KDT): date compares well with previous dates for earliest occupation at Bhir Mound.

Hathial West series Samples from mound of Hathial West, now thought to be 1st major settlement at Taxila (Allchin, 1982), near Taxila Mus, Punjab Prov (33° 45' N, 72° 50' E). Coordinates correct those given previously. BM-2196, -2197, -2198 from floors apparently assoc with previously undated Red Burnished British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XVIII 521 Ware levels. BM-2199 from intrusive pit, probably contemporary with early Bhir Mound occupation, measured to check link between 2 sites.

1890 ± 60 BM-2196. Hathial West b13C = -23.9%o Charcoal, ref H 1.

1890 ± 50 BM-2197. Hathial West b13C = -23.5%o Charcoal, ref H2. 2610 ± 120 BM-2198. Hathial West b13C = -25.6%o Charcoal, ref H3.

2210 ± 70 BM-2199. Hathial West b13C = -24.9%o Charcoal, ref HS 1. General Comment (KDT): BM-2196 and -2197 agree but are much later than expected and also much later than BM-2198, which seemed to come from same series of deposits. Both compare well with some dates for later occupation at Bhir Mound (BM-1952, -1955, -1957 to -1959, -1961; R, 1983, v 25, p 50-54). BM-2198 is, as expected, earlier than dates for Bhir Mound series (BM-1961, -1963 to -1965; R, 1983, v 25, p 50-54). BM-2199 is not consistent with BM-2196, -2197 but is strat consistent with BM-2198 and is earlier than those for earliest occupation of Bhir Mound. Series of dates is enigmatic; despite their agreement, BM-2196 and -2197 are at variance with archaeol interpretation of cultural sequence at site. BM-2198 is acceptable date in that Red Burnished Ware period was expected to be earlier than earliest occupation at Bhir Mound, although by how much was unknown; thus, date is provisional for Red Burnished Ware occupation at site. Clearly, complex strat and chronol relationships between various phases of occupation at Hathial will not be solved without further excavation. Jhang series Samples from mound at Jhang, Taxila Valley, Taxila, Punjab Prov (33° 40' N, 72° 40' E), measured as addition to previous series of dates for northern extension of Kot Dijian culture. Site was severely damaged by recent excavations for foundation trenches of hospital.

3780 ± 220 BM-2200. Jhang b13C = -24.2%o Charcoal, ref J 1, from Kot Dijian occupation floor. 4030 ± 50 BM-2201. Jhang b13C = _24.0%o Charcoal, ref J2, from Kot Dijian occupation floor. 522 Janet Ambers, Keith Matthews, and Richard Burleigh

940 ± 30 BM-2202. Jhang 5'3C -25.0%0 Charcoal, ref J3, from pit. General Comment (KDT): BM-2200 compares well with later Kot Dijian dates from Serai Khola and Hathial, in Taxila Valley, and Tarakai Quila and Islam Chauki in Bannu Basin (R, 1983, v 25, p 50-54; R, 1982, v 24, p 281). BM-2201 compares well with earlier Kot Dijian occupation dates from Serai Khola. BM-2202 is far too late for Early Historic period occupation; either limited colln of potsherds has been inadequate to classify period of occupation of site or there is even later occupation in addition to one of Early Historic period. Date compares well with BM-1947 from upper levels at Serai Khola, assigned to late Hindu Shahi period.

Spain Modern b13C BM-2002. Olive wood = -23. 8%o Olive wood (Olea europea) from exposed central zone of massive tree, ca 2m diam, at Ferrandell Oleza, Valldemosa, Mallorca, Baleares (39° 40' N, 2° 30' E). Coil 1981 and subm by R Burleigh to check against age of >1000 yr often claimed for some large or ancient-looking olive trees. Com- ment (RB): result presumably reflects difficulty of resolving 14C ages for last 200 to 300 yr due to natural 14C variations, as tree of this size cannot be completely modern; also shows that size and ancient appearance of these trees are not reliable indicators of great age (cf BM-2001; R, 1984, v 26, p 71). So-called "Olivos milenarios" trees may be only ca 200 yr old. Moncin series Collagen from fragmentary domestic horse mandibles, id by AJ Legge, Dept Extra-Mural studies, Univ London, from multi-period occupation site at Moncin, Borja, Zaragoza prov (41 ° 50' N, 2° 10' W). Coll 1980 and 1982 and subm by R J Harrison, Dept Classics and Archaeol, Univ Bristol, and A J Legge. 2860 ± 60 BM-2193. Moncin b13C = - 20.400 From Quad 1, Level 3A (1980).

2840 ± 70 b'3C BM-2194. Moncin = - 2 7.0%0 From Quad 1B/1D, Level 4, yellowish soil (1982). General Comment (RB & RJH): samples dated to check possibility of domestic horses at Moncin in Beaker period, ca 2000 bc, but results show that context of these bones is clearly late Bronze age and dates correspond clearly with BM-1926, 2880 ± 35 (R, 1983, v 25, p 54) from same cultural horizon in which finds include open platters and bowls, some decorated in "Boquique" style of stab-and-drag incision. Dates show that faunal remains British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XVIII 523 within deep middens at Moncin are in correct strat positions and that inter- mixing did not occur.

GEOLOGIC SAMPLES Copal series Copal (resin) from E Africa (ca 7° S, 38° E) and Miches, Dominican Republic (ca 19° N, 69° W); E African specimen from British Mus (Nat Hist) colln, Dominican specimen from Helen Fragnet. Subm by P E S Whalley, Dept Entomol, British Mus (Nat Hist) to verify age of material in relation to insect inclusions (R, 1982, v 24, p 256; Burleigh & Whalley,1983). 140 ± 50 BM-2211. E African copal b13C = -25.2%o Sample (ref BM-60864) coil by Sir Joseph Banks ca AD 1750. >36,000 BM-2235. Dominican copal b13C = -26. l%o Sample ref D 001. General Comment (RB): result for E African specimen, BM-2211, is consistent with date of colln when allowance is made for natural 14C variations and adds to series of recent dates for copal for which Pleistocene age was expected (Burleigh & Whalley, 1983). Dominican specimen had IR spectrum similar to and was expected to be either Recent (modern) or Miocene (infinitecoal 1 C age). Age is significant in relation to insect inclusions in this material, 1st Pleistocene specimen dated.

REFERENCES Allchin, F R, 1982, How old is the city of Taxila?: Antiquity, v 56, p 8-14. Bell, M, (ms), 1981, Valley sediments as evidence of Prehistoric land use: a study based on dry valleys in southeast England: PhD dissert, Univ London. Burleigh, R and Kerney, M P, 1982, Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a Neolithic site at Brook, Kent, England: Jour Archaeol Sci, v 9, p 29- 38. Burleigh, R and Whalley, P, 1983, On the relative geological ages of amber and copal: Jour Nat Hist, v 17, p 919-921. Burleigh, R, Jacobi, E B, and Jacobi, R M, 1985, Early human resettlement of the British Isles following the last glacial maximum: new evidence from Gough's Cave, Cheddar: Quater- nary Newsletter, no. 45, p 1-6. Campbell, J B and Sampson, C G, 1971, A new analysis of Kent's Cavern, Devonshire, England: Univ Oregon Anthropol Papers, no. 3. Clutton-Brock, J and Burleigh, R, 1983, Some archaeological applications of the dating of animal bone by radiocarbon with particular reference to post-Pleistocene extinctions, an Internatl symposium on C-14 and Archaeol, 1st, Groningen, Netherlands, 24-28 Aug, 1981, Proc: PACT Jour, v 8, p 409-419. Colcutt, S N, Currant, A P, and Hawkes, CJ, 1981, A further report on the excavations at Sun Hole, Cheddar: Univ Bristol Speleol Soc Proc, v 16, pt 1, p 21-38. Evans, J G, 1966, Late-glacial and Post-glacial subaerial deposits at Pitstone, Buckingham- shire: Geol Assoc Proc, v 77, p 347-364. Evans, J G and Valentine, K W G, 1974, Ecological changes induced by prehistoric man at Pitstone, Buckinghamshire: Jour Archaeol Sci, v 1, p 343-351. Gillespie, R, Gowlett, A J, Hall, E T, and Hedges, R E M, 1984, Radiocarbon measurement by accelerator mass spectrometry: an early selection of dates: Archaeometry, v 26, p 15-20. Goodfriend, G A and Hood, D G, 1983, Carbon isotope analysis of land snail shells: implications for carbon sources and radiocarbon dating: Radiocarbon, v 25, p 810-830. Hawkins, A B and Tratman, E K, 1977, The Quaternary deposits of the Mendip, Bath and 524 Janet Ambers, Keith Matthews, and Richard Burleigh Bristol areas, including a reprinting of Donovan's 1954 and 1964 bibliographies: Univ Bristol Speleol Soc Proc, v 14, pt 3, p 197-232. Jacobi, R M, 1981, The Late Weichselian peopling of Britain and northwest Europe, in Archaeol Interregionalis, v 1, p 57-76, Warsaw and Cracow. Kerney, M P, 1977, A proposed zonation scheme for Late-glacial and Postglacial deposits using land Mollusca: Jour Archaeol Sci, v 4, p 387-390. Klein, Jeffery, Lerman, J C, Damon, P E, and Ralph, E K, 1982, Calibration of radiocarbon dates: tables based on the consensus data of the Workshop on Calibrating the Radiocar- bon Time Scale: Radiocarbon, v 24, p 103-150. Parry, R F, 1929, Excavations at the caves, Cheddar: Somerset Archaeol and Nat Hist Soc Proc, v 74, pt 2, p 102-121. --1931, Excavations at Cheddar: Somerset Archaeol and Nat Hist Soc Proc, v 76, 46-62. p Rothenberg, B, 1972, Timna-valley of the Biblical copper mines: London, Thames and Hud- son. Rothenberg, B, Tylecote, R F, and Boydell, P J, 1978, Chalcolithic copper smelting (Archaeo- metallurgy, JAMS Mono no. 1): London, Inst Archaeo-Metallurg Studies. Shaw, Thurstan,1975, Those Igbo-Ukwu radiocarbon dates-facts, fictions and probabilities: Afr Hist Jour, v 16, pt 4, p 503-517. Tod, J, 1829, Annals and antiquities of Rajast'han, or the central and western Rajpoot States of India, 2 vols (1829-1832): London, Smith Elder & Co. [RADIOCARBON, VOL 27, No. 3, 1985, P 525-609] TRONDHEIM NATURAL RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS IX REIDAR NYDAL, STEINAR GULLIKSEN, KNUT LOVSETH, and FRED SKOGSETH Radiological Dating Laboratory, The Norwegian Institute of Technology, The University of Trondheim, Norway

INTRODUCTION Most dates in this list were measured from 1976 to 1981. The counting technique is based on gas counting of CO2 in proportional counters at 2 atmospheres pressure. In addition to the 6 previous counters, with effec- tive volumes ranging between 0.6L and 1.6L (R, 1978, v 20, p 105-133), two very small counters have been put into operation. These counters, effectively based on 0.2L and 0.1 L CO2, have backgrounds of 0.10 and 0.12 c/min and standard net count of 1.29 c/min and 0.69 c/min, respec- tively. Chemical treatment of samples largely follows our earlier procedure. For gyttja samples, we tend to date the soluble and insoluble fractions separately. The date is only regarded satisfactory when agreement in age occurs between the two fractions. Dating of very old shells (>30,000 yr) has generally been performed on outer and inner fractions of the sample. Even if these fractions normally yield equal 14C ages, their reliability is often still doubted. Independent methods of amino acid and thorium/uranium dating have not yet completely excluded the possibility of contamination with younger carbon. Ages are calculated according to the Libby half-life of 5570 ± 30 years. 14C The recent standard is 95% of the activity of oxalic acid, referring to AD 1950. All ages are given in years before present (AD 1950) and correction for isotopic fractionation is generally performed. In addition to these dates, MASCA-calibrated dates are provided for samples up to 7000 yr, and are cited, AD/BCC`. The shell samples in our present and previous date lists are also corrected for reservoir effect (440 yr) and thus represent a fairly true historical age. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank the submitters of the samples for their col- laboration in preparing the manuscript. Typing and editorial assistance by Thea Marie Aasen has been of great importance. Financial support from The Norwegian Research Council for Science and the Humanities (NAVF) is gratefully acknowledged. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES Svalbard

Raised Beaches Forlandet series Shells, shell fragments, and whale bone from Prins Karls Forland, Sval- bard were coll 1975 to date sediments and raised beaches; subm 1975 to 525 526 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut L ivseth, and Fred Skogseth 1976 by Otto Salvigsen, Norwegian Polar Inst, Oslo. Comment (OS): samples designated SA are Th/U dated. Th/U ages of this series agree with 14C results (Salvigsen & Nydal, 1981). If dates are reliable, series shows that highest beaches and great amounts of sediment are 30,000 to 40,000 yr BP. Late Weichselian ice sheet did not reach Prins Karls Forland, and area has been free of glacial ice for at least 40,000 yr (Salvigsen, 1977; Mangerud & Gulliksen,1975). + 450 32,750 - 430 T-2095. Aberdeenflya 1/SA-10 5130 = + 1.4%o Shell fragments from surface at +30m (78° 52' N, 10° 42' E).

12,590 ± 70 5'3C T-2096. Aberdeenflya 2 = + 0.9%o Hiatella arctica from river cut in marine sediments at +9m, depth 0.5m (78° 51' N, 10° 50' E). Comment (OS): shells lived at unknown water depth.

+ 470 35,230 - 440 T-2097. Aberdeenflya 3/SA-12 51C= +1.0%o Hiatella arctica from river cut in clay-rich sediments at +1 2m, depth 0 to 0.5m (78° 52' N, 10° 50' E).

9300 ± 120 5130 T-2212. Austflyodden 1 = + 0.2%o Mya lruncata from beach sediments at + 10m (78° 15' N, 12° 05' E). Shells probably lived near tidal zone.

9370 ± 150 5'3C T-2235. Austflyodden 2 = -19.2%0 Whale bone, well-preserved rib, on surface at + l Om. Comment (OS): with T-2232 dates give same age for I Om level.

9490 ± 140 T-2233: Persisiatna 5130=-16.1%o Remnants of whale bone on surface, covered by moss vegetation at + 28m (78° 18' N,11 ° 59' E). Comment (OS): age seems too old compared to Austflyodden dates.

10,880 ± 100 T-2391. Vestflya 513C = + 1.0%o Hiatella arctica in frost-sorted material at + 21 m, depth 0.25m (78° 15' N,11 ° 55' E). Comment (OS): date is max for 21 m level. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 527

34,250 + 440 - 420 T-2098. Aberdeenflya 4/SA-15 b13C = + 0.9'/00 Mya truncata and Hiatella arctica on surface, frost-sorted material with stone circles at +36m (78° 51' N, 10° 49' E).

910 37,340 + - 820 8130 T-2392. Aberdeenflya 5 = + 1.2%0 Mya truncatg found in river cut at + l Om on surface (78° 51' N, 10° 56'E).

910 37,050 + - 830 8130 T-2099II. Sildresletta/SA-16 = + 1.2%0 Mya truncata from river cut near underlying bedrock slate at + 20m, depth 5 to 7m (78° 46' N, 10° 52' E).

41,400 +1600 - 1300 T-2100. Mc Vitiepynten 1/SA-13 813C = +0.3%o Mya truncatg from thin shell-rich layer in sediments meeting sea in steep, wave-cut cliff at +5.5m, depth 11 m (78° 52' N, 10° 52' E).

43,870 + 410 - 279 b13C T-2101. Mc Vitiepynten 2 = + 0.3%o Mya truncatg at + 6m, depth 10.5m (see T-2100). Danskoya series Shells and shell fragments from Danskoya and Amsterdamoya, Sval- bard (T-2091). Coll and subm 1975 to 1978 by 0 Salvigsen. Comment (OS): dates are max for glacial advance in NW corner of Svalbard. Th/U ages are highly variable and often younger than 14C ages.

+ 430 28,530 - 310 T-2091. Hakluytodden/SA-1 b13C = +D.Sobo Mya Truncata and Hiatella arctica deposited on land at + 6 to + 8m by glacier stream (79° 47' N, 10° 48' E).

1400 38,400 + - 1200 T-2092. Kapp de Geer/SA-3 b13C = +0.7%o Mya truncata, probably pushed up from sea bottom by glacial advance at +6 to +7m, depth 0 to 0.5m (79° 43' N, 10° 44' E). 528 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth 900 38,800 it- 800 813C= T-2093. Kobbefjjorden/SA-5 + D. 6%o Mya truncata from seaward front of moraine ridge of N shore of Kob- befjorden at +3 to +4m, depth 0 to 0.5m (79° 42' N, 10° 49' E). 41,100 +2700 - 2000 T-2094. Luftskipsodden 1/SA-8 5'3C = +1. l%o Hiatella arctica from seaward front of moraine ridge at +3 to + 4m, depth 0 to 0.5m (79° 41' N, 20° 43' E). + 1800 2/SA-6 40,700 T-2390. Luftskipsodden - 1500 Hiatella arctica from sediments probably in situ at + 4m, depth 0 to 0.5m (79° 41' N, 10° 46' E). Comment (OS): underwater moraines and moraine ridges on land represent max extension of Late Weichselian ice sheet. Parts of this area have been ice-free for at least 40,000 yr (Salvigsen, 1979; Liestol, 1972). 550 Luftskipsodden/SA-8 38,500 T-3095. -it 540 Mya truncata from seaward front of moraine ridge at +3 to + 4m, depth 0 to 0.5m at Luftskipsodden, Danskoya (79° 41' N, 10° 43' E). Vari- +1000 14C A(24%): 37,700 BP; ous fractions (towards inside) dated: 900 +1700 +900 - 39,300 BP; C(33%): 38,900 BP B(33%): -1400 - 800 + 1300 Amsterdamoya 39,700 T-3096. - 1000 Hiatella arctica from sand cliff facing sea on W coast at + 6m, depth 0.5m at Amsterdamoya (79° 46' N, 10° 41' E). Co111977; subm 1978 by 0 Salvigsen.

Phippsoya series Shells and whale bone from Phippsoya, Sjuoyane, Svalbard. Coil and subm 1978 by 0 Salvigsen. T-3100. Phippsoya I/SA78-51 9950 ± 60 Mya truncata from bottom of 18m high cliff sec facing sea of marine and glacial sediments at + 8m, depth 0.5m (80° 42' N, 21 ° 00' E). Comment (OS): discrepancy between assumed (30,000 to 40,000 yr) and real age is probably due to misinterpretation of sediments. They may have slid from top to bottom of sec. + 1500 T-3103. PhiPPsoYa II/SA-71 39,800 - 1300 Hiatella arctica from till overlain by marine deposits from cliff sec facing sea at +8m, depth 0.5m (80° 43' N, 20° 48' E). Comment (OS): various Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 529

14C + 3100 + 3300 fractions dated; A(21%): 41,200 BP; B(21%): 38,000 BP; 2200 2300 + 1500 - - C(37%): 39,800 BP. Amino acid date: >70,000 (Salvigsen & 1300 yr Nydal, 1981). - + 1000 T-3102. Phippsoya III/SA-46 39,400 - 900 Mya truncata found on and near surface in frost-sorted till above marine limit at +37m to +38m, depth 0 to 0.2m (80° 42' N, 21 ° 60' E). '4C + 1960 + 1400 Comment: dated; A(31%): 38,400 BP; B(31%): 37,600 BP; -1500 1200 + 1900 - C(32%): 41,400 BP. Amino acid date: ca 40,000 BP, and Th/U age - 1500 below ca 50,000 BP.

1330 ± 70 T-3104. Phippsoya IV b13C = -17.2%o Remnants of old-looking whale bone, 0.5m long, on surface of old beach ridge near marine limit at +22.5m (80° 42' N, 21 ° 00' E). Comment (OS): sample was thought to date marine limit on Sjuoyane. Age shows that this bone must have been brought up to its level by polar bear or man. Damesmorena series Samples from marine morainal deposits in Damesmorena, Svalbard (77° 52' N, 16° 30' E). Coil 1975 and subm 1978 by 0 Haga and 0 Sal- vigsen, Norsk Polarinstitutt, Oslo. Comment: dated sample T-2236 supple- ments previous dates in series (R, 1978, v 20, p 107-108). T-2236. Damesmorena 4 340 ± 80 Driftwood (Salix sp) from oldest part of beach area of Damesmorena at +2m, partly buried in solifluction material from moraine. Comment (OH): dated for min of great surge of Paulabreen glacier, Van Mijen- fjorden (Haga,1978). Svartknausflya series Driftwood and whale bones from different levels of raised beaches at Svartknausflya, Nordaustlandet, Svalbard (79° 25' N, 22° 00' E). Coil 1976; subm 1976-1977 by 0 Salvigsen. Comment (OS): dated to establish reliable emergence curve for this area (fig 1; Salvigsen, 1978).

T-2393. Svartknausflya 1 >46,600 (2i) Log (Picea sp) from littoral sand and gravel at +89.9m in permafrost layer 1.5m below surface before its recent exposure by temporary meltwater stream. Diam is ca 0.2m with 120 annual rings. Comment (OS): log possibly survived greater extension of ice in Nordaustlandet. 9630 ± 120 T-2394. Svartknausflya 2 b13C = -17.0%o Whale bone (vertebra) on surface at + 70m. 530 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth

m a.s.l. 80 -,

70 - I-I W # F+-i 60 - W F-.-1:14C AGE 20r W :WHALEBONE *:PROBABLY MOVED 50 DOWNWARDS

40 -I

30- F--I

20-

10- f+l PRESENT DRIFTWOOD LIMIT

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1000 YEARS B.P. Fig 1. Emergence curve for the southern part of Nordaustlandet based on driftwood dates in the Svartknausflya series

T-2503. Svartknausflya 3 9550 ± 80 Driftwood (Salix sp) at + 65.5m, probably moved a few meters downwards by temporary meltwater stream.

9640 ± 140 T-2502. Svartknausflya 4 5130 = -18.5%o Whale bone, well-preservedjaw, covered by snow field at +68.7m.

T-2697. Svartknausflya 5 9130 ± 80 Driftwood, (Salix sp) covered by snow field at + 52.8m.

T-2504. Svartknausflya 6 8800 ± 100 Driftwood (Larix sp) diam ca 0.25m at +51.8m.

T-2505. Svartknausflya 7 8780 ± 110 Driftwood (Larix sp) diam ca 0.3m at +48.7m.

8890 ± 130 T-2696. Svartknausflya 8 513CC = -26. 7%o Driftwood (Picea sp) diam ca 0.2m at +46.3m. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 531

8770 ± 120 T-2695. Svartknausflya 9 b13C = -26.0%o Driftwood (Larix sp) diam ca 0.35m at +43.7m.

T-2506. Svartknausflya 10 8200 ± 110 Driftwood (Larix sp) diam ca 0.4m at +41.8m.

T-2507. Svartknausflya 11 8150 ± 100 Driftwood (Salix sp) diam ca 0.15m at +36.8m.

T-2508. Svartknausflya 12 7440 ± 110 Driftwood (Larix sp) diam ca 0.3m at +31 .4m.

T-2509. Svartknausflya 13 5850 ± 90 Driftwood (Larix sp) diam ca 0.45m at + 25.1 m.

6270 ± 90 T-2698. Svartknausflya 14 b13C = -24.6%0 Driftwood, conifer, at + 23.1 m; probably moved downwards.

5670 ± 90 T-2510. Svartknausflya 15 b13C = -17.6%o Whale bone covered by beach sediment exposed in river cut 1 m below surface at +19.2m.

4970 ± 60 T-2699. Svartknausflya 16 b13C = -25.9%o Driftwood (Larix sp) diam ca 0.3m at +1 6.4m.

T-2396. Svartknausflya 17 4560 ± 80 Driftwood (Larix sp) diam ca 0.3m at +1 6m.

T-2395. Svartknausflya 18 4650 ± 90 Driftwood (Picea sp) diam ca 0.3m at + 14.7m.

4100 ± 90 b13C T-2694. Svartknausflya 19 = - 2 7.1 °oo Driftwood (Salix sp), diam ca 0.15m at + 12.2m.

4020 ± 100 b13C T-2693. Svartknausflya 20 = -24.4°oo Driftwood (Larix sp), diam ca 0.3m at + 10.5m.

T-2511. Svartknausflya 21 3520 ± 70 Driftwood (Larix sp), diam ca 0.15m at + 7.7m. 532 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth 2600 ± 50 3'3C= T-2692. Svartknausflya 22 -24.4%o Driftwood (Pinus sp), diam ca 0.25m at +4.5m. T-2512. Svartknausflya 23 1570 ± 70 Driftwood (Larix sp), diam ca 0.5m at + 2.7m. Comment (OS): limit of new driftwood is ca 2.5m above mean tide level. Northern Spitsbergen series Dates in this series are part of study of glacial history and old sea levels along Northern Spitsbergen coast. Coll and subm 1977 to 1978 by 0 Sal- vigsen. T-2700. Liefdefjjorden 9380 ± 110 Mya truncata and Hiatella arctica at + 6m, depth 0 to 0.3m from Lief defjorden, Spitsbergen, Svalbard (79° 35' N, 12° 45' E). Marine limit is ca 1Om. T-2701. Reinsdyrflya I >35,000 Shell fragments from surface of frost-sorted material in SE part of Reinsdyrflya, Spitsbergen, at +65m, depth 0 to 0.2m (79° 43' N, 13° 40' E). + 1800 T-2702 II. Reinsdyrflya II 43,300 -1400 Hiatella arctica found on and near surface of marine terrace at + 80m at Reinsdyrflya (79° 45' N, 13° 40' E). 9260 ± 90 T-2703. Reinsdyrflya III 513C = -17.7%o Part of whale rib found on surface at +1 9m at Reinsdyrflya (79° 45' N, 13° 50' E). Comment (OS): compared with other whalebone dates in area, this age seems too low. 9090 ± 70 T-2838. Reinsdyrflya IV b13C = -18.0%0 Whale cranium, partly covered with beach sediments at + 5m at Reins- dyrflya. T-2819. Reinsdyrflya V 9480 ± 140 Very big Mya truncata valves from marine sec, 8m thick, at + 4m, depth 0.4m on Stasjonsoyane (79° 41' N, 13° 40' E). 9540 ± 110 T-2837. Bockfjjorden I b13C = -17.9%o Skeleton of big whale in beach sediments, uncovered by small river at +21.5m at Bockfjorden (79° 28' N, 13° 25' E). Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 533

T-2918. Bockfjorden II 10,050 ± 120 Shells of Mya truncata and Hiatella arctica from surface of frost-sorted material at 35m, depth 0 to 0.2m at Bockfjorden (79° 25' N, 13° 20' E).

T-2917. Roosneset 9580 ± 150 Mya truncata, single valves of >30g from bottom of marine terrace sec at +2m, depth 0.5m at Woodfjorden (79° 39' N, 13° 20' E), surface level, 7m asl.

8760 ± 70 T-3097. Grahuken I 513C = -17.9%o Cranium of big whale on ground surface at + 6m at Grahuken (79° 48' N,14° 34' E).

T-3098. Grahuken II 9360 ± 110 Mytilus edulis shells from marine sec, 11 m thick, at + 8m, depth 1 m at Andree Land (79° 49' N, 14° 58' E). Comment (OS): Mytilus edulis is now extinct in Spitsbergen waters; date indicates rather warm Early Holocene climate in Spitsbergen.

T-3099. Grahuken III 10,920 ± 120 Hiatella arctica from beach ridge terrace at +40m, depth 0 to 0.2m at Andree Land (79° 47' N, 14° 31' E). Comment (OS): date probably represents age of lower marine limit in area. Higher levels seem to be >40,000 yr (T-2702 II). Rundisen series Driftwood and whale bones from different levels of raised beaches near Rundisen, Kongsoy, Kong Karls Land, Svalbard (78° 50' N, 29° 20' E). Coll 1979; subm 1979-1980 by 0 Salvigsen. Comment (OS): dated to establish reliable emergence curve for this area (fig 2; Salvigsen, 1981).

T-3397. Rundisen 1 9790 ± 120

Driftwood (Larix) at + 1 OOm, recently exposed by temporary meltwater stream, diam ca 0.25m. Comment (OS): also dated as interlab check sample, GSC-3039: 9850 ± 80 (2cr).

33,600 ± 970 b13C T-3906. Rundisen 2 = -20.6%0 Whale bone at +96m, exposed by meltwater stream. Comment (OS): survived last glaciation in Svalbard, age seems too young compared with Rundisen 4 and 5. Coll by Bjorn Holmgren, Univ Uppsala.

8740 ± 130 bl3C T-3907. Rundisen 3 = -17.O0oo Whale bone on surface at + 88m. Comment (OS): seems too young compared with driftwood dates. Coll by B Holmgren. 534 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth

ELEVATION (m) 110-

100- \1

90-

80-

70-

60-

50- \W I-I

40 -I

30 - N i-..:14C AGE±2a-

W : WHALEBONE 20 - N 10-

Present driftwood limit

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1000 YEARS B. P. Fig 2. Emergence curve for the eastern part of KongsOya based on driftwood dates in the Rundisen series Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 535

T-3355. Rundisen 4 >46,000 (2cr) Driftwood (Picea) at + 80m, recently exposed by meltwater stream, diam ca 0.05m. Comment (OS): survived Last glaciation in Svalbard.

T-373211. Rundisen 5 >52,000 (2o) Driftwood (Picea) at + 72m, recently exposed by meltwater stream, diam ca 0.15m. Comment (OS): survived Last glaciation in Svalbard.

T-3456. Rundisen 6 8370 ± 100 Driftwood (Picea) at +58m, diam ca 0.25m.

7640 ± 110 b13C T-3731. Rundisen 7 = -17.4 oo Whale bone (jaw) at +50m.

T-3457. Rundisen 8 6760 ± 90 Driftwood (Picea) at +44m, diam ca 0.1 m.

T-3733. Rundisen 9 5850 70 Driftwood (Larix) at +36.6m, diam ca 0.3m.

T-3458. Rundisen 10 5240 70 Driftwood (Larix) at + 31.5m, diam ca 0.15m.

T-3726. Rundisen 11 4440 80 Driftwood (Larix) at +27m, diam ca 0.4m.

T-3730. Rundisen 12 3970 80 Driftwood (Pinus) at +23.5m, diam ca 0.5m.

T-3459. Rundisen 13 2620 70 Driftwood (Larix) at + 17.2m, diam ca 0.5m.

T-3729. Rundisen 14 3110 80 Driftwood (Larix) at + 16m, diam ca 0.5m.

T-3728. Rundisen 15 2150 70 Driftwood (Pinus) at + 10.3m, diam ca 0.5m.

T-3460. Rundisen 16 750 60 Driftwood (Populus) at +4.7m, diam ca 0.5m. T-3727. Rundisen 17 110±60 Driftwood (Larix) at +2.5m, diam ca 0.25m. Comment (OS): limit of new driftwood is ca 2.5m above mean tide level. 536 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth Norway Continental Shelf Mapping Continental Shelf series, N Norway Marine shells and shell fragments were dated as part of regional mapping program of Continental Shelf Inst (IKU). Samples coil 1975 from 50 loci; Grab (0.5m3 vol), gravity corer (110mm diam), and vibrocorer (84mm) were used with Decca Main Chain as positioning system (Rokoengen, 1979; Rokoengen et al, 1977, 1979a; Rokoengen, Bugge, & Lofaldi, 1979b). T-2876. C76-126/1 430 ± 60 Arctica islandica, grab sample from top layer at Malangsgrunnen (69° 53' N, 17° 38' E), at 90m water depth. T-2878. C76-139/1 1590 ± 70 Shell fragments, grab sample from gravelly top layer at Sveinsgrunnen (69° 34' N,16° 56' E), at 45m water depth. T-2926. C76-136/1, 0.15m 1760 ± 70 Grab sample 0.15m below sea bed in top sand with Cibicides lobatulus fauna at Sveinsgrunnen (69° 43' N, 16° 47' E), at 105m water depth. T-2877. C-127/l, 0.l m 5150 ± 60 Grab sample 0.1 m below sea bed in top sand with Cibicides lobatulus fauna at Malangsgrunnen (69° 54' N, 17° 33' E), at 75m water depth. T-2530. B76-12/1, 0.2 to 0.3m 5590 ± 80 Shell, grab sample, mainly Chlamys islandica and Macoma calcarea in silty, gravelly sand below 0.2m of silty, clayey sand in Vestfjorden (67° 23' N, 13° 05' E), at 230m water depth. T-2546. C76-108/3, 0.1 to 0.2m 7030 ± 70 Small shell and shell fragments in top sand, 0.22m thick, at Nordvest- banken (70° 21' N, 17° 24' E). Colt with vibrocorer at 200m water depth. T-2879. C76-113/3, 0.3 to 0.4m 9630 ± 120 Pomatoceros triqueter from layer, 0.4m thick, below 0.05m top sand at Fugloybanken (70° 51' N, 17° 56' E). Colt with gravity corer at 198m water depth. T-2648. B76-10/1, 0.15 to 0.4m 11,050 ± 140 Mya truncata, grab sample from 0.25m layer of silty, sandy, gravelly clay with shells below 0.15m sandy, gravelly top layer (67° 39' N, 12° 09' E), at 128m water depth. T-2529. C76-115/1, 0.6 to 0.7m 11,090 ± 80 Mya truncata and Macoma calcarea partly in life position at 0.6 to 0.7m below sea bed in silty, clayey sand at Tromsoflaket (71 ° 16' N, 19° 44' E). Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 537 Sample contained microfauna dominated by Cibicides lobatulus, Cassidulina crassa, and Elphidium excavatum. Coil with gravity corer at 220m water depth.

T-2327. C76-114/1, 0.15 to 0.30m 11,130 ± 180 Chlamys islandica from shell layer below 0.15m silty top sand at Fugloybanken (70° 54' N, 18° 00' E), was dominated by Cibicides lobatulus, Trifarina angulosa, and Cassidulina crassa. Grab sample at 207m water depth.

T-2649. C76-142/1, 0.05 to 0.2m 11,240 ± 150 Grab sample, mainly Mya truncata, from silty, gravelly sand layer below thin layer of stone, gravel, and sand (69° 21' N, 15° 32' E), at 170m water depth.

T-2528. C76-113/3, 0.65 to 0.8m 11,770 ± 170 Shell fragments from silty, sandy, gravelly clay below 0.05m sand and 0.4m shell layer (see C76-113/3, 0.3 to 0.4m). Coil with gravity corer at 198m water depth (70° 51' N, 17° 56' E).

T-2345. C76-148/1, 0.1 to 0.4m 11,970 ± 170 Shell fragments (Hiatella arctica, Mya truncata, and Balanus sp) in silty, sandy, gravelly clay below top layer of gravel and sand (68° 39' N,12° 59' E). Grab sample at 130m water depth.

T-2531. C76-108/3, 0.22 to 0.27m 12,200 ± 110 Shell fragments (Chlamys islandica, Macoma calcarea, and Balanus sp) in silty, sandy clay between top sand (see C76-1083, 0.1 to 0.2m) and basal till. Coll with vibrocorer at 200m water depth (70° 21' N, 17° 24' E). Com- ment (KR): till below (Mulegga drift) must be older than date.

T-2344. C76-118/2, 0.3 to 0.4m 12,220 ± 200 Hiatella arctica from glacial marine clay below 0.2m silty sand and gravel and 0.1 m top sand (70° 47' N, 20° 00' E). Grab sample at 180m water depth. Comment (KR): this date also is min for underlying till (Mulegga Drift).

T-2326. C76-109/1, 0.1 to 0.3m 13,310 ± 110 Shell fragments (mainly Chlamys islandica, Balanus sp, Mya truncata, and Hiatella arctica) from supposed till below 0.l m gravelly top sand (70° 27' N, 17° 41' E). Grab sample at 160m water depth. Comment (KR): date is max for Nordvestsnaget Drift off Troms. Interstadial Events Sandnes Interstadial series Marine sediments underlying Late Weichselian drift sheet at Ja ren (Sandnes Interstadial). Coll and subm 1965 to 1978 by B G Andersen, Dept Geol, Univ Oslo. Comment: after removing outer shell surface (10-20%), 538 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth various fractions (% of total) towards inside are both 14C and Th/U dated. 14C dates suggest age ca 40,000 BP for interstadial. Amino acid and some Th/U dates agree generally with this conclusion (Feyling Hanssen, 1971; Andersen et al, 1981). 1800 A (43%) 39 200 , - 1600 1600 T-3422 . Jaeren (45%) 600 Oppstad , , 1300

Shell fragments from Skagerak moraine and underlying tectonized marine clay at + 180m, depth 0 to 3m, at old Oppstad clay pit (58° 39' N, 5° 42' E).

850 A (30%) 27 900 , - 760 700 . (60%) 330 T-3423 Foss , Eigeland , 640 Shell fragments from partly tectonized marine clay below Late Wei- chselian till at +60m, depth 0 to 6m, near Foss, Eigeland (58° 46' N, 5° 45' E).

T-641. Graveren, Sandnes >27,300 (2o) Whale bone from marine clay with Portlandia arctica, foraminiferal zone I at +20m from Sandnes (58° 50' N, 5° 45' E).

Skagerak Moraine Shell and shell fragments from very clayey till (glacially tectonized marine clay) "Skagerak Moraine," at J2eren and Karmoy. Previously thought to be of Saalean age. Colt and subm 1968 to 1978 by B G Andersen. Comment: dates suggest that Skagerak Moraine is of Late Wei- chselian age. Th/U dates and amino acid dates support this conclusion (Andersen et al, 1981). T-640. Lerbrekk, Jaeren 41,500 2000

T-3631 Jaeren 46 Lerbrekk 2600 + 2300 T-3011 . Lerbrekk Jaeren 43 , , 1800 Arctica islandica from Skagerak Moraine exposed in river bluff at +20m, depth 0 to 8m, at Lerbrekk, Jren (58° 35' N, 5° 38' E).

+ 1900 T-1784. Bo, Karmoy 35,900 - 1500 Shell fragments at +8m, depth 0 to 6m. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 539 2200 T-2006. Bo, Karmoy 37 500 , - 1700 Portlandia arctica at +1 0m, depth 2 to 4m.

2400 T-2007. Bo II , Karmoy 38 300 , - 1700 Mya truncata at + l Om, depth 2 to 4m. Various shell and shell fragments exposed in clay pit at Bo, Karmoy (59° 22' N, 5° 13' E).

Nygaard interstadial series, Karmoy Marine sediments below Late Weichselian drift sheet at Karmoy were correlated with marine sediments below Sandnes interstadial deposits at J eren. They represent low shore level phase, called Nygaard Interstadial, separated from Sandnes Interstadial by Jren Stadial (Andersen et al, 1981). Coll and subm 1966 to 1978 (except for T-567) by B G Andersen. 14C Comment (BGA): dates suggest age between 40,000 and 50,000 BP. Amino acid and Th/U dates generally support this conclusion.

1700 A+B (53.5%) 38 000 , - 1400 T-2953. Bo Karmoy D 5%) 700 1800 Mya truncata from marine clay and sand beds below tectonized clay and Skagerak Moraine at ±6m, depth 5m, at Bo, Karmoy.

T-2954. Bo, Karmoy >46,500 (2Q) Well-preserved Chlamys islandicus from low-lying beds within marine unit. at +1m, depth 1Om.

T-567. Reve, Jeren >37,500 (2(r) Hiatella arctica from bed in marine unit, lying below Late Weichselian till and overlying older till at +8m, depth 6m. Coll by S R Ostmo, Dept Geol, Univ Bergen.

1180 T-2380. Asheim 35,850 + - 1040 Decomposed sand- and silt-rich organic matter at + 720m in Asheim, Bykle (59° 27' N, 7° 22' E). Colt and subm 1976 by Per Blystad, Univ Bergen. Sediment was found in ridge at top of brown, cobble- and boulder- rich till overlying tectonized glaciofluvial sediment. Brown till was covered by compact basal till and loose melt-out till. Comment (PB): strat position, pollen content, and high age, indicate interstadial origin. Due to possible contamination by younger carbon, date should be regarded as min, indicating Early or Middle Weichselian age (Blystad, 1981). 540 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth Glacial Events Tjotta Glacial Event series, Nordland Shells from end moraines of Tjotta Glacial Event indicate early Younger Dryas age, 10,500 to 11,000 BP. T-3081. Sovik 10,800 ± 180 Portlandia arctica from zone with dropstones, 1 m thick, within min 4m thick glaciomarine clay sec at + l Om on distal side of Breimo end moraine at Sovik (65° 55' N, 12° 28' E). Coll and subm 1978 by B G Andersen. T-3083. Angersnes I 10,460 ± 190 Mya truncata from 0.5m thick bed of glaciomarine blue clay with dropstones within Angersnes end moraine at +25m at Angersnes (66° 04' N, 12° 42' E). Coll and subm 1978 by BGA. T-3272. Angersnes II 10,540 ± 90 Shell fragments (Mya truncata, Hiatella arctica, Yoldiella lenticula) from bouldery and gravelly till-like bed at + 25m within Angersnes moraine. T-3276. Laukbakken 10,510 ± 190 Mya truncata, Macoma calcarea, and Astarte elliptica from silty sand with dropstones at + 1 Om at Laukbakken (66° 28' N, 13° 04' E). Coll and subm 1978 by BGA.

T-3271. Sovikskar 10,940 ± 120 Mya truncata and Hiatella arctica from glaciomarine clay below Soviks- kar end moraine (65° 54' N,12° 28' E). Coll and subm 1978 by BGA. T-3082. Breimo 11,400 ± 100 Crushed shells from strongly folded silt beds within Breimo end moraine at +60m at Breimo (65° 57' N, 12° 32' E). Beds are pushed up by glacier and are older than glacial advance. Coll and subm 1978 by BGA. T-3084. Fagervik 11,210 ± 200 Portlandia arctica from 4m silty clay unit, with no dropstones but overlain by 4m clayey silt without fossils and 2m outwash gravel. Sample was lkm from Brunes end moraine at +50m at Fagervik (66° 07' N, 12° 52' E). Coll and subm 1978 by BGA.

10,860 ± 150 3'3C T-2374. Saetvik = +1. l%o Chlamys islandica, Mya truncata, and Hiatella arctica from glaciomarine silty clay underlying Holocene marine sand ca 2km outside end-moraines deposited during Glomfjord event at ca +4m in Meloy (66° 50' N, 13° 55' E). Coll and subm 1976 by Arne Rasmussen, Geol Inst, Univ Bergen. Com- ment (AR): glaciomarine silt is correlated with Glomfjord moraines. Thus, sample dates Glomfjord event (Andersen et al, 1979). Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 541

11,050 ± 120 T-2372. Sands b13C = +1.3%o Astarte elliptica, Mya truncatg, and Macoma calcarea from glaciomarine, silty clay at ca + 1 Om at Meloy (66° 50' N, 13° 45' E). Coil and subm 1976 by A Rasmussen. Comment (AR): also dates Glomfjord event.

T-3520. Gravvik 11,080 ± 140 Shell fragments from till-sec, 11.5 to 14m high, in end-moraine deposited during Tjotta event at ca +30m at Nroy (65° 00' N, 11° 47' E). Coil and subm 1979 by Frede Boen, Geol Inst, Univ Bergen. Comment (FB): date is max for Tjotta event in area.

T-3519. Bogen 10,330 ± 200 Portlandia arctica, Macoma calcarea, Hiatella arctica and Nuculana pernula from 2 to 3m glaciomarine clay at ca + 20m at Nroy, N Trondelag (65° 04' N, 11° 57' E). Coil and subm 1979 by F Boen. Comment (FB): probably dates late phase of Tjotta event. Tjotta-Nordli events series, Nordland Shells from glaciomarine clays deposited during glacial retreat from Tjotta Event to Nordli Event moraines. Coll and subm 1977 by B G Andersen.

T-2767. Mjones 10,380 ± 270 Shells (Yoldiella lenticula) and fauna from glaciomarine clay + 15m at Mjones (67° 16' N, 14° 59' E). Comment (BGA): date agrees very well with our knowledge of Tjotta and Nordli Events.

T-2769. Nesna 16,360 ± 480 Foraminifera and Yoldiella lenticula from glaciomarine clay with dropstones + 15m at Nesna (66° 12' N,13° 02' E). Comment (BGA): date is much too old; sample must have been contaminated.

T-2768. Holstad-Venset 26,470 ± 3790 Foraminifera, Yoldiella lenticula, etc from glaciomarine clay + 30m at Holstad-Venset (67° 16' N, 15° 01' E). Comment (BGA): see T-2769.

T-2641. Nygardsjoen 10,540 ± 190 Yoldiella lenticula and Macoma calcarea at ca + 60m from lower parts of 3 to 5m glaciomarine clay, lying directly on bedrock and superimposed by 1 to 1.5m shore gravel at Gildeskal (67° 08' N, 14° 19' E). Coil and subm 1977 by Pal N Vallevik, Geol Inst, Univ Bergen. Comment (PNV): date is min for Stromoy event (Andersen et al, 1979). Nordli Glacial Event series, Nordland Coil and subm 1978 by BGA. 542 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth

T-3085. Nordli 10,140 ± 180 Bathyarca glacialis, Yoldiella lenticula, and Macoma calcarea from gravelly and bouldery blue clay at + 60m, overlain by 0.5m gray clay with dropstones, l to 3m strat silt and clay and 1 m beach gravel with large boulders at Nordli (66° 05' N, 13° 06' E).

T-3273. Forsland 10,100 ± 250 Macoma calcarea, Yoldiella lenticula, and Nuculana pernula at +50m from glaciomarine clay with dropstones on distal side of supposed loc of ice front during Nordli Event at Forsland (66° 03' N, 13° 01' E).

T-3275. Gronliakselen 9620 ± 110 Mya truncata, etc at + 15m from strat silt and clay on proximal side of Gronliakselen end moraine, which is older than silt and clay at Gronliak- selen (66° 00' N, 12° 57' E).

T-3274. Ranelv 9480 ± 70 Mya truncata and Arctica islandica at +75 to 80m from bed of fossilife- rous clay, 0.5m thick, on top of broad, low end moraine at Ranelv (66° 05' N, 13° 07' E). Clay rests on glaciomarine clay with dropstones and Yoldia lenticula fauna. Vassdal Event series, Nordland Shells from glaciomarine clays deposited shortly after Vassdal Event. Coll and subm 1977 and 1978 by Arne Rasmussen, Dept Geol, Univ Bergen.

T-2669. Bratsberg 11,740 ± 100 Macoma calcarea from glaciomarine silty clay, 1m thick, underlying ca 1 m shore gravel, also containing Astarte elliptica and Mya truncata at ca +20m, depth ca 3m, at Bratsberg, Gildeskal (66° 58' N,14° 04' E). Comment (AR): date is min for deglaciation at Sorfjorden.

T-2672. Nverdal 11,610 ± 140 Mya truncata from lower part of 0 to 2m thick shell-rich glaciomarine clay overlying till at ca +40m in Neverdal, Meloy (66° 50' N, 13° 46' E). Comment (AR): dates early Allerod deglaciation of Glomfjorden.

T-3080. Engavagen 11,720 ± 200

Macoma calcarea from glaciomarine clayey silt underlying 1 to 2m shore gravel at ca +5m at Engavagen, Meloy (66° 46' N, 13° 32' E). Comment (AR): date is min for Vassdal Event and early Allerod deglaciation of outer parts of Glomfjorden (Andersen et al, 1979). Pre-boreal Glacial events series, Nordland Shells from glaciomarine clays deposited in front of glaciers during several Pre-boreal glacial events. Coll 1979 by B G Andersen, F Boen, and N Vallevik; subm 1979 by F Boen. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 543

T-3521. Elsfjord 9780 ± 130 Mya truncata and Chlamys islandica from glaciomarine clay with numerous dropstones underlying 2 to 3m silty clay with few dropstones at Elsf ford, Vefsn (66° 05' N, 13° 30' E). Comment (BGA): date is believed contemporaneous with ice-front delta deposited from N at Elsfjord.

9890 ± 230 b13C T-3522. Terrak = + 1.0%o Yoldiella lenticula and Nuculana pernula from ca 3m glaciomarine clay with numerous dropstones underlying ca 1.5m layered, sandy clay with few dropstones, 200 to 300m outside end moraine at + 20m at Terrak, Bindal (65° 06' N, 12° 20' E). Comment (BGA): glaciomarine clay is believed contemporaneous with end moraine at Terrak.

T-2870. Reisadalen, Troms 8940 ± 210 Gyttja from basal layer of bog at +80 to +85m in Reisa Valley, Nor- dreisa (69° 37' N, 21 ° 16' E). Bog is only few meters above highest marine level. Coll 1976 and subm 1978 by Bjorn Bergstrom, Dept Geol, Univ Bergen. Comment (BB): date is min for deglaciation and Betula rise and cul- mination in this part of valley.

T-2765. Oksfjord, Finnmark A 11,040 ± 140 B 10,930 ± 130 Mya truncata and Hiatella arctica at + 15m from silt bed within foreset beds of delta, ca +25m, at Oksfjord (69° 57' N, 27° 30' E). Coil and subm 1977 by B G Andersen.

T-2467. Forsand, Rogaland 12,250 ± 150 Mytilus edulis from clay bed at + 35m, overlain by 2m strat silt and clay and 8m outwash gravels at Forsand (58° 53' N, 5° 9' E). Coil and subm 1976 by B G Andersen. Comment (BGA): date is min for end moraine (corresponds with Lysefjord end moraine) and shows that glacier had retreated to position of moraine in late Boiling time.

T-3202. Turhusvatnet 6-78, More og Romsdal 9170 ± 160 Gyttja from bog at + 350m, depth 5.4 to 5.5m at Turhusvatn, Eres- fjord (62° 40' N, 8° 04' E). Coll 1978 by A B Carlson and B Torp, Dept Geog, Univ Oslo; subm 1978 by j L Sollid, Dept Geog, Univ Oslo. Comment (BLS): dated to test hypothesis that morphologic marginal moraines from Younger Dryas chronozone are synchronous. Date is younger than expected. Sample from lower part of core may not be from basal sediment (Sollid & Sorbel, 1979). Sea Level Changes Frosta series, Nord-Tr, ndelag Gyttja and clay-gyttja from eight lakes on Frosta peninsula in Nord- Trndelag (63° 33' to 63° 37' N, 10° 40' to 10° 52' E). Series dates marine- 544 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth lacustrine boundaries from Late Weichselian and Flandrian time. Soluble (a) and insoluble (b) fractions were dated separately after treatment with 0.1 M Na4P2O7 and 0.1 M NaOH (Goh & Molloy,1972). Coil and subm 1976 to 1977 by Alfred Kjemperud and Ulf Hafsten, Bot Inst, Univ Trondheim (fig 3; Kjemperud 1978,1981; Hafsten, 1983).

(a) 10,480 ± 200 T-2624. Skalitjern o13C = -25.9%o

(b) 10,610 ± 190 13C = -24.1%o Coil at +1 70m, depth 8.37 to 8.41m, above marine/lacustrine boundary. Comment (AK): dates describe hyerbola-shaped shoreline displacement curve with continual regression from middle Younger Dryas up to now, and agree well with pollen strat established in all basins.

(a) 10,330 ± 270 T-2484. Smatjern b13C = -25.2%o

(b) 10,920 ± 150 b13C = - 24.0%0

Total organic (c) 10,590 ± 210 o13C = - 24.6%0 Colt at + 170m, depth 7.74 to 7.78m, above marine/lacustrine boundary.

m T Skalitjern 1-2624 A Smatjern T-2484A Storsvetjern T- 2571 A 150 -1 r L Gronnsjoen T- 2569 A

r Hovdalsvatn 1-2570 A r t- - Rem mavatn T-2568 A 100 r -Asklundvatn T-1134A \- Skardtjern T-2483A

50 -¢-Lianvatn 1-2625A ` Logtunmyr 1-1130 r

12 10 8 6 4 2 l 03 years BP Fig 3. Shore displacement curve for Frosta, Nord-Trndelag. -p- = MASCA age. After Kjemperund (1981) Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 545

(a) 10,200 ± 200 T-2571. Storsvetjern b13C = -25.3%o

(b) 10,380 ± 130 b13C = -24.0/oo Coil at + 154m, depth 3.69 to 3.73m, above marine/lacustrine boundary.

(a) 9730 ± 200 b13C T-2569. Gr,4?nnsjOen = -31.5%o (b) 9880 ± 130 b13C = -30.0/0o Coil at + 143m, depth 5.31 to 5.35m, above marine/lacustrine boundary.

(a) 9560 ± 160 T-2570. Hovdalsvatn b13C = -25.5/oo

(b) 9520 ± 120 b13C = -23.9%o Coil at + 118.5m, depth 3.60 to 3.64m, above marine/lacustrine boundary.

(a) 9530 ± 150 T-2568. Remmavatn b13C = -35.8%o

(b) 9700 ± 160 b13C = -35.4%o Coli at + 108.5 m, depth 6.64 to 6.68m, above marine/lacustrine boundary.

(a) 8300 ± 190 T-2482. Skardtjern I b13C = -32.7/oo

(b) 8320 ± 130 b13C = -31.4%o

Total organic (c) 8490 ± 150 b13C = -32.8%o Coil at + 72m, depth 6.65 to 6.69m, beneath marine/lacustrine boundary.

(a) 8180 ± 190 T-2483. Skardtjern II b13C = -32.0/0o

(b) 8370 ± 200 b13C = -31.7%o Coarse gyttja at +72m, depth 6.61 to 6.65m, above marine/lacustrine boundary. 546 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth

(a) 5880 ± 130 T-2625. Lianvatn b13C = -32.1%0

(b) 6000 ± 100 S13G = -31.6%0 Clay gyttja at +42.5m, depth 5.41 to 5.45m, above marine/lacustrine boundary. Comment (AK): dates agree well with previous dates from same basin (Gulliksen, Nydal, & Skogseth, 1978). Saug series, Hedmark Peat from shallow bog at + 250m in small depression at Saug, Ring- saker (60° 52' N, 10° 48' E). Coll 1972 and subm 1973 to 1974 by R Sorensen, Dept Geol, Agric Univ Norway (NLH), As. T-1531. Saug myr,1.02m 9260 ± 150 Basal telmatic peat at 1.02m depth. Comment (RS): dates approx deglaciation of area (Henningsmoen,1975; Hafsten, 1975).

8930 ± 140 T-1746. Saug myr, 6.50m b13C = -32.0%0 Terrestrial peat at 0.65m depth. Comment (RS): dates Alnus expansion, also immigration of Ulmus. Age is too old compared to data from Stange (Henningsmoen, 1975), but similar to Valertjern (Hafsten, 1975; R, 1978, v20, p114).

T-1842. Limosen 9460 ± 170 Gyttja with fine sand at + 208m, depth 8.65m, from Limosen, on Hauerseter glacial delta in Ullensaker (60° 10' N, 11 ° 13' E). Coll and subm 1974 by S R Ostmo and R Sorensen. Coil from deepest part of bog just above marine limit on large glacio-fluvial glacial delta. Comment (SRO, RS): date provides inf on establishment of pioneer vegetation (Holtedahl,1924, 1974). As-Ski series, SE Norway Samples date Holocene sea-level changes and age of Ski Moraine from Akershus and Buskerud. Coil and subm 1973 to 1977 by R Sorensen and J M Ostby, Dept Geol, NLH, As (R, 1975, v 17, p 367; Sorensen, 1979). 3440 ± 110 T-1529. Batsto peat S13C = -31.7%o Peat and gyttja at +24m, depth 3.4m near present Oslofjord (59° 42' N, 10° 38' E). Comment (RS): dates abrupt transition from marine to terrestrial facies; 1885 ± 195 BC*. T-1624I. Batsto gyttja 6490 360 T-1624II. Batsto wood 6190 240 Wood and gyttja from + 50m, depth 2.3m at Verpen Lake (59° 42' N, 10° 38' E). Comment (RS): dates transition from marine to limnic facies. Mean age: 6280 ± 200; 5185 ± 165 BC*. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 547

T-1838. Verpen Lake 5580 ± 140 Clay gyttja from +42m, depth 5.20 to 5.25m at Verpen Lake (59° 40' N,10° 33' E). Comment (RS): similar to T-1624; 4470 ± 110 Be*.

T-604. Gultvedt I 8100 ± 120 Pinus cones from + 70m, depth ca 1.2m at Gultvedt, As (59° 39' N,10° 43' E). Coil 1965 and subm 1966 by S Skjeseth and G Semb, NLH. Comment (SS): dates approx fm of lower Alnus carr peat.

T-1837. Gultvedt II 8760 ± 290 Clay gyttja from + 70m, depth 1.4m. Comment (SS): dates transition from marine to limnic/brackish facies.

(a) 9170 ± 310 '3C T-1528. Kirkerudtjernet b = - 35.00/o0

(b) 10,520 ± 270 b13C = -37.5%0 Soluble (a) and insoluble (b) fractions of clay gyttja from + 120m, depth 7.45m (59° 43' N, 10° 46' E). Comment (RS): dates transition from marine to limnic facies. Older insoluble fraction may be due to contamination.

T-2749. Haoya, Frogn 9590 ± 70 Mya truncata from + 1.25m, depth ca 2m at Frogn (59° 41' N, 10° 36' E). Comment (RS): approx age of 135m shore level.

(a) 9290 ± 130 b13C T-1527. Grytland grustak = -0. 8%0

(b) 9290 ± 120 b13C = - 0.5%0 Arctica islandica from + 140m, depth ca 1.5m at Grytland, Krakstad (Ski) (59° 41' N, 10° 51' E). Comment (RS): approx age of 140m shore level.

T-607. Nordbyhogda 9530 ± 180 Balanus sp from + 150m, depth ca 4m at Nordbyhogda (59° 43' N, 10° 46' E). Coll and subm 1966 by S Skjeseth and G Semb. Comment (SS): approx age of 150m shore level.

9440 ± 140 T-1747. Haugland b13C = -1.5%o Arctica islandica from + 162m, depth 0.2m at Haugland, Ski (59° 44' N, 10° 49' E). Coil and subm 1974 by R Sorensen. Comment (RS): approx age of 162m shore level.

T-1727. Myren 10,570 ± 250 Clay gyttja from bog of glaciomarine sediments at +1 67m, depth 4m at Enebakk (59° 45' N, 11 ° 00' E). Coil 1973 by J M Ostby, Dept Geol, Univ 548 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth Oslo; subm 1973 by J M Ostby and R Sorensen. Comment (RS): date is ca 1000 yr too old compared to others in series, possibly due to contamination. T-1623. Langskaugtjern 10,490 ± 190 Clay gyttja from small tarn with rock and moraine threshold at + 192m, depth 14.5m at Langskaugtjern, Enebakk (59° 46' N, 10° 59' E). Coll 1973 by J M Ostby; subm 1973 by J M Ostby and R Sorensen. Comment (RS): date is ca 700 yr too old compared to others in series, possibly due to contamination.

T-1726. Ostre Kollasen 9520 ± 150 Clay gyttja from bog with rock threshold on NE side of hill at + 195m, depth 4.75m in Kollasen, Ski (59° 45' N, 10° 57' E). Coll 1973 by J M Ostby and E Sorensen; subm 1973 by J M Ostby. Comment (JMO): dates approx transition from marine to limnic facies. Kilebu-Kolbjornvik series, Ostfold Shells from upper part of small valley below crags in Kolbjornviken, ° Marker (59° 19' N,11 ° 36' E) and S Kilebu, Rakkestad (59° 20' N,11 33' E). Coll 1973 and subm 1974 by R Sorensen (Breien, 1932; Oyen, 1912; Sorensen, 1973). 10,110 ± 190 T-1839. Kolbjornvik, skogen b13C = - 0.5%o Balanus sp and Mya truncata from +1 80m, depth 1 to 1.5m. Comment (RS): dates approx upper marine limit at Kolbjornviken.

10,050 ± 190 T-1841. Kolbjornviken 5130 = -1.2%o Mytilus edulis from +11 6m, depth 1.5m at Kolbjornviken. Comment (RS): unexpectedly high age of dominant littoral fauna. Mytilus shell beds may develop in deep water (>40m?).

9520 ± 140 T-1840. Kilebu "littorina level" S13C = -0.9%o Ltttorina sp from + 142m, depth ca 1m at Kilebu. Comment (RS): dates local Middle Pre-boreal. Telemark I series Sediments from isolation contacts in cores from basins at + 7.4 to + 99.Om, dating Holocene sea level changes in Telemark. Transition from marine to lacustrine sediments determined by diatom analysis. Coll and subm 1972 to 1977 by Bjorg Stabell and Helge Irgens Hoeg, Dept Geol, Univ Oslo. Comment (HIH, BS): dates are generally in fair agreement with palynol (Stabell, 1976, 1980). Pollen analysis suggests that isolation coin- cides with Corylus rise (9500 BP). Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 549

T-1732. Depth 5.90 to 5.96m 8000 ± 270 Clay gyttja at +47m from Stamland, Eidanger (59° 05' N, 9° 45' E).

T-1740. Depth 3.70 to 3.75m 3750 ± 150 Clay gyttja at + 19.5m from Storemyr, Skien (59° 11' N, 9° 40' E); 2315 ± 225 BC*.

T-1849. Depth 3.93m 5900 ± 240 Clay gyttja at +31.9m from Halvarp, Porsgrunn (59° 04' N, 9° 48' E); 4800 ± 290 BC*.

T-1850. Depth 3.64 to 3.66m 2630 ± 180 Clay gyttja at +8.43m from Lona (Svartkjenn), Kragero (58° 50' N, 9° 17' E); 870 ± 340 BC*.

T-1851. Depth 3.38m 3070 ± 170 Clay gyttja at + 14.95m from Bero, Kragero (59° 52' N, 9° 27' E);1395 245 BC*.

T-1852. Depth 2.73m 4340 ± 180 Clay gyttja at + 18.5m from Bog N of Oisang, Risor, Aust-Agder (58° 46' N, 9° 16' E); 3105 ± 245 BC*.

T-1853. Depth 4.30 to 4.33m 5860 ± 290 Clay gyttja at +27.5m from Dyvikvann, Kragero (58° 55' N, 9° 27' E); 4770 ± 330 BC*.

T-1962. Depth 3.30 to 3.40m 3260 ± 240 Clay gyttja at + 7.4m from Vallemyr, Porsgrunn (59° 07' N, 9° 41' E). Change from Hystrix and Discorbina to Pediastrum. Comment (BS): sediment dates change to more saline water, not isolation from sea; 1665 ± 355 BC*.

T-1963. Depth 4.70 to 4.73m 2750 ± 240 Gyttja at + 10.5m from Karlstadkjenna, Kragero (58° 52' N, 9° 23' E); 975 ± 215 BC*.

T-1964. Depth 4.00 to 4.03m 6270 ± 130 Clay gyttja at +28.6m from Tyvatn, Kragero (58° 54' N, 9° 19' E); 5180 ± 130 BC*.

T-1965. Depth 6.20 to 6.23m 7720 ± 200 Clay gyttja at +38m from Lillie Neslandskjenn, Kragero (58° 57' N, 9° 17' E)

T-1966. Depth 5.58 to 5.60m 8500 ± 180 Clay gyttja at +43m from Storekjenn, Kragero (58° 50' N, 90 26' E). 550 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth T-1967. Depth 6.62 to 6.64m 8820 ± 300 Clay gyttja at +50.5m from Poddetjonn, Kragero (58° 49' N, 9° 14' E). T-1968. Depth 9.16 to 9.18m 9040 ±210 Clay gyttja at +99m from Langvann bog, Kragero (58° 51' N, 9° 16' E). Comment (BS): palynol suggests isolation occurred prior to Corylus rise (9500 BP).

T-2120. Depth 2.58 to 2.60m 2360 ± 110 Clay gyttja at +7.4m from Vallermyr, Porsgrunn (59° 7' N, 9° 41' E); 580 ± 170 BC*.

T-2414. Depth 2.23m 3830 ± 280 Clay gyttja at + 15m from Nygaardstjenna, Kragero (58° 47' N, 9° 21' E); 2460 ± 410 BC*.

T-2415. Depth 6.95m 9180 ± 340 Clay gyttja at +82m from Storemyr (Kolbjornsmyr), Kragero (58° 48' N, 9° 17' E). Transition from marine to lacustrine sediments determined by diatom analysis.

T-2564. Ovre Grefsen Gard 9620 ± 80 Erratic plates of Balanus balanus on large boulder, at + 198m, depth ca 5m, at Ovre Grefsen Gard, Oslo (59° 57' N, 10° 47' E). Coil 1977 by Iver Grefsen; subm 1977 by Just Gjessing, Dept Geog, Univ Oslo and Nils Spjeldnaes, Dept Palaeoecol, Aarhus Univ, Denmark. Comment (JG): dated in accordance with current views on ice recession and uplift of land in region, but in contrast with earlier dates for Skadalen (at + 221 m) judged to be too young (Gjessing & Spjeldnaes, 1979). Svinesund Project series, Ostfold Svinesund Project is pilot proj using methods of modern marine ecology to improve precision of graphic methods used for late Pleistocene. Loc 2km NNE of Svinesund Bridge, Ostfold (UTM grid, 32, P1 307554). Coll 1974 and subm 1976 by Nild Spjeldnaes. Comment (NS): previous methods do not reflect time-strat but rather small ecol changes in basal condition. Complex at Svinesund was deposited during comparatively short time, as expected from geog position and fauna (Spjeldnaes, 1978).

T-2430. SV-IA, upper bed 11,160 ± 100 Macoma calcarea in life position in fresh road cut at + 70.5m.

T-2431. SV-IF, Mytilus clump 11,140 ± 140 Mytilus edulis from fresh road cut in clay at + 67m. Shells are supposed to represent ice-rafted clump of animals with articulated valves, originally living in littoral environment. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 551 Vegetation History and Shore Displacement Endletvann series, Nordland Clay and gyttja coil with 0.054m diam sampler (Geonor) at +35m at Endletvann, Andoya (69° 44' N,16° 05' E). Coil and subm 1972 to 1976 by K D Vorren, Univ Tromso. Comment (KDV): 4m sample core gives continuous inf of vegetational development during long period of late Weichselian. Site is unique in being only one in Scandinavia covering time span from 18,000 to 19,000 BP until present. Dating either of total sample (HCl- treated) or NaOH soluble (a) and insoluble fraction (b) (Vorren, 1978). Core extension is 5.3m for Late Weichselian layers and 5.5m for Holocene, totally 10.8m. Samples were in overlapping 0.8m segments.

T-1888. Endletvann 10 (a) 10,510 ± 510 Depth 5.45 to 5.55m. Comment (KDV): dated for regional Holocene Betula expansion; expected age ca 9500 BP.

T-1889. Endletvann 11 10,850 ± 280 Depth 5.75 to 5.85m. Comment (KDV): dated for rise of Empetrum curve during later part of Younger Dryas, but is estimated to be too old.

T-1510. Endletvann 2 10,940 ± 270 Depth 6.25 to 6.35m. Rumex decline, Artemisia rise.

T-1511. Endletvann 3 12,610±220 Depth 6.65 to 6.67m. Comment (KDV): age concerns rise of Salix curve in late glacial period.

T-1887. Endeltvann 9 12,920 ± 110 Depth 7.30 to 7.45m. Comment (KDV): oldest Dryas/Bolting transition. Marked increase in loss on ignition. Temperate mosses occurring.

T-1576. Endletvann 7 (a) 11,800 ± 2000 Depth 7.42 to 7.52m. Comment (KDV): expected age ca 13,000 yr BP (see T-1887).

T-1573. Endletvann 5 1600

De p th 8 . 2 to 8 . 4m; ex p ected a ge ca 15 , 000 BP . (a) 14,990 130 T-2152. Endletvann 12 (b) 15,300 ± 290 Depth 9.05 to 9.15m. Dating of soluble (a) and insoluble fractions (b). Comment (KDV): expected to date climatic amelioration. Date is satisfactory. T-1512. Endletvann 4 18,710 ±400 Depth 9.75 to 9.95m. Expected to date near-bottom sediments (lami- nated clayey silt or gyttja). Date is satisfactory. 552 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth

T-1575. Endletvann 6 (a)' 14,800 ± 1800 Depth 9.75 to 9.95m. Comment (KDV): expected age ca 18,000 to 19,000 BP.

(a)' 18,100 ± 800 T-1775. Endletvann 8 (b) 19,100 ± 270 Depth 9.98 to 10.28m. Comment (KDV): dates bottom lacustrine sediments; age is satisfactory.

T-1509. Palsa II, Troms 110 ± 70 Dated for sporadic permafrost (palsa) fm in area. Salix-Ericales peat was sampled at + 630m with iron tube, 0.1 m diam, and sampled for study of "pollen horizons" from Raggastatjaegge, Malsely (68° 37' N, 20° 01' E). Coil and subm 1973 by K D Vorren;

T-1220. Palsa, N Finland 1010 ± 80 Sphagnum lindbergii peat from palsa (5m high) at Ropinsalmi, 50km E of Kilpisjarvi (68° 50' N, 21° 20' E). Coil and subm 1973 by K D Vorren. Comment (KDV): date is older than expected, probably because of erosion; AD 970 ± 80*.

Bverdalen series, Oppland Peat coil with plastic pipes, O.IOm wide and 2m long, and gyttja coil with Russian type of chamber sampler, from BOverdalen Valley in W Jotun- heimen mt area. Series dates start of peat fm and organic sedimentation, as well as various pollenstrat horizons. Samples coil and subm 1981 by Marie Aukrust and Ulf Hafsten. Comment (UH, MA): series indicates that oldest bog or lake deposits in area date to Boreal/Atlantic transition (T-4091, -4096A, -4090A). Alder (Alnus cf incana) was probably in area at that time. Dates show tendency of two-peaked pollen max during post-glacial opti- mum period. Agric activity may be traced back to late Bronze/early Iron age (T-4093) and cultivation to Viking age or a little later (T-4092) (Au- krust, 1983).

7890 ± 110 T-4091. Blamyrh 5'3C = -29.2%o Peat from bog area NE of BlahO, Lom at +1 226m, depth 0.77 to 0.82m (61 ° 41' N, 08° 07' E). Dated sample at base of peat column.

8120 ± 120 5'3C T-4096A. B, verkinntjern II = - 30.6%o Fine detritus gyttja from small lake E of Jotunheimen fjellstue, Lom at + l 000m, depth 5.80 to 5.85m (61 ° 40' N, 0.8° 09' E). Dated sample at base of organic deposits.

' Hurnic acids extracted with 0.1 M NaOH and 0.1 M Na4P2O7 x 10 H2O. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 553

5300 ± 120 T-4095A. B,1!verkinntjern I b13C = -31.l%o Fine detritus gyttja from 5.05 to 5.1 Om at base of marked decrease in Pinus and non-arboreal pollen and start of continuous occurrence of Rumex pollen; 4170 ± 190 BC*. 7890 ± 160 T-4090A. Raubergstultjern b13C = -31.8%o Fine detritus gyttja from margin of small lake at Raubergstulen in ° BOverdalen, Lom at +999m, depth 4.58 to 4.63m (61 43' N, 08° 24' E). Dated sample at base of organic gyttja. 5510 ± 190 T-4094. Dalsvatnmyr II b13C = -28. l%o Peat from log at Dalsvatn in BOverdalen, Lom at + 736m, depth 1.12 to 1.17m (61 ° 41' N, 08° 10' E). Dated sample at base of peat column and steep fall in Alnus cf incana pollen curve; 4375 ± 185 BC*. 2480 ± 80 b13C T-4093. Dalsvatnmyr I = - 25.5 oo Peat from 0.53 to 0.57m at steep fall in Pinus, Alnus and non-arboreal pollen and start of continuous occurrence of Rumex and Artemisia; 645 ± 155 BC*. 950 ± 80 T-4092. Vassmyr b13C = -24.8%o Peat from Vassmyra in BOverdalen, Lom at + 660m, depth 0.35 to 0.40m (61 ° 43' N, 08° 25' E). Dated sample at temporary min in Betula and non-arboreal pollen and at start of continuous occurrence of weed pollen (Artemisia, Rumex, Chenopodium, and Plantago lanceolata); AD 1030 ± 90*. Dovre series, Oppland Peat coll with plastic pipes, O. l Om wide and 2m long, and wood of subfossil pine trunk, from subalpine region of Dovre, S Norway, including Fokstumyra Nature Reserve and Dovrefjell Natl Park. Series dates start of bog and mire fm in area and various pollenstrat horizons. Peat samples coll and subm 1981 to 1982 by Grete Berge Owren and Ulf Hafsten; pine trunk coil 1979 by Johs Domaas, Dombas, and subm 1980 by Ulf Hafsten. Com- ment (UH, GBO): series indicates bog and mire fm in area dates to Boreal time (Fokstrumyrin I, Nysetra I). Pinus sylvestris probably had greatest extension in Boreal (Nysetra IV), whereas Alnus cf incana immigrated and culminated during Atlantic time, when concentration of Corylus and Ulmus pollen (long-distance transport?) is also highest. 8560 ± 70 b13C T-4563. Nysetra I = -28. 6%o From bog NW of Nystri, at + 101 Om, depth 1.26 to 1.30m (62° 09' N, 09° 18' E). Dated sample at base of peat column, well below first appearance of Alnus pollen. 554 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth 6130 ± 110 8130 T-4434. Nysetra II = -27. O%o Peat from 0.73 to 0.77m depth, just below substantial Alnus cf incana pollen max and highest values recorded of Corylus and Ulmus; 5090 ± 150 BC*.

4910 ± 90 T-4435. Nysetra III b13C = -25.9%o Peat from 0.43 to 0.47m depth, just above max of alder, hazel, and elm, (see T-4434); 3705 ± 65 BC*.

8240 ± 100 T-3650. Nysetra IV 8130 = -26.l%o Outer wood layer of protruding end of subfossil pine trunk, 3 to 4m long and 0.3m thick, sticking out of bog. Coll 1979 by Johs Domaas; subm 1980 by U Hafsten. Comment (UH): date agrees with results from Hardan- gervidda plateau and Sylene-Ovik mts in Jamtland, Sweden, that pine had greatest extension during early post-glacial warming period (Hafsten, 1981).

9010 ± 120 T-4565. Fokstumyrin I 813C = -23.5%o Peat from central part of Fokstumyrin at + 950m, depth 1.61 to 1.65m (62° 07' N, 09° 18' E). Dated sample at base of peat column, well below first appearance of alder pollen.

6200 ± 40 T-4566. Fokstumyrin II 8130 = -24.9%o Peat from 0.98 to 1.02m, at steep rise in birch pollen curve from 25 to 40% level, which might reflect establishment of subalpine birch forest belt in Dovre area; 5160 ± 80 BC*.

5720 ± 40 T-4437. Valasj 8130 = - 2 7.5%0 Peat from bog SW of ValasjOen at +940m, depth 1.03 to 1.07m (62° 10' N, 09° 22' E). Dated sample at upper boundary of alder pollen max and contemporaneous shift from pine to birch pollen dominance, 4555 ± 45 BC*.

3970 ± 80 T-4436. Gavali b13C = -27.8%o Peat from bog S of Gavalivatnet, Oppdal, SOr-TrOndelag at +940m, depth 0.93 to 0.97m (62° 16' N, 09° 38' E). Dated sample at marked fall in alder pollen and contemporaneous increase in non-arboreal pollen; 2600 ± 180 BC*. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 555

6940 ± 110 b13C T-4564. Bekkeiegret = -26. 7%0 Peat from bog 1 km SW of Bekkekegret, Oppdal, SOr-TrOndelag at + 111 Om, depth 1.38 to 1.41m (62° 20' N, 09° 46' E). Dated sample at base of peat column, at base of steep increase in alder and at end of pine dominance.

Nord-sterdal series, Hedmark Pine wood and peat coil from drainage ditches in extensive Gotlands- floen peat bog, +482m (62° 17' 30" N, 10° 52' E), just E of Glomma R, in Tynset, Hedmark.

T-1678. Gotlandsfloen I 6180 ± 100 Sample dates pine wood from stump layer resting on silty under- ground, beneath ca 2m thick peat layer. Coil 1973 by Ivar A Streitlien, from bottom of drainage ditch; subm 1974 by U Hafsten.

T-3193. Gotlandsfloen II 7810 ± 60 Sample dates peat from 1.43 to 1.45m depth, at depth where local alder establishment is reflected. Coil 1975 and subm 1978 by U Hafsten. Comment (UH): date indicates that post-Weichselian alder establishment occurred at practically same time in continental Nord-sterdal dist as in most other parts of S Norway.

T-794. Ullahornet, M,9re and Romsdal 2730 ± 90 Peat from base of extensive blanket bogs covering central mt plateau at +300 to 325m, 0.8m below surface at HaramsOy, NordOyane archipelago, Haram (62° 40' N, 06° 11' E). Sample coil SE of Ullahornet, at transition from mineral soil to overlying dark peat, where traces of organic matter of glacial survivals might be found. Coil and subm 1968 by U Hafsten, for Rolf Nordhagen, Univ Oslo. Comment (UH): date indicates that peat sample does not help trace plant survivals in ice-free refuges during last glaciation, but does trace local start of blanket bog fm (Hafsten & Tallantire, 1978).

Ytre Trondheimsfjord series, S Tr,dndelag Gyttja and peat coil with 75mm chamber samples and 110mm piston sampler from four lakes and bogs at mouth of Trondheimsfjord, in Agdenes and Bjugn, SOr-TrOndelag: Eidemstjern, Agdenes, +22m (63° 26' N, 9° 35' E), Langmyran, Bjugn, +65m (63° 43' N, 90 48' E), LomtjOnn, Bjugn, +1 34m (63° 44' N, 9048 E), and DamtjOnn, Bjugn, +1 34m (63° 47' N, 90 59 E). Series dates various palynol and strat horizons of post-Weich- selian vegetational development and shore displacement. Coil and subm 1977-1979 by BjOrn Petter Hansen and Ulf Hafsten, Trondheim Univ. Comments (BPH, UH). 556 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth Vegetational History T-2831. Lomtj¢nn I 8020 ± 110 Peat, 3.05 to 3.15m depth, dates start of continuous alder pollen curve, reflecting local alder establishment.

T-3152A. DamtjOnn 7940 ± 130 Gyttja 9.20 to 9.23m depth, dates start of continuous alder pollen curve, reflecting local alder establishment.

T-3153A. Lomtjnn IV 7830 ± 120 Peat, 4.00 to 4.05m depth, dates isolated (30% high) alder and (5% high) hazel pollen max, ca 1 m below start of continuous (Megathermal) pollen curves for alder and hazel. Comment (BPH): date uncovers mix-up during sampling, later proved by resampling. Date agrees well with T-2831 and -3152A.

4230 ± 90 5'3C T-2832. Lomtjonn II = - 28.5%o Peat, 2.20 to 2.30m depth, dates end of coinciding alder and elm pollen max; 2840 ± 150 BC*.

T-3282A. Eidemstjern II 4100 ± 60 Gyttja, 6.70 to 6.73m depth, dates end of elm pollen max; 2770 ± 150 BC*.

T-3283A. Eidemstjern III 3750 ± 90 Gyttja, 6.43 to 6.46m depth, dates end of hazel pollen max; 2280 ± 160 BC*.

3010 ± 100 T-2833. Lomtjy nn III 5'3C = -28.5%o Peat, from 1.85 to 1.95m depth, dates end of hazel pollen max; 1215 ± 185 BC*.

650 ± 70 T-2834. Langmyran 5'3C = -28.5%o Peat, 0.17 to 0.21m depth, dates start of continuous spruce pollen curve, reflecting local spruce establishment; AD 1330 ± 70* (Hafsten, 1985).

Shore Displacement

T-3151A. Eidemstjern I 4710 ± 50 Gyttja from 6.80 to 6.83m, overlying marine/lacustrine boundary; 3510 ± 100 BC*. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 557

T-3257. Eidemstjern IV 5000 ± 70 Thick-walled valve of Ostrea edulis shell, exposed on very shallow lake bottom near outlet of lake. Coil 1978 and subm 1979 by Ulf Hafsten; 3805 ± 85 BC*. Comment (UH): date supports that of T-3151A; basin was inun- dated by sea prior to 4710 ± 50 BP. Steinkjer series, N Trdndelag Gyttja/dy, coil with Russian version of Hiller sampler, and peat, coil with 0.1 Om wide plastic pipe, from four lakes and bogs in Steinkjer, Nord- TrOndelag: Lomtjern, +165 to 170m (64° 03' N,11 ° 21' E), Vassaunvatnet, ° + 117m (64° 03' N, 11 28' E), "Hammersumpen," +49m (64° 02' N, 11 ° 16' E), and Kirknesmyr, +36.5m (64° 02' N, 11° 15' E). Series dates various palynol and strat horizons of post-Weichselian vegetational development and agric hist. Coil and subm 1979-1981 by Ole Erik Jevne and U Hafsten. Comments (Jevne, 1982).

6050 ± 130 b13C T-3689A. Lomtjern I = -31.7 o Gyttja, 4.45 to 4.50m depth, dates steep rise in Corylus curve just below distinct increase in Ulmus pollen. Dates local establishment of hazel and elm; 4960 ± 170 BC*.

8030 ± 130 '3C T-4103A. Lomtjern III b = -32.2%o Gyttja, 5.15 to 5.20m depth, dates start of steep rise in Alnus curve reflecting local alder establishment.

9430 ± 110 T-3690A. Lomtjern II b13C = -30.3%0

9640 ± 140 T-4178A. Lomtjern II b13C = -29.5%o Gyttja, 5.40 to 5.45m depth, dates steep rise in Pinus curve reflecting local pine forest establishment. Comment: date seems somewhat high compared with pine forest establishment in S Scandinavia.

10,590 ± 190 T-4104A. Lomtjern IV b13C = -29.1%o Clay gyttja/gyttja, 5.63 to 5.68m depth, dates basis of organic deposits overlying basal clay. Comment: date seemingly too old compared with deglaciation hist of area, cf possible influence of inactive carbon from Cambro- Ordovician limestone ridges to E.

1350 ± 130 T-3465A. Vassaunvatnet IV b13C = -31.7%0 Gyttja, 3.85 to 3.90m depth, dating start of steep rise in Picea curve reflecting local forest establishment of Norwegian spruce; AD 640 ± 150* (Hafsten, 1985). 558 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth 4550 ± 80 T-4105A. Vassaunvatnet III b13C = - 31.8/0o Dy/gyttja, 4.65 to 4.70m depth, dates end of steep decline in Alnus, Corylus, and Ulmus curves and first appearance of cultivation (weeds only); 3330 ± 140 BC*.

7940 ± 130 T-3464A. Vassaunvatnet II b'3C = -37.6%o Gyttja, 5.25 to 5.30m depth, dates start of steep rise in Alnus curve reflecting local alder establishment.

9210 ± 130 T-3463A. Vassaunvatnet I 513C -32.7%o

8760 ± 160 T-3463B. Vassaunvatnet I 513C -31.3%o Gyttja 5.70 to 5.73m depth, dates marine/lacustrine boundary (isolation contact) of basin. Comment: result is surprising, because 1) soluble fraction indicates higher age than insoluble, and 2) both dates seem too young compared with shore displacement curve for Frosta, at same isobase (Kjem- perud,1981).

1990 ± 80 T-3688. Hammersumpen 513C = -30.7%o Minerogenous peat with charcoal particles, 0.62 to 0.66m depth, dates start of local cultivation reflecting late clearance phase; 45 ± 115 BC*.

1860 ± 40 T-4102. Kirknesmyr II b13C = -29.4/0o Peat from 1.10 to 1.15m depth, dates first appearance of cultivation including Cereale pollen; AD 115 ± 45*.

3910 ± 90 b13C T-2185. Kirknesmyr I = -27. 7/oo Lacustrine gyttja/peat, 1.5m depth, dates base of organic deposits resting on (beach)? gravel; 2400 ± 210 BC*. Comment (UH): date is min for Arctic rock carvings at Hammer, 0.5km to E, at same alt, which had been covered by old beach deposits and thus had been made just above ancient, littoral zone (Bakka,1975, p 17). Nry series, N Tr,ndelag Gyttja coil with Russian version of Hiller sampler, and peat, coll with 0.10km wide plastic pipes from 11 lakes and bogs in NrOy, N TrOndelag. Series dates various palynol and strat horizons of post-Weichselian vegetational development and shore displacement. Coll and subm 1977 to 1980 by H Ramfjord and U Hafsten. Comments (HR, UH): (Ramfjord, 1982). Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 559 Vegetational History

T-3043A. GorrtjOnn II 8280 ± 150 Gyttja from GorrtjOnn at +66m, depth 4.47 to 4.52m (64° 55' N, 11 ° 38' E). Dates start of continuous alder curve, presumably reflecting local alder establishment.

T-2845. BlavasstjOnn II 8000 ± 160 Gyttja from BlavasstjOnn at +92m, depth 3.90 to 3.95m (64° 54' N, 11 ° 38' E). Dates start of continuous alder curve, presumably reflecting local alder establishment.

T-3045A. Blavasstj,nn III 6110 ± 200 Gyttja, 3.37 to 3.42m depth, dates "megathermal" min in QM curve, at same depth as decline of Alnus; 5090 ± 190 BC*.

T-3044A. GorrtjOnn III 2630 + 120 Gyttja, 2.20 to 2.25m depth, dates start of continuous spruce curve, presumably reflecting local spruce establishment; 905 ± 115 BC*.

T-2846. BlavasstjOnn IV 2600 ± 120 Gyttja, 2.65 to 2.70m depth, dates start of continuous spruce curve, presumably reflecting local spruce establishment; 895 ± 115 BC*.

T-3373A. GorrtjOnnmyr 2400 ± 100 600 ± 180 BC*.

T-3373B. GorrtjOnnmyr 2060 ± 200 Peat, 0.26 to 0.30m depth, dates start of continuous spruce curve, presumably reflecting local spruce establishment; 145 ± 275 BC*.

T-3247. Lypmomyr 1510 ± 110 Peat from LOypmomyr at +25m, depth 0.67 to 0.72m depth (64° 49' N, 11 ° 22' E). Dates rise in spruce curve, presumably related to climatic change at end of Roman Iron age; AD 420 ± 130* (Hafsten, 1985).

Shore Displacement Gyttja overlying marine/lacustrine boundary.

10,340 ± 250 T-3844A. Nedre LisetjOnn b13C = -27.7%o Gyttja 4.79 to 4.84m depth at Nedre LisetjOnn + 12m (64° 25'N, 11 ° 49' E).

9230 ± 130 T-3844B. Nedre LisetjOnn b13C = -27.7%o 560 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth 9230 ± 130 T-3843A. Kvennhusvatn b13C = -30.7%o Gyttja, 3.53 to 3.58m depth at Kvennhusvatn +11 7m (64° 57' N, 11 ° 36' E).

8630 ± 150 T-3843B. Kvennhusvatn b13C = -28.7%o 8450 ± 80 T-3807A. LomstjOnn b13C = -32.1%o Gyttja, 3.35 to 3.40m depth at Lomstjern + 103m (64° 55' N, 11° 36' E).

8360 ± 240 b13C T-3807B. LomstjOnn = -31.6%o Date seems too young, compared with dates from lower level sites (T-2844A, -2847A).

8950 ± 260 T-2844A. Blavasstj, nn I 513C = -27.7%o Gyttja, 4.35 to 4.39m depth at BlavasstjOnn +92m (64° 54' N, 11° 38' E).

8680 ± 150 b13C T-2847A. Gorrtionn I = -27. 7%o Gyttja, 4.58 to 4.63m depth at GorrtjOnn +66m (64° 55' N, 11 ° 38' E).

6180 ± 90 T-3738A. Lomtjylnn b13C = -32.5%o Gyttja, 5.48 to 5.53m depth at LomtjOnn +52m (64° 53' N, 11° 39' E); 5135 ± 115 BC*.

6380 ± 90 T-3738B. Lomtj,4?nn 513C = -31.6%o 5280 ± 70 BC*. 7080 ± 110 T-3805 IIA. Strandavatn b13C = -31.8%o Gyttja, 10.90 to 10.95m depth at Strandavatn +48m (64° 56' N, 11° 31' E). 3750 ± 110 513C T-3806A. L, ypmotjynn = -27.7%o Gyttja, 3.15 to 3.20m depth at LOypmotjOnn +18m (64° 50' N,11° 22' E); 2295 ± 185 BC*. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 561

3440 ± 140 T-3806B. LOypmotjnn b13C = -32.2%0 1885 ± 225 BC*.

1570 ± 190 T-3845. Osavatn Y3CC = -31.0%0 ° Gyttja, 2.97 to 3m at Osavatn +7m (64° 57' N, 11 41' E); AD 405 ± 185*.

Spruce Forest Establishment, SE Norway I Peat toll with plastic pipes, 0.10m wide and 2m long, from 18 peat bogs in E part of SE Norwegian spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst) forest prov, mainly within lower Glomma and Trysilelven catchments. Series dates peat at depths revealing local spruce forest establishment (fig 4). Coll and subm 1978 to 1983 by U Hafsten. Comment (UH): series shows that immigration and initial forest establishment of spruce in SE Norway took place within rather restricted period over its total N-S range, from Femund region in N to Iddefjord region in S (ca 300km), viz centuries just preceding and suc- ceeding birth of Christ (late Celtic Iron age in N and Roman Iron age in S). Dates are arranged geog from N to S (Hafsten,1985).

2170 ± 70 b13C T-4850. Kvislflaet = -25.00/o0 From W part of extensive Kvislflaet bog area, Engerdal, Hedmark at +760m, depth 0.40 to 0.45m (61 ° 48' N, 12° 03' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; 275 ± 135 BC*.

2100 ± 80 b13C T-4856. S,rmyra = -26. 4%0 From SOrmyra at SennsjOen, Trysil, Hedmark at +520m, depth 0.80 to 0.85m (61 ° 36' N, 11 ° 55' E). Date at base of distinct rise in Picea pollen curve; 190 ± 200 BC*.

2990 ± 100 T-4086. Storkyolen Profile A, I b13C = -27.7%o From rim of big ditch dug in bog at StorkjOlen, Trysil, Hedmark at +735m, depth 0.53 to 0.57m (61° 20' N, 12° 38' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; 1305 ± 155 BC*. Comment (UH): reported date millennium older than other dates reported for spruce establishment in this area; due possibly to contamination at wall of ditch dug by excavator.

2210 ± 50 b13C T-4609. Storkjlen Profile A, II = -24. 7%o Depth 0.50 to 0.53m. Date at beginning of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; 315 ± 105 BC*. 562 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth

Fig 4. Map series illustrating immigration and spread of spruce in S Norway. A-D: end of various Early Iron age stages; E-G: end of Late Iron age stages and Medieval time; H: early part of 20th century; small dots indicate scattered stands outside continuous (hatched) area. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 563

Fig 4 (cont'd). : sites where local spruce forest establishment has already taken place. 0: establishment at transition to next period, 0: establishment not yet reflected for period (Haf- sten,1985). 564 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth 1900 ± 70 T-5328. Storkj,dlen Profile B 813C = -21.3%o From same bog as Profile A, but coil ca 40m away from ditch where Profile A was secured, depth 0.68 to 0.70m. Date as base of marked rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 85 ± 65*.

1950 ± 50 813C T-3425. Rundfloen = - 26.1 % o From bog at Rundfloen, Trysil, Hedmark at + 330m, depth 0.55 to 0.60m (61 ° 05' N, 12° 34' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; ADS ± 65*.

1960 ± 40 813C T-3649. Fliskj len = -26.9%o ° From FliskjOlen, Trysil, Hedmark at + 500m, depth 0.35 to 0.40m (61 04' N, 11 ° 57' E). Date of base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 5 ± 45*.

1990 ± 70 813C T-3867. Kinds] Oen = - 26.4%0 From KindsjOen, Varmland, Sweden at +350m, depth 0.55 to 0.60m (60° 38' N, 12° 41' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; 35 ± 105 BC*.

2140 ± 70 T-3253. Langmyra 813C = -28.3%o From Langmyra, Asnes, Hedmark at +200m, depth 0.85 to 0.90m (60° 39' N, 12° 13' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; 235 ± 165 BC*.

1890 ± 70 8130 T-4085. Rogden I = -27.2%o From bog at ROgden, Grue, Hedmark at + 285m, depth 1.05 to 1.1 Om (60° 25' N, 12° 28' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 90 ± 70*.

390 ± 40 513C T-4451. Rdgden II = - 24.00/oo Depth 0.35 to 0.40m. Date at base of temporary, pronounced min in Picea pollen curve; AD 1465 ± 45*.

1920 ± 70 T-3256. Rennmyra 813C = - 28.0%o From Rennmyra, Asnes, Hedmark at +1 68m, depth 1.45 to 1.50m (60° 31' N, 12° 02' E). Date at start of distinct rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 75 ± 65*. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 565

1830 ± 70 T-3254. Glesmyr b13C = - 26.8%0 From Glesmyr, Valer, Hedmark at + 187m, depth 0.80 to 0.85m (60° ° 41' N, 11 50' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 140 ± 70*. 1830 ± 60 T-3252. Raudstadmosen b13C = -26.5%o From Raudstadmosen, Kongsvinger, Hedmark at + 160m, depth 0.75 to 0.80m (60° 13' N, 12° 02' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 140 ± 70*. 1710 ± 70 T-3251. Ullernmosen b13C = -27.7%0 From Ullernmosen (Stormyra), SOr-Odal, Hedmark at +1 38m, depth 0.95 to 1.OOm (60° 13' N,11 ° 39' E). Date at base of slow rise in Picea pollen curve, O. l Om below final steep rise in pollen curve; AD 260 ± 100*. 1850 ± 80 313C T-3250. Magnormosen = -27. 7%0 From bog N of Magnor, Eidskog, Hedmark at +1 28m, depth 1.12 to 1.15m (59° 58' N, 12° 13' E). Date at start of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 130 ± 80*. T-3042. Liermosen 1720 ± 70 From Liermosen, Aurskog-HOland, Akershus at +1 28m, depth 1.55 to 1.60m (59° 54' N, 11 ° 34' E). Date at start of distinct rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 260 ± 100*. 1730 ± 80 T-3255. Vesle Jarsmoen b13C = -27.7%o From Vesle Jarsmoen, Aurskog-HOland, Akershus at +161 m, depth 1.40 to 1.45m (59° 57' N,11 ° 23' E). Date at start of slow rise in Picea pollen curve, 0.30m below final, steep rise in pollen curve; AD 245 ± 105*. 1830 ± 40 bt3C T-4299. Lintjern I = -26.7%o From bog SE of Lintjern, Marker, Ostfold at +1 66m, depth 1.20 to ° 1.25m (59° 36' N,11 37' E). Date at first slow rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 135 ± 45. 1650 ± 50 T-4300. Lintjern II b13C = - 25.9%0 Depth 0.98 to 1.02m. Date at steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 325 ± 65*. 1730 ± 40 T-4452. Breidmosen b13C = -25.3%o From Breidmosen, Rakkestad, (stfold at +11 Om, depth 1.05 to 1. l Om (59° 22' N,11 ° 32' E), Date at base of slow rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 230 ± 50*. 566 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth 1580 ± 70 513C T-4652. Gullundmosen = -26. 1%o From Gullundmosen, Halden, Ostfold at +1 70m, depth 0.45 to 0.50m (50° 04' N,11 ° 31' E). Date at base of slow rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 410 ± 120*. Spruce Forest Establishment, SE Norway II Peat, coil with plastic pipes, 0.10m wide and 2m long, from 24 peat bogs in central and W part of SE Norwegian spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst) forest prov, arranged from SE to NW along main river valleys or catchments (Osterdalen/Gudbrandsdalen, Valdres, Hallingdal-Hemsedal, Nu- medal). Series dates peat from depths where local spruce forest was established (fig 4). Coll and subm 1978 to 1983 by U Hafsten. Comment (UH): series shows distinct migration and spread of spruce forest in W or NW direction from earlier inhabited areas in E-most SE Norway (see SE Norway I). Areas at E foothills of Langfjellene mt range, which represents W boundary of continuous SE Norwegian spruce forest, were reached ca 800 to 1100 BP (see T-5329, -4553, -5060, -5059). Early outposts of spruce forest may have existed in areas W of MjOsa and Gudbrandsdalen Valleys (see T-4853 and probably -4088) (Hafsten, 1985). 1920 ± 40 5130 T-3648. Svarstadmyr = -27.6%o From bog S of Svarstadbua, Amot, Hedmark at + 370m, depth 0.35 to 0.38m (61 ° 12' N,11 ° 35' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 65 ± 45*. 1630 ± 80 5130 T-4087. Stenersetra = -27.2%o From bog at Stenersaetra, Trysil, Hedmark at +615m, depth 0.55 to 0.60m (61 ° 24' N,11 ° 52' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 335 ± 105*. 2020 ± 70 5130 T-3426. Evenstad I = -26.3%o From bog S of Evenstad RR sta, Stor-Elvdal, Hedmark at +260m, depth 0.50 to 0.55m (61 ° 25' N,11 ° 06' E). Date at start of low Picea pollen curve; 70 ± 130 BC*. 1460 ± 80 T-4301. Evenstad II 513C = -24.0%o Depth 0.28 to 0.32m. Date at final, steep rise in Picea pollen curve, 0.20m, above T-3426; AD 520 ± 90*. 1680 ± 80 T-3647. stmyra I b13C = -29.9%o From S part of stmyra, Rendalen, Hedmark at +257m, depth 0.65 to 0.70m (61 ° 49' N, 11 ° 08' E). Date at initial, slow rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 285 ± 105*. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 567

1290 ± 70 b13C T-5061. Ostmyra II = -24.1%o Depth 0.40 to 0.45m. Date 0.20m above T-3647, at distinct rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 700 ± 90*.

1630 ± 60 T-3646. Langmyra I b13C = -28.6%o From Langmyra, Rendalen, Hedmark at +395m, depth 0.95 to 1.OOm (62° 02' N, 10° 55' E). Date at start of slow rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 345 ± 85*.

1230 ± 70 b13C T-4302. Langmyra II = -26. 7%o Depth 0.75 to 0.80m. Date 0.20m above T-3646, at start of final rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 750 ± 100*.

1760 ± 80 T-3424. L, ten almenning b13C = -27.5%o From boggy area at LOten almenning, LOten, Hedmark at +265m, depth 0.45 to 0.50m (60° 51' N,11 ° 25' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 200 ± 90*.

1620 ± 40 T-4851. Danserasmyr b13C = -26.8%o From Danserasmyr, Ringsaker, Hedmark at + 615m, depth 1.10 to 1.15m (60° 54' N, 10° 53' E). Date at start of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 360 ± 70*.

1190 ± 40 T-5329. Holsbru b13C = -24.7%o From peat bog surrounding small tarn ca 400m N of Holsbru, Gaus- dal, Oppland at +735m, depth 0.28 to 0.30m (61 ° 10' N, 09° 53' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 790 ± 60*.

1820 ± 80 T-4088. Ormtjern b13C = -27.9/oo From soligenous mire E of Ormtjern, Gausdal, Oppland at +835m, depth 0.28 to 0.32m (61 ° 11' N, 09° 51' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 160 ± 90*. Comment: because peat column was taken from sloping vaginatum mire, underlain by mica schist and alum slate, possibly that date is too old cannot be ignored.

T-3041. Gaustadmosan 1770 ± 50 From Gaustadmosan, Nittedal, Akershus at +1 09m, depth 1.10 to 1.13m (60° 02' N, 10° 53' F). Date at initial, slow rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 205 ± 55*. 568 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth 1840 ± 80 8130 T-4857. Skrukkelisj Oen = -25.2%o From bog at E shore of SkrukkelisjOen, Hurdal, Akershus at +330m, depth 1.15 to 1.20m (60° 25' N, 10° 54' E). Date at start of initial, slow rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 140 ± 80*. 1920 ± 30 b13C T-4554. Stormyra = -25. 7%o From Stormyra, Vestre Toten, Oppland at +400m, depth 0.68 to 0.72m (60° 31' N, 10° 39' E). Date at steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 65 ± 35*. 3040 ± 80 T-4853. Vardal I 513C = -28.0%0 From S part of bog complex N of Vardal church, GjOvik, Oppland at +500m, depth 0.35 to 0.40m (60° 50' N, 10° 31' E). Date at abrupt start and rise in Picea pollen curve; 1360 ± 140 BC*. Comment (UH): reported age millennium or more older than all other dates reported for spruce establishment in central SE Norway. 1580 ± 80 T-4089. Lykkrosmyr b13C = -28.3%o From Lykkrosmyr, 1 km W of Vikers etra, Ringerike, Buskerud at +700m, depth 0.25 to 0.30m (60° 27' N, 09° 56' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 400 ± 110*. 1140 ± 40 313C T-4552. ROymyri = -25. O%o From ROymyri, Nord-Aurdal, Oppland at +436m, depth 0.63 to 0.67m (60° 53' N, 09° 28' E). Date at start of marked rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 840 ± 70*. 1140 ± 30 '3C= T-4553. Heggeb,? - 25.0%0 From bog at HeggebO, Oystre Slidre, Oppland at +650m, depth 0.13 to 0.17m (61 ° 10' N, 09° 03' E). Date of start of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 835 ± 55*. 960 ± 80 T-5060. Beitost,l Y3C = -26.3%o From complex bog E of Vesleani, 2km SE of BeitostOlen, Oystre Slidre, Oppland at +790m, depth 0.30 to 0.35m (61 ° 13' N, 08° 56' E). Date at start of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 1020 ± 80*. 1140 ± 80 T-4303. Stormyri I b13C = - 26.3%0 From Stormyri, 8km SE of Nesbyen, Nes, Buskerud at +251 m, depth 0.88 to 0.92m (60° 31' N, 09° 11' E). Date at initial, slow rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 835 ± 165*. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 569

810 ± 40 T-4304. Stormyri II b13C = -27.7%o Depth 0.48 to 0.52m. Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 1155 ± 65*.

1450 ± 60 T-4852. Granheim b13C = -27.1% From bog at rifle range, 1.5km SE of Granheim, Hemsedal, Buskerud at +540m, depth 0.15 to 0.20m (60° 46' N, 08° 47' E). Date at start of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 530 ± 80*.

1040 ± 80 T-5673. Fystro seter b13C = -28.0%0 From small boggy spot within fenced-in meadow of Fystro seter, V Slidre, Oppland at +940m, depth 0.29 to 0.31m (60° 57' N, 08° 52' E). Date at start of rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 935 ± 85*.

810 ± 60 T-5059. Vetremyrene b13C = - 25.3%0 From bog at old rifle range in Vetremyrene, Ho!, Buskerud at + 550m, depth 0.30 to 0.35m (60° 36' N, 08° 20' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 1155 ± 75*.

1190 ± 60 T-5670. Lampeland b13C = -26.1%o From bog 600m SSW of Ranvik, Flesberg, Buskerud at +1 70m, depth 0.60 to 0.63m (59° 50' N, 09° 34' E). Date at start of rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 785 ± 95*.

1360 ± 40 b13C T-4551. Aslefetmyr = - 26.1 %o From Aslefetmyr, Flesberg, Buskerud at + 190m, depth 0.23 to 0.27m (59° 52' N, 09° 24' E). Date at start of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 620 ± 50*.

910 ± 60 T-5671. Stormyri b13C = -25.5%o From bog 2km E of Rollag, Rollag, Buskerud at +350m, depth 0.34 to 0.37m (59° 59' N, 09° 20' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 1075 ± 95*.

Spruce Forest Establishment, SE Norway III Peat coil with plastic pipes, O.IOm wide and 2m long, from four peat bogs in SW part of SE Norwegian spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst) forest prov, across Aust-Agder Co from E to W or SW. Series dates peat from depths of local spruce forest establishment (fig 4). Coil and subm 1982 to 1983 by U Hafsten. Comment (UH): series shows inland spread to W, towards Setes- dalen Valley (viz, T-5332 at Evje), during Viking and Medieval ages and 570 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth probably followed by S migration down Setesdalen towards coast (see T-5331), during Medieval and Recent times (Hafsten, 1985). 1130 ± 70 T-4855. Kvisli b13C = -23.9%o From bog ca 1 km S of Kvisli, Vegardshei, Aust-Agder at + 220m, depth 0.30 to 0.35m (58° 54' N, 08° 56' E). Date at start of slow rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 855 ± 85*. 680 ± 70 T-5672. Myrli b13C = -26.9%o From bog NE of Myrli farm, Amli, Aust-Agder at + 270m, depth 0.13 to 0.16m (58° 40' N, 08° 43' E). Date at slow rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 1275 ± 75*. 400 ± 70 T-5330. Hinnebu b13C = -23.9%o From narrow bog 1 km S of Hinnebu, Froland, Aust-Agder at + 240m, depth 0.25 to 0.27m (58° 34' N, 08° 29' E). Date at start of marked rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 1465 ± 55*.

530 ± 40 T-5332. Bjorvassmyr 513C = -24.8%o From Bjorvassmyr, Evje & Hornnes, Aust-Agder at +401m, depth 0.13 to 0.15m (58° 35' N, 07° 53' E). Sample at start of marked rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 1385 ± 25*.

170 ± 70 T-5331. Fredsmyr 5'3C= -27.7%o From narrow bog S of Fredsmyr, Birkenes, Aust-Agder at + 200m, depth 0.33 to 0.35m (58° 20' N, 08° 07' E). Date at marked rise in Picea pollen curve. Younger than AD 1530*. Spruce Forest Establishment, W Norway

1720 ± 80 T-4306. Istadmyrene b13C = -26.2%o From bog at Istad, Voss, Hordaland at +250m, depth 0.25 to 0.30m (60° 36' N, 06° 34' E). Date at start of low `tail' of Picea pollen curve, 0.2m below final rise; AD 270 ± 110*.

490 ± 70 T-4305. Istadmyrene b13C = - 26.5%o Depth 0.08 to 0.12m. Date at final rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 1400 ± 40* (Hafsten, 1985). Spruce Forest Establishment, Sr-Trndelag Peat, coil with plastic pipes, 0.1Om wide and 2m long, from seven ombrotrophic bogs in various parts of spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst) forest Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 571 in SOr-TrOndelag Co. Series dates peat from depths of local spruce forest establishment. Coil and subm 1978 to 1982 by P 0 Trillerud and U Haf sten. Comment: series shows slow spread of spruce from two early centers or outposts in Trondheim (cf Sjetnemyr) and upper part of Gauldalen (cf KjOlen) to central (cf Lundadalen and Gasbakken), S (cf Berkak) and W (cf Siken) spruce area (Trillerud,1983; Hafsten,1985).

1850 ± 70 T-3864. Sjetnemyr b13C = -23.1%o From Sjetnemyr, Trondheim, SOr-TrOndelag at +1 55m, depth 0.60 to 0.65m (63° 22' N, 10° 23' E). Date at base of rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 130 ± 70*.

1950 ± 70 T-4150. Ki¢len b13C = -26.1%o From KjOien bog complex, Haltdalen, SOr-TrOndelag at +570m, depth 0.22 to 0.25m (62° 56' N,11 ° 12' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 15 ± 115*.

1170±70 T-4151. Fordalen b13C = -26.2%o From Fordalen, Midtre Gauldal, SOr-TrOndelag at +570m, depth 0.20 to 0.23m (62° 53' N, 10° 44' E). Date at slow rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 865 ± 105*.

1070 ± 80 T-3865. Lundadalen b13C = - 26.3%0 From Lundadalen, Melhus, SOr-TrOndelag at + 240m, depth 0.30 to 0.35m (63° 08' N, 10° 26' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 910 ± 90*.

850 ± 70 T-4154. Gasbakken I b13C = - 26.0%0 From bog W of Gasbakken, Melhus, SOr-TrOndelag at + 260m, depth 0.30 to 0.35m (63° 07' N, 09° 57' E). Date at slow rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 1125 ± 95*.

1730 ± 70 T-4153. Gasbakken II b13C = -25.8%o From 0.65 to 0.70m. Date at base of protracted `tail' in Picea pollen curve; AD 250 ± 100*.

390 ± 70 T-4152. Siken b13C = -27.4%0 From bog at Siken, Orkdal, SOr-TrOndelag at +1 75m, depth 0.35 to 0.40m (63° 15' N, 09° 42' E). Date at base of marked rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 1500 ± 90*. 572 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth 410 ± 70 T-3866. Berkak b13C = -25.8%o From bog S of Berkak, Rennebu, SOr-TrOndelag at +430m, depth 0.12 to 0.15m (62° 48' N, 10° 02' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 1465 ± 55*. Spruce Forest Establishment, N Tr,dndelag I Peat coil with plastic pipes, 0.1Om wide and 2m long, from eight ombrotrophic bogs in spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst) forest in S part of Nord- TrOndelag Go, from Storvallen in Jamtland, Sweden, down StjOrdalen Val- ley to Trondheimsfjorden and N-ward E of fiord to Levanger. Series dates peat from depths of local spruce forest establishment. Coll and subm 1979 to 1981 by P U Sandvik and U Hafsten. Comment: series shows spread of Norwegian Spruce from E towards W part of study area (Hafsten,1985). 4820 ± 100 T-3967. Storvallen Profile A b13C = -26.3%o From bog complex E of Storvallen at +570m, depth 0.25 to 0.30m (63° 17' N, 12° 10' E). Date at base of slow rise in Picea pollen curve; 3635 ± 96 BC*. 2830 ± 80 T-4431. Storvallen Profile B b13C = -25.5%o From same bog as T-3967, but coil 2m away from Profile A, depth 0.18 to 0.20m. Date at base of slow rise in Picea pollen curve; 1075 ± 135 BC*. Comment: dated out to be control of T-3967, which seems surprisingly old. 1880 ± 40 513C T-3708. Skurdalsvollen = -29. 1%o From bog at Skurdalsvollen, Meraker at +442m, depth 1.03 to 1.07m (63° 23' N, 12° 00' E). Date at base of slow rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 100 ± 40*. 1910 ± 70 T-3709. Klokkhaugen b13C = -27.8%o From bog at Klokkhaugen, Meraker at +1 OOm, depth 0.43 to 0.47m (60° 26' N, 11 ° 42' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 75 ± 65*. 2010 ± 80 T-3966. Hegra festning b13C = -28.8%o From bog at Hegra festning, StjOrdal at +215m, depth 0.55 to 0.60m (63° 27' N,11 ° 10' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; 65 ± 125 BC*. 1340 ± 60 b13C T-3707. Aunet = -28. 7%o From Aunet in Lanke, StjOrdal at +160m, depth 0.90 to 0.95m (63° 24' N, 10° 55' E). Date at base of slow rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 630 60*. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 573 1170 ± 40 T-4122. Nordsveet I b13C = -25.6%o From bog at Nordsveet, StjOrdal at +1 60m, depth 1.15 to 1.20m (63° 33' N, 10° 57' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 805 ± 75*.

1450 ± 90 b13C T-4123. Nordsveet II = - 2 7.7%o From 1.95 to 2.OOm. Date at base of protracted `tail' in Picea pollen curve; AD 535 ± 105*.

1030 ± 70 T-3963. Ronglan I b13C = -27.2%o From bog at Tuv N of Ronglan, Levanger at + 60m, depth 1.05 to 1.1 Om (63° 40' N,11 ° 07' E). Dates lower of two steps in Picea pollen curve; AD 35 ± 95*.

1470 ± 70 T-3964. Ronglan II b13C = -26.7%o From 0.75 to 0.80m depth. Dates upper of two steps in Picea pollen curve; AD 515 ± 85*.

1320 ± 70 '3C T-4124. Alstadhaug I b = -27.3 %o From bog SE of Alstadhaug church, Levanger at + 60m, depth 1.05 to ° 1.1 Om (63° 43' N,11 14' E). Data at base of slow rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 650 ± 80*.

3140 ± 80 T-4125. Alstadhaug II b13C = -26.8%o From 1.55 to 1.60m depth. Date at base of protracted `tail' in Picea pollen curve; 1470 ± 130 BC*. Spruce Forest Establishment, N Tr,dndelag II Peat coll with plastic pipes, 0.1 Om wide and 2m long, from seven bogs in various parts of spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst) forest in central part of Nord-TrOndelag Co, E of Trondheimsfjorden and Snasavatn. Series dates peat from depths of local spruce forest establishment. Coll and subm 1979 to 1982 by S F Selvik and U Hafsten. Comment: series shows spread of spruce from E towards W part of study area (Hafsten, 1985).

2360 ± 70 b'3C T-3898. Kalvikmyra = -28. 4%o From bog S of KvesjOen, Lierne at +430m, depth 0.49 to 0.51m (64° 27' N, 13° 52' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; 565 ± 145 BC*. 574 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth

2030 ± 80 T-4119. Formofoss 813C = 27.4%o From bog S of Formofoss, Grong at +1 75m, depth 1.03 to 1.06m (64° 23' N, 12° 31' E). Date at base of slow rise in Picea pollen curve; 95 ± 155 BC*.

2290 ± 80 T-4118. Brennmyra 813G = -26.4%o From bog E of Snasavatnet, Snasa at + 75m, depth 1.20 to 1.22m (64° 14' N, 12° 19' E). Date at rise in Picea pollen curve; 430 ± 40 BC*.

1240 ± 70 T-3897. Bjrnamyra 813C = -26. l%o From bog at Sasegg, Steinkjer at 80m, depth 1.04 to 1.07m (63° 56' N, ° 11 40' E). Date at rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 750 ± 100*.

2770 ± 80 T-3899. Leinsmyra I 813C = -27.5%o From bog near Stiklestad, Verdal at +35m, depth 2.90 to 2.93m (63° ° 48' N,11 32' E). Date at base of Picea pollen curve; 1005 ± 105 BC*.

1640 ± 70 T-3896. Leinsmyra II S13C = -28.3%o From 1.50 to 1.53m. Date at slow rise in Picea pollen curve, at end of protracted `tail' in same curve; AD 330 ± 100*.

720 ± 80 8130 T-3711. Leinsmyra III = - 28.4°,/oo From 0.78 to 0.81m. Date at marked rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 1245 ± 65*.

1960 ± 60 8130 T-3548. Sveet = -28. 8%o From bog E of Veravatnet, Verdal at + 380m, depth 0.48 to 0.52m (63° 48' N, 12° 23' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; 5 ± 95 BC*.

1780 ± 70 T-3710. Litlmomyra 8130 = 27.9%o From bog at Sul, Verdal at +250m, depth 0.72 to 0.76m (63° 40' N, 12° 00' E). Date at base of steep rise in Picea pollen curve; AD 190 ± 80*. Hardangervidda series, SW Norway These studies have been part of "The Hardangervidda project for interdisiplinary cultural research" (HTK), to document vegetational and environmental hist during Holocene. Peat, gyttja, and wood were dated from this mountainous area, ca 8000km2 (60° 15' N, 07° 30' E). Coll and subm 1970-1974 by Dagfinn Moe, Bot Inst, Univ Bergen (Johansen,1973; Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 575

Moe, 1978a; Moe, Indrelid, & Kjos-Hansen, 1978; Moe, 1979; R, 1975, v 17, p 371-372; Indrelid & Moe,1982). T-1079. DM 2302 5090 ± 180 Salix at +1310m (UTM MM 272865); 3940 ± 240 BC*.

T-1193. DM 1916 6760 ± 100 Betula pubescens at +1 005m (MM 048959).

T-1194. DM 1917 5240 ± 140 Pinus sylvestris at +1005m (MM 048959); 4120 ± 230 BC*.

T-1197. DM 1287 7170 ± 100 Salix at + 1205 (MN 517017).

T-1254. DM 1288 6580 ± 170 Salix at + 1205m (MN 517017).

T-1309. DM 1782 1930 ± 120 Pinus sylvestris at +670m (MN 037003); AD 10 ± 150*. T-1310. DM 1784 4900 ± 130 Pinus sylvestris at +670 (MN 037003); 3690 ± 110 BC*.

T-1431. DM 1810 5280 ± 100 Peat at +670m (MN 037003); 4165 ± 185 BC*.

T-1432. DM 2595 2710 ± 80 Peat at +1135m (MN 540032); 915 ± 105 BC*.

T-1432B. DM 2595B 1610 ± 110 Peat at +1135m (MN 540032); AD 375 ± 155*. T-1433. DM 2596 4640 ± 130 Peat at +1135m (MN 540032); 3420 ± 200 BC*. T-1435. DM 2597 4450 ± 90 Betula pubescens at +890m (MN 121986); 3240 ± 130 BC*. T-1436. DM 3057A 7010 ± 100 Betula pubescens at +11 22m (MN 603625). T-1437. DM 3060 7740 ± 160 Pinus sylvestris at +11 80m (MN 5172).

T-1438. DM 3061. 6510 ± 190 Pinus sylvestris at + 1 1 OOm (MN 417917). 576 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth T-1447. DM 3062A 16,350 620 Clay/gyttja at + 1190m (MM 44976). T-1447B1. DM 3062B (KOH) 8460 190 Clay/gyttja at +11 90m (MM 442976).

T-1447B11. DM 3062A 9400 ± 260 Clay/gyttja at +1190m (MM 442976). Comment (DM): T-1447 is too old; sediment contains fyllit. New dates T-1447B1 (8460 ± 260 BP) and II are based on fractioned material. T-1 447B1 is close to estimate.

T-1554. DM 2472 1400 ± 80 Peat at +1310m (MN 512038); AD 575 ± 85*.

T-1555. DM 2591(2588) 7570 ± 100 Peat at +670m (MN 037003).

T-1651. DM 2577 2590 ± 80 Peat at +1005m (MN 048959); 830 ± 70 Bc*.

T-1652. DM 3280 7910 ± 230 Gyttja at +1245m (MM 148721).

T-1653. DM 3281 2570 ± 80 Peat at +670m (MN 037003); 815 ± 75 BC*.

T-1654. DM 3278 4760 ± 90 Pinus sylvestris at +985m (MN 374083); 3540 ± 140 BC*.

T-1655. DM 3279 8180 ± 110 Pinus sylvestris at + 11 OOm (MN 2814).

T-1656. DM 3239 2890 ± 100 Pinus sylvestris at +760m (MM 059987); 1155 ± 145 BC*.

T-1657. DM 3240 2840 ± 80 Pinus sylvestris at +760m (MM 059987);1090 ± 150 Bc*.

T-1658. DM 3244 5040 ± 90 Pinus sylvestris at +800m (MN 052987); 3845 ± 115 Bc*.

T-1659. DM 3246 4080 ± 80 Betula pubescens at +990m (MM 114958); 2750 ± 160 BC*.

T-1660. DM 3264 5910 ± 140 Pinus sylvestris at +1.100m (LM 982800); 4805 ± 205 BC*.

T-1741. DM 3242 740 ± 90 Pinus sylvestris at + 675m (MN 036001); AD 1210 ± 100*. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 577 T-1742. DM 3258 7160 ± 130 Pinus sylvestris at + 920m (MM 008933). T-1743. DM 3274 5360 ± 110 Betula pubescens at +990m (MN 3709); 4220 ± 180 BC*. T-1744. DM 3276 6340 ± 100 Pinus sylvestris at +990m (MN 3709); 5230 ± 90 BC*. T-1745. DM 3263 8310 ± 110 Pinus sylvestris at + 1100m (LM 987812). T-1762. DM LOC 35,108-112 4580 ± 90 Peat at + 1245m (MM 148721); 3380 ± 140 BC*.

ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES Norway

Settlement Sites Iversfjord series, Finnmark Charcoal and marine shell from coastal site dating from younger Stone age. Fifteen of 50 houses were excavated 1974 to 1977 at +8 to + 12m in Iversfjord, Gamvik (70° 48' N, 27° 50' E). Coll and subm 1975 to 1977 by Ericka Helskog, Tromso Mus, Univ Tromso. General Comment (EH): most extensively excavated late Stone age site between Varangerfjord and Soroya. Dates indicate greater variation in length of occupation, activity, and population size than previously believed (Helskog, 1983). T-2048. House 18 3100 ± 70 Charcoal (birch) from S side of entrance passage, depth 0.25m. Com- ment (EH): possibly secondary use of house; 1430 ± 120 BC*. T-2049. House 19 2600 ± 70 Charcoal (birch) from middle of entrance passage, depth 0.15 to 0.20m; 840 ± 60 BC*. T-2050. House 19 2490 ± 100 Charcoal (birch) from middle of entrance passage, depth 0.15 to 0.20m; 645 ± 165 BC*. 3910 ± 70 b'3C T-2347. House 15 midden = +1. l%o Marine shell from layer 5 of midden, depth 0.4 to 0.5m. Comment (EH): osteol material indicates possible year-round occupation; 2405 ± 195 BC*. T-2348. House 17 3490 ± 100 Charcoal (birch) from underlying stone platform in house interior, depth 0.2m;1910 ± 200 BC*. 578 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth

T-2349. House 20 3560 ± 100 Charcoal (birch) from entrance passage, depth 0.2m; 1975 ± 175 BC*.

T-2350. House 22 2800 ± 110 Charcoal (birch) from charcoal concentration in middle of house interior, depth 0.1 to 0.2m;1055 ± 155 BC*.

T-2351. House 32 3050 ± 90 Charcoal (pine, juniper) from charcoal concentration at N end of stone-lined hearth in house interior, depth 0.12m;1360 ± 140 BC*.

T-2771. House 17 3640 ± 120 Charcoal (birch) in assoc with ornamented asbestos ceramics in layer 3 of refuse area in front of house entrance, depth 0.25m. Comment (EH): only '4C date on this material from coast of Finnmark; 2100 ± 80 BC*.

T-2772. House 18 3730 ± 90 Charcoal (birch) from stone-lined hearth in house interior, depth 0.1 m; 2210 ± 100 BC*.

T-2773. House 24 3410 ± 80 Charcoal (birch) from middle of stone-lined hearth in house interior, depth 0.1 m;1860 ± 180 BC*.

T-2881. House 15 midden 4240 ± 100 Charcoal (birch) from midden layer 4, depth 0.4m; 3000 ± 150 BC*.

T-2485. House 15 midden 4120 ± 50 Marine shell from layer 4 of midden, depth 0.3 to 0.4m; 2785 ± 135 BC*.

T-2486. House 17 3480 ± 130 Charcoal from charcoal concentration on border between floor and wall in NW quad of house interior, depth 0.13 to 0.15m;1900 ± 210 BC*. T-2487. House 20 3590 ± 70 Charcoal (birch) from charcoal concentration in middle of house interior, depth 0.2m; 2080 ± 65 BC*. Iesjav'ri series, Finnmark Charcoal concentration assoc with textile-ornamented asbestos ceramics from two-component Stone-age site at ca +400m, depth 0.2m at Karas- jok (69° 42' N, 24° 18' E). Coil 1974 by Knut Helskog, Tromso Mus, Univ Tromso; subm 1975 to 1978 by E Helskog. Comment (EH): only 14C dated finds of asbestos ceramics from interior of Finnmark.

T-1814. Gasadaknjar'ga no. l 3280 ± 120 1685 ± 185 BC* Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 579

T-2880. Gasadaknjar'ga no. 5 3100 ± 80 1425 ± 125 BC*

T-1815. Gasadaknjar'ga no. 6 4130 ± 230 2815 ± 335 Bc*

T-3312. Skrolsvik 1980 ± 70 Charcoal (Betula, Pinus) from hearth of Stone-age-type house C at +1 Sm in Skrolsvik, Trano, Troms (69° 04' N, 16° 49' E). Coil 1956 by Per Sorensen, Tromso Mus; subm 1979 by Olav S Johansen, Univ Tromso, 35 ± 105 BC*. Tussoy series, Troms Charcoal from house site in Tussoy (69° 40' N, 18° 10' E). Samples (except T-1847) coil and subm 1972 to 1975 by Kari Storen Binns, Tromso Mus, Univ Tromso. Comment (KSB): dates show that site was used, with possible intervals, from AD 300 to 900 (Johansen, 1979; Storen, 1976; Storen Binns, 1978).

T-1402. Tussoy I/Dk 1120 ± 110 From fireplace in SW end of site; AD 850 ± 150*.

T-1403. Tussoy I/Ek 1430 ± 80 From SW end of house, from earliest settlement layer of site; AD 545 ± 95*.

T-1628. Tussoy III/Vk 1660 ± 110 From under wall of most recent house; AD 305 ± 135*.

T-1629. Tussoy VII/Ak 1220 ± 70 From inside E corner of wall, may be remnants from post hole; AD 750 ± 100*.

T-1630. Tussoy RI/Ak 480 ± 60 From burial cairn. Comment (KSB): date is 400 to 500 yr later than end of this type of burial; AD 1410 ± 30*.

T-1847. Tussoy I/23 (1) 1400 ± 2 70 From corner of oldest house site; AD 580 ± 300*.

T-2051. Tussoy I/27 (1) 990 ± 60 From fireplace in corner of house; AD 985 ± 65*.

T-2218. Tussoy I/28 1410 ± 70 From oldest settlement layer, outside walls of most recent house site; AD 570 ± 80*. 580 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth T-1900. Greipstad I 1620 ± 90 Charcoal from fireplace in house site which is part of Iron age farm consisting of 5 houses, 3 burial graves, and gate at Greipstad, Troms (69° 33' N, 18° 27' E). Coll 1961 by Jens Storm Munch, Tromso Mus; subm 1973 by K Storen Binns; AD 350 ± 130*.

1980 ± 70 T-3064. Austein I 3'3C = -14.8%0 Human bones of female skeleton buried in shelly sand with no visible grave structure on surface at + 3m, depth 0.5m at Austein, Kvaloy, Troms (69° 35' N, 18° 2' E). Coil and subm 1978 by K Storen Binns. Comment (KSB): oldest known date of Iron age burials in N Norway. Finds suggest Merovingian period (Storen Binns, 1978); 25 ± 95 BC*. Helgoy series I, Troms Charcoal from Iron-age house sites in Helgoy parish were dated as part of multidisciplinary Helgoy Proj at Karlsoy (70° 07' N, 19° 21' E). Coll 1975 to 1979 by Kari Storen Binns, Astrid Utne, and I M Holm-Olsen, Tromso Mus; subm 1975 to 1980 by I M Holm-Olsen. Comment (IMHO): these Iron-age houses are of type traditionally attributed to Norwegian population (as opposed to Sami), and represent N-most permanent settlement of this kind in Norway (Holm-Olsen,1980). T-2044. Finnby 1975/2 1220 50 From junction of wall and floor area; AD 750 ± 70*. T-2281. Finnby 1975/1 1250 60 From floor area; AD 735 ± 85*.

T-2742. Grunnfjord, Naust 1977/7 1220 50 From floor area in boat house; AD 750 ± 70*.

T-2914. Grunnfjord, Naust 1977/25 1350 ± 70 Charcoal concentration underlying floor level of boat house; AD 630 ± 60*.

T-3664. Nordskar 79/JA 350 ± 50 From interior wall of house; AD 1520 ± 90*. Tjotta series, Nordland Charcoal from courtyard site at +1 Om at Laekkenga, Alstahaug (65° 00' N, 01 ° 30' E). T-2156, -2157, and -2746 colt 1950 by HE Lund, DKNVS Mus, Univ Trondheim; subm 1976 (except T-2746) by Tom Sobstad, Tromso Mus. Other samples coil and subm 1977 by Birgitta Wik, DKNVS Mus. Comment (BW): courtyard site consists of min 10 houses around an open square. Tjotta is known from Saga to be governmental center at end of Viking age. Evidence suggests center of religious, economic, administra- Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 581 Live, and military activities. Similar sites also found on SW and N coast of Norway.

T-2743. Laekkenga, Tuft A 1030 ± 50 Coll 0.73m below surface in center of hearth, 0.58m thick at S end of house; AD 960 ± 50*.

T-2744. Laekkenga, Tuft B 1190 ± 50 Coll 0.36m below surface from hearth, 0.2 to 0.3m thick, at S end of house; AD 775 ± 75*.

T-2745. Laekkenga, Tuft C 1410 ± 60 Coll 0.38 to 0.58m below surface from hearth, 0.2m thick, at S end of house; AD 575 ± 65*.

T-2746. Laekkenga, Haug 2 1390 ± 70 Coil 0.5m below surface at base of mound under two stone layers; AD 585 ± 75*.

T-2819. Laekkenga 5 1290 ± 70 Coll 0.46m below surface from lower part of construction loc between outer turf walls of houses A and. B, 0.38m thick, with burned stones, black earth, and burned animal bones; AD 685 ± 75*.

T-2156. Laekkenga, Tuft I 1640 ± 80 Coil from cooking pit, 0.8 to 0.9m deep, with burned stones and black earth. Top of pit was at floor level; AD 330 ± 110*.

T-2157. Laekkenga, Tuft IIB 1320 ± 70 Coll in hearths and along walls inside house; AD 650 ± 80*. Vestvagoy series, Nordland Charcoal from several Iron-age farms, Vestvagoy I. Coll 1973 to 1977 and subm 1974-1978 by 0 S Johansen, Tromso ( Johansen,1979). T-3030. Malnes I, 1978/4 900 ± 50 Betula and Pinus from small deserted farm E of Malnes Hill at +1 Sm (68° 12' N, 14° 07' E). Coil from bottom of cultural layer on house floor; AD 1095 ± 75*.

T-3031. Malnes II, 1978/1 900 ± 80 Corylus at + 20m; AD 1080 ± 100*.

T-1671. Liland 1973/2 1270 ± 110 Coll at + 25m, depth 0.15m in stone fireplace at Liland (68° 13' N, 13° 44' E). Comment (OSJ): only known example of stone fireplace in Iron-age house site on Vestvagoy. Date corresponds well with T-1672; AD 725 ± 125*. 582 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth T-1672. Liland 1973/3 1330 ± 110 Coil at +25m, depth 0.3m below stone fireplace; AD 670 ± 120*. T-1673. Bostad 1973/1 2150 ± 80 Coll at +25m, depth 0.4m from hearth below E outer sod wall at Bostad (68° 15' N, 13° 45' E). Comment (OSJ): date represents human activities before bldg of house. Pollen analysis confirms farming activities at Bostad almost continuously from ca 3800 BP; 285 ± 145 BC*. T-1674. Bostad 1973/6 1060 ± 150 Coil at depth 0.15m in charcoal layer in house site. Comment (OSJ): with datable artifacts, date confirms that house belongs to late Iron age; AD 895 ± 165*. T-1831. Bostad 1973/2 1790 ± 150 From cultural layer, 0.5m thick, below W outer wall of house site. Com- ment (OSJ): represents activities that antedate house; AD 205 ± 155*. T-1832. Bostad 1973/7 1260 ± 90 Coil 0.3 to 0.4m above T-1831; AD 720 ± 100*. T-1833. Bostad 1973/8 1470 ± 180 From earth fill of depression in house floor. Comment (OSJ): range is too wide to determine if depression in floor antedates house or is part of structure; AD 485 ± 195*. T-1834. Bostad 1973/4 1650 ± 130 From post hole in floor. Comment (OSJ): position does not fit well into house structure. Date supports suggestion that it belongs to older house; AD 325 ± 155*. T-1969. Bostad 1973/3 1290 ± 80 From W outer sod wall. Comment (OSJ): post quem date for house; AD 695 ± 95*. T-2112. Moland, Tuft 1,1975/5 1680 ± 110 Betula at + 20m from charcoal layer below outer sod wall at Moland (68° 13' N, 14° 07' E). Comment (OSJ): post quem date for construction of house; AD 295 ± 135*. T-2113. Moland, Tuft 1,1975/8 1610 ± 80 Betula from charcoal layer along inside of outer sod wall; probably remains of inner wooden wall. Comment (OSJ): agrees with datable artifacts found in house; AD 370 ± 110*. 1540 ± 50 b'3C T-2628. Moland, Tuft 1,1976/7 = -28.7%o Betula from fireplace on house floor. Comment (OSJ): date generally agrees with T-2113; AD 460 ± 70*. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 583

T-2807. Moland, Tuft 1,1975/2 1680 ± 120 Betula from charcoal layer in earth fill on house floor. Comment (OSJ): dated for evidence of oldest period of farm; AD 295 ± 135*. T-1835. Moland, Tuft 2,1974/2 1070 ± 70 Probably remains of inner wooden wall. Comment (OSJ): late Iron age; agrees with artifactual remains; AD 910 ± 90*. T-1970. Moland, Tuft 2,1974/1 1670 ± 160 Betula from concentration of charcoal on floor. Comment (OSJ): too old compared with artifacts and other 14C dates; may represent older activities, as it fits dates from houses 1, 3, and 4 in vicinity; AD 325 ± 185*. T-1971. Moland, Tuft 2,1974/11 1120 ± 70 Betula from charcoal layer in outer sod wall. Comment (OSJ): post quem date for construction of house. Fits with late Iron-age Viking-period date for house; AD 855 ± 85*.

T-2114. Moland, Tuft 2,1975/2 1190 ± 100 Probably remains of inner wooden wall. Comment (OSJ): date seems to 14C be from barn and agrees with dates of T-1835 and -1971; AD 780 ± 130*.

T-2116. Moland, Tuft 3,1975/XXXVI 1530 ± 70 Concentration of charcoal on floor. Comment (OSJ): agrees with datable artifacts in house: AD 460 ± 90*.

T-2117. Moland Tuft 4,1975/7 1300 ± 90 From charcoal layers in outer wall. Comment (OSJ): date slightly too young compared with T-2118 and sherds from floor; AD 690 ± 100*.

T-2118. Moland, Tuft 4,1975/20 1600 ± 60 From concentration of charcoal on floor. Comment (OSJ): agrees with date of potsherds from floor; AD 370 ± 80*.

1960 ± 100 T-2629. Moland, Tuft 5,1976/40 b13C = - 28.9/00 From bottom of hearth dug into sterile soil in floor of house. Comment (OSJ): date is unacceptable compared to artifacts on floor, indicating that house belongs to Viking/early Medieval period; 5 ± 135 BC*.

1320 ± 60 b13C T-2630. Moland, Tuft 6,1976/am = - 29.1 /oo From bottom of cultural layer (below slab) on floor in N part of house. Comment (OSJ): date is acceptable but slightly older than T-2809; AD 665 ± 65*.

T-2809. Moland, Tuft 6,1976/as 1050 ± 80 Charcoal layer on floor in S part of house; AD 925 ± 95*. 584 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth T-2333. Moland, Struktur Z, 1976/3 1410 ± 60 From test pit of round shallow depression in meadow. Charcoal taken from central area where concentration of charcoal indicated fireplace. Comment (OSJ): no datable evidence; site may be ruins of round house. T-2119. Moland, akerrein,1975/5 2010 ± 150 Charcoal in layer of sand underlying lynchet with traces of ploughing with ard. Comment (OSJ): post quem date for fm of lynchet; 125 ± 255 BC*. T-2808. Moland, akerrein 1975/4 1230 ± 110 From charcoal layer ca 0.1Om above sample T-2119. Comment (OSJ): date indicates considerable interval between farming activities below lynchet (T-2119) and fm of lynchet; AD 750 ± 130*. T-1972. Moland, Roys 1,1974/12 1660 ± 170 Charcoal from earth layer below stones in burial cairn. Comment (OSJ): it is uncertain if date is of construction period of cairn or is post quern date; AD 335 ± 195*. T-1995. Moland, Roys 1,1974/13 1470 ± 190 Charcoal from sand layer 0.05m below T-1972. Comment (OSJ): post quern date for construction of cairn; AD 490 ± 200*. T-1973. Moland, Roys 2,1974/16 960 ± 160 Charcoal from sand layer below stones in burial cairn. Comment (OSJ): it is uncertain if date is of construction period of cairn, or is post quem date; AD 1020 ± 170*. 790 ± 70 T-2631. Moland, naust,1977/7 b13C = - 28.0%o From charcoal layer along inside of outer wall built of sod and stone; probably remains of inner wooden wall. Comment (OSJ): date younger than expected; may represent secondary activity on site; AD 1170 ± 80*. T-3029. Moland, naust,1978/7 1230 ± 70 Betula and Pinus from charcoal layer at ca 3m on floor of boat house at Moland (68° 13' N, 14° 07' E). Comment (OSJ): date is more acceptable than T-2631; AD 750 ± 100*. Gjerland series, Sogn og Fjordane Charcoal from two houses and cooking pits at +300m, depth 0.3m at Gjerland, Forde, (61 ° 20' N, 6° 20' E). Coll 1971 to 1972 and subm 1972 to 1973 by B Myhre. Comment (BM): dates were somewhat older than expected, but are now convincing (Myhre, 1973). T-1334. No. l 1790 ± 110 From fireplace in House I; AD 180 ± 110*.

T-1335. No. 2 1580 150 From cooking pit outside houses; AD 405 ± 185*. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 585

T-1404. No. 3 1650 ± 70 From fireplace in House I; AD 315 ± 95*. T-1459. No. 4 1670 80 From fireplace in House II; AD 300 ± 100*. Boat house series, Hordaland Charcoal from several types of boat houses above sea level. All samples (except T-2950) coil 1970-1978 and subm 1973-1978 by Bjorn Myhre, Hist Mus, Univ Bergen. Commet (BM): dates fit well with expected period, based on type of boat and elevation. Boat house was probably used in "Ski- preide" organization of Medieval period (Bull, 1917). T-2948. Hamn, Kvam 520 ± 50 From fireplace at entrance of boat house at + 1 m, depth 0.3m at Hamn, Kvam (60° 05' N, 5° 50' F); AD 1385 ± 35*. T-2949. Karevik, Stord 980 ± 70 From oldest part of boat house at +5m, depth 0.5m at Karevik (59° 45' N, 5° 30' E); AD 1000 ± 70*. T-2950. Bjelland, Stord 1780 ± 50 From entrance of boat house at +5m, at Bjelland (59° 45' N, 5° 30' E). Coil 1959 by Erik Hinsch, Hist Mus, Bergen; AD 180 ± 70*. T-3032. Skatun, Fusa 1580 ± 60 From fireplace close to wall of boat house at + 1 Om, depth 0.5m at Skatun (60° 10' N, 5° 30' E); AD 385 ± 95*. T-3033. Lekven, Os 1860 ± 70 From wall of boat house at +5m, depth 0.2m at Lekven (60° 10' N, 5° 20' E); AD 115 ± 65*.

T-1067. Stend, Fana 1 1730 ± 160 Wooden plank of inner end wall of boat house at + 3m, depth 1 m at Stend, Bergen (60° 15' N, 5° 20' E); AD 240 ± 170*. Comment (BM): dates T-1241, -1336 are a few hundred yr older than expected, but fully acceptable. T-1241. Stend, Fana 2 1810± 60 Wooden plank of inner end wall of boat house; AD 155 ± 65*. T-1242. Stend, Fana 3 1680 ± 60 From fireplace close to inner end wall; AD 300 ± 90*. T-1336. Stend, Fana 4 1790± 110 Wooden plank in W wall; AD 180 ± 110*. T-1337. Stend, Fana 5 1520 70 Fireplace at entrance; AD 475 ± 85*. 586 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Cfulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth T-2331. Stend, Fana 6 1740 ± 70 Charcoal layer under earth wall outside wooden wall; AD 230 ± 90*.

Ullandhaug series, Rogaland Charcoal from house sites at +85m at Ullandhaug, Stavanger, Rogaland (59° 55' N, 5° 40' E). Coll 1968 and subm 1976 by B Myhre. Com- ment (BM): dates fit well with expected date, to Roman and Migration periods, though some of them are a few hundred yr older than expected (Myhre,1980).

T-2249. Ullandhaug 1/6 1580 ± 60 From House 1, Fireplace 6, depth 0.3m; AD 385 ± 95*.

T-2250. Ullandhaug 2/1 1480 ± 70 From House 2, Fireplace 1, depth 0.3m; AD 500 ± 90*.

T-2251. Ullandhaug 3/3 1570 ± 70 From House 3, Fireplace 3, depth 0.3m; AD 410 ± 120*.

T-2252. Ullandhaug 3/4 2020 ± 80 From House 3, Fireplace 4, depth 0.5m; 70 ± 130 BC*.

T-2253. Ullandhaug 3/9 1800 ± 70 From House 3, Fireplace 9, depth 0.2m; AD 170 ± 80*.

Haheller series, Rogaland

T-3544. Loc 135/SBA-79 3920 ± 90 From Haheller E at +1 2m, depth 0.90 to 0.95m below ground surface in cave containing finds from various archaeol periods at Forsand (59° 03' N, 6° 31' E). Coil 1979 by 0 Kristiansen, P Ethelberg, and S Bang- Andersen; subm 1979 by S Bang-Andersen, Archaeol Mus, Stavanger. Com- ment (SBA): dates agree well with site strat and indicate occupation period ca 1000 yr, late Middle Neolithic to late Bronze age. Youngest period (T-3545) is not represented in archaeol finds; 2405 ± 215 BC*.

T-3545. Loc 130/SBA-79 2870 ± 60 Animal bones from Haheller E at +1 2m, depth 0.4 to 0.5m in center of cultural layer; 1135 ± 125 BC*.

T-3546. Loc 216/SBA-79 4190 ± 90 Charcoal from Haheller W at + 12.5m, depth 0.78 to 0.82m, 0.l m under cultural layer; 2880 ± 180 BC*.

T-3547. Loc 170/SBA-79 3540 ± 90 Charcoal from Haheller W at +1 2.5m, depth 0.42 to 0.45m in charcoal pit in lower part of cultural layer; 2035 ± 75 BC*. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 587 Mountain Settlements

S Norway series Charcoal from dwelling sites with finds from Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Iron ages in mt area between Ryfylke and Setesdal, S Norway. Coil and subm 1974 to 1979 by S Bang-Andersen. Comment (SBA): dated to study use of this mt area in prehistory (Bang-Andersen, 1974; 1976).

Mosvatnet series, Rogaland

T-1811. Loc 7/UF4 1320 ± 70 From depth 0.12 to 0.15m below ground surface in cultural layer of distinct hearth, + 520m at Mosvatnet, Suldal (59° 25' N, 6° 26' E); AD 660 ± 70*.

T-2071. Loc 7/SBA2 1120 ± 90 From depth 0.01 to 0.15m of indistinct hearth in upper part of cultural layer; AD 845 ± 115*.

T-3304. Storemos, Loc 1 5040 ± 100 Burned nutshells from large concentration of carbonized nutshells (Corylus), charcoal, and fire-cracked flint artifacts at + 245m, depth 0.08 to 0.12m at Store Mosvatnet, Ha (58° 38' N, 5° 47' E). Coil 1978 and subm 1979 by S Bang-Andersen (1979); 3855 ± 125 BC*.

Ovre Storvatnet series, Aust-Agder T-2072. Loc 7/SBA3 5960 ± 80 From depth 0.12 to 0.13m in thin unstrat cultural layer of indistinct hearth at +978m at Ovre Storvat.net, Bykle (59° 20' N, 6° 56' E); 4845 ± 155 BC*.

T-2073. Loc 17/SBA4 6100 ± 130 From depth 0.12 to 0.16m of indistinct part of thick cultural layer. Comment (SBA): date, older than expected, belongs to Mesolithic settlement; 5075 ± 165 BC*.

T-2650. Loc 17/SBA3-77 6870 ± 110 Depth 0.28 to 0.30m from deepest part of cultural layer. T-3075. Loc 17/SBA2-78 4040 ± 50 From depth 0.12 to 0.15m at +978m in charcoal-filled spot of thin, unstrat cultural layer. Comment (SBA): small fragment of projectile point indicates Neolithic occupation; 2 710 ± 130 BC*. T-2074. Loc 12/SBA5 6800 ± 210 From depth 0.12 to 0.14m of indistinct hearth middle of cultural layer with Stone-age finds at +987m (59° 18' N, 6° 56' E). 588 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth T-3542. Loc 12/F no 10 6740± 110 From depth 0.06 to 0.09m of hearth in upper part of cultural layer at +520m.

T-3076. Loc 147/SBA 6-77 6050 ± 60 From depth 0.05 to 0.07m in charcoal layer with flint artifacts at +978m (59° 20' N, 6° 57' E); 4980 ± 70 BC*.

T-2360. Loc 147/F-10-III 7020 ± 170 Depth 0.35 to 0.40m in charcoal-filled pit in bottom of cultural layer.

T-2652. Loc 183/SBA/16-77 6950 ± 120 Depth 0.12 to 0.13m in middle of cultural layer in indistinct hearth.

T-3077. Loc 13/SBA-1-77 4000 ± 70 From depth 0.14 to 0.17m of indistinct hearth with fire-cracked stones. Comment (SBA): T-3077 and -3075 date human activities in Neoli- thic period; 2710 ± 130 BC*.

Hovassana series, Aust-Agder

T-3072. Loc 148/SBA 9.77 5870 ± 70 From depth 0.14 to 0.16m of distinct hearth in lower part of cultural layer at +980m in Hovassana, Bykle (59° 21' N, 6° 58' E); 4760 ± 150 BC*.

T-3073. Loc 150/SBA 12-77 5720 ± 90 From depth 0.08 to O.IOm of indistinct hearth in upper part of cultural layer; 4570 ± 90 BC*.

Vestre Gyvatnet series, Aust-Agder

T-3074. Loc 145/SBA 1-78 5670 ± 90 From depth 0.05 to 0.08m of charcoal concentration in lower part of cultural layer +920m at Vestre Gyvatnet, Bykle (59° 17' N, 6° 58' E); 4530 ± 70 BC*.

T-3078. Loc 146/H-21-I/II 2550 ± 70 From depth 0.15 to 0.17m of distinct charcoal layer without artifacts superimposing layer at +913m (59° 57' N, 6° 57' E); 750 ± 90 BC*.

T-2359. Loc 146/H-23-II/III 6680 ± 80 From depth 0.22 to 0.25m in partly stratified dwelling site with Stone- age finds. Comment (SBA): date proves that oldest settlement on site is clearly Mesolithic.

T-2200. Loc 68/SBA 6 1620 ± 120 From open unstratified dwelling site void of archaeol artifacts, depth 0.14 to 0.16m at +995m at Undeknutvatnet, Suldal, Rogaland (59° 23' N, Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 589 60 49' E). Comment (SBA): date proves that this loc has no connection with Stone-age sites in area; AD 370 ± 160*. Stegaros series, Telemark Charcoal from cultural layers at +1 1 25m assoc with rock shelters in Stegaros at Lake Mar in Tinn (60° 05' N, 8° 17' E). Coll and subm 1973 to 1974 by Lil Gustafson, Univ Oldsaksamling, Oslo (R, 1975, v 17, p 364- 395; R, 1978, v 20, p 105-133). T-1452. Stegaros 1058/2 2420 ± 140 From depth 0.3m in fireplace in rock shelter. Comment (RN): misprint in earlier age for this sample (R,1975, v 17, p 377); 610 ± 190 BC*. T-1609. Stegaros 1058/3 1730 ± 110 From pit in cultural layer (L4, 99x 99y) ca 0.5m below surface in rock shelter with lithic artifacts. Comment (LG): Loc 1058 was not used between ca 2420-1730 BP. Main habitation period was ca 3810-2420 BP (Gustafson, 1978); AD 250 ± 140*.

T-1610. Stegaros 1056 8030 ± 110 From base of charcoal pit (P1, 104x 108y), close to rock shelters, Loc 1006 and 1058, 0.4m below surface. Comment (LG): human occupation not expected at this date. Sample (Pinus) probably represents fossil firewood (Moe,1978b).

T-1709. Stegaros 1061 1910 ± 80 From base of cultural layer, 0.4 to 0.5m thick, (L3b, 94x 106y) of open site ca 0.5m below surface, behind rock shelters, Loc 1006 and 1058. Com- ment (LG): assoc between lithic artifacts and date is uncertain (Gustafson, 1978); AD 45 ± 105*.

T-1710. Stegaros 1062 1690 ± 110 From base of cultural layer (L2, 105x 41y) in house site with lithic and iron artifacts, ca 0.5m W of rock shelters, Loc 1058 and 1006 at shore of Lake Mar; depth 0.15m. Comment (LG): assoc between lithic artifacts and date is uncertain; AD 285 ± 125*.

T-1648. Stegaros 1063 1510 ± 110 Bone sample from base of cultural layer (11 lx 47y) outside house, Loc 1063; depth 0.20m. Find of iron arrow in bone heap. Coll and subm 1973 by Rolf W Lie, Zool Mus, Univ Bergen. Comment (RWL): connection between house and bone heap is verified, and sample also dates house; AD 460 ± 140*.

Charcoal pit series, W Norway Charcoal from pits from mt loci in W Norway, interpreted as traces of seasonal occupation. Samples coll from base of pit with heated stones. Coll 1978-1980 by L Gustafson and P K Jensen, Hist Mus, Bergen; subm 1978- 590 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth 1980 by L Gustafson. Comment (LG): dates correspond well with dates of similar pits in lowland areas (Gustafson, 1981; Myhre, 1980; Farbregd, 1979a). T-3066. Nedre Grndalsvatn IA 1940 ± 70 From Ulvik, Hardanger (60° 40' N, 7° 10' E) at +976m, depth 0.15m; AD 15 ± 115*. T-3284. Nedre Gr, ndalsvatn IIB 1600 ± 90 AD 385 ± 125* T-3882. Upsete 1C 1690 ± 80 From Aurland, Sogn & Fjordane (60° 43' N, 7° 01' E) at +850m, depth 0.15 to 0.30m; AD 285 ± 105*. T-3067. Hallingskeid 1, Hordaland 6850 ± 120 Charcoal from cultural layer with Stone-age artifacts at + 980m, depth 0.18 to 0.2m at Hallingskeid, Ulvik (60° 40' N, 7° 10' E). Coll and subm 1978 by L Gustafson. Comment (LG): date corresponds well with assoc microblades (Gustafson 1978, 1981). Hardangervidda and Ryfylke/Setesdal series This dating program was conducted 1970 to 1980 and is part of two interdisciplinary research projects in cultural history. Samples mainly coll and subm by A B Johansen, 1972-1980, Archaeol Mus, Stavanger. Com- ment (ABJ): present program consists of settlement history of some mt valleys in S Norway: Ryfylke/Setesdal (58° 15' to 58° 45' N, 6° 30' to 7° 30' E) and Hardangervidda (60° 0' to 60° 30' N, 6° 30' to 8° 30' E). Basic activities in this area were pasturing, animal husbandry, iron production, hunting, and fishing. Samples are from rock shelters, house sites, and bogs. Comment (ABJ):14C results place start of pasturing at ca 2000 yr ago in best grazing areas in Ryfylke Mts. This early date is due partly to archaeol evidence of human activity, such as wooden chips and other remains of forest clearance preserved in bog. Open settlement nearby is dated to 1330 ± 150 and 1210 ± 150 (T-1189, -1190, this list). In less suitable parts of grassland, summer farming seems to start ca 700-800 yr ago (T-3670, -3408, -3671, -2216). Pasturing series Charcoal from hunting cabins in Hordaland and Buskerud coil and subm 1972-1974 by A B Johansen. Comment (ABJ): dates suggest that in- habitants (farmers from mt valleys?) started to hunt from permanent cabins in treeless mt area ca 800 to 900 yr ago. Main problem is connection between this form of hunting and those of numerous well-known Stone-age hunting settlements in same area, which are open sites, normally with stone artifacts and no organic material left. Sites usually found close to reindeer tracks. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 591

T-1414. Leirvatnet, 22 970 ± 70 From cultural layer in hunting cabin at + 1000m at Leirvatnet, Eid- fjord, Hordaland (UTM 1415I/161023), depth 0.05 to 0.20m; AD 1010 ± 70*.

T-1700. Leirvatnet 830 ± 110 From 0.05 to 0.15m depth (UTM 1415I/161022); AD 1130 ± 110*.

T-1415. Maurset, 24 780 ± 110 From basal layer of rock shelter in farming area at + 800m at Maurset (UTM 1415I/093987), depth 0.25 to 0.28m. Comment (ABJ): stone was main artifactual material from this period (cf T-1704); assoc finds: arrow- heads and quartzite flakes; AD 1175 ± 115*.

T-1704. Maurset, 50 800 ± 70 Depth 0.22 to 0.25m; AD 1160 ± 80*.

T-1639. Langavatn, 48 510 ± 80 From cultural layer at + 1225m at Langavatn (UTM 1415I/187804), depth 0.04 to 0.09m; AD 1385 ± 45*. T-1500. Lengjedalsvatnet, 23 870 ± 100 From cultural layer in hunting cabin at +131 Om at Lengjedalsvatnet, Hol, Buskerud (UTM 141611/276182), depth 0.10 to 0.13m; AD 1110 ± 110 *

T-1703. Digernes, 49 640 ± 90 From cultural layer in deserted hunting cabin at +990m at Digernes (UTM 1515IV/437063), depth 0.03 to Ohm; AD 1310 ± 80*. Suldal/Rogaland series

T-1902. Sandsa 1340 ± 190 Charcoal from fireplace on open living floor at +620m, depth 0.10m (UTM 1313IV/632912). Coll 1975 by Synnove Vinsrygg, Stavanger Mus; subm 1975 by ABJ; AD 645 ± 205*. T-2410. Havistol, S51/3 540 ± 80 Charcoal from cultural layer in house site on summer farm at + 600m, depth 0.15m (UTM 1314I1/783062). Coll and subm 1976 by Lars Steinvik, Stavanger Mus; AD 1375 ± 35*. T-3406. Buarehelleren, 110/79 930 80 T-3670. Buarehelleren,112/79 820 90 Charcoal and twigs from basal layer in rock shelter in summer farm area, depth 0.45m at +900m (UTM 1313I/677888). Coll and subm 1979; AD 1065 ± 105* (T-3406); AD 1140 ± 100* (T-3670). 592 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth T-3408. Svultanuthelleren, 26/76 810 ± 50 Charcoal from thin cultural layer in rock shelter, depth 0.08m at +800m (UTM 13131/657878). Coil 1976 by A M Knudsen, Stavanger Mus; subm 1979 by ABJ; AD 1155 ± 65*. T-3671. Svultanuthelleren, 42/76 790 ± 60 Charcoal at 0.02m depth coil and subm 1979; AD 1165 ± 75*.

T-3190. Stolsmyra,1978/S12 920 ± 50 Wood, birch root, depth 0.73m, Sandsa (UTM 1313IV/631912). Coil and subm 1978. Comment (ABJ): birch root was from next to last forest cover of bog; AD 1.060 ± 60*.

T-3191. Stolsmyra,1978/S24 1910 ± 80 Part of birch root cut by metal axe, depth 1.20m. Coil and subm 1978; AD 45 ± 105*.

T-3674. Stolsmyra, 23/79 2310 ± 90 Birch bark at 1.57m depth. Coil and subm 1980. Comment (ABJ): dates last forest cover unexploited by man; 520 ± 120 BC*.

T-3407. Stolsmyra, 62/79 2280 ± 70 Twigs, depth 1.60m, coil 1979 by Kari Grosfjeld, Stavanger Mus; subm 1979. Comment (ABJ): dates first archaeol detectable traces of man in bog. Assoc finds: twigs and chips from woodworking; 430 ± 40 BC*.

T-3410. Stolsmyra,17/79 2500 ± 70 Pieces of wood from basal layer of bog, depth 2.02m at +620m. Coll and subm 1979; 655 ± 145 BC*. Iron Production Charcoal from slag heaps and charcoal kilns. Comment (ABJ): iron production started ca 2000 yr ago (T-1188, -1676) in mt area of Hardanger, and lasted only short time (T-1507, -1640, -1819). Next production period is characterized by sharp change in technol, hundreds of furnace sites all over mt valleys, and far more extensive production. This second period started ca 1000-1200 yr ago (T-3184, -1416), and peaked at 800-900 yr BP. Most iron smelting ended 600 yr ago. Vinje/Telemark series

T-2733. Kvervesja,1/77 960 ± 70 From basal layer of charcoal kiln, depth 0.2m at +890m, Vinje (UTM 141411/182184). Coil and subm 1977; AD 1015 ± 75*.

T-2734. Kvervesja, 2/77 900 ± 70 From top layer of charcoal kiln, depth 0.l m at +890m, coil and subm 1977; AD 1090 ± 90*. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 593

T-2735. Sigurdsbu, 6/77 960 ± 70 From charcoal kiln, depth O.IOm at +890m, Sigurdsbu (UTM 1414II/ 183163), coll and subm 1977; AD 1015 ± 75*.

T-2868. Kyrkjemoen,10/77 650 ± 60 From top layer in charcoal kiln, depth O.IOm at +910m, Kyrkjemoen (UTM 1414II/131135), coil 1977 and subm 1978; AD 1300 ± 60*.

T-3187. Nystol,1978/3 880 ± 60 From top layer in charcoal kiln, depth 0. l Om at +920m, Nystol (UTM 14141I/183134), coll and subm 1978 by T E Aanestad, Stavanger Mus; AD 1100 ± 80*.

T-3285. Sesvatn,1978/31 830 ± 70 From top layer of charcoal kiln, depth O. l Om at +910m, Ssvatn (UTM 1414II/147146), toll 1978 by T E Aanestad and subm 1979 by ABJ; AD 1135 ± 85*. Bykle/Rust-Agder series

T-3286. Vikvollen,1978/11 970 ± 60 From top layer in charcoal kiln, depth 0.1 Om at +915m, at Vikvollen, Bykle (UTM 141411/115123). Coll 1978 by T E Aanestad and subm 1979 by ABJ; AD 1005 ± 65*.

T-2737. Lislefjodd,13/77 720 ± 50 From top layer in charcoal kiln, depth 0.09m at +910m, Lislefjodd (UTM 141411/097094), toll and subm 1977; AD 1240 ± 50*.

T-3184. Finnastollia, 1978/20 1380 ± 50 From top layer of slag heap in iron production site, depth 0.05m to 0.10m at +830m, Finnastollia (UTM 1414II/075052). Coll 1978 by TEA and subm 1979 by ABJ; AD 600 ± 50*.

T-3188. Finnastollia, 1978/23 860 ± 70 From top layer of slag heap in iron production site, depth 0.03 to O.IOm at +850m (UTM 14 1411/072053). Coll by TEA and subm 1978; AD 1120 ± 90*.

T-3287. Finnastollia, 1978/24 730 ± 60 Depth 0.02 to O.IOm (UTM 1414II/073053), coil by TEA and subm 1978; AD 1235 ± 55*.

T-3288. Finnastollia, 1978/24 690 ± 50 Depth 0.05 to 0.1 Om (UTM 141411/074051). Coll 1978 by TEA and subm 1979 by ABJ; AD 1255 ± 55*. 594 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth T-3289. Finnastollia,1978/33 870 ± 60 From cultural layer in iron production site, depth 0.05 to 0.IOm at +870m (UTM 1414III/060040). Coil 1978 by TEA and subm 1979 by ABJ; AD 1110 ± 80*. T-3183. Brakamo,1978/36 970 ± 50 From top layer in charcoal kiln, depth 0.02 to 0.12m at + 720m, Bra- kamo, Valle, Aust-Agder (UTM 1413I/138745). Coll by TEA and subm 1978 by ABJ; AD 1005 ± 55*. T-3290. Brakamo,1978/33 910 ± 50 From 0.05 to 0.15m depth; AD 1075 ± 65*. T-3185. Berdalen,1978/39 3050 70 From top layer in coal pit, depth 0.10 to 0.15m at +870m, Berdalen (UTM 1413I/145905). Coll by TEA and subm 1978 by ABJ. Comment: evidently not related to iron production; 1380 ± 110 BC*. T-3186. Botsvatn,1978/32 570 ± 60 From top layer in charcoal kiln, depth 0.05 to 0.15m at + 620m, Bots- vatn (UTM 1413IV/130807). Coll by TEA and subm 1978 by ABJ; AD 1360 ± 50*. T-3189. Stavenes,1978/38 690 ± 70 From top layer in charcoal kiln, depth 0.20 to 0.25m at + 71 om, Stav- enes (UTM 1413I/080809). Coll by TEA and subm 1979 by ABJ; AD 1265 ± 65*. Eidfjord/Ulvik series

T-1189. Fljodal, 5 1330 ± 150 Charcoal from fireplace in house site on summer farm, depth 0.1 Om at + 1000m in Fljodal, Eidfjord, Hordaland (UTM 14151V/990905). Coli and subm 1971; AD 655 ± 165*.

T-1190. Instest, len, 6 1210 ± 150 Charcoal from cultural layer in summer farm house, depth 0.1Om at +930m, Eidfjord (UTM 1415I/140015). Coil and subm 1971; AD 775 ± 165*. T-1412. Skissete, 20 300 ± 70 Charcoal from cultural layer assoc with summer farm house, depth 0.05 to 0.07m at +940m, Eidfjord (UTM 1415IV/035973). Coll and subm 1972; AD 1545 ± 95*.

T-1413. Hadletseter, 21 260 ± 70 Charcoal from cultural layer in house site on summer farm, depth 0.08 to 0.12m at + 1 Ol Om, Eidfjord (UTM 1415IV/034945). Coll and subm 1972; AD 1565 ± 95*. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 595

T-2869. Viveli, 1973/102 700 ± 80 From top layer in charcoal kiln, depth 0.05 to 0.07m at +870m in Viv- eli, Eidfjord, (UTM 1415IV/981917). Coll 1973 and subm 1978; AD 1260 ± 70*.

T-2864. Viveli,1973/101 680 ± 60 From top layer in charcoal kiln, depth 0.05 to 0.07m at + 865m (UTM 14151V/979918). Coil 1973 and subm 1974; AD 1280 ± 60*.

T-1820. Storlii, 62 640 ± 70 From top layer of slag heap in iron production site, depth 0.05 to O.IOm at +940m, Storlii (UTM 1415I/112963). Coll and subm 1974; AD 1310 ± 70*.

T-1299. Maurset, 14 200 ± 80 From basal layer in charcoal kiln close to existing farm, depth 0.15m at +800m at Maurset (UTM 1415I/092987). Coil 1971 and subm 1972; AD 1660 ± 140*.

T-1503. Fetalii, 29 830 ± 70 From basal layer of slag heap in iron production site (see T-2865), depth 0.50m at +795m, Fetalii (UTM 1415IV/056975). Coll and subm 1973; AD 1135 ± 85*.

T-2865. Fetalii, 1972/104 860 ± 60 From 0.00 to 0.05m depth, coil and subm 1978; AD 1110 ± 80*.

T-1507. Fet, 35 1840 ± 80 From top layer of slag heap in iron production site, depth 0.05m at +730m (UTM 14151V/053984); AD 135 ± 75*.

T-1640. Fet, 43 1840 ± 70 From top layer, 0.05m depth; AD 130 ± 70*.

T-1819. Fet, 60 1810 110 From top layer, 0.00 to 0.1Om depth; AD 165 ± 105*.

T-1188. Fet, 4 2070 ± 110 From basal layer, 0.40m depth at +730m (UTM 1415IV/053984). Coil and subm 1971;170 ± 220 BC*.

T-1676. Fet, 40 1990 100 From basal layer, 0.77m depth; 45 ± 145 BC*.

T-1636. Fet, 41 1240 110 From basal layer, 0.79m depth; AD 750 ± 130*. 596 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth T-1637. Fet, 44 1800 ± 150 From charcoal layer underlying basal slab of reduction furnace, 0.30m depth; AD 190 ± 160*.

T-1508. Fet, 37 470 ± 70 From cultural layer of house in iron production site, 0.10 to 0.15m depth; AD 1415 ± 35*.

T-1298. Fet,12 360 60 From charcoal kiln, depth 0.45m; AD 1520 ± 90*.

T-1300. Fet,15 880 ± 70 From charcoal kiln, depth 0.13 to 0.22m (UTM 141 51V/056982); AD 1105 ± 85*.

T-1301. Fet,16 740 ± 120 From charcoal kiln, depth 0.05 to 0.1 Om (UTM 1415IV/057983). Coil 1971 and subm 1972; AD 1210 ± 120*.

T-1702. Liset, 47 840 ± 70 From top layer of slag heap, depth 0.00 to 0.05m at + 735m, Liset (UTM 1415IV/047002). Coil 1973 and subm 1974; AD 1130 ± 90*.

T-1504. Tveit, 30 270 ± 90 From charcoal kiln, depth 0.20m at +95m, Tveit (UTM 141 51V/ 968987). Coil 1972 and subm 1973; AD 1610 ± 150*.

T-2215. Olastolen, Ulvik 2 160 ± 60 Charcoal from fireplace in house site of summer farm, depth 0.08 to O.IOm at +800m, Ulvik, Hordaland (UTM 1416III/909200). Coil 1975 and subm 1976; younger than AD 1630*.

T-2216. Klovsteinen, Ulvik 4 760 ± 60 Charcoal from fireplace in cultural layer in house site on summer farm, depth O. l Om at +800m, Ulvik (UTM 1416III/918205); AD 1185 ± 75*. Hol/Buskerud series

T-1416. Lauvvikstolen, 27 1010 ± 80 From top layer of slag heap, depth 0.05m at +995m, Lauvvikstolen, Hol, Buskerud (UTM 1515IV/422067). Coil and subm 1972; AD 970 ± 80*.

T-1417. Lauvvikstolen, 28 990 ± 90 From basal layer, depth 0.55 to 0.60m; AD 985 + 95*. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 597 T-2866. Ustevatn,1973/100 830 ± 50 From top layer of slag heap, depth 0.05m at +990m, S of Ustevatn (UTM 1515IV/435060). Coil 1973 and subm 1978; AD 1145 ± 75*.

T-1506. Ustevatn, 34 880 ± 110 From basal layer, depth 0.60m Coil 1972 and subm 1973; AD 1100 ± 120*.

T-3672. Fekjo, 115/79 190 ± 40 From charcoal kiln, depth 0.04 to 0.08m at + 770m, Fekjo (UTM 1516II/539105). Coil 1979 and subm 1980; younger than AD 1470*.

T-3673. Fekjo, 116/79 340 ± 70 From 0.05 to 0.15m depth; AD 1530 ± 100*.

T-3409. Fekjo, 117/79 290 ± 60 From 0.15 to 0.21m depth; AD 1550 ± 90*.

T-1501. Borgastolen 740 ± 60 From top layer of slag heap, depth 0.03 to 0.05m at +101 Om, Borgar- stolen (UTM 1515I/606027). Co111972 and subm 1973; AD 1235 ± 55*.

T-1502. Borgastolen 750 ± 90 From basal layer of slag heap, depth 0.50 to 0.55m; AD 1195 ± 105*.

T-1505. Tuftestolen, 33 300 ± 70 From charcoal kiln, depth 0.05 to 0.1 Om at +860m, Tuftestolen (UTM 15151/560048). Coil 1972 and subm 1973; AD 1545 ± 95*.

T-2867. Aslegarden, 1972/105 540 ± 50 From charcoal kiln, depth 0.1 Om at +1 060m, Asiegarden (UTM 1515I/560048). Coil 1972 and subm 1973; AD 1375 ± 35*.

T-1701. Ossjoen, 46 700 ± 70 From top layer of slag heap, depth 0.05m at +955m, Ossjoen (UTM 1515I/585942). Co111973 and subm 1974; AD 1255 ± 65*.

T-1418. Halne, 31 1610 ± 110 From coal pit, depth 0.15 to 0.20m at + 1140m, Halne (UTM 1415I/ 287986), coil and subm 1972. Comment: sample unrelated to iron production; AD 364 ± 155*.

T-1641. Halne, 51 1710± 110 From charcoal pit assoc with house site, depth 0.11 to 0.13m at +11 40m (UTM 1415I/287987). Comment: sample unrelated to iron production; AD 270 ± 130*. 598 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth T-1638. Kruksetra 880 ± 70 From top layer of slag heap, depth 0.05 to 0.1 Om at + 980m, Krukse- tra, Nore og Uvdal, Buskerud (UTM 1515I/639847). Coil and subm 1973 by Tore Bjorgo, Stavanger Mus; AD 1105 ± 85*. Mosstrand series, Telemark This series of charcoal samples (R, 1978, v 20, p 126-127) covers time span of ca 700 yr (AD 550-1250) with large-scale iron production from Vinje (59° 50' N, 8° 10' E). Coil and subm 1978 by Irmelin Martens, Univ Mus Nail Antiquities, Oslo. Comment (IM): chronology is mainly based on 48140 dates from 31 sites, comprising four types: 1) slag heaps with bowl furnaces, 2) slag heaps with shaft furnaces, 3) single-room house sites with slag heap and shaft furnaces, 4) larger house sites with slag heaps and shaft furnaces. This is also chronologic series, confirmed by slag composition, several other elements on sites, relations to excavated farm houses, and a few artifacts. Dates agree very well with archaeol dates (Martens, 1977, 1979). T-3091. Kulingsli 930 ± 50 From slag heap outside house site at +980m, depth 0.10 to 0.20m; AD 1045 ± 45*. T-3092. Bjornefjell 880 ± 50 From slag heap at + 1030m, depth 0.10 to 0.20m; AD 1100 ± 80*. T-3093. Sandhaug 840 ± 50 From area right outside house site with slag heap at +930m, depth 0.10 to 0.20m; AD 1140 ± 70*. T-3094. Varlistol 1040 ± 60 From slag heap at +960m, depth 0.10 to 0.25m; AD 940 ± 80*.

T-3557. Halvtekkja 40/52 No. 2 810 ± 50 From slag heap outside house site at +925m, depth 0.10 to 0.25m; AD 1155 ± 65*. T-3558. Hove 53/34 No.1 850 ± 50 From layer right outside house, probably charcoal storage area at + 920m, depth 0.10 to 0.15m; AD 1125 ± 65*. T-3559. Liset 40/53 No.1 880 ± 60 From slag heap outside house at +917m, depth 0.10 to 0.20m; AD 1100 ± 80*. Bloomery series During last 20 yr, furnaces were excavated as part of other investigations. They are of great interest as parallels to Mosstrond furnaces. This charcoal series is from different sites in S Norway. Subm 1978 by I Mart- ens. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 599

T-2993. Tangvassosen 900 ± 60 From stone-lined bowl furnace in house site at +960m in Vinje (59° 50' N, 7° 30' E). Coll 1959 by Jo Bleken-Nilssen, Telemark. Comment (IM): dates are 300 yr later than same furnace type at Mosstrond, only ca 35km away (see T-2997); AD 1090 ± 90*.

T-2994. Rolleivstad 1700 ± 70 From bloomery furnace, probably with low shaft, depth ca 3m, at + 650m in Fyresdal (59° 15' N, 8° 15' E). Coll 1968 by I Martens. Comment (IM): even if date is far earlier than expected, result cannot be rejected; corresponds well with T-2995; Al) 285 ± 105*.

T-2995. Homstolvatn 1830 ± 60 From bloomery furnace with outer stone lining at + 350m, Froland, Aust-Agder (58° 45' N, 8° 0' E), depth 0.4 to 0.5m; AD 140 ± 70*.

T-2996. Valldalseter 840 ± 50 From between two layers of slag in furnace hearth at + 700m, Odda, Hordaland (59° 55' N, 6° 55' E). Coll 1964 by J-R Ness and I Martens. Com- ment (IM): furnace underlay house site dated to 12th century AD; date is fully acceptable (Martens, 1973); AD 1135 ± 55*.

T-2997. Tangvassosen 910 ± 70 From same loc at T-2993; coil 1959 by J Bleken-Nilssen; AD 1080 ± 100*.

T-1666. Kvitfeten, Oppland 1020 ± 80 Charcoal (Sample 1) in coarse ground moraine ca 35km from nearest settlement in area with large bogs and scattering patches of mt birch at +980m, depth 0.15m, Kvitfeten cheese farm, Oystre Slidre, Oppland (61 ° 14' N, 9° 20' E). Coil and subm 1973 to 1974 by Bjorn Axelsen, Dept Geog, Univ Trondheim. Comment (BA): charcoal production for bog iron smelting probably removed much of original forest before intensive agric began in Viking period (Axelsen,1975); Al) 950 ± 90*.

Ropptjern series, Oppland Charcoal (birch) from base of charcoal kiln at Lake Ropptjern at +825m, Gausdal (61° 12' N' 9° 59' E). Cobb 1974 and subm 1975 by Jarle Bye, Univ Mus Nail Antiquities, Oslo. Comment (JB): samples date period of iron production in area (Bye, 1978).

T-2537. Ropptjern no. 3 790 70 Depth 0.I Om; D 1165 ± 75*,.

T-2538. Ropptjern no. 4 710 ± 50 Depth 0.55m; AD 1250 ± 50.

T-2539. Ropptjern no. 5 570 ± 40 Depth 0.25m; AD 1355 ± 35. 600 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth Agricultural Development Karlsoy series, Troms Peat (Cyperaceae-Campylium-Depanocladus intermedium) (rich fen) and charcoal from agric development in Karlsoy. Peat samples were separated into two fractions according to particle size: < 1 mm (a, b) and > 1 mm (c). Smaller fraction (<1mm) was divided into soluble fraction (a) in NaOH and insoluble fraction (b). Coll 1976 and subm 1977 by K D Vorren (1979). (a) 1510 ± 80 5'3C= T-2549. Dafjord II:1 -29. 7%o (b) 1550 ± 70 S13C= - 30.1%o T-2605. Dafjord II:1 (c) 1420 ± 80 From peat layer (H7), 0.8m thick, at + l Om, depth 0.26 to 0.29m, Dafjord (60° 59' N, 19° 25' E). Comment (KDV): dates beginning of Hordeum growing in Dafjord. Coarse remains of fraction of Carex peat (c) shows slight contamination by younger rootlets; (a) AD 490 ± 100*; (b) AD 430 ± 110*; (c) AD 550 ± 90*. (a) 4820 ± 80 T-2550. Dafjord I:2 b13C= - 31.0%o (b) 4760 ± 120 5130= -31.2 o

T-2604. Dafjord I: 2 (c) 4410 ± 100 Peat (H5) from depth 0.59 to 0.64m at +20m (69° 58' N, 19° 25' E). Comment (KDV): probably dates pasturing in area. Coarse remains (c) show possible contamination by younger rootlets; (a) 3635 ± 75 BC*; (b) 3545 + 155 BC*; (c) 3165 ± 185 BC*. (b) 3450 ± 40 5'3C= T-2547. Vannareid 1 -30.0%0 T-2606. Vannareid 1 (c) 3190 ± 70 Peat (H5) from peat layer, 0.8m thick, at + 20m, depth 0.27 to 0.32m, Vannareid, Karlsoy (70° 12' N, 19° 05' E). Comment (KDV): younger roots and stolons in Carex-Scirpus caespitosus peat (c) may have influenced result. Dates fit well with general agric expansion during later part of Neolithic period; (b) 1875 ± 165 BC*; (c) 1550 ± 90 BC*.

T-2548. Vannareid 2 6450 ± 70 Depth 0.70 to 0.77m. Comment (KDV): dates local stage rich in Cheno- podium and Rumex, and decline in Pinus. T-2560. Stornes 810 ± 60 Charcoal (Calluna stems and roots) at + 1 Om from Helgoy, Karlsoy (70° 12' N, 19° 25' E), depth 0.33 to 0.36m. Comment (KDV): dates late stage in maritime heath burning culture of W and N Norway; AD 1155 ± 75*. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 601

T-2221. Helgoy 2 1120 ± 100 Peat cut out for dating of "pollen horizons" from + 15m, depth 0.43 to 0.46m, at Helgoy, Karlsoy (70° 07' N, 19° 20' E). Dates agric development on Helgoy farm. Comment (KDV): expected age, 1300-1400 BP on archaeol evidence (Vorren, 1980); AD 850 ± 120*.

T-3669. Helgoy 6 1960 ± 80 Twigs/roots of Salix from depth 0.76 to 0.81m in same core as T-2221, concerns rise of Piaceae curve, interpreted as result of fm of early pastures. Comment (KDV): expected age ca 2500 BP due to similar agric development elsewhere (Vorren, 1980); 5 ± 115 BC*. Hofsoy series, Troms Peat at + 7m from Deggemyra near Hofsoy, Tranoy, Troms (69° 04' N, 17° 05' E). Sample dated in study of agric development as part of archaeol investigations of Iron age and Neolithic settlements. Excavated by 0 S Johansen, Univ Tromso, coil 1977 and subm 1978 by K D Vorren.

T-2861. Hofsoy 1(1977) 1140 ± 70 Depth 1.00 to 1.03m. Comment (KDV): dates end of intensive agric assoc with Iron age settlement; AD 830 ± 100*.

T-2862. Hofsoy 2 (1977) 1770 ± 50 Depth 1.39 to 1.42m. Comment (KDV): expected age based on archaeol evidence. Dates start of intensive agric; AD 200 ± 60*.

T-2863. Hofsoy 3 (1977) 2240 ± 80 Depth 1.93 to 1.95m. Comment (KDV): date seems too young based on expected Bronze age agric; 320 ± 110 BC*. Bakkemyra series, Troms 14C Peat, sampled with Hiller sampler, ca 7 cores for each sample, from Torsli at + 140m, Tranoy (69° 12' N, 17° 33' E). Samples dated for forest and agric history of area. Coll and subm 1975 by K D Vorren.

T-1987. Bakkemyra I 2060 ± 120 Depth 0.20 to 0.23m. Comment (KDV): marked agric expansion, according to alleged Kist data. Date was based on agric event. Mire surface is slightly eroded, hence, small distance from surface to sample; 165 ± 225 BC*.

T-1988. Bakkemyra II 3420 ± 70 Depth 0.8 to 0.9m. Comment (KDV): unexpectedly high age due to current assumption that agric was introduced to N Norway during Roman Iron age, Migration period. More recent palynol results from N Norway support this date (Vorren, 1979);1855 ± 165 BC*. 602 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth

T-1989. Bakkemyra III 5170 ± 110 Depth 1.9 to 2.Om. Comment (KDV): date indicates that Alnus decline is identical with Atlantic/Sub-boreal boundary; 3995 ± 195 BC*.

T-1990. Bakkemyra IV 7790 ± 160 Depth 3.5 to 3.6m. Comment (KDV): later dates from Troms show Pinus and Alnus rise fairly simultaneously ca 7700 BP.

T-1991. Bakkemyra V 8760 ± 170 Depth 3.9 to 4.Om. Comment (KDV): basal sediments of mire showing Betula dominated stage, end of Ericales peak. Bakkan series, Nordland

Peat (Sphagnum fuscum-Ericales vaginatum) coil with iron tube, 1 m diam, at +30m from Bakkan, Andoya (69° 01' N, 15° 31' E). Coll 1972 and subm 1973 to 1975 by K D Vorren. Comment (KDV): part of study of "pollen horizons" to date oldest agric in N Norway (Vorren, 1975).

T-1912. Bakken II, <.5mm (a) 190 Bakken II, <.5mm (b) 2360 110 T-1913. Bakken II,

T-1635. Bakkan IV 3070 ± 80 Depth 1.10 to 1.12m. Comment (KDV): date indicates first marked agric expansion in area; 1390 ± 120 BC*. Bostad series, Nordland Peat coll with iron tube, 0.1 Om diam, at + 30m, Bostad, Vestvagoy (68° 15' N, 13° 45' E). Coll 1973 to 1975 and subm 1973 to 1976 by K D Vorren (1979).

T-2222. Bostad I 610 ± 90 Depth 0.30 to 0.33m. Sample size, 1 mm after washing and sieving. Comment: dates marked decline, possible temporary end of agric; AD 1320 ± 80*.

T-2223. Bostad II 3740 ± 50 Depth 1.09 to 1.11 m. Comment (KDV): introd of cereal growth; 2220 ± 70 BC*.

T-2224. Bostad III 5510 ± 80 Depth 1.27 to 1.30m. Comment (KDV): probably introd of sheep/cattle and/or transition to permanent settlement; 4420 ± 60 BC*. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 603 T-2607. Bostad IV 950 ± 70 Depth 0.43 to 0.45m. Comment (KDV): decline in agric; AD 1025 ± 75*. T-2608. Bostad V 1500 ± 70 Depth 0.64 to 0.66m. Comment (KDV): most intensive agric phase; AD 495 ± 95*. T-2609. Bostad VI 2430 ± 130 Depth 0.97 to 0.99m. Comment (KDV): grassland expansion; 610 ± 190 BC*. T-2610. Bostad VII 7140 ± 130 Depth 1.38 to 1.4m. Comment (KDV): probable start of settlement. Ard share series, W Norway Wood samples were coil from two sites to date Norwegian wooden and shares of Dostrup type. Coil 1953 to 1955 by local farmer; subm 1974 by Bjorn Myhre, Hist Mus, Univ Bergen. Comment (BM): dates fit well with earlier dates of similar wooden shares from Denmark and Germany (Myhre, unpub). T-1771. Taksdal, S-8749 2360 ± 100 From bog, 1.5m deep, at +1 50m, Taksdal, Time, Rogaland (58° 45' N, 5° 30' E); 570 ± 160 BC*. T-1772. Os, B-10069 1910± 110 From bog at +25m, Os, Eid, Sogn and Fjordane (61° 55' N, 6° 00' E); AD 35 ± 135*. Hunting Constructions Ledsageren/Hirkjolen series, Hedmark Charcoal and wood coll to study construction and period when pitfalls for elk (Alces alces) were used. From + 730m, Ledsageren/Hirkjolen, Stor- Elvdal (61 ° 45' N, 10° 38' E). Coil and subm 1976-1979 by K Barth, Zool Mus, Oslo (Barth, 1981). T-2513. P 3c-76 800 ± 40 Charcoal from layer, 0.02m thick, 0.40m below surface in surrounding bank, l .2m from old wall of pit. Comment (EKB): represents burned vegetation when pit was restored. Same pit as T-1879 (R, 1978, v 20, p 128) and T-2514; AD 1155 ± 65*. T-2514. P 3d-76 730 ± 60 Wood from vegetation 0.30m below surface in bank 3.5m from old wall of pit. Comment (EKE): corresponds with charcoal layer of T-2513; AD 1240 ± 60*. 604 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth

T-2655. P 10-77 300 ± 60 Wood 0.30m below surface in surrounding bank. Comment (EKB): represents burned vegetation when pit was restored; AD 1550 ± 90*. T-2366. P4-76 90 ±40 From stick of spruce wood, 0.85m long, that originally had iron pike on top, used for impaling animals. Depth 1.6m below basal surface; same pitfall as T-2655. Comment (EKB): date shows that this kind of elk hunting was practiced up to recent times; younger than AD 1670*.

T-2812. P 18-77 380 ± 90 Wood from logs, 0.2 to 0.3m thick, horizontally bound together in rectangular pitfall. Depth 2m below surface; pit filled with soil and water. Same pit at T-2366; AD 1510 ± 100*.

T-2820. P 2a-77 300 ± 50 Wood from remains of vertical logs 0.3m below surface; in dry pit, 2m deep; AD 1545 ± 85*.

T-2656. P 17-77 70 ± 50 Wood set into iron pike, as T-2366, at depth 1.6m below basal surface; younger than AD 1780*.

T-3471. P5-79 3040 ± 50 Upper 0.03m of humus deposit, ca. 0.09m thick, 0.7m below surface in surrounding bank, 1.2m from the old wall. Comment (EKE): upper layer of this humus represents organic material of old earth surface when pit was dug out first time. Same pit as T-1879, -2513 and -2514;1365 ± 95 BC*.

T-3470. Gorrtjonn P 1-79 580 ± 70 Wood from walls in rectangular/oval pitfall, partly filled with boggy soil and water at + 320m, Storfalldalen, Eidskog (60° 05' N, 12° 13' E). Com- ment (EKE): date corresponds with occupation period of Ledsageren/ Hirkjolen series; AD 1335 ± 75*.

T-3543A. Loc 67/SBA-79 1390 ± 50 Humified peat at +993m, depth 0.35 to 0.36m in subfossil humus horizon in dike encircling reindeer pitfall at Undeknutvatnet, Suldal, Rogaland (59° 23' N, 6° 48' E). Coil and subm 1979 by S Bang-Andersen (ms in preparation); AD 600 ± 40*.

Pitfall series, Hedmark Bark and charcoal from system of 53 trapping pits at + 700m, Roa, Engerdal (62° 28' N, 12° E). Coil 1978 and subm 1979 by G Boistad, Hist Mus, Bergen. Comment (GB): dates agree and confirm successive use of area. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 605

T-3087. Pit no. 27 1620 ± 80 Bark from top cover (branches, etc) from center of base underlying 0.75m of sand; AD 355 ± 95*.

T-3088. Pit no.1 2120 ± 230 Charcoal from plant material beneath podsol profile in mound, ca 0.2m depth; 190 ± 280 BC*.

Iron Age Cemeteries

Navlus series, N Trondelag Charcoal pits and iron foundry were also found in Iron age cemetery of Navlus. Chronologic relationships of different activities at site seemed to be of special importance. Charcoal (Alnus, Betula, Pinus) found at ca +1 OOm at Navlus, Snasa (64° 15' N, 12° 28' E). Coll and subm 1976 by 0 Farbregd (1983).

T-2341. Pit A 1740 ± 100 From base of pit near grave monuments and slag heap, depth ca 0.5m. Comment (OF): charcoal pits are evidently older than barrows, possibly later than iron production (Farbregd, 1979c, 1983); AD 235 ± 125*.

T-2342. Furnace pit 1900 ± 90 From iron slag layer in and around furnace pit below grave monument from 4th to 5th century, depth ca 0.15m; AD 50 ± 110*.

T-2343. Pit Ia 1800 ± 80 From bottom of pit older than grave, but probably related to iron production, depth ca 0.5m. Comment (OF): similarity of T-2342 and -2343 supports assumption that Pit Ia is related to iron production; AD 165 ± 95*.

Veiem grave series, N Trondelag Partly leveled round barrow with well-furnished stone cist grave from ca AD 500. In subsoil below was distinct pattern of plow marks, and various pits were found around edge of barrow. Charcoal, wood and bark from +20m at Veiem, Grong (12° 07' N, 64° 28' E). Coll 1976 and subm 1976- 1977 by Oddmunn Farbregd, DKNVS Mus, Univ Trondheim.

T-2340. Veiem R9, plow marks 2340 ± 90 Charcoal (Pinus, Betula, Alnus) from bits scattered in grooves made by ard, depth ca 0.8m; 560 ± 160 :BC*.

T-2490. Veiem R9, Pit 7 2180 ± 50 Charcoal (Betula) from base of charcoal pit dug into subsoil ca 5m outside barrow, depth ca 0.4m; 305 ± 105 BC*. 606 Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth T-2491. Veiem R9, Pit 9 150 ± 60 Decomposed wood (Picea) from previous cover layer in filled rectangular pit ca 3m by 4.5m. Assoc with numerous iron rivets. Depth ca 0.4m. Comment (OF): pit was disturbed boat grave, and date refers to plundering (Farbregd,1979a, b); younger than AD 1640*. T-2492. Veiem R9, charcoal 1460 ± 70 Charcoal from layer 8, ca 2.5m wide and 0.05m thick, overlying subsoil ca 4m outside barrow, partly covering charcoal Pit 7, depth ca 0.3m. Com- ment (OF): layer may be site of funeral pyre; AD 520 ± 80*.

T-2493. Veiem R9, birch bark 1500 ± 70 Birch bark (Betula) placed on planks in stone cist, 4m long, depth ca 1.1 m. Comment (OF): date is presumably quite reliable and suggests that tra- ditional weapon chronology is somewhat too young; AD 495 ± 95*.

T-2494. Veiem R9, Pit 2 2210 ± 70 Charcoal (Pines) from base of pit ca 1.6m wide, depth ca 0.6m; 315 ± 105 BC*.

T-2495. Veiem R9, charcoal 1700 ± 60 Charcoal (Pines) from concentration in soil fill of mound near cist, depth 0.7m. Comment (OF): on basis of stratigraphy, charcoal feature should not be older than cist burial (cf T-2493); AD 280 ± 100*. T-2639. Veiem R9, Pit 3 2170 ± 50 Charcoal (Betula) from base of pit ca 1.5m wide, depth ca 0.4m; 290 ± 120 BC*.

T-2640. Veiem R9, Pit 4 2080 ± 50 Charcoal (Betula) from base of pit ca 1 m wide, depth ca 0.6m; 195 ± 185 BC*.

T-2883. Human bones, Hordaland 3690 ± 80 Human bones from late Neolithic hunting place, depth 0.80 to 0.90m in sand, at Ruskenesset, Stromme, Bergen (60° 20' N, 5° 15' E). Assoc find: flint dagger of type IX (B6914). Coll 1915 by Haakon Schetlig, Univ Mus Natl Antiquities, Oslo; subm 1978 by Anders Hagen and Rolf Lie, Univ Bergen; 2150 ± 40 BC*.

T-2990. Human bones, Buskerud 3600 ± 50 Human bones from late Neolithic grave (hellekiste) at Verket, Hurum (59° 40' N, 10° 25' W). Assoc were five flint daggers of Ebbe Lombergs Type IA and IB. Coll 1880 by Univ Mus Natl Antiquities, Oslo; subm 1978 by Rolf Scheen, Univ Mus Nail Antiquities. Comment (RS): until now only these two discoveries of human bones (T-2883, -2990) with assoc flint daggers of type I from late Neolithic have been made; 2090 ± 45 BC*. Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 607 Other Archaeologic Samples

T-2043. Ts 6746 1600 ± 60 Rib of oak, probably part of complete boat from bog at ca + 3m at Boroya, Stokmarknes, Hadsel, Nordland (68° 34' N, 14° 57' E). Coll 1974 by A/S Ivar Bergsmo, Stokmarknes; subm 1975 by Reidar Bertelsen, Univ Tromso. Comment (RB): construction is similar to boat from Barset, Karlsoy, Troms (Gjessing,1941; Bertelsen,1976); AD 370 ± 80*.

T-2303. Log boat 590 ± 60 Wood (pine) from log boat from little shallow lake Skrovlingen at + 209m, Hokasen, Brandval/Kongsvinger, Hedmark (60° 15' N, 12° E). Coll 1950 by Georg Flyginn, :Hokasen; subm 1975 by Martin Skaare Botner, Hokasen (Nakkerud,1976); AD 1325 ± 65*.

T-2339. Selnes I, S Trondelag 1160 ± 100 Wood (Pinus) from Selnes, Snillfjord, Sor-Trondelag at ca + 20m, depth ca 0.5m (63° 22' N, 9° 19' E). Wooden upright post ends of uncertain function scattered over area ca 50 x 30m wide, found when pond/bog was drained and cultivated (Farbregd, 1978); AD 815 ± 125*.

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Moe, D, 1979, Tregrensefluktuasjoner pa Hardangervidda etter siste istid, in Nydal, R et al, eds, Fortiden i sokelyset: Strindheim Trykkeri, Trondheim, p 199-208. Moe, D, Indrelid, S, and Kjos-Hansen, 0, 1978, A study of environment and early man in the southern Norwegian highlands: Norw Archeol Rev, v 11, 73-83. Myhre, p BjOrn, 1973, I en aker pa Gjerland i Forde: Arkeo, Bergen, p 15-18. -----1980, Gardsanlegget pa Ullandhaug I. Gardshus i jernalder og tidlig middelalder i SV-Norge: AmS Skrifter 4, Ark mus Stavanger, p 135. Nakkerud, T Bloch, 1976, Report: Univ Mus Nail Antiquities, Oslo. Oyen, P A, 1912, The Quaternary section of Kilebu: Vidensk Selsk Skr Mat Natl Kl I, no. 8, 1-24. p Ramfjord, H, 1982, On the Late Weichselian and Flandrian shoreline displacement in Nroy, Nord-Trondelag, Norway: Norsk geog tidsskr 62, p 191-205. Rokoengen, K, 1979, Isens utstrekning og nedsunkne strandlinjer pa kontinentalsokkelen, in Nydal, R et al, eds, i Fortiden sokelyset: Strindheim Trykkeri, Trondheim, p 249-261. Rokoengen, K, Bell, G, Bugge, T, Dekko, T, Gunleiksrud, T, Lien, R, Lofaldli, M, and Vigran, J 0, 1977, Provetaking av fjellgrunn og losmasser utenfor deter av Nord-Norge i 1976: IKU pub 91, 67 p. Rokoengen, K, Bugge, T, Dekko, T, Gunleiksrud, T, Lien, R L, and Lofaldli, M,1979, Shallow geology of the continental shelf off North Norway: POAC 79, Port and ocean engineering under arctic conditions, Proc, p 859-875. Rokoengen, K, Bugge, T, and Lofaldli, M, 1979, Quaternary geology and deglaciation of the continental shelf off Troms, North Norway: Boreas, v 8, p 217-227. Salvigsen, 0, 1977, Radiocarbon datings and the extension of the Weichselian ice-sheet in Svalbard: Norsk Polarinst Arb, 1976, p 209-224. ----- 1978, Holocene emergence and finds of pumice whalebones and driftwood at Svartknausflya, Nordaustlandet: Norsk Polarinst Arb 1977, p 217-228. ----- 1979, The last deglaciation of Svalbard: Boreas, v 8, p 229-231. ----- 1981, Radiocarbon dated raised beaches in Kong Karls Land, Svalbard, and their consequences for the glacial history of the Barents Sea area: Geog Ann 63A (3-4), 283-291. p Salvigsen, 0 and Nydal, R, 1981, The Weichselian glaciation in Svalbard before 15,000 BP: Boreas, v 10, p 433-446. Sollid, J I. and Sorbel, L, 1979, Deglaciation of western central Norway: Boreas, v 8, 233- 239. p R, Sorensen, 1973, Registrering av kjente skjellforekomster i Marker, Aremark og Rakkestad i Ostfold: Miljoverndept-Landsplan for reg av verneverdige naturomrader og forekoms- ter, rept. ----- 1979, Late Weichselian deglaciation in the Oslofjord area, south Norway: Bor- eas, v 8, p 241-246. Spjeldns, N, 1978, Ecology of selected Late- and Post-Glacial marine faunas in the Oslo Fjord area: Geol Foren Forhandl, v 10, p 189-202. Stabell, B, (ms), 1976, Den postglaciale strandforskyvning i Telemark undersokt ved hjelp av diatome-analyse: Unpubl thesis, Univ Oslo. --- 1980, Holocene shorelevel displacement in Telemark, Southern Norway: Nor geol tidsskr 60. K, Storen, 1976, Pa spor etter jernalderbondens utpost i nord: Ottar, v 83, p 34-37. Storen Binns, K, 1978, Jernalderbosetningen pa Kvaloy i Troms: Mag art thesis, Univ Tromso, 216 p. -1978, Rapport fra utgravningen av en flatemarksgrav pa Austein, Tromso k (Ts 7656) Top ark: Ark avd, Tromso Mus. Trillerud, P 0, (ms), 1983, Paleo-okologiske undersokelser i Sor-Trondelag. Granskogens inn- vandring og etablering: Cand sci thesis, Univ Trondheim. Vorren, K D, 1975, Et pollenanalytisk bidrag til sporsmalet om det eldste jordbruk i Nord- Norge: Viking, no. 39, p 171-195. -----1978, Late and Middle Weichselian stratigraphy of Andoya, North Norway: Bor- eas, v 7, p 19-38. --- - 1979, Anthropogenic influence on the natural vegetation in coastal north Nor- way during the Holocene. Development of farming and pastures: Norw Archaeol Rev 12, p 1-21. - 1980, Pollenanalytiske undersOkelser: Ottar, no. 125-126, p 15-22. Vorren, K D and Vorren B, 1976, The problem of dating a palsa-Two attempts involving pollen diagrams, determination of moss subfossils, and 14-C datings: Astarte 8 (1975), 73-81. p [RADIOCARBON, VOL 27, No. 3, 1985, P 610-615] UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA RADIOCARBON DATES II CECILIO GONZALEZ-GOMEZ, PURIFICACION SANCHEZ-SANCHEZ, and MARIA DOMINGO-GARCIA Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, Radiochemistry Section CSIC Coordinated Center, Faculty of Science, University of Granada 18071 Granada, Spain Most of the 14C measurements reported here were made between 1979 and 1981. The samples were measured by benzene synthesis and liquid scintillation counting (Pietig & Sharpenseel, 1966; Polach & Stipp, 1967; Tamers, 1969). Sample treatment was reported previously (Gonzalez-Gomez, Lopez- Gonzalez and Domingo-Garcia, 1982). 14C activity was measured in a Chicago Isocap 300 liquid scintillation spectrometer, with a back- Nuclear 40K ground of 9 to 1Ocpm for 5m1 benzene samples, using 20m1 low counting vials. The dates were calculated based on a 14C half-life of 5570 years. The modern reference is taken as 0.95 of the activity of the NBS oxalic acid standard. Calculations and data are processed by a Hewlett-Packard HP-85 computer using BASIC programs made by Gonzalez-Gomez. Results are reported in years before 1950 (BP). 513C values are based on data reported by Stuiver and Polach (1977). Errors quoted with dates are based only on counting statistics and are equivalent to ±1 standard deviation (1o), which includes statistical variations of sample count, as well as background and standard. Efficiency is ca 70%, using the part of spectrum above the end point of tritium. Sample descriptions are based on information provided by submitters.

ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES

Spain

Las Angosturas series Charcoal and bone from Las Angosturas (37° 21' N, 3° 50' W), Gor, prov Granada. Samples coll and subm 1981 by M Botella, Diputacion prov to date Eneolithic period and Copper age in E Andalucia. UGRA-17. N1524311 3460 210 Bone. UGRA-30. Ag 34304 140 Bone. UGRA-84. Ag 35158 150 Charcoal at 5.5m depth. 610 University of Granada Radiocarbon Dates II 611

UGRA-87. Ag 34856 4450 ± 240 Bone at 5.3m depth.

UGRA-88. Ag 32074 5020 ± 190 Charcoal at 4.3m depth.

UGRA-125. Ag 31044 3980 ± 160 Charcoal at 3.7m depth.

UGRA-126. Ag 40291 4240 ± 120 Charcoal at 3.l m depth. General Comment: dates agree with expected ages. Cerro de los Infantes series Charcoal from Cerro de los Infantes (37° 16' 02" N, 3° 46' 01" W) Pinos Puente, prov Granada. Samples coil and subm 1981 by F Molina, Dept Prehist, Univ Granada, to date Bronze age in S peninsula Iberica.

UGRA-111. CI23479 2580 ± 140 2.l m depth.

UGRA-112. CI23097 2390 ± 170 40cm depth.

UGRA-113. CI-23488 2310 ± 160 1.9m depth. General Comment: dates agree with expected ages. Cerro de la Encina Charcoal from Cerro de la Encina (37° 08' 16" N, 3° 32' 51" W), Mona- chil, prov Granada. Sample coil 1970 and subm 1979 by F Molina to date Bronze age in upper Andalucia.

UGRA-116. M 1931 bis 3360 ± 150 3.3m depth. Cerro de la Mora Charcoal from Cerro de la Mora (37° 17' 31" N, 3° 59' 07" W), Mo- raleda, prov Granada. Sample coll and subm 1981 by J Carrasco, Dept Pre- hist, Univ Granada.

UGRA-92. CM 1 3250 ± 140 11.4m depth. Rincon de Olvera series Charcoal from Rincon de Olvera (38° 00,41" N, 3° 19' 05" W), Ubeda, prov Jaen. Samples coil and subm 1979-1981 by J Carrasco to date El Argar in prov Jaen. 612 C Gonzalez-Gomez, P Sanchez-Sanchez, and M Domingo-Garcia

UGRA-54. R Olvera 1 3380 110 2m depth.

UGRA-73. R Olvera 2 210 UGRA-74. R Olvera 3 3310 150 General Comment: age for R Olvera 2 is probably too young.

Almizaraque series Charcoal from Almizaraque (37° 18' N, 10 47' W), Cuevas de Alman- zora, prov Almeria. Samples coil 1981 and subm by M Fernandez-Miranda, Subdir Gen Arqueol, to date first metallurgy in SW peninsula Iberica. UGRA-83. A 180 Cl 4100 120

UGRA-93. A 180 C2 4200 110 UGRA-94. A 480 C3 4120 140 1.03m depth. UGRA-95. A 180 C4 4130 140 UGRA-96. A 180 C5 4090 130 General Comment: dates agree with expected ages.

Cueva de Nerja Charcoal from Cueva de Nerja (36° 45' 45" N, 3° 50' 55" W), Maro, prov Malaga. Sample coll and subm 1981 by F Jorda-Cerda, Dept Prehist y Aqueol, Univ Salamanca, to date establishment of Upper Paleolithic in E Andalucia.

UGRA-98. N C4131 12,300 ± 200 2.9m depth. Morra del Quintanar series Charcoal from Morra del Quintanar (39° 01' 05" N, 1° 14' 05" W), Munera, prov Albacete. Samples coil 1980 and subm 1981 by C Martin- Morales, Subdir Gen Arqueol, to date middle Bronze age in prov Alba- cete. UGRA-102. Q386-80 130 I.98m depth. UGRA-103. Q419-80 120 1.37m depth.

UGRA-104. Q 1455-80 140 0.62m depth. University of Granada Radiocarbon Dates II 613 Pena Miel l Bone from Pena Miel 1(42° 12' 59" N, 2° 37' 51" W), Pradillo de Came- ros, prov Rioja. Sample coll 1980 and subm 1981 by P Utrilla, Dept Hist Antigua, Univ Zaragoza, to date Upper Paleolithic in Rioja. UGRA-128. PM 14B 130.5 >28,000 Motilla del Azuer series Charcoal and seeds from Motilla del Azuer (39° 03' 14" N, 3° 29' 48" W), Daimiel, prov Ciudad Real. Samples cull and subm 1979 by F Molina to date Bronze age in S Tableland.

UGRA-109. D 37 bis 3400 130 Charcoal at 1.25m depth.

UGRA-114. D6016 3440 130 Seed at 1.l m depth.

UGRA-115. D15027 3770 160 Charcoal at 1.05m depth.

UGRA-118. D 15077 3730 150 Seed at 1.8m depth.

UGRA-127. D15114 3620 100 Seed at 2.15m depth.

UGRA-129. D 15173 3680 100 Seed at 1.9m depth.

UGRA-132. D 15358 4030 ± 130 Charcoal at 3.4m depth. General Comment: in general, dates agree with expected ages. Motilla de los Palacios Charcoal from Motilla de los Palacios (39° 03' 14" N, 3° 38' 03" W), Almagro, prov Ciudad Real. Sample coil 1974 and subm 1981 by F Molina to date Bronze age in S Tableland.

UGRA-110. A 2106 3320 ± 130 1.9m depth. Comment: date agrees with expected age. El Raso de Candeleda series Charcoal from El Raso de Candeleda (40° 07' 00" N, 5° 18' 08" W), Candeleda, prov Avila. Samples coil and subm 1981 by F Fernandez, Mus Arqueol, Seville, to date pre-Roman town.

UGRA-105. El Raso 4 B4 2010 ± 130 80cm depth. 614 C Gonzalez-Gomez, P Sanchez-Sanchez, and M Domingo-Garcia UGRA-108. El Raso 5 Cl 2100 ± 140 70 to 80cm depth. Cueva de Arevalillo Charcoal from Cueva de Arevalillo (41° 20' N, 40 00' W), Arevalillo de Cega, prov Segovia. Sample toll 1978 and subm 1981 by M D Fernandez- Posse, Subdir Gen Arqueol, to date Bronze age. UGRA-99. CA 78 C4 3510 ± 130 95cm depth. Tossal de la Roca series Charcoal from Tossal de la Roca (38° 48' 08" N, 0° 15' 55" W), Vall de Alcala, prov Alicante. Samples coil 1978 and subm 1981 by C Cacho, Mus Arqueol Nacl, Madrid, to date end of Paleolithic in Spanish Mediterra- nean. UGRA-119. TR 5-3 12,480 ±210 UGRA-120. TR 5-4 12,390 ± 250 UGRA-130. TR 78/9 15,360 ± 1100 Son Fornes series Charcoal from Son Fornes (39° 35' 03" N, 2° 58' 13" E), Montuiri, Mal- lorca. Samples coil and subm 1981 by V Lull, Univ Auton, Barcelona. UGRA-121. HT 12-2 2450 190 3.28m depth. UGRA-122. HT 6 5-2 130 1.54m depth. UGRA-123. T23-2 120 3.57m depth. General Comment: no expected ages for these samples. Sota Palou series Charcoal from Sota Palou (42° 13' 50" N, 2° 10' 27" E), Campdevanol, prov Gerona. Samples coil and subm 1981 by E Carbonell, Asoc Arqueol Gerona, to date Upper Paleolithic in Cataluna.

UGRA-69. SP 803 8540 ± 180 1.9m depth. UGRA-124. SP 814 380 Comment: expected age for SP 803 was too old. University of Granada Radiocarbon Dates 11 615 Cova 120 series Wood and charcoal from Cova 120 (42° 17' N, 2° 37' E), Sadernas, prov Gerona. Samples coil and subm 1981 by G Alcalde-Gurt, Mus Olot, Gerona, to date Bronze age in Cataluna.

UGRA-106. C 120 440 ± 160 Wood at 30cm depth. Comment: expected age was ca 3950; sample is probably too young.

UGRA-107. Z.A.9.10/7.8.9 3190 ± 130 Charcoal at 35cm depth. Comment: expected age was ca 3950. Cingle Vermell Charcoal from Cingle Vermell (41 ° 56' N, 2° 23' E), Vilanova de Sau, prov Barcelona. Sample coll 1979 and subm 1980 by J Estevez, Inst Bioes- trat CSIC, Barcelona, to date Holocene in Cataluna.

UGRA-68. CV El C14 9760 ± 160 60cm depth. Comment: date is as expected. Roe del Migdia Charcoal from Roc del Migdia (41 ° 56' N, 2° 23' E), Vilanova de Sau, Prov Barcelona. Sample coll and subm 1981 by J Estevez and G Alcalde, Inst Bioestrat CSIC, Barcelona, to date Paleolithic-Mesolithic cultures in Cataluna. UGRA-117. RM C141 11,520±220 55cm depth. Comment: date is as expected. Portugal Cerro do Castelo de Santa Justa Charcoal from Cerro do Castelo de Santa Justa (37° 29' N, 7° 29' W), Alcoutim, Faro. Sample coll 1980 and subm 1981 by V Goncalves, Centro Hist, Univ Lisboa, to date copper metallurgy in Portugal at S Tajo R.

UGRA-131. G-24 4390 ± 150 Comment: expected age: 4150 to 4950.

REFERENCES Gonzalez-Gomez, C, Lopez-Gonzalez, J D, and I)omingo-Garcia, M, 1982, University of Gra- nada radiocarbon dates I: Radiocarbon, v 24, p 217-221. Pietig, F and Sharpenseel, H W, 1966, Altersbestimmung mit dem Fli ssigkeits-Szintillations- Specktrometer. Ein neuer Katalizator zur Benzolsynthese: Atompraxis, v 12, p 95-97. Polach, H A and Stipp, J J, 1967, Improved synthesis techniques for methane and benzene radiocarbon dating: Internatl Jour App! Radiation Isotopes, v 18, p 359-364. Stuiver, Minze and Polach, H A, 1977, Discussion: Reporting of 14C data: Radiocarbon, v 19, p 355-363. Tamers, M A,1969, Instituto Venezo!ano de Investigaciones Cientificas natural radiocarbon measurements IV: Radiocarbon, v 11, p 396-422. [RADIOCARBON, VOL 27, No, 3, 1985, P 616-622] VIENNA RADIUM INSTITUTE RADIOCARBON DATES XV HEINZ FELBER Institute fur Radiumforschung and Kernphysik der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna, Austria Measurements have continued with the same proportional counter system, pretreatment procedure, methane preparation and measurement, and calculation, as described previously (R,1970, v 12, 298-318). Uncer- tainties quoted are single standard deviations. No 13C/I C ratios were measured. Sample descriptions have been prepared in cooperation with submitters. Some dates have been calibrated using the correction tables of Klein et al (1982) and are reported with an asterisk (*) in the Comment.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express my thanks to Ing L Stein for excellent work in sample preparation and for careful operation of the dating equipment.

GEOLOGIC AND BOTANIC SAMPLES Austria Kolbnitz series, Karnten Peat from 5.2m thick profile of Egartermoor, Kilbnitz/Molltal (46° 52' 20" N,13° 17' 46" E), +750m, Carinthia. Coll 1983 by Friedrich Kral and Franz Egarter, subm by F Kral, Univ Bodenkultur, Vienna. General Comment (FK): series dates palynologically determined events.

VRI-877. 125-135 740 ± 60 Heavily decomposed moss peat at 125 to 135cm depth. Comment (FK): dates beginning of human influence on woods. VRI-878. 235-245 2870 ± 80 Wood peat with Carex at 235 to 245cm depth. Comment (FK): dates beginning of continuous settlement in Lower Moll Valley. VRI-879. 300-310 5310 ± 100 Wood peat at 300 to 310cm depth. Comment (FK): dates beginning of abundant spread of common beech after glaciation. VRI-880. 470-480 8460 ± 110 Sandy wood peat at 470 to 480cm depth. Comment (FK): dates beginning of abundant spread of spruce after glaciation. VRI-881. Nieselach, Karnten 31,600 ± 1300 Stem of tree in sand below moraine above lignite layer; Nieselach (46° 36' 30" N, 13° 30' 30" E), Carinthia. Coll 1983 and subm by D van Husen, Tech Univ, Vienna. Comment (DvH): dates coarse sedimentation on lignite horizon (van Husen & Draxler, 1982). 616 Vienna Radium Institute Radiocarbon Dates XV 617

VRI-824. Manhartsberg, NO 2550 ± 70 Gray sandy clay mud at 45 to 50cm depth from layer 13cm thick, above say clay, overlain by clayey Carex peat, Seewiese am Manhartsberg (48° 32' 20" N, 19° 44' E), +475m, Lower Austria. Coll 1983 and subm by Friedrich Kral. Comment (FK): early human influence on surrounding woods are palynologically determined; 815-435 BC*, points to Hallstatt period.

VRI.874. Marchegg, NO 5160 ± 90 Carex peat at 105 to 115cm depth, from peat layer, 60cm thick, overlain by loam, underlain by coarse sand, Nanni Au bei Marchegg (48° 16' 13" N, 16° 53' 48" E), + 145m, Lower Austria. Coil 1983 and subm by Friedrich Kral. Comment (FK): dates time when forests in this area were not influenced by humans, as palynologically proven.

VRI-826. Ebensee, 00 11,760 ± 300 Wood at 160m depth below postglacial gravel washed by R Traun into Lake Traunsee, Ebensee (47° 48' 06" N,13° 46' 30" E), Upper Austria. Coll 1983 from boring by Peter Baumgartner, subm by Hermann Kohl, 00 Landesmus, Linz. Comments (HK): date is clue to sedimentation rate. (HF): no pretreatment.

VRI-827. Schon, 00 29,800 ± 1100 Fossil peat or peat coal below ground moraine at 6m depth, Schon near Michldorf (17° 51' 30" N, 14° 09' E), Upper Austria. Coil 1981 by boring, subm 1983 by Hermann Kohl. Comments (HK): palynology places sample in interstadial. Riss interstadial is possible because Riss glaciation was last one in area. Date confirms expectation of transposed bog of Wurmian age. (HF): no pretreatment. Wallersee series, Salzburg Peat samples from Wengermoor bog (47° 55' N, 13° 11' E) near Weng at Wallersee, Salzburg. Coil 1983 by Robert Krisai and Gertrude Friese, subm by R Krisai, Univ Salzburg. General Comment (RK): series establishes Wengermoor chronology.

VRI-842. Wengermoor V/1,1 5470 ± 100 Basal layer of raised bog peat at S part of bog (47° 55' 28" N). Comment (RK): dates beginning of growth of raised bog; with VRI-843, reveals that change to raised bog in whole Wengermoor was not simultaneous but pro- ceeded from N to S.

VRI-843. Wengermoor II/2,1 6990 ± 100 Basal layer of raised bog peat at N part of bog (47° 55' 45" N). Comment (RK): same as VRI-842.

VRI-844. Wengermoor IV/ 1,5 5260 ± 100 Basal layer of raised bog at center of bog (47° 55' 35" N). Comment (RK): dates beginning of raised bog and supports pollen diagram. 618 Heinz Felber VRI-845. Wengermoor IV/3,1 8160 ± 120 Basal layer of reed peat at center of bog (47° 55' 35" N). Comment (RK): dates both beginning of reed peat growth and beginning of marsh development in Wengermoor; supports pollen diagram. VRI-871. Tenneck, Salzburg 420 ± 60 Humus sample P-Tal 1730 in A-B profile separating underlying ground moraine and overlying moraine material 30cm below recent humus surface, Mt Tennengebirge (47 32 N, 13 12 42 E) near Tenneck, Salz- burg. Coll 1983 and subm by Herbert Weingartner, Geog Inst, Univ Salz- burg. Comments (HW, HF): date disagrees with assumed contribution to late glacial stratigraphy. HCl pretreatment only. Date may be influenced by non-separable younger humic acids and rootlets, but unrealistic admixture of <90% would be necessary to lower expected late glacial age of this date. VRI.873. Filzmoos, Salzburg 3920 ± 80 Carex peat at 175 to 185cm depth in profile ca 6.5m long at Wurzer- alm, +1 360m (47° 38' 57" N, 14° 17' 12" E) near Filzmoos, Salzburg. Coll 1981 by Friedrich Kral and Michael Oberforster, subm by F Kral. Comment (FK): dates early transient pasture activity palynologically recognized. VRI-914. Bischofshofen, Salzburg 6120 ± 120 Branch wood in ground moraine at base of terrace, +550m, end of Naglgraben valley (47° 23' 45" N, 13° 13' 40" E) near Bischofshofen, Salz- burg. Coll 1984 by Heinz Slupetzky and Josef-Michael Schramm, subm by Heinz Slupetzky, Geog Inst, Univ Salzburg. Comment (HS): dates terrace. St Jakob in Defereggen series, Osttirol Wood peat from peat profile, 80cm thick, in bog near Erlsbacher bridge at St Jakob in Defereggen (46° 54' 58" N, 12° 15' 15" E), ;1570m, E Tyrol. Coll 1983 and subm by Friedrich Kral. General Comment (FK): series dates palynologically determined events. VRI-875. 38-45 650 ± 60 Carex wood peat at 38 to 45cm depth. Comment (FK): dates younger human influence in woods (burning ?) followed by generally unforested area up to present time. VRI-876. 68-75 2260 ± 70 Sandy wood peat at 68 to 75cm depth. Comment (FK): dates older human influence on woods followed by transitory opening of woods.

Seibersdorf 1 series, Steiermark Cyperaceae peat (contamination with younger roots possible) from middle part of bog profile near Seibersdorf (46 44 N, 15 39 30 E), ca +250m, Steiermark. Coll 1982 and subm by Friedrich Kral. General Comments (FK): dates pollen diagram. (HF): no pretreatment. Vienna Radium Institute Radiocarbon Dates XV 619 VRI-801. Seibersdorf 30-40 <250 Peat at 30 to 40cm depth. Comment (FK): dates younger human influence.

VRI-802. Seibersdorf 52-60 530 ± 60 Peat at 52 to 60cm depth. Comment (FK): dates older human influence.

VRI-803. Seibersdorf 2, Steiermark 960 ± 60 Detritus gyttja (contamination with younger roots possible) from middle part of profile of Attemsmoor (46° 44' 20" N, 15° 38' 10" E), ca +250m, near Seibersdorf, Styria. Coll 1982 by Friedrich Kral and Heinz Otto, subm by F Kral. Comment (FK): dates palynologically determined human influence;1st increase in culturally associated pollen.

Kirchbichl series, Tirol Heavily decomposed peat from bog profile (47° 36' 36" N, 12° 26' 26" E), Strandbad Kirchbichl, Tyrol. Coil 1983 by Burgi Wahlmuller, subm by Sigmar Bortenschlager, Univ Innsbruck. General Comment (BW): dates pollen diagram.

VRI-816. 220-223 4970 ± 90 Peat at 220 to 223cm depth. Comment (BW): dates spread of Abies.

VRI-817. 357-360 6110 ± 90 Peat at 357 to 360cm depth. Comment (BW): dates beginning of absolute Picea domination.

VRI-818. 520-523 8100 ± 120 Peat at 520 to 523cm depth. Comment (BW): dates end of non-arboreal pollen.

VRI.828. Zillertal, Tirol 2920 ± 80 Detritus Radicella peat in topmost layer (10 to 15cm) of bog (47° 01' 33" N, 11 ° 48' 19" E), +1 875m, Waxeckalm, Zillertal, Tyrol. Coil 1982 by H Huttemann, subm by Sigmar Bortenschlager. Comment (HH): dates modern glacial advance. Completes Zillertal series (R, 1984, v 26, p 443). VRI-829. Kuhtai, Tirol 1930 ± 60 Brown moss Sphagnum peat 20 to 25cm deep in bog near Dortmunder but (47° 12' 20" N, 11° 00' 38" E), +1 880m, Kuhtai, Tyrol. Coil 1983 by H Huttemann, subm by Sigmar Bortenschlager. Comment (HF): dates Picea decrease in pollen diagram in assoc with cultural phase. Completes Kuhtai series (R, 1984, v 26, p 443-444). 620 Heinz Felber VRI-832. Telfs, Tirol 4050 ± 110 Charcoal splinters (sample 1/83) in burning horizon, 5cm thick, at 150cm depth separating two secs of deposition in alluvial cone of rivulet Griessbach. Below burning horizon sand are limestone rubble and moraine, Telfs (47° 18' N, 11 ° 04' E), Tyrol. Coll 1983 in dredged ditch by Neuner, I Neuwinger, and G Heiss, subm by I Neuwinger, Forstl BVA, Innsbruck. Comment (IN): dates alluvial cone. VRI-837. Heilig Kreuz, Tirol 6220 ± 120 Charcoal at 200cm depth from charcoal horizon embedded in alluvial silt deposit of R Inn, overlain by 180cm mudflow-debris of R Weissenbach at Heilig Kreuz near Hall in Tirol, from foundation of house Reimichl- strafe 23b (47° 17' 08" N, 11 ° 29' 39" E), + 576m, Tyrol. Colt 1983 and subm by Gernot Patzelt, Univ Innsbruck. Comment (GP): dates time when Inn Valley level was 16m above present one at +560m. VRI-882. Wattens, Tirol 9730 ± 120 Pinus wood ca 500cm below surface of Inn Valley level embedded in ca 1 m thick alluvial clay overlain by 400 to 500 cm Inn gravel. Foundation- ° trench of Swarovski Works 1 (47° 17' 46" N, 11 36' 00" E), + 551 m, Wat- tens, Tyrol. Colt 1983 by Weis, Swarovski Co, subm by Gernot Patzelt. Com- ment (GP): outermost 20 to 22 rings near root stock of large tree was used for dating. Dates both former flood plain of R Inn and beginning of last gravel deposition up to present level. Kiefersfelden series, Tirol Wood from sediments of R Inn coll by boring in present flood plain with some houses, 500m N Kiefersfelden (47° 37' 28" N, 12° 11' 14" E), Tyrol. Colt 1983 by Gernot Patzelt. General Comment: continues research of valley development and climate history of Inn Valley, begun with VRI-837 and -882, above.

VRI-910. Kiefersfelden 1 1030 ± 60 Wood at 5.l m depth.

VRI-911. Kiefersfelden 2 1090 70 Wood from trunk, 1 to 1.5m thick, in same boring as VRI-910 at 6 to 8m depth.

ARCHAEOLOGIC AND HISTORIC SAMPLES

Austria

VRI-833. Villach, Karnten 200 ± 70 Wood from wooden bishop sculpture, 50cm high, of simple/primitive art. Sample is inventory of Mus Villach, Carinthia, bought 1914, subm by Dieter Neumann. Comment (DN): sculpture is either formal Archaic or Medieval art; AD 1525-1570,1605-1815,1840-1885, 1915-1950*. Vienna Radium Institute Radiocarbon Dates XV 621 Kamegg series, NO Charcoal from excavation in area of Neolithic circular trench arrange- ment at Kamegg (48° 36' 34" N, 15° 39' 23" E), near Gars am Kamp, Lower Austria. Coil 1983, subm by Gerhard Trnka, Inst Ur- u Fri hgeschichte, Univ Vienna.

VRI-896. Kamegg 1 5700 ± 90 Sample 221 from trench filling, cut 4/24m run/sec H, tr II, N portal; 1.8m depth. Comment (GT): culture of painted ceramics. + 4600 VRI-897. Kamegg 2 38,700 - 2900 Sample 184 in loamy soil development in loess, cut 4/59 to 60m run/ sec F/planum 5-6; 2.1 to 2.2m depth. Comment (GT): dates soil development; important for comparison with Paleolithic sites.

VRI-823. See/Mondsee, OO 4660 ± 80 Wood remnant (229/1-1983 See/Mondsee) of Neolithic lake dwelling at - 2m at base of Mondsee near See (47° 48' 16" N, 13° 27' 00" E), Upper Austria. Colt 1983 by Union-Tauchclub Wets, subm by Johann Ofen- berger, Bundesdenkmalamt. Comment: date confirms Neolithic age. VRI-825. Nu[3dorf/Attersee, 00 4310 ± 90 Wood remnant (231/2-1983 NuBdorf) of Neolithic lake dwelling near Nut3dorf (47° 52' 42" N, 13° 31'40" E), Upper Austria. Coil 1983 by Union- Tauchclub Webs, subm by Johann Offenberger. Comment: date confirms Neolithic age. VRI-831. Linz, 00 1830 ± 70 Charcoal at 0.9 to 1 m depth, excavated at LessingstraBe 28, Linz (48° 17' N, 14° 20' E), Upper Austria. Coll 1982, subm by Erwin M Ruprechts- berger, Stadtmus Linz. Comment (EMR): tentatively placed in 1st half of 1st century AD by finds of Terra sigillata in same layer that also bore iron slag; AD 20-255` agrees with expectation.

VRI-835. Voitsberg, Steiermark 210 ± 60 Wood splinters with soil at cave in altar base of St Hemma church, 12km E of Voitsberg (47° 03' 03" N, 32° E), Styria. Coil 1983 and subm by Ernst Lasnik, Mus Koflach. Comment (EL): date disagrees with possibility that sample is relic of sacred tree in legend of Earl Wilhelm, husband of St Hemma. St Jakob in Defereggen, Series 1, Osttirol Remains of former copper mines, NE part of "Defereggen Knappen- gruben" area, 5 to 6km NNE of St Jakob in Defereggen (46° 55' N, 12° 20' E), Trogischbach Valley, SE Pregratter Tort, at +2575 to 2739m, E Tyrol. Coil 1983 by W Potacs, subm by Richard Pittioni; Inst Ur- u Fruhge- schichte, Univ Vienna. General Comment (RP): supplement for insufficient historic material. 622 Heinz Felber

VRI.838. Sample 1 80 ± 60 Charcoal at 30cm depth in bldg remains, E path to Pregratter Ton. Comment (HF): AD 1665 to 1940*.

VRI-839. Sample 2 360 ± 50 Fragments of wooden floor in bldg remains at 30cm depth. Comment (HF): AD 1415 to 1645*. VRI-840. Sample 3 330 ± 60 Textile remains, presumably from ore bags, in dump material. Com- ment (HF): AD 1420 to 1655*. Africa Djaba series, Republic of Niger Wood from ruins of settlement (Ksar) Djaba (21 ° 04' N, 12° 17' E), built of salt clay at border of Djado plateau, near Chirfa, Sahara. Co111982, subm by H Felber. General Comment (HF): dates phases of construction. No NaOH pretreatment necessary.

VRI-809. Djaba 1 280 ± 80 Sample of beam above entrance opening in lower part of Ksar in present external wall. Coll 1982 by Dieter Stadclander.

VRI-810. Djaba 2 480 ± 70 Sample of beam in present external wall at base of N part of Ksar exposed by collapse. Coll by Elfriede Felber. Comment (HF): AD 1345 to 1490*.

REFERENCES Felber, Heinz, 1984, Vienna Radium Institute radiocarbon dates XIV: Radiocarbon, v 26, p 441-448. Husen, D van and Draxler, I, 1982, Zur Ausbildung and Stellung der wurmzeitlichen Sedi- mente im unteren Gailtal: Zeitschr Gletscherk Glazialgeol, v 16, p 85-97. Klein, J, Lerman J C, Damon, P E, and Ralph, E K, 1982, Calibration of radiocarbon dates: tables based on the consensus data of the Workshop on Calibrating the Radiocarbon Time Scale: Radiocarbon, v 24, p 103-150. [RADIOCARBON, VOL 27, No. 3, 1985, P 623-634] LABORATORIES*

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Z ZAGREB Dr Adela Sliepcevic and Dr Dusan Srdoc Institute "Ruder Boskovic" 41001 Zagreb, POB 1016, Yugoslavia INDEX Volume 27, Nos. l to 3, 1985 ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES Culture or or Date Period No. No. Page Period No. No. Page ALGERIA ECUADOR Modern Ly-3028 2B 417 1820±70 3 1760±70 " " ARGENTINA -1684 8670±150 Ayampitin technol AC-0294 2B 331 8600±150 " -0295 8200 ± 150 Mata Molle fossil man -0574-II 3 7750±130 Rio Pinturas level -0497 7550 ± 160 Ayampitin technol -0299 " 7300±200 Magallanes III level -0499 170 7300 ± 150 Mata Molle fossil man -0574-I 4930±150 " -0573 4550±110 " -0575 Glacial 3590±90 Ayampitin technol -0293 extinction 195 2B 3450±110 Patagoniense industry -0498 " 2770±100 Ayampitin technol -0290-I 197 2740±80 Entrerrianian culture -0122 196 2570±100 Ayampitin technol -0290-III Age 1 2550±90 Entrerrianian culture -0124 2520±100 Ayampitin technol -0291 3 2500± 100 " -0290-Il 1 2490±90 Patagonian technol -0309 extinction 3 2430±130 Mata Molle fossil man -0276 1 2320±90 Ayampitin technol -0292 2240±100 Mata Molle fossil man -0277 3 2190±120 Casapedrense technol -0604 1 2070±90 Mata Molle fossil man -0577 2000±120 " -0593 assoc 3 1930±90 " -0278 1760±100 Saujil culture -0365 1 1650±70 Ceramic -0109 1640±100 Saujil culture -0366 1620±90 Patagoniense industry -0603 3 1440±80 Ceramic -0173 1 1430±80 " -0172 1420±80 Riberenos plasticos culture -0187 1420±80 " -0188 1380±90 Patagonian technol -0308 1340±70 Ceramic -0110 1300±80 Riberenos plasticos culture -0183 1180±90 Patagoniense industry -0500 1150±100 Ceramic -0269 1090±80 Riberenos plasticos culture -0186 Neolithic 3 990±80 Puerta La Paya culture -0272 990±80 Agrelo culture -0327 870±90 San Jose-Hualfin group -0450 830± 100 Puerta La Paya culture -0273 810±80 Patagonian technol -0307 77 790±70 Ceramic -0112 3 780±90 Puerta La Paya culture -0271 Neolithic 760±90 Belen culture -0364 730±100 European settlement -0003 Age 1 720±70 Ceramic -0111 3 620± 100 Puerta La Paya culture -0270 570±80 Inca culture -0329 assoc 390±80 " -0330 350±80 " -0331 3520±70 Bronze Age HAR-2216 1 AUSTRIA 3480±90 " 00 621 3 38 3450±150 " 515 , 700+46-29 00 -2219 5700±90 Painted Ceramic -896 " 4660±80 Neolithic -823 " Age 1 4310±90 Neolithic " 1830±70 -831 " 360±50 -839 " 622 330±60 -840 " Age 210±60 -835 " 621 3 200±70 -833 " 620 80±60 -838 " 622 Age 1 3350±70 " -2221 " CAMEROUN 3330±80 Early Bronze Age 3 Age 1 Modern Ly-2528 2B 417 3200±80 " " 3190±110 " -1715 " 83 COMORES " " 820±110 Hagnoundou period Ly-2687 417 3060±80 " -1494 " 79 3050±70 " 3 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 3010±60 " -2178 " 22,250±570 Pavlovian Gravettian Ly-1303 2B 449 1 19,640±640 " -1999 " 12,940±250 Moravian Magdalenian -2553 443

635 636 Archaeologic Samples

Culture or Sample or Date Period No. No. Page Period No. No. Page ENGLAND (continued) FRANCE (continued) 2940±80 HAR-2091 89 2B 2920±60 -2429 78 Aungnacian 2900±80 " -2619 2880±310 BM-2264 513 2880±70 " HAR-1952 1400 2860±90 BM-2204 513 1000 2180±50 " -2180 I 2780+80 " HAR-1726 Quina Mousterian 2770±170 BM-2267 513 2760±120 Molluscan assoc -2216 Perigordian 2740±30 Bronze Age BM-2179 2340±80 " HAR-2620 Perigordian IV 2210±70 Iron Age - 745 Aurignacian V 2200±70 -2654 80 2200±60 " -1764 Perigordian V 2180±70 " -1950 2180±70 -1951 Perigordian

2130±90 -2668 80 23,880±750 Early Aurignacian ",-2339 447 2110±70 " -1953 I 2020±80 " -1794 Perigordian 1980±90 " -1778 1980±70 " -2227 Perigordian 1950±70 Roman -2263 1950±50 " BM-2157 1840±80 " HAR-2005 Perigordian 1840±60 " -1867 Perigordian 1800±60 " -1865 Perigordian 1770±80 " HAR-1590 1760±60 " -1868 Perigordian 1740±60 " -1457 Perigordian 1730±70 Iron Age -1854 Perigordian 1710±80 " -1842 1700±70 Roman -1456 1660±60 " -1864 Perigordian 1640±70 " -1464 Perigordian 1640±70 " -2006 Magdalenian 1630±70 Saxon -1663 Magdalenian 1590±80 Roman -1837 Solutrean 1570±70 " -1623 80 1540±70 " -1652 Magdalenian 1280±80 Saxon -1666 Solutrean 1260±80 Saxo/Norman -1656 Magdalenian 1190±70 Saxon -1655 1170±80 -1788 14,200±190 Magdalenian 1170±70 " HAR-1898 1140±70 " -2209 Magdalenian 1120±80 " -1681 Solutrean 1110+70 " -2012 1110±70 " -1897 Magdalenian 1050±45 Early Medieval BM-2214 Magdalenian 1040±60 Saxon HAR-1658 160 1040±60 " -2010 1020±70 " -1875 Magdalenian 1010±70 " -1896 Tardenoisian 1000±70 " -1787 980 ± 70 " -2011 160 VI 980±50 Early Medieval BM-2215 Magdalenian 960±70 HAR-1728 83 950±70 Saxon -1620 910±60 Saxo/Norman -1657 Tardenoisian 900±70 Early Medieval -1822 870 ± 70 Saxon -1961 Sauveterrian 800±70 Roman HAR-2264 790±80 Early Medieval -1821 790±70 Iron Age -1794 500±70 Medieval -1689 480±70 " -1930 190 480±60 " -2261 160 Sauveterrian 360±80 -1690 82 150 Castelnovian 270±70 Post Medieval -2262 90 100±70 -2260 7260± 120 Modern Misassoc BM-2158 6590±140 Neolithic -2677 " FRANCE 6550±100 Early Cardial Neolithic 33,200 Mousterian Ly-2754 Early Neolithic 33,000 -2526 " 31,500 -3063 6390±290 Neolithic 31,500 Early Aurignacian -2727 " 100 Cardial Neolithic 31,000 Early Aurignacian/ 6200 ± 160 Cardial Neolithic Mousterian -2343 " 30,000 " -2755 " 110 Rubane 29,700±900 Early Aurignacian -2340 " 29,400±900 Aurignacian 0 -2338 " Neolithic 29,300±650 Mousterian -2276 " 448 5990±200 -2651 " 434 Archaeologic Samples 637

Culture or Sample or Date Period No. No. Page Period No. No. Page FRANCE (continued) FRANCE (continued) 5990±160 Cerny Middle Neolithic Ly-3058 2B 2B 5950±120 Late Rubane -2720 " Iron Age 5920±260 " -2717 " Tene II & III Iron Age 5910±150 Cardial Early Neolithic -2838 " 100 Tene II Iron Age 5900±140 Late Cardial -2826 Hallstatt Iron Age 5870±170 Late Rubane -2551 " 100 Tene II Iron Age Michelsberg Middle 2150±110 La Tene II & III Iron Age 5870±160 Neolithic -3052 120 Tene III Iron Age 5860±140 Rubane -2730 5740±130 " -2733 5730±170 Late Rubane -2552 5710±180 Danubian or Cerny -2719 " Roman Empire 5710± 140 Middle Neolithic -2971 " 5690±180 Rubane -2731 " 5680±200 Middle Neolithic -2684 5590±120 Epicardial Early Neolithic -2825 150 Age Roman Empire 5480±130 Middle Neolithic -2613 " Roman Empire 5460±130 Chassean Middle Neolithic -2824 Michelsberg Middle 1570± 130 High Middle Ages 5440±160 Neolithic -2972 " 5420± 180 Cerny Middle Neolithic -2963 5390±100 " -2679 " 5380±220 Late Rubane -2969 5330±110 Early Chassean -2718 5300±140 " -2970 " 5300±260 -3055 " 431 150 5280±140 Middle Chassean -2966 120 Middle Ages 5270±140 Chassean -3020 " 5270±390 Burgundy Middle Neolithic -2647 " 5260±180 Middle Neolithic -2706 " 5240±150 EarlyChassean -2961 " 5180±100 Middle Chassean -2711 5160±360 Chassean -2823 " Middle Ages 5110±130 Burgundy Middle Neolithic -2646 " 5110±250 -2550 " 429 5060±250 -2749 " 435 4980 ± 120 Middle Chassean -2713 " 4950±160 Chassean -2714 " 4820± 150 " -2968 " Middle Ages 4710±110 -2924 " 442 4640±220 -2973 " 433 4620± 120 Late Chassean -2965 120 Middle Ages 4570±130 -2712 900±110 " 4550 ± 160 " -2967 " 4500±170 Ferrieres Late Neolithic -2736 " 4450 ± 140 Chassean -2715 100 Middle Ages 4400±400 -2800 " 424 170 " 4330 ± 180 Late Neolithic -3021 " 100 4260 ± 150 -2708 " 425 4210±170 Late Neolithic -2658 " 4170±140 Fontbouisse Chalcolithic -3016 " 4140±170 Chalcolithic -2846 " 130 Middle Ages 4070±170 Fontbouisse Chalcolithic -3017 " 150 4070±170 -2738 " 439 Middle Ages 4040±130 Fontbouisse Chalcolithic -2735 " Period 4020± 140 -2980 " 429 3970±140 Late Neolithic -3023 3940±160 Chalcolithic -2954 " 3900 ± 130 Verazian Late Neolithic -2689 " " 3890 ± 180 Les Urnes Chalcolithic -2964 Paleolithic 1 3870±130 Chalcolithic -2962 " 3860±130 " -2847 " 3760± 130 Early Bronze Age -2734 " 3710±200 Early or Middle Bronze -2641 " 3650± 190 Matignon Late Neolithic -2683 " 3650±150 -2707 " 425 3520±110 -2812 " 424 35/0±/00 Undetermined potsherds -2709 " 3470±130 -2739 " 439 Paleolithic 3390±180 Late Bronze Age -3041 " 3200±120 -2801 " 12,450+220 Paleolithic 3100±210 -2740 " 439 2860±130 Late Bronze Age IIIb -2745 " 190 Paleolithic 2790±160 Late Bronze Age -3040 " 2790±150 " -3042 " Paleolithic (?) 2600±130 -2746 " 423 2590±120 Early Iron Age -2678 " 2580±150 " -3053 " Red Ware 2560±110 -2927 " 424 2530±130 -1732 " 421 2520±140 Early Iron Age -2845 " Historic 25/0±/00 " -3054 " and Cream Ware 2470±100 Late Bronze Age -2676 " 100 culture 2450±140 " -2698 " 150 culture -690 638 Archaeologic Samples

Culture or Sample Culture or Sample Date Period No. No. Page Date Period No. No. Page INDIA (continued) NIGER 3280±100 Malwa culture PRL-693 1 97 480±70 VRI-810 3 622 3200±120 " -691 280±80 -809 3150±140 Megalithic -730 " 100 3140±100 Late Harappa culture -657 97 NIGERIA 3110± 140 Malwa culture -686 1030±300 Early metallurgy BM-2143A 3 520 3050±150 Jorwe culture -656 880±240 " 2143B " " 2900± 140 Malwa culture -692 " 720±360 -2142 " 2870 ± 140 Megalithic -728 100 2830 ± 140 " -729 NORWAY " 2780±150 Late Mesolithic -534 96 8760±170 Early Stone Age T-1991 602 2780±120 Black and Red Ware -931 95 8030±110 " -1610 589 2770±140 Chalcolithic -866 96 " 602 " 7790±160 -1990 2620±130 Black and Red Ware -669 100 7140±130 " -2610 603 2490±150 Chalcolithic -867 96 7020± 170 " -2360 588 24/0±/00 Ancientmining -932 100 " " 6950±120 -2652 2090±140 Megalithic -727 6870±110 " -2650 587 2070±120 Painted Grey Ware -732 6850± 120 " -3067 570 2070±140 Red Ware -671 6800±210 " -2074 587 2030 ± 140 Painted Grey Ware -731 6740±110 -3542 588 1780±140 Megalithic -725 6680 ±80 " -2359 ll -783 99 1750±100 Medieval 6450 ± 70 -2548 600 1740±120 " -784 " " " 6100±130 -2073 587 1420±100 -782 588 " 6050±60 -3076 1160±150 Late Mesolithic -535 96 5960±80 -2072 587 1040±130 Microlithic -907 97 " " 5870±70 -3072 588 950±110 Late Mesolithic -536 96 " /I " 5720±90 -3073 860±130 Chalcolithic -768 99 5670±90 " -3074 ll 750±130 Grave deposit -538 98 5510±80 -2224 602 690±100 Chalcolithic -761 99 5170±110 Late Stone Age -1989 II " 98 670±110 Old Copper Working -549 5040 ± 100 " -3304 587 290±130 Historic -545 100 4820 ±80 2550(A) 600 230±60 Zinc Smelting BM-2223 3 519 4760± 120 " -2550(B) " 1 180±130 PRL-548 100 4410±100 -2604 11 80±60 " BM-2243 3 519 " 4240±100 -2881 578 10±40 -2222 4190±90 " -3546 586 Modern PRL-546 100 4130±230 " -1815 579 Modern Ancient Copper Working -684 1 98 " 578 " 4120±50 -2485 Modern -685 4040±50 " -3075 587 4000±70 " -3077 588 IRAN 3920±90 " -3544 586 " 577 6670±150 Yahya Pd VII PRL-744 1 102 3910±70 -2347 6650±180 " -749 3740±50 " -2223 602 6640±180 " -748 3730±90 " -2772 578 3690±80 " -2883 606 IRELAND 3640±120 -2771 578 3600±50 " -2990 606 5620±80 Late Mesolithic BM-2228A 3590±70 -2487 578 " 5/,7 5580±110 -2228 " II " 3560± 100 -2349 5310±130 -2229 518 " -3547 586 " 3540±90 5270±90 -2229A 3490 ± 100 " -2348 577 " 5230±200 -2227 517 " -2486 /I 578 " 3480±130 5190±110 -2227A 3450±40 " -2547 600 3420±70 " -1988 601 ISRAEL 3410±80 " -2773 578 1210± 100 Early metallurgy BM-2242 3 519 3280±120 Bronze Age -1814 3190±70 " -2606 600 " ll IVORY 3100±80 -2880 579 COAST 3100±70 " -2048 577 750±160 Ly-2817 2B 417 3070±80 " -1635 II 602 3050±90 " -2351 578 MAURITANIA 3050±70 " -3185 594 " 1620±150 1st Islamic Period Ly-3147 2B 418 3040±50 -3471 604 " 2870±60 " -3545 586 1270±90 -3146 " 1020±150 2nd Islamic Period -2540 2800±110 -2350 578 2600 ± 70 " -2049 577 950 ± 130 1st Islamic Period -2504 " 880±170 " -2537 2550±70 -3078 588 " " 2530 ± 190 " -1912(A) 602 870±140 -2532 " 850±100 " -2536 " 2500±70 -3410 592 " 1I 810±170 " -2505 2490± 100 -2050 577 " 603 800 ± 100 " -2535 2430±130 -2609 2420±140 " -1452 589 790 ± 120 1st Islamic Period -2538 " 780±100 2nd Islamic Period -2508 2360±110 -1912(B) 602 770± 150 1st Islamic Period -2533 2360±100 -1771 603 2340±90 " -2340 605 750±130 2nd Islamic Period -2507 " 730± 140 1st Islamic Period -2534 2310±90 -3674 592 2280±70 Early Iron Age -3407 592 720±140 2nd Islamic Period -2509 " 710± 100 1st Islamic Period -2506 2240±80 -2863 601 2210±70 " -2494 606 530±140 2nd Islamic Period -2510 " " " -2539 2180±50 -2490 605 530±100 606 Modern -2503 2170±50 -2639 2150±80 " -1673 582 2120±230 " -3088 II 605 NEW CALEDONIA 2080±50 " -2640 606 1040±110 1st Human Occupation Ly-2310 2B 420 2070±110 " -1188 595 +r-(ChG4- GVOu d (C(C d (C-t--C(---(C NC00-Q CC (C(C d CGIC-00 G1Qr1 GVOIcD00(OC r1 a0(DQ00CIOOOCV. QCVtO1C0[(O (00((00000: 00000100: 1-C: 010000COt-(C(C 0= CG00100(( i00C71CI1010001Q1OC( 01QQ10001010Q0101010101= 0101 Q7Q101Q101Q1C01CI10101O(010 Opp01Q1Q1Q)01p1C C( A(f1uluu .nnun (C(C (an(tlcpcCcCuu) ((f1(C(C(C A((t1AUcCC(C ((((CC rn(C c1if1u1f1u1cDc0f1u>nu[3u((C(

1--pIG01- 4-c00001'nNOd'} C1-N---(d'C1a (GhGht1Ct (- GhOCCO00I010VO010000GVCCCOchcDOO100d c+7.( C -+-+ [- (C c (C (

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0 0 o CC (C (C o 0o C o 0000o0o.oCOCOCOCCOOOCCCOCOOOCCOOOCOC4COo0 0 0 -1-(CO(C1`-O(ooCCOO-.oo---CCCCCCCCO-oOOOCoooCOOOOCOOCoo(OO -(-1-(C(C -(C-1-- CT(--00CC(C00(C((C(P-(C(C-1-1--00(C (CT(C00(-(CC--1-C(0(C-(Ct-(C(T( 1-1-tnTCC(C(Cndt- (-(-(DC-(C(C(C }I tl }I }i +I +I +i +I +I +i +i }I +I tl +I +I tl +i }I +i +I +I }I +I tl +I +I I }i +I +I +I }I +I }I +I +I +I tl +I tl +I +I tl tl tl +I }I +I tl +I I }I +I +I }I +I +I +I ti tl +I +I }I +I +I tl +I +I tl +i }I }I +I ti +I }I }I tl tl +I +I }I 11 OpOO00CO00000CCCCCOOCCCCO00COCOCO00o00CCCO00CCC(CCCOOOOC(CCC(CC(CC(C(O0(000COOOOCCOOOCC(CCdid (C (C CV1C'(000t((d C(GVCICV-(((d CVCVIG4(((C (CCV-((00(t-C-((((C(( C4--O O(O00 00 00 00 00 00CC((C(C ((((CJ --OO(((00((C d (C(c(Cc,crvc,cvcvc,c4CIC'1C ------CCOOCCC(C(c(((C(C(( CclcC(((CCCC00Coooo(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCaooorrrr

C C C0 -»crco.nalocnola (C(CC(4 ( (C(arc caolocc,.ncnlc cr.nCcnrrocnr( ocu((a(CC(Cao a1((oa a CCCCCt-(CCCCC((C(: (CCCCo(CCC( o0(CCc(o((000CCCX-(CCCCC(C(CCCCC: CCCCCOOCCCOCOroc-(Crooo(C((C ( C(C(C(C((CC(C(C(CCC(C(C(C(C(CC(C(CC(C(C C. (C(C(CC(CC(C(CCC(((CC CCC((C(C(( CC(C(C(C(C(Co(C(C(C(C(C(C(C(CC(CC(C(C(CC(C(C(C(Co((C(C z0 v tcncval(DCVa0lccrolcumlo(r1o11 nc oo(lcccn(C_ 0.o Crib >t K7chCr7C1C0cootò,nocviòoc,aonoorooloolnc,aaloooaoaoolouc,cn d 0 c } CV-»C OGc101C0 00 00--1 - cCCVCOcOIOQ d'OdO -d CDO'Q --OGOi 1C71CVCOCOO00- --OG-d thud d' -"d-(Caort-(C,n-( a-00(O(( alclccocoCccorrMo.ncnclooovcccncvxcncnaoocnlococaalrrooooc,alalccooa'c,oowcCcoc,crncacc.ncnc,clooccGel cvcnroo -r z -i -r --i -» Cn --rÌn'i '1V CV Cn LV 6VN CV -+ 'V CV GV CV GV CV CV CV CV yI Cn CV -- -+ GV CV -+ Gh OV ', Cn -+ '-+ CC) V1 Cn -rN - CV GV i GV GVN GV - - GV CV - : CV CV ------N CV - - - - -

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00 00 0 0 0 0 000 0 000 0 00 0 000 0 0 0 0 00 0 000 --C-.-,1-1--00C--+000oO(-00i-(C-(C--+001----(C--i1---i,-i--r(C-C---i(C-00---(-00-0100-yLVCVCuOOOOOO-0000000000-- *- OOOCcC*-.(O-OCV'-+OcCOi -»(OOCVOO -+OOCO.AOOOOOOO00a(C(C-(C(D1-1-Cr1--+001-rr--1-0000 -+OOOO0100OOO i-(C(COV(-(CCT-r-.O(((OO(C(( }I }I }I +I }I 11 +I }I +I }I }I }I }I }I }I +I }I }I v H }I tl }I H }I }i }I }I }I }I }I }I I }I }I }I }{ }I }I +I }I +i }I }I }I H }I I }I }I I +I }I tl }I }I +I }I }I +I +I +I }I tl +i +I }I tl }I }I +I }I }I tl }I +I }I }I }I +I }I tl tl tl I c OOOOOCOOC(CCCCOOOOOCOOOOOC(CCOOp((CCOCO000CO000COOC(CCOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO(CCOOC(CCC (C(CCV-(0000(C(Cd ---O(C.(--COO((C(OO(d d CnCC-0001(00 00 00 1--(C(C(C(C VGVCV-r-COOOOO0C(-(C (CCl---OOCI-((C(C4 --(C((00(W((C Q Ooo00C010101aCC(01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 0o0000(((-(CC((Cr-(c(C((C((C(C(c((C(C(C(C(C(C(C(C((C(((C(C(C(C(CCCCCC(d wit d d d- i d d'((C(((C(( 640 Archaeologic Samples

Culture or Sample Culture or Sample Date Period No. No. Page Date Period No. No. Page NORWAY (continued) SCOTLAND (continued) 720±50 Medieval T-2737 2B 710±50 -2538 599 70 700±80 -2869 595 700±70 -1701 597 690±70 -3189 594 690±50 -3288 593 680±60 -2864 595 650±60 -2868 593 640±90 -1703 591 640±70 -1820 595 Age 1 610±90 -2222 602

590±60 -2303 607 1 580 ± 70 -3470 604

570±60 -3186 594 1 570±40 -2539 599 Age 540±80 -2410 591 540±50 -2867 597 520±50 -2948 585 510±80 -1639 591 480±60 -1630 579 470±70 -1508 596 380±90 -2812 604 360±60 -1298 596 350±50 -3664 580 340±70 -3673 597 300±70 -1505 >28,000 Paleolithic 3 300±70 -1412 594 Aurignacian 300±60 -2655 604 3 300±50 -2820 12,480±210 290±60 -3409 597 270±90 Recent -1504 260±70 -1413 594 3 200±80 -1299 595 190±40 -3672 597 Magdalenian 160±60 -2215 596 3 150±60 -2491 606 90±40 -2366 604 180 70±50 -2656 5020 ± 190 4450±240 PAKISTAN 4310±150 -84

>31,000 Kot Dijian (?) PRL-679 1 4520±100 Pre-Kot Dijian -676 metallurgy 4400±110 -675 4030±50 Kot Dijian BM-2201 4000±150 Early Kot Dijian PRL-674 1 3900±130 Kot Dijian -673 3780±220 BM-2200 3 2610 ± 120 Red Burnished Ware -2198 130 Age 2210±70 Historic -2199 2140±70 -2195 Age 1890±60 -2196 Bronze Age 1890±50 -2197 Age 940±30 Hindu Shahi -2202 3620±100 -127 POLAND 3540± 130 Middle Bronze Age 21,000±900 Gravettian Ly-2542 17,480±310 -2541 110 3510± 130 Bronze Age UGRA-99 3 PORTUGAL 3500±130 Late Copper Age 4390±150 Copper metallurgy UGRA-131 3 Bronze Age 3 3470±120 -103 RWANDA 3460±210 Copper Age Age 3940±320 Late Stone Age Ly-2237 3400±130 -109 2620±320 -2387 110 2380±270 Early lron Age -2235 Age 2040± 180 Late Stone Age -2383 Bronze Age 2020±200 -2384 3 2020±330 -2667 1970±190 Potsherd & Microlith -2382 1880±170 Late Stone Age -2236 130 Age 1380±170 Iron Age -2668 Bronze Age 1220±220 Late Iron Age -2449 70 1210±160 Late Stone Age -2385 120 350±200 Potsherd & Microlith -2450 Modern Late Stone Age -2386 Modern 140 Age Potsherd -2798 130 SCOTLAND 2450±190 2390±170 Age -112 5050±90 CAR-253 2B 4710±70 Neolithic HAR-2406 1 140 4540±70 -2084 20/0±/30 4540±70 CAR-251 2B 4500±80 -249 Modern Historic BM-2002 522 Archaeologic Samples 641

Culture or or Date Period No. Period No. No. SRI LANKA WALES (continued) 27 700+2090 Upper Paleolithic 1 2B -1660 3800±80 -920 " 20 150 ± 680 3700±80

1 5, 3 9 0± 570 -856 " 1 2, 770± 450 3610±70 + -855 " 0 0 20 " 11,910± Paleolithic -861 410 3540±70 -285 3500±70 -160 " 380 SWITZERLAND 3500±60 -278 " 2680±170 Late Bronze Age III b Ly-2922 3470±70 -164 " UNITED STATES 3450±70 -277 " 3450±70 -161 " 380 ILLINOIS 3380±70 -601 " 1220±70 Late Woodland WIS-1547 1170±70 -1546 Bronze Age 2800±80 HAR-1385 1 91 SOUTH DAKOTA 2680±70 CAR-207 2B 4980±70 Middle Plains Archaic WIS-1586 2600±70 -205 " 371 3690 ± 70 -1577 2500±70 3590±80 -1591 458 3480±70 -1594 2470±60 3410±70 ' -1578 3330±80 -1592 458 2670±70 Late Plains Archaic -1590 2490±70 -1538 456 2340±70 -1588 458 1510±70 -1540 456 1390±70 -159.5 458 1150±70 Late Prehistoric -1570 1090±70 -1539 456 1060±70 -1573 457 990±70 -1566 2290±70 990±70 -1536 456 940±70 -1564 457 920±70 -1535 456 790±70 -1576 457 760±70 -1563 2010±70 640±70 -1541 456 630±70 -1574 457 620±70 -1593 458 600±70 -1565 457 580±70 " -1589 460±70 " -1587 390±70 -1572 457 300±70 " -1571 1660±60 Age WISCONSIN " 1600 70 - 203 376 1620±70 Middle Woodland WIS-1607 2B 1570±70 Age 1560±70 -1608 " 1550±50 1180 ± 70 t.ane Farm -1585 " 520±70 Oneota -1522 " 510±70 " -1525 " 480±70 -1523 1220±60 430±70 -1524 1180±60 " 420±70 " -1617 400±60 -1584 1160±60 220±50 Historic 1517 " 890±60 Medieval -271 " " WALES 870±60 -289 " 6900±80 CAR-118 2B 374 5050±80 Neolithic -113 4830±80 -392 381 4760±70 Iron Age -525 4700±80 -394 381 4590±80 -116 374 4590 ± 80 -397 372 4560±80 -391 381 4540±70 -527 372 4470±80 -393 381 4390±70 -114 373 4350±70 Bronze Age -282 4260±70 -272 377 4140±70 -273 4130±70 -600 380 4050±70 -275 377 4030±80 -528 373 3990±70 -274 377 it) c0 it) O in or d 0; o O o0 0i c0 00 c on - cr on -

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NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 12TH INTERNATIONAL RADIOCARBON CONFERENCE

The editors of RADIOCARBON announce the publication of the Pro- ceedings of the 12th International Radiocarbon Conference held in Trond- heim, Norway, June 24-28, 1985. The Proceedings will appear in two of the four numbers of Volume 28, 1986 and will be offered as part of the subscription for that year. Presentation of a paper at the Conference will not guarantee publication in the Proceedings issue. If a paper is accepted but will not fit into the Proceedings, it will be considered for publication in one of RADIOCARBON'S regular issues. Only those manuscripts, submitted in proper form (in three typewritten copies) at the Conference will he considered for publication. Articles may not exceed 10 pages including references, illustrations, and tables. No more than four illustrations per paper are recommended, reducible to no more than two pages. Figures should be reduced as much as possible. It is recommended that the author submit camera-ready tables and drawings. Preference will be given to shorter articles. No discussions will be published. The regular review system will be employed. Style guidelines follow the previous Proceedings issues and the STYLE Gun)E (R, 1984, v 26, p 152- 158). We will not be using the same method of printing as we did for the last Proceedings issue (Vol 25, no. 2, 1983). The author will not be responsible for final preparation of the manuscript. RADIOCARBON will print the Pro- ceedings in the usual manner. Each institution sponsoring research reported in an article will be asked to pay a charge of $80.00 per printed page. Institutions paying such charges will be entitled to 100 free reprints without covers. Publication of an article in the Proceedings is not conditional on the payment of page charges, as payment can be waived for those institutions unable to pay par- tially or completely. The Norwegian Institute of Technology has offered partial support for the publication of the Proceedings. We look forward to this project and our renewed associations.

THE EDITORS OF RADIOCARBON Vol 27, No. 3 Radiocarbon 1985

CONTENTS

Historical 14C Measurements from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans AW Fairhall and AW Young ...... 473

DATE LISTS BM Janet Ambers, Keith Matthews, and Richard Burleigh British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XVIII ...... 508 T Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, Knut Lovseth, and Fred Skogseth Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX ..... 525

List of Laboratories ...... 623 Index to Volume 27 ...... 635