DOCSLIB.ORG

Coastal Erosion and Management of Amatuku Island, Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Coastal Erosion and Management of Amatuku Island, Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu COASTAL EROSION AND MANAGEMENT OF AMATUKU ISLAND, FUNAFUTI ATOLL, TUVALU Chunting Xue SOPAC Secretariat August 1996 SOPAC Technical Report 234 This project was funded by the Government of the People's Republic of China [3] TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................. 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 7 STUDY METHODS .................................................................................................................. 11 DEVELOPMENT HISTORY ..................................................................................................... 11 REEF FLAT AND BEACH........................................................................................................ 12 COASTAL EROSION............................................................................................................... 19 BORROW PIT AND CHANNEL ............................................................................................... 27 COASTAL MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................................... 31 CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................... 31 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................ 32 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 32 APPENDIX 1............................................................................................................................. 33 APPENDIX 2............................................................................................................................. 34 [TR234 - Xue] [4] LIST OF FIGURES 1. Location of Amatuku. 2. Air photographs, taken on 7 July 1943 (left photo) and on 19 July 1984 (right photo). There was a dark shadow belt of trees on the lagoon shore on 1943 air photo. The channel on the reef flat and borrow pit northwest of Amatuku are seen on the air photograph of July 1984 but not on the air photograph of July 1943. 3. Map showing the channel on the lagoon reef flat, and the causeway and borrow pit between Mulitefala and Amatuku in the Second World War (excavated or built in 1943 or the first half of 1944). The outline of Amatuku is based on the air photographs of July 1943. 4. Coastal geological map of Amatuku, Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu. 5. Remains of the causeway, connecting Amatuku and Mulitefala in the Second World War, which was composed of big reef rock blocks (0.5-2 m). The northwest end of the causeway(closest the camera) has been washed away. Smaller rubble has been washed onto southwest of remains of the causeway. The sand beach in the foreground is at the southeast end of Mulitefala. The dark blue colour of water left (ocean side) of the remains indicates the long borrow pit parallel to the causeway. View 1350 from Mulitefala. 6. The opening (passage) between Mulitefala (right) and the remains of the causeway (left), and reef rock blocks on the lagoon flat, moved by waves and currents. View 236°. 7. Types of beach on Amatuku. 8. Beach profile (TU96204) on the stable coast, southwest lagoon coast. 9. Beach profile (TU96202) on the erosional coast, east part of the north ocean coast. 10. Beach profile (TU96206) on erosional coast, the northeast ocean coast. The location map and profile data are given in Appendix 1. 11. Beach profile (TU96203) on erosional coast, northwest lagoon coast. The bare beachrock demarcates the usual location of the beach. For location map and profile data are given in Appendix 1. 12. Coastal erosion and dominant longshore sediment transport of Amatuku. 13. The shoreline change from 1979 to 1996, based on the October 1979 topographic map and bearings and distances between shoreline and houses or concrete foundations measured during the May 1996 field survey. 14. Erosion scarp of 0.6 m high and shoreline retreat of at least 2 m, at TU96202, north ocean shore, Amatuku. View 115°. 15. A tree with landward extending roots, indicating 4.3 m shoreline retreat, north ocean shore, Amatuku. View to southwest. [TR234 - Xue] [5] 16. Erosion scarp of 1.3 m high on the north ocean shore, close to the northwest tip of Amatuku, where the shoreline has retreated at least 4 m, based on distribution of soil among gravel. View 150°. 17. Coconut tree trunks lying on lagoon reef flat, removed from the northwest tip of Amatuku. View 220°. 18. The northwest lagoon shore at the northwest end of Amatuku with erosion scarp of 0.5- 1.5 m. View 100°. 19. The northwest lagoon shore near the jetty, The beach is composed almost entirely of beachrock (conglomerate and sandstone) with little loose material. View 110°. 20. Erosion scarp of 0.9 m high with gravel on top of the scarp and consolidated breccia at the base. Location is on the shore behind the channel, southwest of the Jetty. View 110°. 21. Two trees with landward extending roots, indicating 4.5 m of shoreline retreat on the southwest lagoon shore. The beachrock exposed in front of the trees and concrete blocks were put in front of the trees and the house (student dormitory). View 0°. 22. Southeast tip of Amatuku showing erosion. View 325°. 23. The present configuration of the borrow pit between Mulitefala and Amatuku excavated in the Second World War measured and observed on 24 May 1996. The upper diagram is a map showing sediment distribution; R-rubble; S-sand; Cr-branching coral. The middle diagram shows water depths of the pit along the centre line (lower than the reef flat). The lower diagram is a cross- section of the pit. Measured and observed on 24 May 1996. 24. The depths (lower than the reef flat) of the channel on lagoon reef flat of Amatuku, measured on 24 May 1996, 25. Funafuti wind data for 1950-1984 (after Carter, 1986). [TR234 - Xue] [6] SUMMARY A six-day field investigation of Amatuku, a small island on the northeast rim of Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu was carried out 18-24 May 1996. Observations on the shoreline, reef flat, a borrow pit and a channel were made to determine the extent of erosion and the causes. Although Amatuku is small in size it is important to the Tuvalu economy since it is the site of the Tuvalu Marine School for training seamen. The principal conclusions of the investigation were as follows: · The ocean reef flat is composed of five zones: spur and groove, outer pavement, rubble and pavement, beachrock, and beach. The lagoon reef flat is composed of three zones: branching coral, pavement, and beach. · The beach includes three types: sand beach, gravel beach, which is further divided into two subtypes: gravel beach and gravel/beachrock beach ( gravel on upper beach and beachrock on lower beach), and bare beachrock replacing the beach. · Most parts of the coast have been eroded. The most severe erosion has occurred on the north ocean coast. Since 1944, one small peninsula and two small islets have been eroded away, and the shoreline retreated at least 4.3 m. Severe erosion has also occurred on the lagoon coast near the channel. · The ocean coast erosion and lagoon coast erosion have been mainly caused by the trapping of sediment by a borrow pit between Mulitefala and Amatuku islands and by a channel on the lagoon reef flat of Amatuku. Both the borrow pit and the channel were excavated during the Second World War. It is recommended as follows: · Fill the borrow pit between Mulitefala and Amatuku, and the fill channel on lagoon reef flat, and replace with a pier extending from shore to the edge of the lagoon reef flat. · Mining loose sediments should be prohibited. [TR234 - Xue] [7] ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Funds for this project were contributed by the Government of the People's Republic of China. The work was carried out in collaboration with the Tuvalu Government. Particular assistance was received from the Land and Survey Department, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tuvalu Maritime School. I am grateful for the assistance and valuable information from Mr Kenneth J. Barnett, the captain superintendent of Tuvalu Maritime School. Appreciation is extended to Mr S. Solomon for the useful comments on the drafts of the report and Dr R. Howorth for his revision on the final manuscript. INTRODUCTION Amatuku is a small island of only 5.86 hectares (0.0586 km2), located on the northeast rim of Funafuti Atoll (Figure 1). It is a triangular island, more than 700 m long with the maximum width of 180 m, extending northwest-southeast (Figure 2). Geographically, the Amatuku coast is divided into five parts: the north ocean coast (from the northwest tip to the northeast point); northeast ocean coast (from the northeast point to the southeast tip); northwest lagoon coast (from the northwest tip to the channel); southwest lagoon coast (from the channel to the southeast tip); and the coast behind the channel (Figure 3). Mulitefala Island is located to the northwest and Tengako Island to the southeast; the reef flat connects both islands with Amatuku. Amatuku was occupied by US troops during the Second World War at which time major changes were made to the coastal zone including the dredging of a borrow pit and a boat channel. The Tuvalu Maritime School
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Biology and Geology of Tuvalu: an Annotated Bibliography
    ISSN 1031-8062 ISBN 0 7305 5592 5 The Biology and Geology of Tuvalu: an Annotated Bibliography K. A. Rodgers and Carol' Cant.-11 Technical Reports of the Australian Museu~ Number-t TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM Director: Technical Reports of the Australian Museum is D.J.G . Griffin a series of occasional papers which publishes Editor: bibliographies, catalogues, surveys, and data bases in J.K. Lowry the fields of anthropology, geology and zoology. The journal is an adjunct to Records of the Australian Assistant Editor: J.E. Hanley Museum and the Supplement series which publish original research in natural history. It is designed for Associate Editors: the quick dissemination of information at a moderate Anthropology: cost. The information is relevant to Australia, the R.J. Lampert South-west Pacific and the Indian Ocean area. Invertebrates: Submitted manuscripts are reviewed by external W.B. Rudman referees. A reasonable number of copies are distributed to scholarly institutions in Australia and Geology: around the world. F.L. Sutherland Submitted manuscripts should be addressed to the Vertebrates: Editor, Australian Museum, P.O. Box A285, Sydney A.E . Greer South, N.S.W. 2000, Australia. Manuscripts should preferably be on 51;4 inch diskettes in DOS format and ©Copyright Australian Museum, 1988 should include an original and two copies. No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission of the Editor. Technical Reports are not available through subscription. New issues will be announced in the Produced by the Australian Museum Records. Orders should be addressed to the Assistant 15 September 1988 Editor (Community Relations), Australian Museum, $16.00 bought at the Australian Museum P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Pacific Islands
    THE PACIFIC ISLANDS POLITICS, ECONOMICS, AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS TE'O I.J. FAIRBAIRN CHARLES E. MORRISON RICHARD W. BAKER SHEREE A. GROVES THE PACIFIC ISLANDS THE EAST-WEST CENTER was established in Hawaii in 1960 by the United States Congress "to promote better relations and understand­ ing between the United States and the nations of Asia and the Pacific through cooperative study, training, and research:' Some 2,000 research fellows, graduate students, and professionals in business and government each year work with the Center's interna­ tional staff on major Asia-Pacific issues relating to population, economic and trade policies, resources and the environment, culture and com­ munication, and international relations. Since 1960, more than 27,000 men and women from the region have participated in the Center's cooperative programs. Officially known as the Center for Cultural and Technical Inter­ change Between East and West, Inc., the Center is a public, non-profit institution with an international board of governors. Principal funding comes from the United States Congress. Support also comes from more than twenty Asian and Pacific governments, as well as private agen­ cies and corporations. THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS PROGRAM (JRP) became an autonomous program within the East-West Center in 1989. The Program advances the Center's overall objectives through work on foreign poli­ cy and related political, economic, and security issues. Program pri­ orities are to 1) promote research and dialogue directed toward creating a stable, peaceful Asia/Pacific community; 2) identify issues in U.S. re­ lations with the Asia/Pacific region and recommend means of strength­ ening these relations; 3) improve understanding of individual societies of the region through cooperative research; and 4) promote contact and dialogue among the region's future leaders.
    [Show full text]
  • Speaker Presentation Session 3
    Innovative Solutions for Small-Island States Mafalu Lotolua Pacific Energy Summit Auckland, 7th June 2016 RE&EE Development in Tuvalu . Guided by the RE&EE Master Plan and is directly linked to the - Tuvalu National Sustainable Development Plan (Te Kakeega III), - the Climate Change Policy (Te Kaniva) and - the Tuvalu National Energy Policy. Master Plan has identified the most possible proven technologies for Tuvalu to meet its 100% target. RE&EE Master Plan . RE TARGET – 100% by 2025 . GOAL • To generate electricity with 100% renewable energy by 2025, and • To increase energy efficiency on Funafuti by 30% Implementation Strategies . 60 – 95% - Solar . 0 – 40% - Wind . 5% - Biodiesel . 30% - Energy Efficiency • Cannot achieve 100% renewable energy with ONE Renewable Energy source and need to include other potential PROVEN and MATURED technology, and • Energy Efficiency is also important to avoid additional renewable energy generation. Renewable Energy Portfolio No Island Technology Capacity % RE Development (kW) Partners 1 Funafuti Solar PV 750 17 NZ Govt, UAE and Japan 2 Vaitupu, Niutao, Solar PV 1,032 90 NZ Govt Nanumaga and Nanumea 3 Nukulaelae, Nukufetau Solar PV 188 50 EU and Nui 4 Amatuku, TMTI Solar PV 8 2 Finland 5 Niulakita and Funafala Solar PV 100 Italian Govt. SHS Partners involved in RE & EE Space in Tuvalu No Partners RE Technology/EE Capacity Site Status (kW) 1 NZ Govt. (MFAT) Solar PV mini-grid 3,032 + 170 Outer-islands/Funafuti Operational =3,202 2 EU Solar PV mini-grid 182 Outer islands Operational 3 United Arabs Solar
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnostic Report Tuvalu
    Sustainable Integrated Water Resources and Wastewater Management in Pacific Island Countries National Integrated Water Resource Management Diagnostic Report Tuvalu Published Date: November 2007 Draft SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 647 ACRONYMS AusAID Australian Agency for International Development EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FFA Foreign Fisheries Agency GEF Global Environment Facility HYCOS Hydrological Cycle Observing System GPA Global Programme of Action for the Protection of Marine Environment form Land Based Activities IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management IWP International Waters Programme JICA Japanese International Cooperation Agency MPWE Ministry of Public Works and Energy MNRLE Ministry of Natural Resources, Lands and Environment FCA Funafuti Conservation Area FD Fisheries Department MDG Millennium Development Goals MPA Marine Protected Areas NAFICOT National Fishing Corporation of Tuvalu NTF National Task Force NEMS National Environment Management Strategy NZAID New Zealand Overseas Development Assistance PIC Pacific Island Countries PWD Public Works Division SAP Strategic Action Programme SOPAC Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission SPREP South Pacific Regional Environment Programme TANGO Tuvalu Association for Non-Government Organisation UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Economic Social and Cultural Organisation USAID United States Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organization WSSD World Summit for Sustainable Development Sustainable Integrated
    [Show full text]
  • Tuvalu-Eiwironrnental Conditions 3
    TUuolu Nlzi -IrZI^-iN M"ry@ffi Tuaalu Sto te Of the Environment Report t993 USP Library Catalogrring-in-Publicadon data: Iane,John Tutalu : state of the environinent report y'byJohn Lane.-Apia, Western Sarhoa : SPREF, lg9g, wii, 64p. : ?9cm "Rcport for the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) as documentation in support of the Tilvalu National Environrnental Manageruent Srategy (NEMS). Produced witlt financial asgis$nce frorn the United Nations Development Prograrnme (UNDP) aud the Australian Intemational Development Assistance Bureau (AIDAB)." Bibliography. rsBN 982-04-0070-8 1. lluman ecologpT[va]u 2. Tuvalu-Eiwironrnental conditions 3. Environmennl protection -'Tuvalu I. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme II. Title G'F852.T9L35 304.2'09968s Prepa'red for publication by the South Facific Regio nal Enlirsnme nt Programm e, Apia, Westem Sanoa @ South Pacific Regional Environment Proglamme; 19Q4 The South Pacitric Regional Envirorrrnent Proglamme authoriiles the'reproduction of &xtual nrarerial,'vvhsle or parq in any forrn, provided appropriate acknowledgement is given. Coordinating editor Suzanne Grano Editor' Barb.ara Henson Editorial assistant Betqrlynne Mantell Design and production Peter Evans Artwork for symbols Ca*rerine Appleton Cover clesign by Peter, Eranc based on an ortginal design by CatherineAppleton Photographs Alefaio Sernese andJohn Lanre Maps eupplied by MAP'gmphics, Brisbane, Atuualia Tlpeset in New Baskerville and Gill Sans Br.inted on 110 gsrn Tudor R. P. ( 1007o recy.cled) by ABC Printing Brisbane, Atrstralia Illustrative rnaterial cannot be reProduced without per-mis$ion of the ptotographer- or artisl Produced wirh fiqlmciat aasistancc from the United Nations Developmerrt hogra4me (UNDP) and the Austrnliao Interriational Dwelop-ment Asgbtatrc'e Bureru (AIDAB) Coaa pholagraph: Trailitional cultun is,tmtral to Twaluan life- Parl af lhe'passing aut' tcbbwilkmsfor gmd'aatiwg sfudmts of the I\atalu Maritivu Silool, Funafuli'{tall.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Development for Tuvalu: a Reality Or an Illusion?
    SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FOR TUVALU: A REALITY OR AN ILLUSION? bY Petely Nivatui BA (University of the South Pacific) Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Environmental Studies (Coursework) Centre for Environmental Studies University of Tasmania Hobart, Tasmania, Australia December 1991 DECLARATION This thesis contains no material that has been accepted for the award of any other higher degree or graduate diploma in any tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except when due reference is made in this thesis. Petely Nivatui ABSTRACT For development to be sustainable for Tuvalu it needs to be development which specifically sustains the needs of Tuvaluans economically, politically, ecologically and culturally without jeopardising and destroying the resources for future generations. Development needs to be of the kind which empowers Tuvaluans, gives security, self-reliance, self-esteem and respect. This is different from western perspectives which concentrate and involve a western style economy and money system in which money is the centre of everything. For Tuvaluans the economy is based on and dependent on land, coconut trees, pulaka (Cyrtosperma) and fish, as well as the exchange of these commodities. The aim of this thesis is to compare western and Tuvaluan concepts and practices of sustainable development in order to evaluate future possibilities of sustainable practices for Tuvalu. An atoll state like Tuvalu has many problems. The atolls are small, isolated, and poor in natural resources. Transport and communication are difficult and the environment is sensitive. Tuvalu is classified by the United Nations as one of the least developed countries, one dependent on foreign assistance.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuvalu: Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2010/2011
    Tuvalu Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2010/2011 Stories of Progress and the Struggle towards the attainment of Millennium Development Goals (2000-2010) May 2011. Photo Courtesy: James Conway, Stephen Boland, Simalua Enele, Semese Alefaio, Semi Malaki and Talavai Iona. © Government of Tuvalu All rights reserved This publication was prepared by the MDG Project Manager with assistance from the Department of Planning and Budget, National MDG Taskforce and UNDP Multi-Country Office. The interpretations and conclusions expressed in it do not necessary represent views of the Government of Tuvalu and UNDP .However, please note that this report has been endorsed and supported by Government Cabinet Ministers and reviewed by UN Agencies. The Government of Tuvalu and UNDP does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in the publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequences of their use. Please contact Department of Planning and Budget if you have queries: Director of Planning and Budget, Department of Planning and Budget, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Government of Tuvalu Vaiaku, Funafuti, TUVALU Tel: (+00688) 20231 Email: [email protected] Design and Layout: Niuatui I Niuatui Editor: Seona Smiles, WordWorks Fiji Tuvalu Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2010/2011 Tuvalu Millennium Development Goals Report i “I pronounce these people to be the most quiet, peaceable, friendly and affectionate toward one another, the most strongly attached to children and hospitable to strangers, of any people I have ever met” Captain Henry Pease, Ship Planter, 1856 ii Tuvalu Millennium Development Goals Report “Keeping the promise 2015: Together as one, we can achieve the Millennium Development Goals.” Tuvalu National MDG Summit Theme – 11th November, 2010 Tuvalu Millennium Development Goals Report iii Table of Contents Foreword.........................................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020
    TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 GOVERNMENT OF TUVALU T E KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 a TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 T E KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 March 2016 GOVERNMENT OF TUVALU Private Mail Bag, Funafuti, Tuvalu Tel: (688) 20 231 email: [email protected] This work is not copyrighted. It can be reproduced in all, or in part, stored in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the express written consent of the Tuvalu Government. But if any part is used this work must be cited. Production by Pasifika Communications Ltd • Printed by Quality Print, Suva, Fiji Photographs used by permission • Amalinda Satupa • Riiti Conway Mati Afelee • Semese Alefaio • James Conway • Letasi Iulai • Semi Malaki • Niuatui Niuatui Map: Asian Development Bank TE KAKEEGA III TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 Table of Contents 4.5 Medical staffing 21 Theme of the 2015 National Summit 4.6 Professional pay and specialist retention 22 Contents i 4.7 Legislative and regulatory environment 22 on Sustainable Development List of Boxes iii 4.8 Climate change-related health issues 23 Foreword iv SOCIAL 23 Map of Tuvalu v 4.9 Social adaptation 23 Acronyms vi 4.10 Population 23 INTRODUCTION 1 4.11 Emigration 23 Vision 2 4.12 Poverty 23 Mission 3 4.13 Unemployment 24 Guiding principles 3 4.14 Community affairs 24 TKIII formulation 4 4.15 Culture 25 1.
    [Show full text]
  • PART II: FIELD RECONNAISSANCE and FIELD SERVEY in SEA and COASTAL AREAS for BASIC STUDY Section 1: Supporting Report 1. Field Re
    The study for assessment of ecosystem, coastal erosion and protection / rehabilitation Final Report of damaged area in Tuvalu PART II: FIELD RECONNAISSANCE AND FIELD SERVEY IN SEA AND COASTAL AREAS FOR BASIC STUDY Section 1: Supporting Report 1. Field Reconnaissance PII-S1-1 The study for assessment of ecosystem, coastal erosion and protection / rehabilitation Final Report of damaged area in Tuvalu 1. Field Reconnaissance Survey Field reconnaissance was conducted on the entire Fongafale Islet, Tengako Islet (Asagatau Paka Area) adjacent to it on the north, and Funafala and Fuagea Islets located in the southern part of the atoll. This report shows mainly the survey results obtained in October 2009 in the dry season as well as the results obtained in January 2010 in the rainy season for the vicinity of Funafuti Port in Lofeagai Area, the vicinity of the jetty in Vaiaku Area, and the southernmost tip of Kavatoetoe Area, where the conditions of the coast are different in the rainy season. 1.1 Fongafale Islet Figure 1.1 shows Fongafale Islet. Fongafale Islet is characterized by an approximately 75 degree change in the direction angle of the coastline at its easternmost protrusion. The field reconnaissance results are summarized by each of the areas shown in this figure. Runwa 0 1km Figure 1.1 Field reconnaissance classification map for Fongafale Islet PII-S1-2 The study for assessment of ecosystem, coastal erosion and protection / rehabilitation Final Report of damaged area in Tuvalu 1.1.1 Lofeagai Area (1) Local conditions 1) Ocean side Like on Tengako Islet, the north side of the beach ridge consists only of gravel (Photo 1.1), containing no sand and forms a steep slope with an approximate gradient of 1 in 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Asian Development Bank
    Performance Evaluation Report Project Number: PPE:TUV 31538 Loan Number: 1693-TUV(SF) April 2006 Tuvalu: Island Development Program Operations Evaluation Department Asian Development Bank ABBREVIATIONS ADB − Asian Development Bank CIF − Consolidated Investment Fund CFC – community fishing center DBT − Development Bank of Tuvalu FTF − Falekaupule Trust Fund IDP − island development program MHARD − Ministry of Home Affairs and Rural Development NBT − National Bank of Tuvalu NZAid − New Zealand Agency for International Development OED − Operations Evaluation Department OEM − operations evaluation mission PCR − project completion report RRP – report and recommendation of the President TA − technical assistance TCA − technical and capital assistance TTF − Tuvalu Trust Fund UNDP − United Nations Development Programme GLOSSARY falekaupule – councils of elders kaupule – island councils NOTES The fiscal year (FY) of the Government ends on 31 December. Director General B. Murray, Operations Evaluation Department (OED) Director R. K. Leonard, Operations Evaluation Division 1, OED Team members O. Nuestro, Evaluation Officer, Operations Evaluation Division 1, OED C. J. Mongcopa, Senior Operations Evaluation Assistant, Operations Evaluation Division 1, OED Operations Evaluation Department, PE-681 CONTENTS Page BASIC DATA ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii MAP vii I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Evaluation Purpose and Process 1 B. Expected Results 2 II. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 3 A. Formulation 3 B. Rationale 4 C. Cost, Financing, and Executing Arrangements 5 D. Procurement, Construction, and Scheduling 6 E. Design Changes 6 F. Outputs 6 G. Consultants 8 H. Loan Covenants 9 I. Policy Framework 10 III. PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT 10 A. Overall Assessment 10 B. Relevance 11 C. Effectiveness 11 D. Efficiency 13 E. Sustainability 13 IV. OTHER ASSESSMENTS 14 V.
    [Show full text]
  • Other Titles in the Pacific 2010 Series
    Other titles in the Pacific 2010 series Strategies for Melanesian Agriculture for 2010: tough choices J. Brian Hardaker and Euan Fleming Pacific 2010: women, education and economic development in Melanesia K.G. Gannicott and Beatrice Avalos Planning the Future: Melanesian cities in 2010 John Connell and John P. Lea The Future of Asia-Pacific Economies: Pacific islands at the crossroads? Rodney V. Cole and Somsak Tambunlertchai Pacific 2010: challenging the future Rodney V. Cole UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO 3 1822 02 9 9617 INIX. RELATIONS / PACIFIC STUDIES UBRAR1 UNIVERSITY Of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO IA JOUA CALIFORNIA PACIFIC 2010 OldlOVd | <N PACIFIC 2010 Urbanisation in Polynesia John Connell and John P. Lea © National Centre for Development Studies 1995 This work is copyright. Apart from those uses which may be permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 as amended, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission from the publisher. ISSN 0817-0444 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Connell, John, 1946- Pacific 2010 : urbanisation in Polynesia Bibliography ISBN: 0 7315 1954 X 1. City planning - Polynesia. 2. Urbanization - Polynesia. I. Lea, John P. II. Australian National University. National Centre for Development Studies. III. Title. IV. Title : Urbanisation in Polynesia. (Series : Pacific policy papers ; no. 14). 307.760996 Series editor: Maree Tait Editor: Debra Grogan Pagesetting: Tikka Wilson Maps: Keith Mitchell Cover photographs: Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
    [Show full text]
  • 49450-015: Increasing Access to Renewable Energy
    Initial Environmental Examination August 2019 Tuvalu: Increasing Access to Renewable Energy Prepared by Tuvalu Electricity Corporation for the Asian Development Bank This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS v 1. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Project Background 1 B. Objectives and Scope of IEE 3 2. LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK 4 A. Legal and Policy Framework of Tuvalu 4 B. ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 7 3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 8 A. Rationale 8 B. Proposed Works and Activities 9 4. BASELINE INFORMATION 22 A. Physical Resources 22 B. Terrestrial Biological Resources 34 C. Marine Biological Resources of Nukufetau 51 D. Socio-economic Resources 66 5. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 79 A. Overview 79 B. Design and Pre-construction Impacts 79 C. Construction Impacts on Physical Resources 82 D. Construction Impacts on Biological Resources 85 E. Construction Impacts on Socio-economic Resources 86 F. Operation Impacts 89 G. Decommissioning impacts 90 6. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 91 7. CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE 92 A. Consultation 92 B. Information Disclosure 94 8. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 95 9. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 97 A.
    [Show full text]