TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

GOVERNMENT OF TUVALU

T E KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

a TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 T E KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

March 2016

GOVERNMENT OF TUVALU Private Mail Bag, Funafuti, Tuvalu Tel: (688) 20 231 email: [email protected] This work is not copyrighted. It can be reproduced in all, or in part, stored in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the express written consent of the Tuvalu Government. But if any part is used this work must be cited. Production by Pasifika Communications Ltd • Printed by Quality Print, Suva, Fiji Photographs used by permission • Amalinda Satupa • Riiti Conway Mati Afelee • Semese Alefaio • James Conway • Letasi Iulai • Semi Malaki • Niuatui Niuatui Map: Asian Development Bank TE KAKEEGA III TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

Table of Contents 4.5 Medical staffing 21 Theme of the 2015 National Summit 4.6 Professional pay and specialist retention 22 Contents i 4.7 Legislative and regulatory environment 22 on Sustainable Development List of Boxes iii 4.8 Climate change-related health issues 23 Foreword iv SOCIAL 23 Map of Tuvalu v 4.9 Social adaptation 23 Acronyms vi 4.10 Population 23 INTRODUCTION 1 4.11 Emigration 23 Vision 2 4.12 Poverty 23 Mission 3 4.13 Unemployment 24 Guiding principles 3 4.14 Community affairs 24 TKIII formulation 4 4.15 Culture 25 1. CLIMATE CHANGE 5 4.16 Gender 25 1.1 Threats, consequences and resilience 5 4.17 Climate change and society 26 1.2 Response costs 6 5. FALEKAUPULE AND ISLAND DEVELOPMENT 27 1.3 Climate-related initiatives 7 5.1 Falekaupule government: performance 27 1.4 Disaster-related initiatives 8 5.2 Development issues and options 28 Protect and save Tuvalu 1.5 International climate change and disaster 5.3 Sea transport and shipping services 28 risk reduction agreements 9 5.4 Outer island depopulation 28 2. GOOD GOVERNANCE 10 5.5 Falakaupule staff development 28 Improve the quality of life and prosperity for all 2.1 Public reporting 10 5.6 Outer island communication 28 2.2 Public sector expenditure 10 5.7 Solid waste management 29 2.3 Public sector efficiency 10 5.8 Climate change and island development 29 2.4 Public sector reform 11 6. PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT, 2.5 Ombudsman 11 EMPLOYMENT AND TRADET 30 2.6 Parliament: institutional strengthening 11 2.7 Parliament’s outreach programme 12 6.1 Private sector overview 30 2.8 Laws of Tuvalu 12 6.2 The housing market 30 2.9 Judiciary 12 6.3 Private sector growth 31 2.10 Role of the media 13 6.4 Private vs. public enterprise 32 2.11 Office of the Auditor General 13 6.5 Private sector development framework 33 2.12 Community consultations 14 6.6 Tourism and eco-tourism 33 2.13 International relations and foreign policy 14 6.7 Overseas employment 33 2.14 Law enforcement 15 6.8 Employment in the fisheries industry 34 2.15 Climate change and governance 15 6.9 Domestic trade 35 6.10 International trade 35 3. THE ECONOMY: GROWTH AND STABILITY 16 6.11 Trade policy framework 35 3.1 Dependence and the monetary economy 16 6.12 Aid for Trade 36 3.2 Macroeconomic management 17 6.13 Climate change, business and trade 36 3.3 Trade 18 3.4 Public enterprise management 19 7. EDUCATION AND HUMAN RESOURCES 37 3.5 Climate change and the economy 19 7.1 Education and training 37 4. HEALTH AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 20 7.2 Education administration, management, 4.1 Non-communicable diseases 21 enrollments 38 4.2 Health services 21 7.3 Non-government schools 4.3 Medical infrastructure 21 7.4 Technical and tertiary education 38 4.4 Facility/equipment maintenance 21 i TE KAKEEGA III TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

7.5 Investment and education and human 38 10. ENVIRONMENT 55 ANNEX 5 79 Box 3.3 Consolidated Investment Fund 18 resources 10.1 Background and awareness 56 Strategic Area 5: Falekaupule and Island Box 3.4 Potential of service exports 18 7.6 Annual budgets 39 10.2 Threats to the environment 57 Development Matrix Box 4.1 Samoa Pathway: Health and social 7.7 Policy Reform Matrix 39 development 20 10.3 Integrating sustainability into environmental ANNEX 6 80 7.8 Youth and sports 40 Box 4.2 Health human resource plans 22 policy 57 Strategic Area 6: Private Sector, Employment and 7.9 Climate change and education 40 Box 4.3 Economic empowerment 25 10.4 CO2 emissions 57 Trade Matrix Box 5.1 The Falekaupule Act 27 8. NATURAL RESOURCES 41 10.5 Environment conventions and treaties 57 10.6 National Committee for the Compliance ANNEX 7 81 Box 5.2 Solid waste management 29 FISHERIES 41 Action Plan 58 Strategic Area 7: Education and Human Resources Box 6.1 A note on government housing 31 8.1 Fisheries revenue 41 10.7 Ocean fish stocks 59 Matrix Box 6.2 A note on business incubators 32 Box 6.3 A note on domestic employment 34 8.2 Fisheries: institutional strengthening, 10.8 Forest cover 59 ANNEX 8 89 Box 6.4 Trading status: imports vs. exports 35 management, development 42 10.9 Sea level rise 59 Strategic Area 8: Natural Resources Matrix Box 7.1 Samoa Pathway: Education 36 8.3 Crewing on foreign fishing vessels 43 11. MIGRATION AND URBANISATION 60 8.4 Fishery observers 43 ANNEX 9 91 Box 7.2 Test scores 37 8.5 WCPFC compliance, vessel detection and 11.1 The nature of internal (and external) migration 60 Strategic Area 9: Infrastructure and Support Box 7.3 Human resource planning 39 prosecution 43 11.2 Urban population growth 61 Services Matrix Box 8.1 Commercial and outer island fisheries 42 11.3 International migration 61 8.6 EU fishery compliance 43 ANNEX 10 93 Box 8.2 Other EU compliance issues 44 11.4 Outward migration policy 62 8.7 Fish product sanitary standards 44 Strategic Area 10: Environment Matrix Box 8.3 Agricultural constraints and challenges 45 8.8 Protection of coastal fisheries 44 11.5 Remittances 63 Box 8.4 Surveying and mapping 46 11.6 Climate change and migration 63 ANNEX 11 94 Box 9.1 Samoa Pathway: Sustainable energy 49 AGRICULTURE 45 Strategic Area 11: Migration and Urbanisation Box 9.2 Samoa Pathway: Water and sanitation 49 12. OCEAN AND SEAS 64 8.9 Agriculture development 45 Matrix Box 9.3 Climate and water supply challenges 50 8.10 Staffing and funding 45 12.1 Exclusive Economic Zone 64 Box 9.4 National Water and Sanitation Policy 50 8.11 Agricultral Trade 45 12.2 Tuna stocks, fisheries institutions and ANNEX 12 95 Strategic Area 12: Ocean and Seas Box 9.5 Improving internet and mobile services 51 8.12 Organic Farming & Marketing Authority 45 agreements 64 Box 9.6 International air service and “open skies” 53 12.3 Artisanal fisheries 65 LAND AND SEA 45 ANNEX 13 96 Box 9.7 Passenger travel 53 12.4 Other measures and initiatives 65 8.13 Maritime boundaries and land use 45 National Summit on Sustainable Development: Box 10.1 Samoa Pathway: Biodiversity 55 12.5 Climate change and ocean impacts 66 8.14 Land and Survey staffing 46 Malefatuga Declaration II Box 10.2 Response to environmental protection 56 8.15 Land reclamation and redevelopment 46 13. IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND ANNEX 14 99 Box 10.3 Environment treaties, conventions, 8.16 Deep seabed minerals 47 EVALUATION 67 UN Sustainable Development Goals agreements, etc. 58 8.17 Extended continental shelf 47 13.1 Accountability 67 Box 11.1 Tuvalu Population Policy Goal 2 61 8.18 Climate change and natural resourcesS 47 13.2 Implementation 67 List of Boxes Box 11.2 Tuvalu Population Policy Goal 3 61 Box 11.3 Seasonal employment recruits and 9. INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPPORT SERVICES 48 13.3 Monitoring and evaluation systems 68 Box 1 1UN Sustainable Development Goals 1 planned migration 62 Box 2 The SIDS “Samoa” Pathway 2 9.1 Overview 48 ANNEX 1 71 Box 12.1 The sewage disposal problem 65 Box 3 MDG Progress Report 2010/2011 4 9.2 Sustainable energy 48 Strategic Area 1: Climate Change Matrix Box 12.2 Samoa Pathway: Oceans and seas 66 9.3 Water and sanitation 49 Box 1.1 Samoa Pathway: Climate change 5 Box 13.1 A note on budgeting methods 68 9.4 Telecom and internet services 51 ANNEX 2 73 Box 1.2 Tuvalu Survival Fund 6 9.5 Public works 52 Strategic Area 2: Good Governance Matrix Box 1.3 Notes on Tuvalu’s INDC targets 8 Box 1.4 Other risk-related climate initiatives 8 9.6 Air services 52 ANNEX 3 75 Box 1.5 Warsaw Mechanism and 9.7 Maritime services 53 Strategic Area 3: The Economy – Growth and Sendai Framework 9 9.8 Outer island infrastructure 54 Stability Matrix 9.9 Corporatisation, public subsidies and Box 1.6 Art. 8: Loss and Damage 9 ANNEX 4 77 management 54 Box 2.1 Public Broadcasting Act 13 Strategic Area 4: Health and Social Development 9.10 Climate change and infrastructure 54 Box 3.1 Other debt-related items 17 Matrix Box 3.2 Monetary and fiscal policy 17

ii iii TE KAKEEGA III TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 Foreword It is my honor and privilege to present Te Kakeega III (TKIII), prepared for the people of Tuvalu and Tuvalu’s development partners, who continue to provide Tuvalu with generous for its development. To them I offer my deepest gratitude on behalf of the Government and people of Tuvalu.

TKIII succeeds Te Kakeega II (2005-15) and is Tuvalu’s eighth national development plan. Like TKIII the original Te Kakeega (1995-98), TKIII was conceived by the people of Tuvalu, in the preparatory stages, in the consultative phase, and during the final approval process. Staff from the Department of Planning and Budget, representatives from TANGO and from EKT met with the eight island communities on Funafuti, and their seven counterparts in the outer islands. Discussions focused on the performance of TKII, plans for TKIII, and what should be emphasized in TKIII. In all more than 300 people were consulted, including more than 100 island leaders who were invited to the TKIII National Summit. Summit delegates, who represented a broad spectrum of Tuvalu society, adopted the Malefatuga II Declaration, which presents the Summit’s outcome. Marking the end of the long consultative process, TKIII was subsequently subjected to a broad government policy and project review. This was followed by several Cabinet reviews and final Cabinet approval, prior to submission to Parliament.

Where TKII ended TKIII begins. It continues work on unfinished business, takes on new initiatives and development objectives, and adds four new strategic areas, in addition to the eight identified in TKII. These new areas focus on: Climate Change; Environment; Migration and Urbanization; and Oceans and Seas. Climate change presents grave challenges, which are in need of urgent attention and that cut across the scope of TKIII. Focus on the environment, previously captured under the broad natural resource umbrella, is now separately emphasized. This highlights the major importance the government assigns to protecting the environment, and by extension the importance the rest of the world places on environmental protection. Migration and urbanization are phenomena that reside at the forefront of numerous challenges facing the domestic economy and society at large. These challenges demand more attention that they have received in the recent past. The protection and management Tuvalu’s ocean areas is, of course, of special interest. Within this strategic area are important goals for sustainable development, and many of these need immediate action.

Many attendees to the National Summit played key roles in developing the TKIII agenda. They included Tuvalu expatriates currently working for Pacific regional organizations; members of Tuvalu’s diplomatic corps based in Suva, Wellington, Taipei, New York and Brussels; and local representatives from the public and private sector, as well as public and private representatives from other countries. The latter two groups met their own expenses and I take this opportunity to record my special thanks to them and their employers who allowed them to attend Summit. Their collective experience and expertise brought a wealth of knowledge to bear on the thinking behind specific elements of TKIII. I also acknowledge the special assistance of Hon. Kausea Natano, with whom I shared the honor of co-chairing the National Summit, and whose help and insights proved invaluable in steering the Summit to a successful conclusion.

Lastly, many thanks to my staff in the Ministry of Finance, in particular the Secretary of Finance, officers in the Department of Planning and Budget, and the local consultants who helped draft, guide and shape the production of TKIII.

Let us all now embark on the hard work of implementing TKIII. We have a long road in front of us. But with collective determination I believe our goals of protecting Tuvalu and its people, improving our quality of life, and creating greater national prosperity are within our reach.

Hon. Maatia Toafa Deputy Prime Minister & Minister of Finance and Economic Development

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Acronyms EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone MEYS Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports NSP National Sports Policy EIB European Investment Bank MFATTEL Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade, NWP National Waste Policy AF Adaptation Fund ECCE Early Childhood Care & Education Tourism, Environment & Labour NYP National Youth Policy ADB Asian Development Bank EIB European Investment Bank MFEP Ministry of Finance & Economic OAG Office of the Auditor General ADMA Agriculture Domestic Marketing EKT Ekalesi Kelisiano Tuvalu Planning ODS Ozone Depleting Substance(s) Authority ESD Environment and sustainable MHARD Ministry of Home Affairs & Rural OI Outer island(s) AGO Attorney General’s Office development Development OPM Office of the Prime Minister ALO Agriculture Livestock Officer EU European Union MLRS Multimedia Learning Resource Studio PA Paris Agreement ATM Automated Teller Machine FAO Food and Agriculture Organization MNR Ministry of Natural Resources PAC Public Accounts Committee – or – CBA Cost benefit analysis FCA Funafuti Conservation Area MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs Pacific Access Category (NZ) CC Climate change FDI Foreign direct investment MOH Ministry of Health PACLII Pacific Islands Legal Information CCU Climate Change Unit FFA Forum Fisheries Agency MOP Ministry Operational Plan Institute CDCC Cultural Development Coordinating FNU Fiji National University MOU Memorandum of Understanding PBA Public Broadcasting Act Committee FTF Falekaupule Trust Fund MPUI Ministry of Public Utilities & Industries PBAAC Public Budget Accounts and CFC Community Fishing Centre GAO General Administrative Orders MSME Micro, small & medium-size enterprises Audit Committee CIF Consolidated Investment Fund GCF Green Climate Fund MTFF Medium-Term Fiscal Framework PERMU Public Enterprise Reform CJ Chief Justice GDP Gross Domestic Product MTEF Medium-Term Expenditure Framework Monitoring Unit CLAG Combined Law Agency Group GEF Global Environment Facility MTR Mid-term review PIC Pacific island Country CLGF Commonwealth Local Government GID Gender Information Database NACCC National Advisory Council on PNA Parties to the Nauru Agreement Forum GIS Geographic Information System Climate Change PPA Power Purchase Agreement C&P Conservation and protection GNI Gross National Income NAFICOT National Fishing Corporation of Tuvalu PR Permanent residency CPF Curriculum Policy Framework GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System NAPA National Adaptation Programmes PRAPSWM Pacific Regional Action Plan on CRPD Convention on the Rights of People GOT Government of Tuvalu of Action Sustainable Water Management with Disability HH Household(s) NAPCLDD National Action Plan to Combat PRM Policy Reform Matrix CSD Central Statistics Division HRD Human resource development Land Degradation and Drought PROP Pacific Regional Oceanscape Project CSO Community Service Obligation ICPD International Conference on NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategic PSC Public Service Commission CTC Community Training Centre Population and Development Action Plan PSRC Public Sector Reform Committee DBI Department of Business and Industry IDC Island Disaster Committee NBT National Bank of Tuvalu PV Photovoltaic DBT Development Bank of Tuvalu IFAD International Fund for Agricultural NCC National Coordination Centre PWD Public Works Department DCA Department of Community Affairs Development NCD Non-communicable disease QMR Quarterly Monitoring Report DCC Development Coordinating IMF International Monetary Fund NCP National Culture Policy RE Renewable energy Committee INDC Intended Nationally Determined NCSCS National Committee on Social & ROC Republic of China (Taiwan) DGA Department of Gender Affairs Contributions Community Services RSE Recognized Seasonal Employer DMO Disaster Management Office IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on NCSM National Control Survey Mark scheme (NZ) DOC Department of Culture Climate Change NDC National Disaster Committee SAR Search and Rescue DOE Department of Education IPP Independent Power Producer NDP National Disability Policy SBM School-based management DOF Department of Fisheries IUU Illegal, unreported and unregulated NDRC Natural Disaster Relief SCCF Special Climate Change Fund DOW Department of Women JV Joint venture Coordination Unit SDE Special Development Expenditure DPB Department of Planning & Budget LDCF Least Developed Country Fund NEP National Energy Policy SDG Sustainable Development Goals DPT Department of Personnel & Training LRP Land Reclamation Plan NGO Non-Government Organisations SIMS School of Information DWFN Distant Water Fishing Nation LUM Land-Use Management plan NGP National Gender Policy Management Systems ECCE Early Childhood Care and Education MCT Ministry of Communication & Transport NLMP National Labour Migration Policy SIWSP Sustainable and Integrated Water EDF European Development Fund MDG Millennium Development Goals NSCM National Survey Control and Sanitation Policy 2012-2021 EE Energy efficiency M&E Monitoring and evaluation Mapping/Marks SMC Senior Magistrates Court

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SOPAC South Pacific Applied TYNC Tuvalu National Youth Council Introduction Geo-Science Commission UN United Nations SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community UNCLOS UN Convention on the Law of the Sea TKIII: Vision, Mission, Guiding Principles, Formulation SPFSC South Pacific Form Seven Certificate UNDOALOS UN Division for Ocean Affairs SOE State-owned enterprise and the Law of the Sea SWAT Solid Waste Agency of Tuvalu UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention SWP Seasonal Workers Programme on Climate Change TANGO Tuvalu Association of Non- UNDP United Nations Development Governmental Organisations Programme TBD To be determined UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention TECS Tuvalu extended continental shelf on Climate Change TEMIS Tuvalu Education Management WB World Bank Information System WCPFC Western and Central Pacific TISIP Tuvalu Infrastructure Strategy Fishing Commission and Investment Plan WHO World Health Organization TKII Te Kakeega II WOSA Waste Operations and Services Act TKIII Te Kakeega III TNDCC Tuvalu National Disability Coordinating Committee TNPF Tuvalu National Provident Fund Te Kakeega III aligns with the goals of the UN Box 1 – UN Sustainable TNPSO Tuvalu National Private Sector Sustainable Development Agenda (Box 1), the SIDS Development Goals Organization Accelerated Modalities of Action (Samoa) Pathway Throughout the text, readers will find references TPF Trade Policy Framework (Box 2), the achievements of TKI and TKII, and the to the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals TPS Tuvalu Police Service objectives of recent government Roadmaps. TKIII is 1-17. These are the successor goals to the MDGs, TRC Tuvalu Red Cross the outcome of wide consultations that culminated which elapsed in 2015. The SDGs include over in a National Summit on Sustainable Development TTC Tuvalu Telecommunications 160 development targets through 2030, similar (NSSD) held in Funafuti, Tuvalu, in November 2015. Corporation to MDG targets only developed in much more The NSSD produced the Malefatuga Declaration II, TTF Tuvalu Trust Fund detail, and expanded beyond the broad universal which covers the period 2016 to 2020. Although TSSC Tuvalu Senior Secondary Certificate umbrella of poverty reduction, which anchored TKIII covers the next five years, it is led by the longer- TuEHCI Tuvalu Early Human Capability Index much, but not all of the MDGs. term outlook of the UN Sustainable Development TuFHA Tuvalu Family Health Association Agenda, which runs through 2030. TKIII is based on The exercise to develop TKIII – wide ranging TUSTA Tuvalu Standardized Test of the vision, mission, and guiding principles set out public consultations culminating in the National Achievement below. Summit on Sustainable Development, which TUVLIS Tuvalu Land Information System produced the outcomes of the NSSD – was TVET Technical and Vocational framed by the SDGs. Throughout the period of Education and Training TKIII, development progress will be measured TVSD Technical and Vocational Skills against the SDGs, as well as local factors that lie Development outside the SDG framework.

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encourages input from the community to improve Box 2 – The SIDS “Somoa Pathway” During the period of TKIII results will be monitored Guiding principles closely. A full review of TKIII will occur in 2019-20 project development, so development efforts are The Malefatuga Declaration II (Annex 13) TKIII will be implemented respecting the widely- to reemphasize and refocus development efforts sustained and adopted by the community. underscores the spirit of the Samoa Pathway* for held principles of good governance; the widely- over the longer term. Bear in mind that much future development in Small Island Developing held principles of sustainable development; using In TKIII, three ideas form the basis for strategic more specific activity detail on policies, needs, States, which includes implementation of the the concept of strategic planning; and guided by planning. The first is that TKIII methods and targets near-term initiatives and projects can be found Barbados Programme of Action (BPA) and the the national motto, Tuvalu mo te Atua (“Tuvalu is for are based on: Mauritius Strategy. The Samoa Pathway presents in documents developed by each government God”). a basis for action in 15 priority areas; most have ministry and department, for example, education, 1) Tuvalu’s own development perceptions and specific relevance for Tuvalu: health, fisheries, lands, infrastructure, public Governance is the use of government authority needs, which are linked with the UN SDGs, • Sustained and sustainable, inclusive and finance, air and marine transport, and by public to provide economic and social services to the the SIDS Samoa Pathway, and the UNFCCC’s equitable economic growth with decent work utilities, other public enterprises, and so on. These people. The ballot box measures people’s approval Paris Agreement (the successor to the Kyoto for all; include corporate plans, action plans, sector plans, of their elected government, its accountability Protocol), to be adopted in April 2016; • Climate change; frameworks, strategies, programmes, and other to the people, the quality of economic and social 2) a commitment by knowledgeable public Sustainable energy; • formats. services delivered, and the degree of honesty officials under the terms and conditions of their • Disaster risk reduction; and transparency in how government is run. appointments to give advice to the best of their Ocea ns and seas; • Vision Each of these form important elements of good • Food security and nutrition; professional ability; and The TKIII vision foresees a more protected, secure governance. • Water and sanitation; 3) political leaders who have constitutional and prosperous Tuvalu; healthier people who • Sustainable transportation; Sustainable development holds that development decision-making authority to act in the Sustainable production and consumption; and more engaged in national, regional and • – the balance between economic growth, social country’s best interest. • Management of chemicals and waste, including international forums; and a government fully equity and environment protection – can be hazardous waste; The second idea is that specific policies are well committed to honoring Tuvalu’s international managed so that there is an increase in the sum Health and non-communicable diseases; • of the three capital stocks (hard sustainability) or thought out, coordinated with related policies, and • Gender equality and women’s empowerment; commitments and respecting its partnerships. if there is a decrease in one (e.g., the environment) based on reliable information and sound analyses • Social development [incl. education]; Through 2020 and beyond, Tuvalu’s unique of the likely outcomes of a chosen action (a process Biodiversity; and this can be offset by an increase in one or both of • vulnerabilities will be significantly reduced by that in the past has too often been neglected Invasive alien species. the two other stocks (soft sustainability). • building resilience to better respond to global by Tuvalu decision-makers). This will show how * Resolution adopted by the UNGA on 14/11/14 economic and environmental crises. Twenty The Rio Declaration and Agenda 21 defined (A/RES/69/15). government initiatives are expected to achieve percent more of the workforce will be employed sustainable development as: (a) the integration specific results. in the formal economy and real household income of economic, social and environment priorities, TKIII does not represent a separate or new planning Spanning the years 2016 to 2020, TKIII’s medium- will be 20% higher than it is now. and (b) wide participation of stakeholders in the process, but an adaptation and extension of past term focus sets the broad direction for future development process. Integration means that Tuvalu’s small and vulnerable land area will be and current development planning efforts, to development. Projecting specific development where policy changes are made the positive and better protected against loss and erosion, and the comply with sustainable development principles, plans over even a five-year period is problematic. negative effects in capital stocks are properly extraction of its marine resources more effectively and to formulate TKIII by combining the views Focus can easily shift away from specific policies and considered, to identify trade-offs and arrange controlled by the government. More Tuvaluans will expressed through public consultation with projects, or other tangible development initiatives. appropriate mitigation measures for minimizing be comfortably living abroad, and the number of government’s own policies, and the review of Aid donor and government policy emphasis can any negative impacts. For example, in Tuvalu this people educated and trained in skills appropriate to past plan performance. To be effective in the also change, which affects future budget and aid can mean taking into consideration the negative higher earning potential and career advancement context of Tuvalu, strategic planning should also allocations (funding availability), which makes long impacts of particular investments on the poor and will have increased by 40%. allocate resources and responsibilities to the most term planning difficult if the focus is on specific designing ways to minimize or off-set such impacts. appropriate national or local island agencies. near-term initiatives. While TKIII embodies a long Mission Also, the negative impacts development projects term outlook consistent with SDG targets through may place on the natural environment should be The third idea is targeting resources and monitoring The TKIII mission is to achieve a greater level of 2030, TKIII’s initial emphasis is much shorter term, identified, through such tools as environmental their use, the latter to measure results. Activities security and prosperity for all Tuvaluans; achieve through 2020. impact assessments (EIA), and that the means to that pursue TKIII targets will be well funded – if higher standards of quality health and education; mitigate such impacts be agreed to before project domestic and aid funding is available – before and to develop and maintain good relations with implementation starts. A method of doing this is to projects and programmes begin. Monitoring will our friends and allies on the international stage. involve stakeholders at key stages as a project (or be conducted on a regular basis, and projects initiative) unfolds. This safeguards local concerns, evaluated at least once a year.

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TKIII formulation 1. Climate Change The formulation process for TKIII began in 2015. It that TKIII development aims will be funded in 2016 GOAL: Protect Tuvalu from the impacts of climate change: resilience, adopted the basic process used to formulate the and later years. Public corporations and NGOs take mitigation, adaptation two previous strategic plans – Te Kakeega, and their cue from the MOPs (ministerial portfolios) its follow-up, TKII, which was built on the MDGs. under which they fall, to develop and focus their Following the mid-term review (MTR) of TKII in 2011, own future development plans. which replicated the findings of the MDG-MTR (Box The Department of Planning and Budget (DPB) 3), but in more TKII-specific detail, periodic TKII coordinated the TKIII formulation process, reviews also took place from mid-late 2013 during incorporating the principles of good governance, the government’s “prayer breakfast” exercises, sustainable development and strategic planning. which reviewed the government’s Aug/Sep 2013 A proposed Monitoring and Evaluation Unit roadmap and its delivery during its first 100 days (MEU) will be the main coordinating agency in office – and thereafter. The findings of these and secretariat for TKIII, which will report to the monitoring and review exercises were reported to Development Coordination Committee (DCC). A the public by Cabinet, led by the Minister of Finance TKIII Task Force within DPB will continue to act like in late 2013. This type of public reporting became a a technical subcommittee of the DCC, to advise the regular feature of the government. Secretary of Finance during TKIII implementation.

Box 3 – MDG Progress Report 2010/2011 Every effort was made in the TKIII design and post- design stages to identify overlaps (and potential TKIII builds on Tuvalu’s efforts to meet the eight conflicts) between strategic area goals and MDGs, now superseded by the SDGs. After a two- 1.1 Threats, consequences Box 1.1 – Global nature of climate change objectives so trade-offs could be identified and less year assessment (funded by UNDP and Australia) and resilience than desirable impacts minimized or eliminated. In The UN has underscored that the global nature of Tuvalu’s 2011 MDG progress scorecard reported that the strategic areas of Climate Change (1), Natural The reason Te Kakeega III’s first strategic area is climate change and calls for the widest possible Tuvalu was on a near-term track to achieve four of Resources (8), Environment (10), and Ocean and climate change: it poses the most serious threat cooperation by all countries and their participation eight MDGs (2,4,5,8), potentially on track to achieve in an effective and appropriate international Seas (13), for example, there is some overlap in to the security and survival of Tuvalu. The danger three (3,6,7), but was unlikely to achieve MDG 1 any response. The UNFCCC provides that parties certain areas, some of it significant. Where these of climate change and the prospect of warming time soon: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. should protect the climate system for the benefit overlaps – and where potential conflicts arise – temperatures, sea level rise, and severe weather Renewed efforts to do that have been ongoing of present and future generations of humankind the ministries concerned and other parties likely events overhang the entire discussion of future since 2011, and it remains a priority under TKIII. See on the basis of equity and in accordance with their to be affected will consult with each other to find development. And the dangers – some long- Sustainable Development Goals 1 and 2 (Annex 14), common but differentiated responsibilities and term, some more immediate – cut across Tuvalu’s which underpin TKIII. common ground, compromise and workable respective capabilities. [The biggest concern is] development landscape. solutions. the significant gap between the aggregate effect TKIII has three main inputs: government policies, Without appearing to create an overly complicated The challenges of climate action and future of mitigation pledges by parties in terms of global which include and build on the TKII mid-term apparatus separate from the DCC, the DCC will climate financing now and in the future are annual emissions of greenhouse gases by 2020 review; and the outcome of public consultations continue to maintain its central decision-making enormous. Urgent actions in response to climate and aggregate emission pathways consistent with with each of the eight island communities. Together role reporting to Cabinet, but as it has historically change impacts are needed both at the local having a likely chance of holding the increase in global average temperature below 2°C, or 1.5°C with those participating in the TKIII Summit in the DCC will rely on technical advice from whatever and global level. The United Nations Framework [see outcome of COP21 and the “Paris Agreement”] November 2015, the number of people that directly the source, such as the TKIII Task Force, which is Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the above pre-industrial levels. The ultimate objective participated in TKIII formulation exceeded 300 an intra-Finance Ministry advisory committee that Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [of] the UNFCCC is to stabilize greenhouse gas people – about 3% of the national population. The reports to the Secretary of Finance, who reports to estimate that before 2100 sea levels will rise by 1.2 concentrations in the atmosphere at a level draft TKIII that emerged – a mix of public wants and DCC, which reports to Cabinet. to 1.7 meters. With an average height above sea that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic level of less than 3 meters, Tuvalu is among the needs, government policy and plans – was used to interference with the climate system. develop each ministry’s Operational Plans (MOP), most vulnerable countries in the world to sea level Source: UN. 2014. “Sustainable Development Goals”. together with their capital and recurrent budgets. rise. Seawater flooding of low-lying areas occurs Open Working Group of the General Assembly on SDGs, MOPs are integrated into the national budget so regularly and is expected to become more frequent and extensive over time. p. 4 (document A/68/970).

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The IPCC also predicts that unless urgent actions Similarly, the cost of disaster impacts will be huge, Te Kaniva is scheduled for review, as is development Box 1.2 – Samoa Pathway: Climate change are taken to curb a global temperature increase well beyond Tuvalu’s financial means. Even minor of its medium- to long-term National Adaptation of not more than 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, SIDS remain a special case for sustainable emergencies can have a crippling effect on the Plan under TKIII to further strengthen Tuvalu’s development based on their unique and vulnerable small island states like Tuvalu will face national economy as evidenced by Tropical Cyclone resilience to the impacts of climate change. The particular vulnerabilities, and climate change more catastrophic impacts, including an increase Pam, which struck the northern islands of Tuvalu in review of Te Kaniva will assess its first five years and sea-level rise continue to pose a significant in cyclone intensity and the existential threat of March 2015. The post-cyclone rapid assessment for results and practicality, to identity challenges risk to small island developing states and their disappearance due to rising sea levels. An average reported that loss and damages equated to in implementation, and options for the best way efforts to achieve sustainable development and, surface increase in the Earth’s temperature has more than 25% of GDP (the assessment included forward to adjust and refine the policy’s strategies, for some, represent the gravest threat to their th been observed at 0.85°C since the mid-19 century. viability and survival. The Samoa Pathway calls agriculture, fisheries and infrastructure sectors objectives and priorities. This rise in global temperature has shifted rainfall only). The total cost required for the delivery of for international support for efforts of SIDS to: The government will explore options, and establish patterns that are changing freshwater supplies, response and recovery, and future vulnerability a) Build resilience to the impacts of climate and implement risk transfer mechanisms (e.g., thus affecting the quality and quantity of water reduction assistance is estimated at A$99.2m. change and to improve their adaptive capacity disaster insurance) to spread the financial burden availability in Tuvalu, with adverse effects on Investment in disaster risk reduction and to through the design and implementation of of reducing and recovering from the impacts agriculture and other sectors of the economy and “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and climate change adaptation measures appropriate of climate change and natural disasters. These society. reconstruction are critical to build up social, health, to their respective vulnerabilities and economic, impacts are growing more expensive to deal with, economic and environmental resilience over the The World Bank has estimated that building environmental and social situations; more frequent, and prolonged. Actions undertaken long term. This is no easy task for a small island resilience against climate change will require b) Improve the baseline monitoring of island by Tuvalu here will also inform relevant regional state like Tuvalu to undertake alone, requiring Tuvalu to invest annually around 2% of GDP, to systems and the downscaling of climate model frameworks on financing climate change and substantial assistance and cooperation from the build the country’s adaptive capacity by climate- projections to enable better projections of the disaster risks. international community. proofing critical infrastructure, adopting better future impacts on small islands; Accessing climate finance under various early-warning systems for all hazards, and enforcing 1.3 Climate-related initiatives c) Raise awareness and communicate climate multilateral funding mechanisms is a challenge, policies and plans to inform decision-making. The change risks, including through public dialogue The recently established National Advisory and frequently beyond the scope of Tuvalu’s increase in sea surface temperature is exacerbating with local communities, to increase human and Council on Climate Change (NACCC) has advised limited administrative resources and expertise. ocean acidification, which is damaging coral reefs environmental resilience to the longer-term Government on high-level policy responses to Multilateral funds for climate change investments and reef ecosystems. Among other things, this impacts of climate change; and climate change through the newly established and environmental protection are available under increases the likelihood of severe coastal erosion, d) Address remaining gaps in capacity for gaining Climate Change and Disaster Policy Unit (CDP), the Green Climate Fund (GCF), Adaptation Fund loss of land, and other unwanted geographical, access to and managing climate finance. within the Office of the Prime Minister. (AF), the Least Developed Country Fund (LDCF), the physical, economic and social side-effects. Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) and the Global The integration of climate change resilience 1.2 Response costs Environment Facility (GEF). Accreditation to these into national (and sector-specific) policies is funds is critical to secure direct access. Established In Tuvalu, the cost of physical adaptation and the responsibility of the CDP. Together with the institutional arrangements under the Office of the mitigation to climate change will be enormous. Such Environment Department, the CDP coordinates Prime Minister (OPM) and the Ministry of Foreign adaptation measures will involve infrastructure projects that address physical responses to Affairs, Trade, Tourism, Environment and Labour works that generally require large up-front capital the impacts of climate on the environment. Te (MFATTEL) can facilitate accessibility to these funds. and long-term maintenance costs. The financial Kaniva, the Tuvalu Climate Change Policy and the The Ministry of Finance will secure accreditation to cost is perhaps best illustrated in the unit cost for accompanying National Strategic Action Plan on the AF (pending) and will further seek accreditation coastal zone protection per capita in small islands, Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management, to the GCF to allow direct access to these funding which is far higher than the unit cost for similar together with the National Communications sources. protective and adaptive infrastructure in non- and the National Adaptation Programmes of island countries with much larger populations. This Action (NAPA) thoroughly spell out Tuvalu’s is the socio-economic reality that confronts many vulnerability and have guided and instigated the small island states like Tuvalu, notwithstanding the implementation of climate change actions across benefits that could accrue to island communities – the country. The NAPA specifically outlines urgent at tremendous cost – through adaptation. and immediate adaptation needs country-wide.

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Box 1.3 – Tuvalu Survival Fund Box 1.4 – Notes on Tuvalu’s INDC targets ministries, Falekaupule, IDCs, Tuvalu Red Cross (TRC), PA will be translated into domestic law. Box 1.4 development partners, international humanitarian and 1.5 highlight important elements of the Paris The Tuvalu Survival Fund (TSF), governed by the • These GHG targets exceed those enunciated in agencies, and civil society organisations to improve Agreement that address averting and minimizing – Tuvalu Survival Fund Act 2015, was established Tuvalu’s NEP and the 2013 Majuro Declaration disaster preparedness and response. This includes by GOT to finance recovery and rehabilitation on Climate Leadership. “…loss and damage associated with the adverse the development, testing and implementation from climate change impacts and disasters, • Tuvalu’s GHG emissions are less than effects of climate change, including extreme of contingency plans, early warning systems, and and climate change investments in mitigation 0.000005% of global emissions – statistically weather events and slow onset events, and the communication protocols. and adaptation projects. Greater investment is zero emissions in a global context. role of sustainable development in reducing needed to grow and sustain the TSF to effectively • Though Tuvalu believes the focus of INDCs the risk of loss and damage.” should mainly be on mitigation, this does not 1.4 International climate change and adapt to and deflect the impacts of climate disaster risk reduction agreements change and respond to disaster events. discount Tuvalu’s vulnerability and its planned Box 1.5 – Warsaw Mechanism adaptation actions as stated Tuvalu’s NAPA, The 195 Parties to the UNFCCC adopted a universal, and Sendai Framework National Communications, National Strategic global climate deal – the Paris Agreement – at COP21 Another major outcome of the PA is the The 2009 National Energy Policy set a national Action Plan for Climate Change and Disaster in December 2015. The agreement is binding in recognition of ‘loss and damage’ associated target of 100% renewable energy for power Risk Management, and National Climate some elements (e.g., reporting requirements), but with climate change. Parties agreed to task the generation by 2020. This goal was reaffirmed Change Policy. other aspects of the deal, such as setting national Executive Committee of the Warsaw International under Tuvalu’s Intended Nationally Determined • This view will be further reinforced in GOT’s emission targets, are non-binding. The deal Mechanism on Loss and Damage to establish a Contribution (INDC), submitted prior to COP21, climate change 2016 National Action Plan. with the target date extended to 2025. To grow requires any country that ratifies it to act to stem its clearinghouse for risk transfer and establish a task force to define appropriate measures to address the use of renewable energy for not only electricity greenhouse gas emissions in the coming century, 1.4 Disaster-related initiatives climate-induced displacement. production but a larger share of the energy market with the goal of peaking greenhouse gas emissions in the next five years, the government will continue The National Disaster Relief Coordination Unit “as soon as possible” and continuing the reductions Tuvalu will ratify the Sendai Framework for Disaster to explore options for developing limited volumes (NDRC) of the CDP is responsible for incorporating as the century progresses. Under the all-important Risk Reduction 2015-2030. The four priorities for of biofuel and introduce it as an alternative fuel disaster risk reduction into sector policies and Art. 2.1(a), the Paris Agreement aims to hold action include: 1) Understanding disaster risk; for land and sea transport. It will explore the use programmes. (In May 2015, the Cabinet approved “…the increase in the global average 2) Strengthening disaster risk governance to of wind power to supplement solar PV, and the a decision to establish the NDRC and to appoint a temperature to well below 2°C above pre- manage disaster risk; eventual faze out of diesel-based power generation Special Envoy for Disaster Response Policy.) industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit beyond base-load capacity, which may still be 3) Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience; The National Disaster Committee (NDC), legislated the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre- required for back-up power. The government 4) Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective by the 2008 National Disaster Act, functions as industrial levels, recognizing that this would will also provide incentives to adopt energy response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, an advisory and coordination body for disaster significantly reduce the risks and impacts of conservation and demand management measures rehabilitation and reconstruction. mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. It climate change.” as a way of improving energy efficiency. also advises on requirements for humanitarian aid. The aim is to balance anthropogenic GHG In addition, under the INDC, Tuvalu has committed Its membership consists of key representatives of Box 1.6 – Art. 8: Loss and Damage emissions by sources and removals by GHG sinks in to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from government and non-governmental agencies. For Areas of cooperation and facilitation to enhance the second half of this century. Tuvalu is committed diesel electricity generation by 100%, i.e., almost each island, there is an Island Disaster Committee understanding, action and support may include: to achieve the global temperature goal through its zero emissions by 2025; reduce total GHG emissions (IDC) responsible for coordinating disaster-related INDC targets. (a) Early warning systems; from energy consumption to 60% below 2010 levels measures and acting as a conduit between the NDC (b) Emergency preparedness; by 2025; and a further GHG emissions reduction and the local community. Disaster management Parties to the PA must submit their nationally (c) Slow onset events; from other sectors, such as agriculture and waste training and other capacity building initiatives are determined contribution articulating mitigation (d) Events that may involve irreversible and (liquid and solid), conditional upon access to the needed to support IDC so it can effectively fulfill its contributions. Tuvalu communicated its INDC to the permanent loss and damage; necessary technology and finance (Box 1.4). assigned role. UNFCCC in November 2015. Because Tuvalu’s GHG (e) Comprehensive risk assessment and emissions are insignificant – less than 0.000005% management; The government will review the 2008 National of global emissions – its mitigation targets are (f) Risk insurance facilities, climate risk pooling Disaster Act, the 2012 National Disaster Risk symbolic but consistent with its ambition to keep and other insurance solutions; Management Arrangements, and national disaster global warming to less than 1.5°C. After GOT signs (g) Non-economic losses; and and contingency plans to strengthen institutional and ratifies the PA in April 2016, the INDC will (h) Resilience of communities, livelihoods and processes in managing disaster risks. The NDRC be transformed into the nationally determined ecosystems. through the CDP will work closely with line contribution (NDC), and obligations under the

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Potential efficiency gains can be found throughout departments, which can scarcely afford to lose the 2. Good Governance the public service. Recently reviewed job few skilled employees they have. descriptions can be linked with job performance GOAL: Strengthen institutional capacity to serve the public interest with Although some have been tried in recent years, and accountability through a better performance competence and justice again with mixed results, future efforts at public management and appraisal process, appropriate job sector reform – driven by government, aid donors, classifications, and the integration of new officers or both – should focus on small, less ambitious through the public service induction program. micro reforms that are: Methods used to appoint PSC members will be reviewed, focusing on the need for professional • well within GOT’s capacity to implement, and HRD qualifications prior to appointment. The • have clear administrative efficiency and(or) PSRC will also focus on more effective methods of investment gains. measuring job performance, to make sure that the 2.5 Ombudsman public service – to the extent possible – delivers efficient and effective services to the public. The Office of the Ombudsman needs tobe strengthened. The 2013 appointment of an 2.4 Public sector reform Ombudsman fulfills a TKII objective, but the office As far back as 1994 the government has been remains understaffed. It is in need of two more involved in periodic efforts aimed a reforming highly qualified and experienced lawyers to assist the public sector. After the 1994/95 success at the Ombudsman in the discharge his duties, downsizing the public service, as a cost-cutting which prominently include strict adherence to, measure and to improve efficiency, reform and administration and enforcement of, the results have been mixed at best, and the size of Leadership Code Act, and public service training Of the 20 good governance objectives listed in TKII, corporations have an equally poor record. The the public service has trended upwards almost in good governance. To effectively enforce the twelve were met. Eight have carried over to TKIII, number of supplementary appropriation bills each uninterrupted since then. With a slow growing Leadership Code, the Ombudsman needs the full either because they are recurring targets or they year attest to this, including for large unplanned private sector during this period, there were few support of government and community leaders. remain unfinished but work has begun. expenditures on off-budget items. Public employment opportunities – especially career- The Ombudsman needs to be neutral, and immune corporations are inherently unprofitable, and oriented opportunities – outside the government. from institutional or political interference. The 2.1 Public reporting historically they have required annual government Government fills this gap in the labour market and Ombudsman and his office needs to be granted Some progress has been made on public sector subsidies to operate, though some additional costs will continue to. This raises inevitable questions constitutional authority to act in the public’s reform. TKII emphasized that public corporations have been imposed by government in recent years, about how efficient or inefficient this type of best interest, in the same way as the Secretary to and the ministries responsible for them work to one such as Community Service Obligations (CSO), income distribution is, though most answers focus Government, Auditor General and Commissioner of plan. This has been largely accomplished. Ministries which mandate government subsidy. on the latter. Police (all three are constitutional offices). now prepare regular progress reports, which they 2.3 Public sector efficiency The government is aware that the limited public 2.6 Parliament: institutional submit to the DCC. In TKIII this reporting exercise will sector capacity of the national government strengthening The Public Sector Reform Committee (PSRC) is be extended to NGOs – possibly private businesses amplifies the difficulties of providing basic services working with technical assistance to improve public An induction workshop was held in Funafuti in if they receive direct government support or – health, education, sanitation, social welfare, sector efficiency. This includes such improvements August 2015 for all MPs elected in the 2015 general subsidies. Falekaupule and Kaupule will continue shipping, power, etc. In the outer islands, with as providing more timely, reliable and quality public election. MPs were given a basic understanding to strengthen their reporting responsibilities on small, isolated, widely dispersed populations, services at appropriate – and affordable – cost. TA of their roles and responsibilities, and training operations and island development through the the difficulties of improving public sector has thus far reviewed the broad area of personnel on parliamentary procedures and practices. Ministry of Home Affairs & Rural Development performance become greater still. The creation of administration; more specifically Public Service These workshops will be held annually. The (MHARD). new institutions (departments, agencies, etc.) can Commission (PSC) functions and the process of Leadership Code clearly defines leadership roles 2.2 Public sector expenditure be problematic, unless external TA is available. PSC appointments; workforce planning; General and responsibilities throughout Tuvalu society, The government is already large, managerial and Administrative Orders (GAO); recruitment, selection and government leaders in particular. Parliament TKII emphasized that government operate within technical human resources are limited, and those and hiring practices; staff management and will develop a website, and digitize all public its annual budget, as appropriated by parliament. that exist are severely stretched. New institutions performance appraisals; performance standards; information on legislation, the lawmaking process, Successive governments under TKII largely failed siphon valuable human assets from existing to balance their appropriated budgets. Public and other public HRD issues. the Hansard and other parliamentary documents for easy public consumption.

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Ongoing institutional strengthening will focus on New stand-alone legislation needs to be developed networks, other technologies, and training to Box 2.1 – Public Broadcasting Act reviewing parliamentary rules and procedures, that strengthens Tuvalu’s response to climate operate the new systems will be supplied to all privileges, and parliamentary committees, change and its impacts. Legislative options need Tuvalu courts, and their support staff. The PBA was amended in December 2014 and especially increasing the expertise and oversight to be explored that protects the public, island became effective in January 2015. Although Transparency and accountability is another issue power of the Public Accounts Committee (PAC). communities, land resources, marine ecosystems, it guarantees protection and broadcast that will be addressed. There is currently no annual biodiversity, and not least, laws that protect the independence from political, commercial or other Design and construction of a permanent parliament report nor any statistics published on the work country’s sovereignty rights to any future climate interference, accountability for news reporting house is in the early planning stages. The building of the judiciary. Only the decisions of the High threats. lies with the general public if it thinks the news will be sited on landfill in the Funafuti lagoon, just Court and Court of Appeal are published online is biased or under-reported. The Act further off the southern end of the airfield. The building, 2.9 Judiciary in PACLII. A judiciary website is now available and secures the provision of high quality broadcast reached by a short connecting bridge or causeway, all information relating to the judiciary’s work will The management and administration of the transmission facilities and government financial will house the parliament administrative offices on be published on it, including all court decisions, judiciary has been subjected to some neglect in support for media operations in Tuvalu’s small the ground floor, the parliament chamber on the information about court practice and procedures, recent years. Not least are the infrequent sittings and unprofitable media market. first floor, and offices for MPs on the second floor. and judiciary annual reports. of the High Court, the long-standing difficulty in The parliament building, which is being designed flying in the Chief Justice (CJ), and the mounting Under TKIII the judiciary’s organizational structure Ways to overcome weaknesses and under- by PWD, has received partial funding from the backlog of cases, some of which have been waiting will be reviewed, looking at ways to improve judicial reporting in news coverage – some of it culturally- Republic of China. Project cost is estimated at A$5- adjudication for years. Similar delays (and other administration and management. The Lands Courts based – will be discussed and efforts made to open 7m. At present there is no project start date, but a issues) are even more pronounced in the lower budget, currently administered by the Department up media coverage to more broad-based and in- tentative completion date of 2018 or 2019. courts. of Lands and Survey, will be brought under the depth reporting, and news presentation. 2.7 Parliament’s Outreach Programme judiciary. The judiciary will submit its own budgets A review of the judiciary’s professional and 2.11 Office of the Auditor General through the Office of the Prime Minister, and Parliament’s lawmaking role will be re-emphasized administrative staffing will be carried out to appoint its own staff. To effect this, certain existing A long-standing issue facing the OAG is the inability through community and school outreach determine the right size and mix of staff needed statutory laws may need to be amended. of those being audited to produce quality financial programmes, informing them of parliament’s to efficiently discharge the work of the judiciary. accounts that contain complete and reliable Construction of a permanent courthouse is constitutional duties, the legislative process, the Dedicated court clerks need to be trained and information to audit. Another key issue is a lack of scheduled to begin in 2016. The building, which process to make laws, and the public’s constitutional appointed to each outer island, with annual legislative freedom by the OAG to independently has funding appropriated in the 2016 budget, rights. Not enough outreach activity has taken training workshops built into these appointments. perform its role, and the limited accountability of place in the past to fully educate the general public will include a courtroom, offices for the Senior The efficiency of the courts, and the legal system GOT for audit findings reported to Parliament. This on the principles of good governance and ethical Magistrate, People’s Lawyer, Lands Court, and in general, can be determined by the time it takes is chiefly due to inadequate expertise on, powerful leadership, as well as educate Cabinet ministers on support staff. The new court facilities have been to dispose of a case. In 2010, the averaged elapsed oversight by, and independence of the Public their constitutional authority, the constitutional sited in Vaiaku, between the Vaialofa Church and time it took the Senior Magistrates Court (SMC) Accounts Committee’s (PAC). The PAC currently has roles of the public service in general, and public the TPF building, adjacent the lagoon foreshore. to dispose of a case –the time a complaint is first no power to scrutinize (and analyse) GOT budgets. servants in particular. 2.10 Role of the media lodged, to court hearing and final judgement –was The OAG will continue to apply pressure on public 260 days. In the last five years this delay has grown. 2.8 Laws of Tuvalu A constitutional check on the use of power in corporations and Kaupule to provide quality The SMC – provided sufficient resources are made A comprehensive review of the Laws of Tuvalu is liberal democracies is provided by the media, as financial statements, and provide them on time. available – will set a target of no more than 90-days long overdue. Any number of laws and regulations protected by the constitution, and it must remain OAG may also use public media, specifically the to settle future court cases. need to be updated to reflect current (and impartial and fair in its reporting of events. It can internet and radio, to publicize its audit findings more modern) Tuvalu society, local and national Poor management of case files and records is a report leaders’ abuses of public office for private and those firms whose accounts are incomplete circumstances, and to comply with Tuvalu’s growing problem throughout the court system, gain. Broad or specific media opinion, however, and cannot be audited. is not generally protected by the freedom of the international obligations. The Constitution also including Lands Courts, as caseloads grew in recent To ensure the OAG is independent from GOT, press in Tuvalu, as enshrined in the Constitution. needs review, in particular to revisit the issue of years. Poor file management has also opened the amend the Audit Act to allow the OAG to prepare The Tuvalu Media is run by GOT, making its media how people wish to be governed. Any suggested door to corrupted, unreliable files, and possible and manage its own budget, based on a minimum staff generally compliant with passive government changes to the Constitution arising out of public case tampering. This has been remedied to some percentage of GOT’s annual budget, with oversight broadcast restrictions. As a result, its news coverage discussions would require a national referendum extent within the SMC, with the adoption of an from Public Budget Accounts and Audit Committee rarely exposes the government, its officials and before any proposed amendments could be made Excel-based case management system. The system (PBAAC) and parliament. OAG should be allowed politicians, to constructive criticism or potentially through the legislative process. will be adopted by all courts and judiciary staff, to appoint and set remunerations for its own staff, including those in the outer islands. New computer uncomfortable reportage.

12 13 TE KAKEEGA III TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 exempting the OAG from statutes that appoint Tuvalu’s offers its support in the United Nations on The Ministry of Finance, with support from A number of improvements to law enforcement public servants and set staff salary levels. a selective basis, but extends a hand of friendship Ministry of Foreign Affairs, welcomes greater infrastructure, hardware and equipment are to all members of the UN family, based on the donor participation in the Tuvalu-donor Policy needed to keep the TPS in a state of action- Legislation is required to strengthen OAG and principles of trust, respect and reciprocity. As of Reform Matrix (PRM), a framework that targets readiness. TPS has identified ten potential donors the current inadequacy of PAC, and its ability 2011, Tuvalu has established diplomatic relations donor assistance in a number of selected areas (i.e., to approach for assistance during TKIII’s 4-5 year and power to scrutinize GOT budgets. The Public with 100 out of a potential 190 countries that finance, education and health). The PRM is meant development period. GOT will augment external Budget Accounts and Audit Committee (PBAAC) are members of the UN. The ROC’s engagement to stimulate better public financial management aid with expanded funding for law enforcement Bill should overcome these deficiencies. The bill has in Pacific regional and international affairs will (PFM), and prospects for budget support and the initiatives, if domestic budget resources permit. yet to be enacted by parliament but it should be continue to be strongly supported by Tuvalu, budget support implementation agenda, but only as soon as possible, if the state of national budget 2.15 Climate change and governance further cementing Tuvalu’s long-term relationship on the terms and procedures set by GOT and the scrutiny is to improve and be more effective. with Taipei, which was first established in 1979, original donors involved in the PRM/PFM exercise Governance, in relation to climate change and OAG with support from MHARD and PERMU will dating back almost 40 years. (e.g., Australia, New Zealand, ADB, IMF, World Bank its impacts – sea level rise, new and uncertain mount training workshops for auditees, especially and UNDP). Such terms, conditions and procedures weather patterns – will continue to evolve, mainly Under TKIII, Tuvalu will expand its involvement with Kaupule treasurers and corporation accountants, were set to specifically govern all future short- in response to real and immediate threats, and the UN, continue to cultivate existing diplomatic to enable them produce quality accounts to the to medium-term aid-funded budget support planning for (and adapting to) perceived threats ties and forge new ones, and generally build on the standard required for ease of auditing. initiatives. that are likely to emerge in the future – some of more robust foreign relations base that has been which are already well known. The government’s 2.12 Community consultations established in recent years. 2.14 Law enforcement response to climate change and the threats it poses GOT remains committed to public discussions, Tuvalu’s foreign policies are currently under review. The Tuvalu Police Service (TPS), which includes the are urgent, not just because quick fixes are needed, as described in TKII, and extended to TKIII, on This review is expected to be finalized in 2016, Sea Police Force, aims to reduce crime rates, and but because some government responses require policy, development plans, and other government including, among other things, the outcome of focus on reducing its response time to national long lead times to deal with the problem. affairs. The Ministry of Finance consulted widely public discussions held during the TKIII National disasters and other emergencies. It will continue Under TKIII, the government will make sure that with Tuvalu’s eight island communities, including Summit. Among a number of new proposals related efforts to increase its maritime surveillance good governance underpins all present and future Funafuti. The consultative process convened on to overseas diplomatic operations is engagement presence, including satellite surveillance, responses to climate change, including: the outer islands in September 2015. Communities of former senior officials and public servants (now enforcement of maritime laws, and its ability were apprised of TKII performance, with discussions retired) to be assigned as diplomats, and step up to prosecute maritime lawbreakers. Search and • access to – and usage of – multilateral climate focusing on ideas and contributions from each training for foreign affairs officers to cultivate a rescue (SAR) capabilities, also under the Sea Police, funding (Section 1); island on future TKIII development plans. The more professional foreign service. need to be upgraded. GOT is looking at options to • access to domestic funding (Box 1.3); TKIII Summit in November 2015 provided a final develop a SAR Centre, in conjunction with existing Given its significant dependence on foreign opportunity for island communities and non- facilities that are part of the National Coordination • the defense of Tuvalu’s climate change interests sources of income and aid, Tuvalu will continue government representatives to express their views Centre (NCC). GOT will also enact SAR legislation, and concerns abroad; and to manage its foreign relations with care. The on the future of development in Tuvalu, now and develop specific plans to direct SAR activities. Ministry of Foreign Affairs in particular and GOT in • the widespread advocacy of Tuvalu’s climate embodied in TKIII. These types of consultations general maintains close relations with all of Tuvalu’s The TPS has taken the lead role in reviving the change policies specifically, in cooperation with with the wider Tuvalu community will continue development partners, regional and international Combined Law Agency Group (CLAG) consisting our Pacific island neighbors, and other small throughout the duration of TKIII, and will continue agencies, and multilateral banks. Developing of 8-10 overseas law enforcement agencies. CLAG’s island states more broadly, who share the same to be an effective way for the public to express its closer relationships with countries that historically purpose is to share information and collaborate interests and concerns. collective viewpoints, concerns and needs. have not been aid partners but which Tuvalu has in the enforcement of national laws. TPS is 2.13 International relations established diplomatic relations will be a foreign strengthening its manpower by training the force and foreign policy policy priority. based on training plans produced with assistance International relations have made sizeable strides from the Australian Federal Police (AFP). The Ministry of Finance, in cooperation with the in recent years, having grown more comprehensive Ministry of Foreign Affairs, will attempt to once again and diversified. Under successive governments establish a working database for aid management. over the last decade, Tuvalu has extended Among a range of vital administrative duties diplomatic relations beyond its traditional partners, currently lacking, this will permit – and give a high and engages in partnerships and development priority to – the timely preparation of accurate aid cooperation with these countries in a number of acquittals, and improve foreign aid coordination. different areas.

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to predict with certainty, but whose impacts The government budget returned to surplus 3. The Economy: Growth and Stability adversely affect economic growth and stability, in 2013, largely as result of windfall fisheries GOAL: Sound macroeconomic management and policy leaving Tuvalu potentially as dependent as ever on revenues and renewed TTF distributions. But external aid grants and other outside support. expenditure risks remain. Rising over-expenditures The current boom in fisheries income is almost and unbudgeted new expenditures, both need entirely dependent of EEZ tuna stocks. A highly supplementary appropriations, entitlements for migratory species, fisheries income is as likely to overseas medical treatment, more expenditure fall as far as it has risen in recent years. Amplifying to again attempt to salvage what’s left of TCS, the link between the environment and the increasing numbers of scholarships awarded, and economy, the recent boom in fisheries income a likely across-the-board public service salary is affected – if not determined – by the Southern increase (currently under review), are a few of the Ocean oscillations, El Nino and La Nina. The El Nino larger examples. Clear budget lessons from the phenomenon, which has begun, is predicted to be 2005 to 2012/13 period do not appear to have been the most powerful in years. The effect on fisheries learned. income can only be guessed at, although past El Nino events suggest that the current boom may yet Box 3.2 – Monetary and fiscal policy last for several more years. But this prediction can Tuvalu – for the most part – has no ability to change, and not for the better. set or shape monetary policy. That leaves only (For more detailed discussion and analysis of fiscal tools to stimulate the economy. The See links with UN Sustainable Development Goal capital inflows from external income sources – the Tuvalu’s economy, its strengths and weaknesses, predominant fiscal tool is the national budget, 8 on economic growth and employment, and, TTF, fish licences, remittances, etc. The dominance recent trends, and prospects for growth and if there is a chance to achieve a greater degree related to this Section, the discussion on the private of the foreign sector can be seen in the ratio of stability, see the latest IMF Article IV mission of economic stability and growth. Because of the dominant role public expenditures play in sector, and employment policies and prospects, in GNI to GDP. In the eight years to 2012, GNI was reports, ADB economic reports, and a wide array of shaping fiscal policy, GOT’s ability to control Section 6. 1.64 times higher than GDP, on average. GNI per other literature on the subject.) certain variables and influence some economic capita averaged A$4,970/yr. With historically high 3.1 Dependence and 3.2 Macroeconomic management activity can be advantageous. Because of GOT’s revenues from fish licenses in the 3 years to 2015, the monetary economy dominance in the Tuvalu economy – about 85% the GNI/GDP ratio and GNI per capita is likely to be GOT struggled to manage Tuvalu’s economy during of GDP – fiscal policy must be used much more Tuvalu’s dependence on foreign earnings and substantially higher. All fish licensing agreements the first 7-8 years of TKII. Domestic budgets were effectively under TKIII. Since the efficacy of fiscal official aid is considerable. In the 3-4 years to 2015, are denominated in US dollars, which converts in chronic deficit as successive governments were policy in Tuvalu depends in large part on the official aid received from development partners unable to contain public expenditure. Deficits were relatively favorably to Australian dollars (in most government’s sizeable role in the economy, if the was roughly A$81 million, roughly A$35m of that financed by aid cash grants, aid subsidies, extra years). Interpretation of the raw data suggests government gets fiscal policies right this should was cash grants from the Republic of China. The Tuvalu is ready for LDC graduation, based on per drawdowns from the Consolidated Investment Fund (CIF), multilateral bank loans, and NBT generate a net positive impact on the economy. balance was development grants from the ADB, capita income, which is not unfavourable. However, overdrafts (Box 3.1). By 2010 the national debt was But if government gets fiscal policy wrong it can Australia, EU, Japan, New Zealand (NZ), World such a conclusion would be misleading and has equal to 44% of GDP, part of which was eventually have the opposite effect. It cuts both ways. Bank, UN agencies, Pacific regional development been for some years. GOT will resist graduation agencies, and others. Foreign earnings included cleared by aid grants from Australia, New Zealand, from LDC membership, based on the country’s Solid government revenue prospects seem assured income and interest earnings from the Tuvalu Trust ADB and EIB; the latter initially loans but converted economic and environmental fragility, highly for now. The national debt is currently well serviced. Fund (TTF) and Falekaupule Trust Fund (FTF), fish to grants in 2009. variable external income, wide income fluctuations, This is owed to recent, large budgetary surpluses licenses, .tv, remittances from migrant labour, and and income uncertainty due to external sources of Box 3.1 – Other debt-related items from windfall revenue, not expenditure control. In Tuvaluans residing abroad. In years prior to 2012 income outside the control of government. 2014, Tuvalu’s debt was equivalent to 35% of GDP, In 2011, Tuvalu signed a JV agreement with aid also included large cash grants from Australia, 5% more than the debt ceiling set in TKII. For the Environmental threats compound Tuvalu’s commercial fishing companies in Taiwan. Tuvalu Japan, NZ, ROC, and smaller one-time grants from next five years under TKIII, GOT plans to keep the vulnerability. For example, the permanent threats financed its JV investment with a loan equivalent Canada, the EU, India, PNG, and Korea. national debt below 30% of GDP. A debt servicing posed by climate change, the periodic and usually in contingent liability to 28% of GDP. In early unit will be set up in MFED to centralize debt Because of foreign dominance in the Tuvalu adverse effects of such phenomena as El Nino 2012 GOT received a A$2m one-time cash grant management, monitor debt, and service it as it economy, gross national income (GNI), not gross weather patterns, more regular violent storms, and from the EU – under the discontinued V-FLEX becomes due. domestic product (GDP), is a more useful measure vulnerable coastlines – Tuvalu’s entire land area mechanism. This temporarily offset GOT debt by of economic activity in Tuvalu, which has large is one continuous coastline – are real but difficult financing short-term recurrent expenditure.

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Financial policy will focus on building up reserve other products are manufactured in Tuvalu. Tuvalu In each market – agriculture, fisheries, labour, The Public Enterprise Reform Management Unit, funds in the CIF, especially now with above- is a non-trading nation, except as a net exporter tourism – the focus is on niche product exports renamed Monitoring Unit (PERMU) in 2015, was normal revenue coming in from fish licensing, TTF of services, in the form of temporary migrant or domestic markets, product diversification and set up seven years ago to assist government to distributions, and other sources. Government will labor (including seafarers). This mostly non-trade value creation. Other sectors will receive attention reform SOEs. PERMU has not met its mandate, or investigate formalizing investments in the CIF, as landscape is unlikely to change over the term of too: ‘blue economy’ initiatives, such as possible that of the ADB, which set it up and has provided an annual budgetary expense, possibly equivalent TKIII, but efforts will continue to develop some type exploration and development of natural resources TA. In 2016, MFED will review the work of PERMU to to a minimum of 4% of GDP. CIF drawdown polices of material exports, a broad policy objective that found in Tuvalu waters, including potential long- gauge its usefulness and impact (see Section 9 for remain fixed, with no need at present to review has been in effect since independence in 1978. term development of seabed minerals if found in more discussion). them again. CIF drawdowns remain under the Recently, GOT formulated its first Trade Policy economically recoverable quantities. (None found sole control of the Minister of Finance, as per the 3.5 Climate threats and the economy Framework (TPF). This grew out of an extensive to-date. Deepsea mining has vast potential though relevant sections of the Public Finance Act (Box consultative process involving the private sector, prospects in Tuvalu’s EEZ are poor.) Tuvalu’s fragile economy is at risk from major 3.3). If international equity markets perform and civil society and other partners. The TPF, to and even comparatively minor climate change- the TTF fund managers perform, GOT is aiming launch in early 2016, recognizes the importance 3.4 Public enterprise management induced disruption. Economic growth and stability for much higher TTF returns. Combined with GOT will become of secondary importance if the of developing some type of export trade (see An increasingly bigger chunk of the economy now surplus re-investment, additional TTF investment government is regularly forced to respond to the Section 6.8, 6.9 and 6.10). The potential offered lies in public enterprises – also known as public should reach a maintained value well above effects of climate change, at considerable cost and by trade and investment to reduce chronic trade corporations, or state-owned enterprises (SOE). A$200m by 2020. at the expense of general national development. imbalances, and the potential to drive increased Public corporations have not performed well in the Box 3.3 – Consolidated Investment Fund national income and employment opportunities last decade, continuing the historic trend. Seven Among other plans and initiatives to combat the are both large. The TPF singles out four priority of the eight public corporations – the exception is effects of climate change, described elsewhere The CIF is part of GOT’s Consolidated Fund. It is sectors to develop exports and(or) domestic NBT – rely heavily on GOT, aid grants and subsidies in TKIII, GOT has established the Tuvalu Survival the repository of automatic distributions from the markets: agriculture, fisheries, tourism and labour to remain afloat, to finance capital expenditure, etc. Fund (TSF, Box 1.3) to finance climate change TTF, which are based on the annual calculation of mobility, where tourism and labour probably adaptation investments, and recovery from climate TTF’s real and maintained value. The Consolidated The challenges to improve SOEs are many, but offer the greatest and most realistic potential, and change impacts and natural disasters. The TSF Investment Fund is so named because it is the most significant is their historic unprofitability agriculture the least. (Box 3.4). will make available extra budgetary resources “investment” arm of the Consolidated Fund, and relatively poor service. Small market effects, as needed, which will lessen claims on resources where surplus money from the Consolidated public corporations run not-for-profit, and a culture Box 3.4 – Potential of service exports for normal government services in the event of Fund is invested so it earns a more commercial of communal sharing (of costs, responsibilities, immediate and unforeseen impacts from climate return, with minimal risk and high liquidity. Service exports are sometimes neglected. The accountability, etc.) compound the problems and traditional view is that only ‘solid’, value-added or change or disaster recovery. The TSF also augments The CIF is established under Section 12.1 of the resist corporate change. GOT ownership and direct commodity base industries like manufacturing multilateral funding for additional climate change Public Finance Act (2008): “The Minister may control has placed major constraints (including or agriculture can generate export growth, or investments and environmental protection, such as authorise the investment of moneys forming part political constraints) on SOE operations and start up export markets in the case of Tuvalu, the GCF, AF, LDCF, SCCF and GEF (Section 1). Each of the Consolidated Fund...”, and Section 12.2, management, which has produced poor corporate where none currently exist. But this does not of these funding sources –mostly stand-alone, but which states: “All investments made under this performance over many years. always apply in small island developing states, complimentary tools to combat climate change – section [12] together with any interest received which feature low economies of scale and high Efforts to improve the management of SOEs has can collectively dampen the economic impacts therefrom shall form part of the Consolidated transport costs. For Tuvalu this overwhelmingly included staff and Board training, especially their and instability that will stem from climate change Fund,..”. favours service exports. New sources of labour roles as defined by the Public Enterprise Act. adversity. mobility are promising (see Section 6.5 and Financial subsidies have been provided, for among 3.3 Trade 6.6). Tourism probably has the highest growth other things, so that SOEs can meet their not-for- profit Community Service Obligations (CSOs) under Tuvalu is an acutely open economy. Its average potential of any industry in Tuvalu. In recent years the Act. GOT pays for unprofitable services that trade/GDP ratio in the 7 years to 2011 is 54% many SIDS (e.g., Maldives, Vanuatu) have based SOEs must provide in their local markets. These according to government and World Bank data. their development strategies on service ‘exports’ obligations – so far limited to banking, electricity This means that trade is equivalent to 54% of GDP like tourism. In an era of intense international service in the outer islands, shipping services, and (domestic production and services), with trade competition, all countries are being forced to telecommunications – will continue under TKIII, consisting almost entirely of imports. Tuvalu is specialise, and Tuvalu’s comparative advantages possibly expanding CSOs where additional market highly dependent on imports, the bulk of which are in rental-related activities, human resources failure exists. consists of food, fuel, and building materials, and tourism, not commodity or product exports medicine and medical equipment, as well as all (see Section 6.4). consumer products including motor vehicles, Source: Excerpted from “Tuvalu: Diagnostic Trade Integration Study – 2010 Report” (GOT, 2010). appliances, clothing, etc. No major consumer or

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4. Health and Social Development 4.1 Non-communicable diseases small hospitals will be built in the OIs, on Nanumea and the other on Vaitupu. If properly staffed and The general health of Tuvaluans has been declining resourced, it is expected that these two hospitals GOAL: Provide high standards of health care, social opportunity, and social due to, among other causes, the rising incidence of will reduce the number of patients referred from protection free of hardship and gender discrimination Non-Communicable Disease (NCD), currently the the outer islands to Funafuti by half, and reduce country’s top killer. More effort is needed to boost referral costs by 40-50%. Box 4.1 – Samoa Pathway: Health the capability of the Department of Health (DOH) and social development to provide quality and effective health services. A new extension to Princess Margret Hospital (PMH) will be constructed to accommodate paramedics In health, the Samoa Pathway supports efforts This is Goal 3 of the UN’s Sustainable Development to: Goals (Annex 14), the successor to the UN MDGs and clinical services. The existing outpatient clinic • Develop strategies to prevent/manage 4, 5 and 6. at PMH is too small to cater for the daily influx of patients seeking medical help. The PMH pediatric disease; strengthen health systems; promote DOH’s capacity to combat NCDs will be ward also will be upgraded to meet much higher universal health care; distribute medical and strengthened, as set out in an NCD Strategic Plan standards of pediatric care, to match those found drug supplies; and increase public awareness 2016-2020. Among the Plan’s targets is a reduction of healthy diets, good nutrition, sports and elsewhere in the Pacific region. by 5% of the overall prevalence of diabetes and education. NCDs in general by 50%. The NCD campaign will be The Ministry of Health’s Building and Construction • Use the services provided by the United regularly monitored, and a half dozen statutes will Programme covers the next decade. In addition to Nations Children’s Fund UNICEF), WHO, and be reviewed to augment food safety, provide more the above, a new PMH private ward will be built, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). focus on public health, and seek more effective as will a Rehabilitation Center, Isolation Facility for • Establish 10-year targets to reverse the spread patients with infectious diseases, a Bulk Storage and severity of NCDs. prevention and curative efforts for alcohol, tobacco facility for safe-storage of drugs and supplies, a • Strengthen primary health care; HIV prevention, and substance abuse. Public Health Mini-Laboratory, a Dialysis Center, an spread, treatment and care; fight against TB, The government is considering using higher import Oxygen Plant, and mortuary. All these proposed etc. tariffs (“sin taxes”) to discourage unhealthy diets, facilities will be incorporated into an expanded • Reduce maternal, newborn and child mortality. characterized by alcohol and tobacco use, high PMH. A new Youth Center is planned for TuFHA, the In social development, including education, sugar and salt intake, high salt content processed Tuvalu Family Health Association. culture and sport, provide support to poverty foods, soft drinks and other high-sugar beverages. eradication, and equal access to education, 4.4 Facility/equipment maintenance health, food, water and sanitation, and other 4.2 Health services public and social services. Lack of maintenance of medical facilities Professional, technical and administrative services For gender equality and women’s and equipment is a chronic problem. Major in the Ministry of Health need to be improved. empowerment: support efforts to: improvement is needed to prolong the life of Several strategies are being proposed to make • Eliminate all forms of violence and medical assets, and government’s long-term these improvements, which are at the heart of discrimination against women and girls. unwillingness to pay for maintenance must be the Tuvalu Health Service. A health database will • Strengthen women’s economic empowerment; reversed. A recurrent annual maintenance plan be established to include administrative and equal access to productive employment, and will be developed for all medical facilities and managerial information, and a second database will leadership – by temporary special measures if equipment. This will determine expenditure be established that includes technical information Health necessary; education and health care; requirements for annual medical maintenance and for medical diagnostic purposes and public health • Protect the human rights of all women and upkeep. Health sector responses under TKIII have been their sexual and reproductive health and programs. The latter database will link online to shaped by parts of the UN SDGs (1, 2, 3, 5), the reproductive rights*; and access to ownership a telemedicine network, and be available online 4.5 Medical staffing SIDS-related Samoa Pathway (Box 4.1), the recently both on Funafuti and in medical clinics (and new and control over land and other property, The OIs will be staffed by qualified medical doctors adopted Health Reform Strategy 2016-2019 (with hospitals) in the outer islands. credit, inheritance, natural resources, etc. and nurses from 2017, when Tuvalu medical assistance from WHO, UNICEF and UNFPSA), and * In accordance with the Programme of Action of the ICPD, 4.3 Medical infrastructure graduates from Cuba complete their internships. local consultations, including the NSSD. and the Beijing Platform for Action. The development of these rigorous on-the-job New medical infrastructure, upgrading and internships, initially designed for the Cuban Social sector responses have also been shaped by extension of existing facilities, and the procurement medical graduates from Kiribati and Tuvalu, will the UN SDGs, the Samoa Pathway (Box 4.1), and of new equipment, form a major part of local consultations, including the NSSD. strengthening and improving health services. Two

20 21 TE KAKEEGA III TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 significantly improve the quality of recent medical to carry out their jobs. Compared to the average Two priority targets under the Health Reform 4.10 Population doctors entering the profession. The internship public servant, medical service requires: Strategy are the establishment of an Occupational The national population, according to the programme started with its first intake of doctors Health and Safety (OHS) Unit and a Legal Unit to • highly developed professional skills; Population and Housing Census 2012, grew by in October 2015. The public health module is based manage all health-related regulatory and legislative many years of professional training, often 1.2%/yr between 2002-2012, a modest (and in Tuvalu, while the curative module is based in requirements. These Units will be established not specialised; sustainable) rate of increase dampened by Kiribati. The full range of professional medical later than 2019. • working abnormal hours; emigration. In absolute terms, the population has needs, as indicated in the Health Reform Strategy • handling much greater job stress and 4.8 Climate change-related increased from 9,561 to 10,782. More people now 2016-2019, is listed in Box 4.2. responsibility; and health issues live in Funafuti (57%) than live in the eight outer • putting a patient’s well-being in one’s hands on a Box 4.2 – Health human resource plans The government will provide material support for islands (43%). In 2002, it was the opposite – the daily basis, often having involving matters of life The Tuvalu Health Service will continue to rely any and all issues that arise at the intersection of outer island population outnumbered people living and death. on expatriate medical specialists for a number climate change and health over the 10-year plan in Funafuti. Thirty-three percent the population are of years. Other clinical staff needs, including Independent technical assistance will be recruited period of TKIII, including but not limited to the aged 15 and under; 58% are in the 15-59 age group; professional training, are: to set new medical service salary levels for review health- and medical-related issues identified by the and 9% are older than 60. The dependency ratio • Recruit specialists to PMH; and adoption. World Health Organisation. has decreased from 82 in 2002 to 71.6 in 2012. This • Establish and post one GP to each island; suggests that fewer people depend on the 15-59 • Establish and recruit one biomedical Another long-overdue need is a Specialist Social year- old age group than they have in the past. This Retention Policy. This is to retain local medical technician; 4.9 Social adaptation is in spite of a decrease in population for this age • Establish and recruit one NCD officer; specialists in Tuvalu. The government and donors group, mainly due to emigration. • Establish and recruit one WASH officer; spend significant long-term resources to train Social change in Tuvalu has been accelerating in • Assign specialized training for GPs; medical professionals, often to see them lured away recent years. A small, economically fragile, highly 4.11 Emigration • Train two nurses as qualified Nurse for higher paid medical jobs in other countries. open and dependent country that relies on the The 2012 Census shows a significant dent in the Anesthetists; The purpose of the policy is to set contract terms goodwill and generosity of aid donors in order to 30-45 age group. This reflects higher emigration, • Training for Nurse Practitioners to upgrade and conditions that are attractive enough to get by, must inevitably change, even if it does not including people emigrating through New Zealand clinical skills; retain specialist staff in-country. The policy will want to. With ever greater monetisation of the • Training support for Midwives; and and Australia labor schemes. The outflow reduces be developed by MOH through the normal policy economy even cherished customs and traditions • First-aid training for public servants. population pressure somewhat, especially on formulation process prior to Cabinet submission for are being weakened. Even the prized safety nets of Funafuti. Inward migration to its small, finite approval. communalism and egalitarianism are not immune PMH will continue to need specialist medical land area has driven population density to 1,948 from change, which may portend unintended and doctors from the region until such time as Tuvaluan 4.7 Legislative persons/km2 (2012). For the foreseeable future, undesirable consequences. With its fast urbanizing doctors become highly qualified specialists, and regulatory enforcement emigration will likely continue at present rates, population, more social pressures are created particularly in high risk diseases like diabetes and prompted by lack of employment, the search for Many health-related issues stem from weak within both the urban center, Funafuti, and the other NCDs. Tuvalu has a growing incidence of greater economic opportunity, and to a lesser enforcement of certain health statutes and health- mostly rural outer island communities. People need these diseases, which require expensive in-country extent the threat of climate change and sea level related policies that are already in place. Inspection to learn how to adapt to the rapidly emerging and treatment, with a large number of patients sent rise, and the loss of land. (For more on migration of food on sale, inspection of retail outlets where soon to be dominant mode of modern life in the abroad for treatment. DOH expects a drop in the issues, see Section 11 below). food is prepared and sold, the number of occupants Tuvalu of the 21st century. cost of the Tuvalu Medical Treatment Scheme dwelling in homes, maintenance of hygiene 4.12 Poverty (TMTS) – for certain types of treatment as much The rapid pace of urbanization ushers in a whole standards and water quality, disposal of liquid and as 90% – when specialists are recruited to deliver new level of social and economic problems, which According to the 2010 Household Income and solid waste, and many other areas that fall under treatment locally. need urgent attention and for which solutions Expenditure Survey (HIES), poverty rates continue public health are not routinely checked and(or) need to be found. Over the period of TKIII, the to rise. The national Basic Needs Poverty Line (BNPL) 4.6 Professional pay inspected, fines are not imposed, adequate long- government will commit resources to creating a in 2004 set cash income per head at $31.26/week. and specialist retention term budgetary funding is rarely provided, and social climate in which people can learn the skills By 2010, the income line had increased to $34.55, a things rarely improve. More effort will be made to A long-overdue salary review of DOH medical they need in the future, to thrive and prosper to an rise of 10.5%. At this level, 26% of the population, enforce existing statutes and regulations pertaining staff is a milestone carried forward from TKII. This extent greater than they do now. or about 2,800 people were below the poverty line. to health – if funding and other resources permit. planned review is separate from standard salary The current BNPL for Funafuti is significantly higher Where new legislation (or regulation) is warranted it reviews for public service administrators. These at $40.06 in 2010, due to a higher cost of living and will include budgetary provisions for enforcement. staff do not require professional qualifications low subsistence production, among other factors.

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The outer island BNPL is less than the national of barriers to tourism development are overcome. 4.15 Culture throughout the country, but possibly within the average, due to lower costs of living, higher reliance (See Section 6 on private sector development for next decade. Nevertheless, Tuvalu ranks among Like the NDP, a National Culture Policy has yet on subsistence production, etc. The trend in the discussion on TKIII tourism-related initiatives.) the highest of the PICs for its gender development to be approved, and major work is needed to outer islands, however, shows the number of poor ratio. 4.14 Community Affairs reinvigorate cultural health and preservation in who rely on subsistence falling by half from 53% of the national discussion. The Department of Culture The Department of Gender Affairs (formerly the population in 2004/5 to only 26% in 2010. This The Department of Community Affairs (DCA) will establish a Cultural Development Coordinating the Department of Women) will continue the is somewhat misleading. The basis underlying the is formulating a Social Work Act to provide a Committee (CDCC) to develop a Strategic implementation of NGP in the five years to 2020. trend is that not as many people rely on subsistence stronger legal framework to direct the work of Action Plan for the department and to develop Outputs foreseen include the training of gender due to inward migration to Funafuti where they DCA. The lack of data and specific information partnerships with potential donors who have an trainers; setting up a Gender Information Database increase the number poor, or they have migrated on the disadvantaged population in Tuvalu is a interest in, and funding for, cultural preservation (GID); implementation and legal enforcement of abroad. problem. This will be corrected to some extent the Family Protection and Domestic Violence Act; by the Biannual Social Wellbeing Report, yet to and development. A carry over from TKII, GOT will formulate the and increasing efforts to include more women in be released, which is to become a regular report According to the Department of Culture and others, National Hardship Assistance Policy (HAP), decision-making roles, both in national and local under TKIII. The Report will help inform decision- traditional customs and values are being eroded or designed to deal with rising poverty rates, and have government institutions. The DGA will pursue makers and community groups about the plight disappearing. A report and toolkit on how this can it implemented as early as possible. amending the Falekaupule Act to emphasise of the disadvantaged. The National Committee on be reversed will be a priority under TKIII, building woman’s affairs in local government, and enshrine 4.13 Unemployment Social and Community Services (NCSCS) will be on the UN Cultural Mapping Project undertaken more political participation of women at the established shortly. in 2010/11, which is little known and under which The jobless and inactive population (students, national level by having a special allocation of two little has been accomplished. A cornerstone of people with disability, retired persons and those in A cost/benefit analysis will be carried out by DCA extra seats in Parliament under Temporary Special DOCs work in the near-term will be regular cultural full-time home duties) have trended upward from to determine the present status of the elderly and Measures. Laws will also be amended to close legal awareness-raising efforts. Although culture cannot 19% in 2004/5 to 24% in 2010. One objective of TKII people with disabilities. Currently, there are two gaps, particularly those relating to inheritance, be easily codified – culture is a living, dynamic was for government to provide direct welfare to proposals that support activities in this area, the marriage, and asset related-policies with gender thing – it can be broadly defined. Knowledge can people in the jobless/inactive category who qualify TSCSS (A$300,000) and the DSS (A$80,000). Still, dimensions. be passed down year-to-year, from generation- for such assistance. No such welfare programme there is little information or data available on the to generation, and be defined by the culturally was established, now carried over to TKIII. With the elderly and people with disability. A cost/benefit Box 4.3 – Economic empowerment knowledgeable, such as the elderly. national BNPL at $35/week per person (in 2010), study will help clarify what has to be done for the Greater economic empowerment of women the average Tuvalu household of six could receive elderly and disadvantaged. 4.16 Gender will raise household incomes and improve as much $210/week to remain above the poverty gender equality. One avenue open to this is the Issues relating to family break ups, divorce and OPM is responsible for promoting gender equality, line. government’s National Labour Migration Policy suicides are on the increase. In the past five and including it in the national discussion. The (NLMP, see Section 11), which seeks to create years there have been five suicides and five Despite the challenges, initiatives that could National Gender Policy (NGP) 2013 is the latest in pathways for all Tuvaluans, including women, for potentially reduce poverty and raise household attempted suicides. Social counseling services a series of efforts that started in 1999. The policy overseas employment. Labour migration offers income in the OIs, include: have been strengthened and several faith-based focuses on four key measures where public policies women temporary job opportunities in service organizations are involved in counseling. DCA will could make a difference, including institutional • a return to producing large, subsidized volumes sectors with labour shortages in countries such target a reduction in the number of suicides in the strengthening and capacity building; building of copra (if export markets can be found); as Australia, New Zealand, the Cook Islands and next five years. economic empowerment of women; promoting elsewhere. Economic empowerment, especially • copra processing for value-added products, such female political voices and decision-making; and the ability to acquire and control capital and as virgin coconut oil and oil production from Help for people with disabilities is currently lacking. There is little coordination with, or adherence to, advancing the legal rights of women. material resources, helps reduce the potential for other tree crops; and gender-based violence. Providing much needed the UN Convention on the Rights of People with In 2012, fewer women were in wage employment • traditionally prepared foods and beverages new injections of capital for microfinance for Disability (CRPD), to which Tuvalu acceded in 2013. than men, 51% to 68%, respectively (Census, 2012, (salted/dried fish, toddy, those from root crops), women will continue to remain a vital step in There is a Tuvalu National Disability Coordinating based on labour force participation rates), though for both domestic and export markets, if a wide women’s pursuit of equal opportunity. The direct Committee (TNDCC) working on a National the gap has closed significantly since 1994. On range phytosanitary conditions can be met. labour empowerment of women will feature Disability Policy, NDP (in draft). Under TKIII, the Funafuti, the gap is narrower 60% (female) to 73% prominently in efforts to implement related TKIII Tourism and related services such as TNDCC will finalise the NDP and seek its formal (male), but work remains to close the gap further. initiatives. accommodation, attractions, restaurants, shops, approval, followed by combining help for people It is not clear when full equality can be reached tour and transport services could provide additional with disabilities, as prescribed in the NDP, with employment opportunities, but only if a wide range adequate levels of government and donor funding.

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Gender equality will not by itself calm gender- change and rising sea levels. Curbing the social 5. Falekaupule and Island Development related tensions in a society with fairly rigid gender impacts of climate change can only be offset, for divisions, though these are, to a certain extent, the most part, by prevention or remedial measures GOAL: Provide quality services and create more opportunities for development breaking down. It does, however, create a space to funded by the government, or by external aid. discuss and negotiate a fair playing field, whatever Planning for the future, GOT established the Tuvalu whose members are appointed by governance the issues that are being confronted. It is about Survival Fund (as discussed in Section 1.3 and 10.3), customs on the eight islands. Kaupule officers, on providing choice and opportunity, regardless of a funding source to mitigate the effects of climate the other hand, are elected by universal suffrage. The gender, so people can pursue what they want and generally, the impacts on society specifically, and to Kaupule set-up, comprised of democratically elected aspire to be. Continuing to strengthen initiatives fund the costs of recovery and reconstruction after and generally independent officers, in contrast to aimed at gender equality within government (and natural disasters. Also discussed in Section 1, the the non-elected Falekaupule membership, has at society) will reinforce long-term social stability, government is tapping external sources of climate times created island friction. Over the years, conflicts and make sure that everyone counts in TKIII have emerged between the two institutions that change funding, both for investment purposes and development efforts. have become socially divisive, and disruptive to the environmental protection. These include: GCF, AF, peace and harmony within Tuvalu’s separate island 4.17 Climate change and society LDCF, SCCF, and GEF. Projects and programmes communities. committed to under these funding sources will Climate change impacts across Tuvalu will be begin in the early years of TKIII. In broadest terms, profound, none of them good. Some impacts Box 5.1 – The Falekaupule Act the main beneficiary of this funding will be society- have already been felt, such as more frequent at-large. The responsibility for running island affairs fell storm-related damages and damages caused by to local administration in 1998 with the passage higher tidal inundation. These impacts, widely of the Falekaupule Act. The Act, which removed documented and discussed, are likely to grow over national government responsibility from day-to- time. Society-at-large will bear the brunt of climate day administration, was hailed as an achievement of historic proportion, second only to the country’s independence from Britain in 1978. Codifying the business of running island affairs was crafted along traditional social and cultural lines. Translation of the Act into the vernacular raised people’s understanding of the business of running a government. In the years the Act has governed island affairs, it has produced mixed results. But such results cannot be attributed entirely to the Act itself, but larger economic and social forces at work that constrain island development.

5.1 Falekaupule government: How the Falekaupule Act works and how its legal provisions should be interpreted needs to be performance regularly explained to the island Falekaupule and Most of this strategic area, which cuts across many Kaupule, as should the Kaupule Staff Guidelines and of the UN SDGs and elements of the SIDS Samoa Financial Instructions. Most of the issues at the root of Pathway, falls under the Ministry of Home Affairs past conflicts were resolvable had the relevant clauses and Rural Development (MHARD). This includes the of the Act and the Act’s instructions been better Departments of Rural Development, Culture, and understood. Part V, Section 4 of the Act itemizes Community Affairs; the Solid Waste Agency of Tuvalu the functions of the Falekaupule, which are further (SWAT); and Kaupule administration (local island detailed in Schedule III of the Act. The Falekaupule government). The Falekaupule Act (Box 5.1) created is the dominant (more powerful) institution. The the island Kaupule – previously called island councils. Kaupule serves as the executive arm, or secretariat to Kaupule operate as the executive of the Falekaupule, the Falekaupule. And within the official Falekaupule,

26 27 TE KAKEEGA III TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 or Assembly, only the members of the Cultural 2016.) Together with the ocean-going barge recently 5.7 Solid waste management been ongoing with Funafuti landowners (Kaupule, Falekaupule can vote. Falekaupule proceedings are purchased in New Zealand by GOT, servicing the outer Falakaupule, etc.) moderated by DLS and SWAT for 5-6 Issues related to outer island solid waste management chaired by the Ulufenua (Head Chief), who also acts as islands should improve dramatically. The Ministries years to secure additional land at the present Funafuti are relatively urgent, and should receive a high the chair of the Cultural Falekaupule. of Home Affairs & Communications and Transport, dumpsite, but time may have run out. Previous borrow will work together to produce OI shipping schedules priority. As yet, there is yet no updated National Waste pit land uses were limited, but by infilling the borrow 5.2 Development issues and options that minimize disruptions – a common characteristic Policy (NWP), a shortcoming that should be addressed pit the area has now become much more valuable in 2016. The NWP will codify SWAT’s objectives, to Many of the more difficult rural development issues of past shipping schedules – and maximize shipping and has created attractive new land space that efficiency for cargo and passengers. augment the Waste Operations and Services Act 2009 has the potential for lucrative economic and social derive from the highly scattered nature of the islands (WOSA) that sets the detailed legal framework for and atolls of Tuvalu, amplified by inadequate shipping, 5.4 Outer island depopulation redevelopment. Other waste disposal options will waste operations in Tuvalu, and regulates the entire be explored but cost and land space are likely to be transport and communications infrastructure. Under waste sector. TKIII, GOT intends to correct this situation by investing Continuing urbanization on Funafuti, which major issues. SWAT will renew and build on previous more heavily in these sectors to radically upgrade depopulates the outer islands, robbing them of The main issues confronting SWAT and the waste waste disposal plans for the outer islands, which will service provision by closing existing service gaps and the local development manpower they need, is sector in general, some of which date back years, are benefit from the recent experience of waste disposal eliminating barriers and bottlenecks to outer island another difficult challenge to overcome. With most contained in Box 5.2. on Funafuti. remaining adult residents in the outer islands being development. SWAT will commission a new technical assistance elderly, island development works are limited mainly Box 5.2 – Solid waste management study to investigate: Building or upgrading OI boat harbors to expedite to small construction projects that the Kaupule The broad issues confronting the solid waste sector: cargo handling and to improve the safety and security implement from time to time. Bigger national • alternative ways to improve waste disposal, • A lack of proper Funafuti dumpsite management of vessel and passenger traffic will be a development projects require outside support, and many of these including waste-to-energy systems; and oversight (though greatly improved in recent priority. Options to put amphibious aircraft and that are commercial in nature, like the OI Community • staff capacity building; years, in particular following the infilling of the helicopters into inter-island service will be evaluated, Fishing Centres (CFC) have been tried but proven to identifying new equipment needs for waste northern Funafuti borrow pit and rehabilitation of and if either or both options show economic promise be unsuccessful and won’t be without much larger collection, disposal and processing; the Funafuti dumpsite by the NZ-funded project). (with minimal subsidies – if required) such transport infusions of capital, manpower, and other subsidized • expanding and improving organic, green waste • Dedicated and managed land space for solid waste services will be developed. This pursuit of these resources to sustain their viability. operations; disposal in the outer islands. objectives, raised during public consultations, is a • relocating the Funafuti dumpsite; and • Lack of equipment for sorting and incinerating carry-over from TKII, which advocated that the quality, 5.5 Falekaupule staff development • waste disposal on the outer islands, building on waste. frequency and cost effectiveness of transport services the lessons learned on Funafuti over the last 15-16 An issue that needs urgent attention by GOT is the low • Lack of public awareness about waste disposal and a to the outer islands be a priority (see TKII, Section 12). years.* skill capacity of MHARD staff – the responsible hub of litter-free environment. Other outer island objectives are to upgrade civil national-based outer island management, especially • Lack of waste management expertise of SWAT staff. * The last point includes the lessons learned from the infrastructure generally, including roads, water in the area of financial management. In-house training 4-year EU-funded waste project completed in 2013, storage and catchment, and waste disposal more conducted by an experienced administrator, or senior SWAT – established by legislation (WOSA) funded including aspects of the overall EU waste project that specifically, as well as improve schools and medical officers from the Department of Treasury and Office by the EU under the 10th EDF Tuvalu Water, Waste went unfunded – or under-funded – such as the green facilities, and establish commercial produce, poultry of the Auditor General should begin in 2016 and be a and Sanitation project (TWWS), and first set up as waste component. and pig farms. Though the latter initiatives have been regular feature of MHARD staff development. Similar the project-based Waste Management Unit under tried in the past, without commercial success, the staffing issues afflict Kaupule staff, who require the 5.8 Climate change and island an Australian-funded project in the late 1990s – has government intends to reinvigorate these proposals same training. development continued to better organize waste services, including with greater resources under TKIII. 5.6 Outer island communication collection, disposal, sorting, recycling, burning and Throughout the TKIII plan period and beyond, climate 5.3 Sea transport burying, into a relatively efficient operation, much change threats and impacts on the outer islands will and shipping services Ministry officers suffer, just like the rest of Tuvalu, from improved over the pre-SWAT era when funding levels be as pronounced as they will be on Funafuti – perhaps poor telecommunication service. Internet, mobile, and other dedicated resources were much lower. more so because they lack infrastructure and public Improving sea transport between the eight outer and landline communications work sporadically, or services as well developed as Funafuti, making them islands remains a difficult challenge. Servicing these not at all. This is a major constraint to conducting A medium-term challenge on Funafuti, where the vast more vulnerable with less ability to fend off threats or communities by being able to ship greater volumes business efficiently with outer island governments. bulk of solid waste is generated nationwide, is limited respond. Under TKIII, GOT will provide whatever outer of bulk cargoes more frequently is a development The Ministry intends to remedy these problems by land space on Funafuti for extending the Funafuti island support is required – financial, technical, other priority. Two months – or more – between ships visits is securing independent bandwidth dedicated only dumpsite. This problem could grow rather quickly – to respond and adapt to climate change threats and no longer acceptable. The new MV Nivea III, funded by for the Kaupule, and recruit an ICT Officer to improve depending upon ultimate government plans to risks, and weather-related emergencies related to Japan, joined the aging MV Nivea II and MV Manu Folau communications with the outer islands. develop the reclaimed land area at the northern end climate change and sea level rise. in December 2015. (The Nivea II, funded by the UK and of Tengako, which could render the existing dumpsite entered service in 1989, will be decommissioned in (See Section 9 for discussion of planned national unsuitable for waste disposal. Negotiations have telecommunication and internet initiatives.)

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6. Private Sector, Employment and Trade Government housing shrinks the real estate market, 6.3 Private sector growth and suppresses options to accumulate private GOAL: To be the engine of economic growth, employment and export trade equity (presently TNPF is the only domestic option). Growing the private sector – mainly micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) – faces many Such non-incentives hold back housing growth, constraints. The main constraints are Tuvalu’s small and the development of a true real estate market, isolated market, small economy, small scattered which has the potential to become the next big population, underdeveloped infrastructure, lack growth industry. But this can’t happen unless the of low-cost bulk air cargo services, high costs, and government gets out of the subsidized housing dependence on a large, inefficient public sector business, which, much like TCS, has probably out- that swallows up capital and crowds out more lived its original purpose, which was to create diversified capital investments. Notable challenges housing for public servants where none existed that small private sector operators and producers before. In addition, annual government housing must face on a daily basis include poor credit construction and maintenance uses up government access, commercial credit available only at high resources (money, manpower, management) that (non-market-based) interest rates, high utility costs could be put to more productive use elsewhere (telecommunications, internet, power), and limited, (Box 6.1). costly and often unreliable cargo shipping (air and sea). Other equally important problems include Box 6.1 – A note on government housing a chronic shortage of managerial, technical and For over 30-years government housing marketing skills, few home grown retail products, construction has never met public service and no local product export industry. demand, which expands at a faster rate than This section links with UN SDG 8 that relates provide to TCS – unless the objective is making government can build houses, and renovate Addressing this long list of constraints and specifically to private sector prospects for unspecified welfare (cash) transfers, not business existing stock. Waiting lists for government challenges is a national priority, and only then economic growth, and employment (see also development. But to grow faster private money houses are a permanent fixture of the real estate can private market forces be given the chance Section 3). must move into new businesses (i.e., create new market. Public servants not in government to capture a larger share of the economy, create houses already receive housing allowances 6.1 Private sector overview retail and commercial markets), generate higher employment, more well paid jobs, generate higher profits, improve efficiency, and grab more of the to rent private accommodation. Disposing of tax revenues, and stimulate economic growth. government housing on the private market, The under-developed private sector offers economy currently dominated by the government. significant potential (as it has) to generate new among other things, will: It bears repeating, a thriving private sector employment and stimulate economic growth, but Government must and will provide more aggressive 1) stimulate economic growth; generates higher tax revenues and higher tax it has been held back by weak government policy, policies to support private sector growth, such 2) accelerate development of a more robust revenues make it easier to finance public services, or inattention paid to existing policies. TKII had as providing economic and financial incentives, private real estate market; build infrastructure, increase public welfare, and so including tax relief and more start-up capital for twelve private-sector policy objectives: of these, 3) stimulate the private rental market – existing on. small businesses, and get out of markets where it only three were met, seven remain in various and new property (see the Funafuti housing Some measures to promote private sector growth chokes off private capital from being put to use. incomplete stages, and two have yet to see any initiative that continues to build new housing); will include introduction of modern, accessible, related movement. All else equal, the private sector 6.2 The housing market 4) complete what began in the late 1990s when and lower-cost financial services (on loans, is not the engine of growth it could be, despite the government started to pay housing exchange rates, etc.), better and lower cost cargo A good example of untapped opportunity, where optimistic predictions made as recent as five years allowances to public servants; and shipping, a realistic national export strategy, and government chokes off private sector development, ago. 5) free up government capital for other purposes. more support for private sector initiatives such as is the housing and real estate market, especially on the development of ‘incubators’ (Box 6.2), using Still, the private sector has made significant Funafuti. strides in recent years – as any casual observer will aid-funded external and, importantly, sustained On Funafuti, subsidized government housing notice – roughly in tandem with overall economic technical assistance (3-5 years) for business controls well over 50% of the rental market, which growth. It has done this, among other reasons, by development, and on management and financial is over 40% of total permanent housing (excluding government taking a hands off approach, allowing expertise (Box 6.2). The Ministry of Finance will traditional/local/temporary house construction). market forces to act on their own, and by not be the responsible GOT agency, assisted by the This creates an artificially inflated rental market, protecting and subsidizing inefficient wholesale Chamber of Commerce and TNPSO. and distorts the real estate market in general. and retail operations – e.g. as it continues to

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Box 6.2 – A note on business incubators Although government investment in public 6.5 Private sector DBT and Business Centre support) will assist tourism- corporations is substantial they continue to be related business development, such as administrative Such incubators will approximate business start- development framework unprofitable and – in broad terms – are poorly support and to seek out funding for small tourism- up incubators commonly found in developed The government is determined to expand the managed. Since the inception of most public related ventures, emphasizing eco-tourism. countries (e.g., in hi-tech hubs like Silicon Valley private sector during the period of TKIII, by corporations over 20 years ago, GOT has paid hefty in the U.S.), but lacking the vast array of technical increasing incentives, financial support and credit, GOT tourism policy will provide training on how expertise from a nearly unlimited stock of business subsidies to keep them running. Efforts to ween and building the capacity of local entrepreneurs to to start up and run tourism businesses, possibly knowledge at their immediate disposal. A Tuvalu- public corporations off subsidies, by subjecting them run their businesses on commercial terms. The TKIII using a business incubator model, if such a business specific business incubator model would mimic to stricter operating rules as overseen by the Public development framework will look at: development method can be established for small classic start-up incubators, but focus only on Enterprise Reform Management Unit (PERMU) set businesses (Section 6.3). original business proposals that show some up in 2010 (renamed Public Enterprise Review and • supply and demand potential for new, tradable practical application (and promise) of future returns Monitoring Unit in 2015) under an Asian Development products; The largest tourism-related initiative, the government on start-up investment. Start-up capital could be will relinquish 100% control and management of the provided directly by the Ministry of Finance (but Bank (ADB) project. The original purpose of PERMU was • data collection for trade and investment evaluation; Vaiaku Lagi Hotel (VLH) to a private concessionaire. A not through DBT), aid donors, or both. To receive so public corporations operate on more commercial • biosecurity and quarantine measures; start-up capital, proposed business ventures principles in line with the Public Enterprise Act, an • current/potential capacity for food processing; and long overdue initiative: would have to meet strict requirements – much objective that remains largely unmet. (see Section • tourism development, in particular eco-tourism • the VLH concession will be awarded through an stricter than DBT loan criteria – and require only 9.9 for more discussion). potential. open and competitive tender; paying investment returns if the business start- GOT will remove the asset from government control up is successful over time. GOT would absorb the There are few services left that the government can The framework will not include public corporations – • investment risk, as would aid donors, performing transfer to the private sector that offer potential for their operations and management will be addressed and repeal the VLH Corporation Act 2008; the same function as venture capitalists, with no private investment and management. Government separately. The framework will be developed in close • the lease-management concession agreement will guarantee of start-up success – only the promise construction and maintenance work is mostly cooperation with the local business community, those be awarded in the first half of 2016; and of it based on the business being proposed. tendered out to small contractors in the private interested in investing in business, and business- • the concession lease will be for 25 years. sector. Bigger projects – roughly above $250,000, related organisations (TNPSO, National Trade Steering 6.7 Overseas employment both government and aid-funded – are open to Committee, DBT, Chamber of Commerce). The Under TKIII, the government will also pursue greater international tendering and are usually won by Ministry of Finance will lead this effort, supported by Three bilateral programs currently employ Tuvaluans export access for goods (if and when they are overseas firms. The government will investigate NBT and ADB technical assistance. abroad: New Zealand’s system of Recognized produced), services, and labour, through bilateral, formalising a so-called ‘small project zone’, capped by Seasonal Employment (RSE) and the Pacific Access regional and multilateral trade agreements. To achieve 6.6 Tourism and eco-tourism low fixed project costs (this includes sub-contracted Category (PAC) system, and Australia’s Seasonal some measure of greater private sector development projects), which is open only to local builders who Tuvalu has a large, attractive and unspoiled natural Workers Program (SWP). At present, less than 100 will need the support of overseas aid agencies and have little operating capital, limited abilities to submit environment. Tourism has long proven its economic Tuvalu seafarers are employed by European and Hong Aid for Trade initiatives over the long-term. formal tenders, but who have or can assemble the potential in the Pacific region, and travel to non- Kong-based merchant shipping companies, which is 6.4 Private vs. public enterprise requisite building skills. This is viewed as a practical traditional Pacific island destinations has grown in a 40-50% drop at the time of the 2008 and 75-80% route to developing a larger, broader-based domestic recent years. Tuvalu has a small and undeveloped drop from the historic peak in late 1990s, early 2000s. The private sector – which excludes GOT-owned construction industry. tourism industry. This means that relatively minor public enterprises – generates about 30% of GDP, Currently, there are some 600 Tuvaluans working changes to government policy, minor improvements which in 2010 was valued at A$12m dollars. Its GDP To further develop the local construction labour overseas, including those employed in the RSE, PAC in infrastructure, more investment (public and share has not grown much beyond that in recent market, and develop local construction businesses, and SWP (see also Section 11). This has partly offset private), and shifts in established thinking could lead years because of concurrent growth in government GOT will re-emphasize that all offshore construction the loss of household income from declining seafarer to significantly higher income, and generate new spending and the continued government dominance firms with domestic contracts (government- or aid- employment. The Department of Labor plans to sources of economic growth. of the domestic economy. Another cause is the lack of funded) must employ local labour and small-scale increase the number of Tuvaluans recruited under new and sustained GOT support to the private sector. local contractors (as sub-contractors) to build skills Of the three TKII policy objectives for tourism two these labour initiatives by raising migrant worker But the biggest constraint to private sector growth and experience. This would have two benefits: are currently being implemented and one remains reputations and promoting them as reliable and is government investment in public corporations. It unaddressed. Long-standing recommendations for hardworking employees. Under TKIII government is 1) it would continue to replenish the pool of qualified crowds out private investors from the market, both the development of tourism have been re-stated in looking at ways of overcoming the current bottlenecks local contractors; and for credit and business. Subsidies to prop up public the latest National Tourism Development Strategy in the seafarer industry (see also Section 11). corporations, both necessary and unavoidable, 2) qualified local builders could be contracted to (NTDS) 2015-2019, which was recently approved. The labour export market for Tuvalu’s merchant weaken the government’s financial position, carry out maintenance on completed projects. The Department of Tourism, once it has been staffed seamen has collapsed in recent years. The number of especially if subsidies are not well managed or loosely with fully qualified tourism professionals (and with seamen on active overseas contracts is now well below estimated. 32 33 TE KAKEEGA III TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

100, down from highs of 400-500 in the late 1990s. previous highs (A$2-4m), generating favorable GOT will explore the needs of TMTI – and aid funding 6.10 International trade Seafarer remittance income at its peak was A$2-4m social and economic returns to the lives of ordinary – to train cadets and retrain seamen to work on per year. Tuvalu has always been a comparatively high Tuvaluans. One challenge is to reduce return airfares DWFN fishing vessels, and implement this concept To reverse the chronic merchandise trade deficit – cost, marginal supplier of seafaring labour. Expanding to Fiji, arranging their immediate transit thru Fiji and at the earliest opportunity. Similar bilateral initiatives merchandise exports are zero (Box 6.4) – any new GOT international labour competition, driving down costs, return to Funafuti, and desist from systematically will be pursued to employ Tuvaluans on commercial policy will address concrete options to create an export has been slowly eroding Tuvalu seafarers out of offloading seafarers in preference for government fishing vessels in Australia and New Zealand. The industry of some kind. Options will focus on value- the market. The steady decline of Tuvalu’s maritime officials travelling on routine business. This practice – Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) target by 2020 is added goods (merchandise), and options to boost training institute (TMTI) may also be a contributing among others, including higher wages – raised the ire 250 Tuvaluans employed in the offshore commercial value-added service exports (manpower). factor, as well as competing increases in government of merchant shipping companies employing Tuvalu fishing industry, of which 100 are employed in wages and other sources of household income, seamen, who over the years opted to recruit cheaper the Observer Programme. MNR will also target a Box 6.4 – Trade status: imports vs. exports such as non-seafarer remittances. Easy money from labour from other countries. minimum number of Tuvaluans (to be determined) Tuvalu is a non-trading nation, except in a expanding the public sector (and increasing wages) working on all foreign fishing vessels operating within few services related to temporary offshore A possible avenue to pursue the revival of seafarer may also have had a negative drag on the importance Tuvalu’s EEZ by 2017/18. employment (merchant seamen, in fisheries, numbers on contract is better marketing. In the past of remitted seafarer income, kick-starting the long Australia and New Zealand-bound migrants, see TMTI (or the Tuvalu Maritime School as it was then 6.9 Domestic trade decline in seafarer numbers as more money could be Section 6.5). Merchandise exports are statistically known), faced many of the same challenges the local earned locally. In theory, domestic (interisland) trade should ensure insignificant, near zero (philatelic sales, seafarer industry presently faces, most importantly that surplus, locally grown food moves from the outer handicrafts, small volume re-exports of imported developing an overseas market for local merchant Box 6.3 – A note on domestic employment islands to Funafuti. However in practice, Tuvalu’s small petroleum products. (Copra exports ceased in seamen. GOT at that time established links with the Government is the biggest employer in the country, market of producers, sellers and buyers, inadequate, the early-mid 2000s, even with subsidies, and German shipping industry, and recruited German accounting for nearly 1,200 jobs, in the public infrequent and high cost freight services that prevent any potential revival is problematic and not and British Captain Superintendents associated with service and public corporations. This represents transporting perishable food, means cheaper much possible without even larger-scale government Germen shipping lines. This practice of recruiting almost 60% of working-age, economically active higher volume imports of frozen meats (chicken, subsidies.) Trade is one-way and consists of European-affiliated captains, ship engineers and people currently employed (2012). This is another lamb, beef, pork), processed foods (tinned tuna and imports only, which accounts for between 50- other staff ended in the early-mid 1990s in favour of example of government crowding out the private beef, flour, rice, cereals, pasta, cooking oils, sugar), and 100% of GDP (A$24-40m), depending upon the local maritime officers. sector, and by extension putting a drag on the some produce (long self-life fruits and vegetables, reporting source and method of estimation. economy. In general, government payroll is not There’s been discussions over the last ten years to e.g., apples, oranges, onions, potatoes, taro, cassava, Such trade deficits, partially offset by inflows of a good way to increase living standards. Public diversify TMTI training to include other trades thru cabbage, carrots) displace local food production. offshore income and official transfers, are normal service employment only increases national output MEYS and aid donor initiatives such as APTC, TVET, The shortage of local food production, besides and have been a permanent feature of Tuvalu’s (and therefore income) if employment produces etc., but these have yet to materialize. Under TKIII subsistence production, prompted retailers in 2014 trade balance for decades. something useful to other people, in this case these efforts will continue. to approach the government to conclude a bilateral Tuvaluans, or pay is used to buy useful things trade agreement with Rotuma, Fiji, to import a variety Potential for expanded trade in existing services produced by domestic industry. Compared to 6.8 Employment in the of root crops, vegetables and fruits on a trial basis. (unskilled labor, seafarers, etc.) is the option that has private sector employment, government payroll fisheries industry Under TKIII, MFATTEL and other government agencies the highest likelihood for growth, with virtually no jobs are a highly inefficient income distributor, will continue to promote food imports from Rotuma, barriers to entry, and low entry costs relative to nearly GOT intends to create more employment soaking up money that could be spent nurturing and lend whatever assistance is required to expedite all merchandise export options. opportunities for Tuvaluans on fishing vessels private sector development that has much greater such imports. operated by Distant Water Fishing Nations (DWFN) 6.11 Trade Policy Framework potential to increase GDP and the wide-spread licensed to fish in Tuvalu’s EEZ. Some 50 Tuvaluans Areas that will stimulate more domestic trade and benefits derived from faster, broad-based economic GOT recently formulated its first Trade Policy Framework currently work as observers on DWFN vessels commerce in general is improved telecommunications growth and prosperity. (TPF), to be launched in 2016, following an extensive operating within the EEZ’s of Pacific Island Countries and internet services (see Section 9.4), and more consultative process involving the private sector, civil (PIC). GOT will negotiate with foreign fishing nations modern banking products, such as credit card society and other partners. The TPF’s main objectives to employ higher numbers of Tuvaluans on their services, automated teller machines (ATMs), electronic The government will explore what options it has are: vessels, negotiated as a development assistance (online) banking, and so on. to revive demand for local merchant seamen, and addendum to the terms of the access agreements, or • policy coherence; revive the local industry in general. One calculation to their fishing licenses permitting foreign vessels to • improving the business environment for private estimates that an investment of A$1 million (or more) operate in Tuvalu’s EEZ (see also Section 8.3 and 8.3). sector growth; would be attractive if remittance returns approached • increasing the competitiveness of domestic firms; and • attracting foreign investment.

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The TPF designates four areas of priority, as potential 6.13 Climate change, 7. Education and Human Resources areas to add value: business and trade • agriculture; The impact of climate change – now and in the GOAL: Provide high quality education; equip people with knowledge and skills • fisheries (other marine resources); future – cuts across the broad spectrum of national to develop more self-reliance; promote Tuvalu’s cultural and spiritual values • tourism; and development, including development of the private • labour mobility. sector. Though perhaps less obvious and tangible The focus is on niche markets and diversification. TPF than elsewhere on the development landscape, implementation will rely mainly on external aid. climate impacts such as sea level rise pose real threats Another area with potential, but only long-term – to economic growth and stability. A poorly performing perhaps 15-20 years out, well beyond the range of economy, as a result of climate impacts, can effect TKIII – is exploration and development of deep seabed business performance and business prospects over minerals, below 2-4,000m (Section 8.16). the short-term, and overall development of the private sector more generally over the long term. More promising short- to medium-term resource potential is the sustainable harvesting of high-value Under TKIII, the government will assist the private coral (e.g., black coral), and coral by-products for high- sector, with whatever resources may be required, to end jewelry. To-date, no such exports have been tried, overcome or steer clear of climate-related impacts the resource base is largely unknown, and export that adversely affect the economy in general, potential is probably low except for niche some business activity in particular, including the possibility markets. of developing trade in export products. Pearl and clam farming (all bivalves) also offer TKIII strategies and objectives for education and training are linked to and consistent with UN SDG possibilities, but these products have very long 7.1 Education and training Test scores on national and international exams development phases. Current trials are underway 4 and the education efforts defined in the Samoa Most TKII goals in education continue in TKIII – in have improved, but scores remain inconsistent (year 4), commercial prospects are possible but none Pathway (Box 7.1). broad terms to continue to equip people with from year-to-year (Box 7.2). foreseen at present. Box 7.1 – Samoa Pathway: Education the knowledge and skills they need to achieve a Box 7.2 – Test scores The TPF recognizes that Tuvalu is an open economy. The Samoa Pathway emphasizes efforts to: higher degree of self-reliance in a changing world. It must import all essential goods, including food, For the 2013 South Pacific Form Seven Certificate Provide high-quality education and training for TKII strategies targeted improvements in teaching fuel, pharmaceutical products, clothing, vehicle (SPFSC) examination – youth, including a special focus on the most quality/overall education standards through equipment, building materials, and almost all other vulnerable (e.g., people with disabilities), and the teacher training, better and well-maintained school over 80% passed the English test, with 44% products. Reducing imports poses large, domestic creative, cultural and environment-related fields; facilities, more school equipment and supplies, earning merit; supply-side challenges (see also Section 6.1) that and the introduction of a stronger, consistent Provide education that builds peace and 60% passed calculus, 40% earned merit; and must be addressed first, before TPC policy objectives and more appropriate curriculum. The expansion promotes social inclusion; and 90% passed physics, 8% of whom passed with can eventually bear fruit. and improvement of technical and vocational Increase investment in education, training and excellence. 6.12 Aid for Trade training was another objective, as was serving skills development, including vocational training; the special needs of students with disabilities and In 2014 over 80% of the student roll passed in The focus of Aid for Trade, a multi-billion-dollar Improve access to formal and non-formal preschoolers. all subjects with excellence scores achieved in initiative that includes bilateral and multilateral grants education, including for entrepreneurial skills, English, statistics and calculus. For the Tuvalu The TKII medium-term review in 2011 concluded and soft loans, is to increase developing country trade; and distance learning and training. Senior Secondary Certificate (TSSC) in the that, of the 20 education objectives, seven were adopt appropriate trade policy regulations; improve sciences, pass rates from 2008 to 2014 fluctuated achieved (35%), eight were partially achieved (40%), economic infrastructure; build productive capacity; from a high of 100% (2010) to a low of 30% (2009). and five were not achieved (25%). By early 2015, and so on. Each of these areas are addressed in the In 2014, the pass rate in science examinations however, 16 objectives – those directly under the TPF, in TKIII and other government development was about 50%, indicating a general decline DOE – were achieved. Though most are ongoing in plans, strategies and initiatives that are national in in performance. The TSSC trend decline also nature, and set to extend under TKIII, they will build scope, which are also captured in TKIII. occurred in English and mathematics. on new challenges that have emerged.

36 37 TE KAKEEGA III TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

7.2 Education administration, seafarers on contract at any time to over 300, but this region that Tuvalu labour can fill, through NLMP and Not all training and capacity building needs management, enrollments proved undoable. the TPF to expand labor migration and labor mobility. addressed throughout TKIII are funded through, But, for these efforts to be successful, secondary, nor the responsibility of, MEYS. Examples include: The DOE has concluded that a more comprehensive Training at TMTI is now 10-months, course work is technical and tertiary education must adopt uniform some forms of short-term training (all ministries), Education Management Information System (TEMIS) more rigorous, covering more subjects, and class national certification and standards that are equal to, some types of technical training some ministries is needed to support evidence-based reporting and intake sizes are larger. GOT continues to investigate and recognized by, other countries in the region. This and departments (e.g., Fisheries, Public Works), and intervention in areas of need. The TPR also needs the potential to diversify TMTI to include seafarer is an education priority for TKIII. in-service training for public servants (under the to be disaggregated by subject so pupils get the training for work on fishing vessels operating in the Department of Personnel and Training, Office of the teaching they need. A pool of high-quality relieving tuna fleets around the Pacific islands. Box 7.3 – Human resource planning Prime Minister). The majority of short-term training teachers is also needed for teachers on annual leave. Training in the technical trades will continue to be is provided under bilateral and multilateral aid, with Amendments need to be made to the Education Act Strictly speaking, there is no government human provided by the Fiji Institute of Technology (FIT), now a government recommendations and approval in most in order to bring about the required changes in the resource (or manpower) plan* – but there is a part of Fiji National University (FNU). The government process for allocating funding and support for cases. This type of training will continue unfettered education system. This includes incorporating more makes other technical training available at institutes human resource development, mainly for in-service throughout the duration of TKIII, with government ICT in education. in Australia and NZ. These scholarship opportunities scholarships for public servants. upping domestic funding, encouraging increased Combined school enrolments – government and will continue. Labour flows into and out of the market, especially aid funding (bilateral and multilateral), or seeking out non-government – have averaged 3,376/yr from new funding sources. Nurses, doctors and other medical professionals will in the private sector, are not tracked for planning 2012 to 2014. Student:teacher ratio targets in primary continue to be trained at the College of Medicine, purposes, nor could they be at present with any 7.6 Annual budgets (20:1) and secondary (12:1) have been met. The target Nursing and Health Science at FNU, and at schools degree of reliability. This creates challenges not easily ratio of 13:1 in Early Childhood Care and Education MEYS commands the biggest share of government and medical facilities in Cuba, Taiwan, Kiribati and overcome to determine skill needs in domestic and (ECCE) has not. Overall gender ratios in government recurrent expenditure. MYES is also the country’s New Zealand. foreign job markets beyond rudimentary estimates. schools is marginally in favor of girls, while in private At its most basic, this means Tuvalu’s labor force biggest employer. In 2016, it will employ 208 teachers schools the ratio favors boys. Training to qualify 22 Tertiary education continues to be provided at USP, cannot exploit employment opportunities until and support staff with a recurrent budget of A$9.63m ECCE teachers and 3 specialists to teach special needs FNU and institutions in Australia and New Zealand, training is provided that has ready takers in regional (up from A$8.4m in 2015), of which scholarships students (including students with disabilities) will the latter including courses and degree programmes job markets. This is another way of saying Tuvalu’s account for about 30%; plus, special development continue through 2016 and later, as is needed. that are not offered at institutions in Fiji. A few labour cannot take advantage of employment expenditures (SDE) of A$3.1m, of which 85% is for scholarship awards in diplomacy and international opportunities abroad if the domestic labor market education infrastructure. 7.3 Non-government schools relations are provided for study in England. The does not possess (or cannot produce) the skill sets The government provides other funding to support Several pre-schools are run by parents in different number of overseas graduates currently outstrips the and certifications to exploit such opportunities in Tuvaluans who wish to further their education, districts of Funafuti. The teachers are paid by employment capacity of Tuvalu’s domestic economy meaningful numbers. For example, as referred to enable more Tuvaluans to participate in Technical the Ministry of Education, who registers them in general, and the government public service in in Section 6.6 and Section 8, jobs on foreign fishing and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), and and oversees their work. The registered but non- particular. Returned graduates are taking jobs they vessels cannot be readily filled until local seafarers have been trained with the requisite skills to work grants subsidies to non-government schools. These government Seventh-Day Adventist primary school once considered to be over-qualified for. One result on fishing vessels. Much more needs to be done in subsidies have increased from about A$410,000 to and Fetuvalu High School, owned and operated has been an increase in graduates entering the vocational and technical training, and will be under almost A$600,000, in part to fund the employment by the Ekalesia Kelisiano o Tuvalu (EKT, the Tuvalu private sector rather than government, historically TKIII, with government funding, aid funding and of more qualified teachers. Similar subsidies are paid Christian Church) receive annual government cash considered the employer of first and last resort. from other resources. to pre-schools to employ qualified teachers in early grants to subsidise school operations. These grants 7.5 Investment in education * This is not strictly true for some areas of pre-service childhood education. These levels of expenditure in will continue throughout the period of TKIII. and human resources training, where MEYS and donor governments who fund education will continue throughout the TKIII period, overseas scholarships attempt to match awards – mainly 7.4 Technical and tertiary education and will increase if budgetary (and aid) resources Investment in education and human resource for professional degrees –with future labour market needs, mainly those in the public service. But small labour markets permit. The Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute (TMTI) provides development is a foundation issue, fundamental to such as Tuvalu’s are thin and not very dynamic. And too cadet training to future seafarers despite depressed the country’s future development. In broad terms, many variables can’t be controlled. One or two professional 7.7 Policy Reform Matrix market demand for Tuvalu seafarers. Somewhat less manpower planning to get the right mix of skilled staff departures – career changes, unforeseen changes in the job market, non-career-related job promotions, emigration Education initiatives under the Policy Reform Matrix than 100 seafarers still work on overseas merchant and semi-skilled labour will continue under TKIII (Box – can leave a critical void not easily filled, especially and (PFM) since 2012 have sought to rebalance the ships, a number that has been in steady decline since 7.3), with funding increased relative to past levels of mainly because planning horizons for pre-service training distribution of education resources toward more the late 1990s. Prior to the global financial crisis that government appropriations, and higher investment are necessarily long-term. At best, the results of this type of manpower planning are mixed. Something the government basic and vocational education, gender access to began in 2007/08, the government intended to work from aid sources, if it’s made available. Government and donors should remain acutely aware of throughout the training, and school infrastructure. These and other with local recruitment agencies to raise the number of planning will target gaps in the domestic labor period of TKIII. PFM initiatives will retain the full support of GOT market, and employment in other parts of the Pacific under TKIII. 38 39 TE KAKEEGA III TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

7.8 Youth and sports 7.9 Climate change and education 8. Natural Resources In Tuvalu a youth is a person in the broad age Education has a central and unavoidable role in range of 15-35 years. It is estimated that there are the climate change discussion. It serves to inform GOAL: Maximize social and economic returns from the management and approximately 4800 youths in Tuvalu (2015). Forty- the citizenry of climate change impacts, risks and sustainable use of Tuvalu’s natural resources nine percent of them are unemployed according to responses. Perhaps more importantly is the subject MEYS. of climate change and its impacts taught as part A National Youth Policy (NYP) is in place but of a student’s general education curriculum. This funds needed to implement the policy are not yet serves to educate the next generation of Tuvaluans, available. The policy addresses how to resolve each including its future leaders, who, coming of age, key issues involving youth. Eighty percent of youth need to be exposed to the climate-related problems criminal offences are tobacco- and alcohol-related. and prospects they will inherit from today’s older Better enforcement of laws governing the purchase generation. and consumption of alcohol by minors or young Education has been the foundation of modern people is needed. To increase youth employment, social and economic development in Tuvalu. This MEYS encourages youth to start businesses or do will be no more apparent than the importance volunteer work that builds experience to launch of education in the fight against climate change their own business, or pursue another career. impacts, threats and risks, and finding solutions to Youth are encouraged to attend awareness each of these as future circumstances change and workshops on alcohol abuse and adult vocational the issues continue to evolve. employment training – either locally or abroad if TKII listed numerous and wide ranging natural • Increase revenue from fish licensing; and they have access to public or private funding. resource development objectives and strategies. • Formulate and implement a fisheries By 2015, nine had been achieved. Eleven development programme. A National Sports Policy (NSP) provides the remained incomplete but were in various stages of framework for the development of sports and implementation. Many had not yet begun. Of these, * As discussed elsewhere in TKIII, related initiatives, but adequate funding to examples include: A strategic plan for a domestic prospects for fish exports are limited: implement the Policy remains a bottleneck. fish export industry had yet to be developed*; and economic, logistical and other constraints Objectives and targets for TKIII include securing little or no support had been given to the private make the development of export-based new (and higher) sources of funding for sports sector to develop eco-tourism, or the tourism fisheries almost impossible. development; increasing sports participation rates; industry in general. healthier living through sports; development of national sports associations; and development of NAFICOT entered into joint ventures (JV) with FISHERIES more elite athletes (and teams) to participate at the two Asian fishing companies. Although these 8.1 Fisheries revenue international level. joint ventures generate revenue, recent average Fish licensing revenue has been progressively revenue from both is equal to only 6% of average rising in recent years, from A$8m in 2012 to over fish license revenue (≈A$900,000), and less than 2% A$31m in 2015, and remains Tuvalu’s biggest of total domestic revenue (2015). source of revenue. 2015 revenue is largely due to a Progress has also been made on the remaining combination of factors: fisheries-related objectives, and spin-off work in 1) Better international fisheries management these areas continue: through PNA, FFA and WCPFC, which has • A review of CFC management and operations to provided a stronger framework to negotiate reduce GOT subsidies, either through efficiency fisheries’ access agreements with foreign fishing gains, transfer to the Kaupule, privatization, or nations; closure; 2) El Nino conditions in 2013/14 and 2015/16, and • Operate NAFICOT under a joint-venture, with a more favourable US$/A$ exchange rates; and new management/business plan that targets 3) Possibly one-time late and(or) incomplete cost recovery; earlier payments.

40 41 TE KAKEEGA III TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

The Department of Fisheries (DOF) will continue Under TKIII, DOF will re-establish OI fishery The government is concluding the long process to and there is intense competition for observer to strengthen its specialist capacity to carry out development/management plans, including island- reform and relaunch NAFICOT, and, for the first time training courses and observer assignments. economic, legal and financial analysis to support specific guidelines on appropriate management in over a decade, heeding the requirements of the Programme expansion is planned, with the goal Tuvalu’s position in international negotiations. systems and identifying realistic, viable development Tuvalu Public Enterprises Act. The new NAFICOT of contracting at least 100 observers by 2018. To DOF has set an average internal revenue target opportunities. DOF is committed to helping the will run all GOT fishery joint ventures, including the prepare for expansion, a review and audit of the of $25 million by 2017, but recommends a more outer islands maintain their fishery resources, for two existing JVs, and perhaps place crew on foreign programme’s current management arrangements conservative estimate of $18-20 million per year for subsistence, food security, and, if possible, for cash fishing vessels (to be determined). will be undertaken in 2016 to improve management budget projections. DOF will continue to explore income and economic growth. procedures, and more effectively absorb future At present new JVs seem unlikely, partly due to the innovative ways of stabilizing and expanding its growth. revenue base, such as from vessel-day pooling Box 8.1 – Commercial and outer current low profitability of tuna fishing in the region. 8.5 WCPFC compliance, vessel arrangements and selling access rights to overseas island fisheries* In the present fisheries economic environment, JVs are high-risk forcing DOF to be conservative in its detection and prosecution fish processors. Fisheries development suffers from some deep- approach to JV negotiations. 8.2 Fisheries: institutional rooted natural disadvantages and constraints, Tuvalu has not yet achieved full compliance with strengthening, management, including, in the case of reef and lagoon resources, 8.3 Crewing on foreign fishing vessels WCPFC fishery management requirements, which hinges on two relatively minor issues: 1) failure to development an extremely small resource base, and highly DOF will continue to work with the Tuvalu Maritime achieve 5% observer coverage on Tuvalu-flagged sensitive ecosystems now under stress from Training Institute (TMTI) to establish training for DOF has pursued institutional strengthening since long-liners, and 2) late submission of annual reports development. Significant fishery development seamen to work on purse-seine vessels. A purse- 2012, with significant financial and technical support to the Commission. In 2015, DOF signed an MOU in Tuvalu has to rely on more abundant tuna seine net and power block has been installed at from New Zealand and the World Bank. As part of with the Fiji Department of Fisheries which will allow resources and other oceanic species. Other TMTI, two tutors have undergone overseas training, this effort, DOF adopted a new corporate plan and full compliance with the first, while improvements to disadvantages and constraints include, but are and a consultant engaged to develop training began departmental restructuring, starting in 2014. DOF’s reporting procedures will address the second. not limited to, a lack of:* materials and assist with running the first course. In the short-term, under TKIII, improvements to DOF DOF plans to achieve full compliance in 2016, • Domestic capital to finance relatively large- The purse-seine course was run twice in 2015, with will continue, including to its facilities (buildings, labs, and maintain compliance despite the continuous scale commercial projects; 25 participants in each. There is funding to run eight equipment, food hygiene testing), organizational introduction of new and increasingly rigorous • Domestic investors willing to commit finance courses in 2016 and after, resulting in about 250 systems (ICT, planning, budgeting, procedures), staff compliance requirements. DOF also plans to use to risky commercial ventures; Tuvaluan seamen qualified to work on purse-seiners. performance, and financial controls. aid funding to increase its capability to detect and • Effective means to transport fish; DOF will amend its fish licencing conditions to prosecute IUU fishing operations. In the 3-4 years to Outer island fisheries development beyond • Supporting infrastructure, including make hiring of Tuvaluan crews mandatory on 2015, IUU cases have been recurring in Tuvalu’s EEZ; subsistence is problematic, as it has been historically. comprehensive shore facilities and protected purse-seiners that operate in Tuvalu’s EEZ. DOF is two ended in prosecution and conviction for total Primary constraints have been small development anchorages; also working with local crew placement agencies fines of A$788.000. budgets, access to remote and very small island • Managerial expertise to successfully run a to find purse-seine jobs for TMTI graduates. Purse- markets, unreliable and irregular shipping, lack of commercial venture; 8.6 EU fishery compliance seine crews – up to 250 on multiple vessels – have equipment, poor equipment maintenance and • Skills and technology in a range of areas needed the potential to add upwards of A$2.5 million to In December 2014, EU authorities found Tuvalu did breakdowns, long delays (commonly months) to underpin a commercial export-oriented the Tuvalu economy through remittances, although not have the control systems in place to manage and awaiting spare parts, and so on (Box 8.1). fishery, including: fishing, processing, storage, short-term projections are much lower. monitor its EEZ. This classified Tuvalu as a possible and shore-based skills such as marketing, Efforts attempting to overcome these problems and non-cooperating country for illegal, unregulated accountancy, repairs and maintenance; constraints will be funded by donors and aid agencies, 8.4 Fishery observers and unreported (IUU) fishing. The EU issued Tuvalu • Difficulties in promoting commercial fisheries including the supply of technical assistance. For the DOF will continue to promote development of the a ‘yellow card’ – three other PICs have been issued development among all island communities present, private finance is not foreseen. GOT will national fishery observer programme, with support yellow cards – and failure to respond with remedial equally; and continue to cultivate these aid sources, and pursue from FFA and SPC for training and operational advice. action will result in a ‘red card’. This would prevent • Potential over-exploitation of fisheries new funding sources. The UNDP-funded NAPA II The programme has grown from less than ten local fish caught inside Tuvalu’s EEZ, or by Tuvalu vessels resources by the large Funafuti population. support vessel, MV Talamoana, will be used for basic observers contracted in 2012 to over 50 in mid-2015. fishing outside the EEZ, from entering the EU. (The * Partly adapted from Kakeega O Tuvalu: 1995 to 1998 fisheries work and fisheries extension services (some (A new intake in early-mid 2016 will increase the volume of unprocessed or processed tuna entering (GOT, 1995). of it indirectly related to climate change), which number to 70.) Observers, at sea for lengthy periods, the EU is unknown, but the volume is likely very includes outer island surveys of marine resource monitor catch, fishing operations, compliance with small, absolute terms and relative to other sources potential, administrative and fisheries development national laws, and WCPFC management measures. of tuna supply.) A red card listing could badly work, and fisheries management. Observers are well paid, by local income standards, undercut the value of access to Tuvalu’s fishery

42 43 TE KAKEEGA III TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 resources, and the interest of foreign companies 8.7 Fish product sanitary standards AGRICULTURE structure, Elisefou Ag Station performance, funding, who want to establish joint ventures. In 2015, DOF and staff needs, including new posts. GOT will set a Tuvalu lacks phytosanitary controls required for 8.9 Agricultural development submitted an action plan to the EU, which includes clear long-term policy for agricultural development; entry of Tuvalu fish products into the EU. (Fish enacting stronger fisheries legislation, updating Work started on most TKII priorities for agriculture, enact legislation – if needed; and strengthen the landed in Tuvalu cannot not be exported to the EU, the Tuna Management and Development Plan, and however progress has been uneven. Only the supply sector’s regulatory powers. GOT will find ways to but fish caught in Tuvalu waters and landed where addressing nine other items (Box 8.2). Removal of farm tools, adding Department of Agriculture increase land availability for food production, and phytosanitary controls meet EU requirements, can from the yellow card list is expected in 2016 or 2017. (DOA) extension officers, and sending agriculture develop new land-use plans for agriculture. GOT will be). The US is expected to adopt similar hygiene DOF will need to maintain and continually improve staff abroad for training have met with some success. also work toward securing more predictable sources controls in the near future. Starting in 2016, legislation its fishery management systems after that time to DOA focused its efforts on subsistence farming of funding – both domestic and external. on fish product hygiene standards, together with prevent re-listing in the future, and to address the through the provision of training, technology, inspections and controls, will be developed. For 8.11 Agricultural trade requirements of other markets (e.g., the U.S.) that are project funding and other resources. A lack of farm enforcement, an internationally certified hygiene adopting measures similar to the EU. credit and a host of other more intractable issues The Trade Policy Framework (TPF) designates authority will be established, though funding sources during the period of TKII, have been identified as agriculture for priority access to Aid for Trade for establishment including training, compliance Box 8.2 – Other EU compliance issues barriers to commercial agriculture development resources to develop value-added food processing enforcement, agreements with competent • Upgraded fisheries legislation, new fisheries (Box 8.3). and compliance standards for product exports to authorities in other countries so Tuvalu meets EU control systems, more active and aggressive regional markets. Examples of goods with domestic and other market standards is unknown. By 2018, Labour shortages in agriculture production remain fisheries enforcement to prevent IUU fishing and export market potential include: virgin oils; with aid funding and other support, GOT expects a problem, as is a lack of investment in the sector. are expensive, but necessary luxuries that coconut by-products, such as toddy; natural fibres; Tuvalu will have market compliant hygiene and With a national working-age unemployment rate of come at a cost that at present Tuvalu cannot biofuel for motor vehicles; bio-waste for livestock sanitary standards in place for fish products landed 40%, there is surplus labour available to put to work afford. This is a textbook diseconomy often and root crop production. or transshipped in Tuvalu, and for Tuvalu-flag vessels. in agricultural production. encountered by small states in general and 8.12 Organic Farming & small island states in particular. 8.8 Protection of coastal fisheries Box 8.3 – Agricultural constraints Marketing Authority • Higher imposed (and fixed) costs of doing Tuvalu is highly dependent on coastal fishery and challenges business cannot be passed onto the consumer, A possible new initiative, but not until DOA has resources to meet domestic needs and safeguard food In spite of TKIII’s focus on food security, improved but instead eats into fluctuating fish licensing been re-structured and re-established as a fully security. Evidence suggests that coastal marine life is nutrition (Section 4), and agriculture in general revenue, which – all else equal – is based on functioning government department, is an Organic being impacted by pollution, over-fishing and coastal (UN SDG 2), agriculture in Tuvalu faces a long tuna catch sizes, not market demand. Farming & Marketing Authority to organize and degradation, particularly around Funafuti. Septic tank list challenges that constrain prospects for • In the short- to medium-term these new increase farm production; train farmers in organic leakage and uncontrolled liquid sanitation waste has agricultural development much beyond present expenses will be met under the World Bank’s farming and conservation practices; set production created harmful and excessive nutrient loads in the levels. Long-standing supply-side constraints on Pacific Regional Oceanscape Project (PROP, targets for selected produce; and handle domestic Funafuti lagoon, and is likely the cause of Sargassum food production include: approx. A$11m), and the New Zealand-Tuvalu marketing and sale of local produce. seaweed overgrowth and chronic problems with • harsh climate; Fisheries Support Programme (NZ$1m) to ciguatera that began some time before 2010. DOF, • very poor soils; meet operational costs (oceanic and coastal LAND AND SEA with aid support from NZ and the World Bank, will • narrow product base with few options to widen fishery management, including higher tempo 8.13 Maritime boundaries and land use undertake a programme of water quality monitoring the base; EEZ patrols, radar satellite data); purse seine in 2016 and use this and other information to • land tenure systems that limit land availability; GOT has approved maritime boundary-lines with crew training (Section 8.3); and HRD capacity develop a plan to protect and rejuvenate coastal • labour intensive production restricted to small Kiribati, Fiji and France. Work was completed in 2014, building/training. Added to these efforts marine life, including fisheries. Any liquid pollution plots; and the Maritime Zones Act was amended. Tuvalu is NZ$4-5m for new shore-based fisheries response must fix current sewage disposal methods • poor inter-island transport links; will deposit the new boundary coordinates with infrastructure (offices, support facilities, etc). by installing new sewerage infrastructure. Costs are • dependence on imported agricultural inputs; UNDOALOS, as required by UNCLOS in early 2016, • In the longer-term GOT will have to absorb most currently unknown but will be high and well beyond and one of the first PICs to meet this requirement. of these costs and bear more of the financial the domestic resources currently available to GOT. • lack of infrastructure to support non-subsidised responsibilities for fisheries management, A Land-Use Management plan (LUM) has been DOF will also investigate other ecological issues agricultural development beyond subsistence. including the tougher, more costly regulations developed, but not implemented. Only rent affecting the health of coastal fisheries, including imposed by the EU and others, if EU fisheries assessment consultations have been conducted with monitoring of ciguatera fish poisoning, habitat aid and other aid sources are not available. 8.10 Staffing and funding the outer islands. Other LUM-related work, including degradation caused by coastal development, loss of GOT will address the non-functional performance on land use policies, will require government or coral cover, and the role of managed areas to improve of the DOA. Specific issues include: department external aid funding. fishery health.

44 45 TE KAKEEGA III TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

The Tuvalu Land Information System (TUVLIS) struggled in recent years to shoulder various once-ever set of opportunities for large-scale public 2012, with France (Wallis & Futuna) and New Zealand – a Geographic Information System (GIS) – was responsibilities that fell outside its mandate. and private land-use and redevelopment. (Tokelau). The extension claim, to extend the seabed completed in 2013. Information on TUVLIS is continental shelf, refers to a pocket of international A Minerals Unit has been established to oversee, The new Vaiaku waterfront property represents available free to the public, and is a valuable tool for waters (high seas) outside the eastern boundary of survey and analyze aggregates issues in Tuvalu, as similar opportunities, as well as coastal reinforcement government and other decision-makers, including Tuvalu’s EEZ, between Tuvalu, Wallis & Futuna and well as investigate matters pertaining to seabed against the effects of climate change and the use by the judiciary. Plans are underway to make Tokelau. After the initial submission in 2012, Tuvalu minerals (see Section 8.11). Foreshore aggregates impacts of rising sea levels. This land area, still being the database available to outer island users with is awaiting its turn to defend the joint submission. will be closely monitored with island Kaupule, established and the land form stabilised, will also be Internet access after system operator training has Further discussions with France and New Zealand on focusing on technical support for surveying subject to wide consultations and discussion before been completed. matters pertaining to the seabed subdivision will be foreshores and coastlines, including mapping areas land-use plans are finalized. subject to the successful outcome of Tuvalu’s joint Lands Court training will remain ongoing throughout of coastal erosion and accretion. The DLS corporate submission. TKIII, in collaboration with the Senior Magistrate’s plan and Minerals Unit will become operational in 8.16 Deep seabed minerals Office, AG’s Office, and Office of the People’s Lawyer. 2016. The potential discovery of sizeable deepsea mineral 8.18 Climate change and The goal is to improve the work of the Lands Courts 8.15 Landfill, reclamation deposits (manganese and cobalt) offer some long- natural resources and Lands Appeal Panel. term potential, if the resource base is economically and redevelopment Rising sea levels have affected, and will continue and technically recoverable. This will be determined to affect, Tuvalu’s coastlines – erosion, seawater Box 8.4 – Surveying and mapping Two major land developments began in 2015. One if mineral prices rise to a level that makes aggressive intrusion and inundation, loss of land, other The National Cadastral Surveying and Mapping is the long overdue infilling of the borrow pits on exploration and development attractive. At current damaging factors. Tuvalu’s natural geography is, (NCSM), completed in the mid-1980s, surveyed, Funafuti (New Zealand-funded), arguably the most prices, no such mineral deposits have been found. of course, not an asset in the fight against climate demarcated and mapped every land parcel in significant land development since independence. Survey work to-date have discovered some low change, but a severe liability to the country’s most Tuvalu, based on field work, land registers, land The other is the landfill project at the Vaiaku abundance and poor quality deposits of manganese immediate destructive threat, sea-level rise. A long lists, the general knowledge of landowners, and waterfront. Begun late in 2015, completion is nodules and cobalt-rich crusts at depths of 5,200- list of adaptation measures – useful applications in agreed boundary lines between neighbors. The expected in mid-2016 (government-funded). 6,000m and 1,900-2,800m, respectively, though most other geographic circumstances – are simply survey followed international survey standards neither are recoverable. The same has been found for Other land development projects are: 1) foreshore not part of Tuvalu’s climate change tool kit. Tuvalu is recognized by the UN. Once agreement was the crust-bearing potential of surveyed seamounts reclamation adjacent to the Taosoalima Falekaupule defined by coastline; it has no elevated geographic reached between adjoining landowners, a to-date. (Mineral concentrations – low with poor (Funafuti), with coral fill material obtained from interior, and its small, often extremely narrow land ‘peg’ was inserted by the Lands Committee and continuity [manganese]; poor crust coverage, low two islets, Funamanu and Papaelise, extending areas are subjected to tidal swamping, seawater the position of these pegs was surveyed and crust-bearing potential [cobalt] – are very similar the shoreline outward 6-8m into the lagoon and percolating through porous atoll and reef island recorded as coordinates in the local area land to that of other areas of the central Pacific Ocean.) extended about 200 in length; 2) the outer island’s geologic formations. This natural geohydrology grid. Unknown areas of Tuvalu’s EEZ will be the target of Harbours Project (donor-funded – possibly ADB, WB, makes immediate escape, as it were, and longer- If boundary marks (pegs) have moved, damaged future surveys, using external assistance – if available NZ); and 3) foreshore stabilisation on Nukufetau and term adaptation solutions problematic at best. or intentionally removed by a landowner (a Nanumea (government-funded). – as will the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone common practice), boundary marks can be (CCFZ), located in international waters and under The International Fund for Agricultural Development easily re-established using the cadastral map of The borrow pit project has reclaimed over 8 hectares the administrative jurisdiction of the International (IFAD), in “Climate Change Impacts – Pacific Islands”, the area, re- defined by a surveyor, or by other (ha) of land (0.08km2), now available for new Seabed Authority (ISA). has projected damages to water resources in means. The NCSM has been incorporated into housing, commercial development, left as green the region of $1 billion if average atmospheric The Tuvalu Seabed Minerals Act 2014 provides TUVLIS. A medium-term DLS priority is installing space, or mixed-use. temperatures increase by 2-4°C (even long-term the legislative framework to pursue potential new “Survey Control Marks” on each island, average temperature increases less than a 2°C are still The largest and most important parcel is the new developments in this area. GOT is in discussions linked with existing control marks, using GNSS likely to cause unpredictable disruptions to weather land at the northern end of Tengako islet, site of the with a deepsea mining company for sponsorships or GPS surveying, and other means. GOT funding patterns). As in other PICs, Tuvalu agriculture will Funafuti dump. This new land form – 2.8ha – extends (funding) and partnerships to explore the CCFZ. The has been allocated in 2016 (SDE) to initiate this be adversely affected, as will Tuvalu fisheries if, as from the end of the sealed roadway to nearly the new Minerals Unit within the DLS will oversee work project, which will likely run for several years. expected, tuna migratory patterns shift or the health end of the islet – about 150m short. Government will in this area (see Section 8.13). review the range of options to develop this land – of Pacific tuna stocks decline as a result of rising 8.14 Land and Survey staffing for housing, tourism, parks and recreation, or mixed- 8.17 Extended continental shelf average atmospheric and oceanic temperature increases. Following a departmental review, DLS has adopted use – and will work closely with the Kaupule and Tuvalu has requested it be allowed to extend its a new 5-year corporate plan, from 2016. The land owners before any firm plans are set on motion. continental shelf (Tuvalu Extended Continental plan is geared toward redefining the roles and This new land space offers significant development Shelf (TECS). This was jointly submitted to the UN in responsibilities DLS, and making those clear. DLS potential in any form, and conceivably represents a

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9. Infrastructure and Support Services The Master Plan directs GOT’s future development of Other actions in the energy sector include: renewable energy systems and the introduction of • Translate NDC policies into energy-related GOAL: Provide efficient, high quality infrastructure and support services measures for greater energy efficiency (EE), to achieve initiatives from 2016 forward. the twin goals of: • Identify implementation baselines to achieve areas where much as been accomplished – roads, civil 100% power production using renewable energy • 100% renewable energy consumption by 2025. aviation, waste management, power and energy (RE) – by 2020 (extended to 2025, see Section 1.5 on much still remains to be done. Current and future needs UNFCCC Nationally Determined Commitments – • Review 100% RE policy by 2020. set out in TKIII mimic in large part the infrastructure NDCs); and • Reduce fuel consumption in the transport sector by needs set out in the Plan. The Plan lists the following • increase energy efficiency, etc. on Funafuti by 30% increasing import tariffs on petrol/diesel-powered broad areas of development priority (in addition to the by 2020. vehicles, plus duty-free and other incentives to four above): Solar PV currently provides 27% of total electricity import hybrid/electric vehicles. • water and sanitation; generation (2016), and is expected to rise to 50% by • More aggressively explore use of RE sources e.g., • telecom (including ICT); 2018. grid-connected wind power. • other public works (incl. roads); Tuvalu cannot meet the 100% renewable energy target 9.3 Water and sanitation • other air transport (navaids, civil aviation regulations, for power production with solar PV only. A very broad regulations, domestic air services); & Under the five years of TKIII, water and sanitation projection is that solar will be able to meet 60-90% of • maritime (domestic and international shipping, development will be driven by Te Kumete, Tuvalu’s electricity demand. To fill the potentially wide energy harbor, ports, equipment). “Sustainable and Integrated Water and Sanitation deficit, other potential and proven technologies to Policy 2012-2021” (SIWSP), adopted by national * The Infrastructure Plan is being updated, funded by meet the 2025 target include: wind power (5-40%); consensus in 2012. Policy development was the ADB. biofuels (5-10)%; and energy efficiency, conservation coordinated by MPUI and the National Water and demand-side management of 30% of annual and Sanitation Steering Committee (NWSSC), 9.2 Sustainable energy Funafuti electricity demand. in collaboration with Tuvalu’s Integrated Water In 2008, GOT announced its goal of using renewable Resources Management (IWRM) and Tuvalu Pacific energy to meet 100% of its power generation by 2020 Box 9.1 – Samoa Pathway: Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) programmes. Sustainable energy – this excludes energy consumption in the transport sector. In 2009, Tuvalu launched its National Energy The Samoa Pathway, consistent with SDG Goal 7 Box 9.2 – Samoa Pathway: Policy (NEP), with a 15-year framework to 2024. The NEP for energy production and consumption, focuses Water and sanitation has seven strategic areas: energy planning, coordination on eight key SIDS-related areas that underpin TKIII TKIII efforts in water and sanitation are consistent and management; petroleum; transport; electricity; (summarized here): with SDG Goal 6 and the Samoa Pathway, which renewable energy; conservation and efficiency; and • Strategies/targets for EE, use of sustainable supports efforts to: environment. The NEP aims to reinforce energy security energy systems, in particular RE sources (solar, • Provide facilities and infrastructure for safe by aggressively adopting sustainable energy systems, wind, hydro, biomass, biofuel, etc.). drinking water and sanitation systems; such as expanding the use of renewable energy (RE), • Financing mechanisms for and investment in • Use desalination technology if economically and 9.1 Overview and diversifying the energy supply mix. RE and EE; energy conservation; HRD, public environmentally workable; In 2012, GOT adopted the “Renewable Energy Master education and awareness. • Expansion of wastewater treatment, recycling TKII identified 22 priorities and strategies for Plan (Te Polani mo Enetise Tutumau)”, now formally • International collaboration on: energy access; and reuse; and infrastructure and support services. By 2015 nine known as “Enetise Tutumau 2012–2020: Master Plan for integration with regional and international • Promote water conservation. had been met and thirteen had not. In 2012, the the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Tuvalu”. energy markets; use of local sources of energy; government published the “Tuvalu Infrastructure The Master Plan is built on the NEP (2009), TKII, and now and joint energy infrastructure development. Like many PICs, Tuvalu faces population pressure, and Investment Plan”, funded by New Zealand.* The underpins TKIII. A main goal of TKIII is greater energy • Support for ambitious RE and EE targets; limited water catchment/resources and storage Plan, which covers the period ending in 2022-24, security, chiefly through the continued introduction of diversification of energy systems; financing and capacity, temporary secondary water resources, and is comprehensive and much of it remains relevant. renewable energy (RE) systems – mostly, but not limited technology access. poor sanitation infrastructure. Limited institutional It was prepared after exhaustive consultations to, solar PV – for power generation, consistent with Te • Access environmentally sound technologies (e.g., capacity, thinly spread human resources, and irregular throughout GOT. The Plan lists needs and analyzes the Kaniva (Climate Change Policy 2012). clean fossil fuel and smart-grid technology; best funding sources further challenge Tuvalu’s ability to entire scope of infrastructure requirements in Tuvalu, practices; energy databases; technical studies, etc. effectively respond to water and sanitation issues. including investment needs and financing. Even in Boxes 9.2 and 9.3 describe the broad challenges.

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Box 9.3 – Climate and water supply Box 9.4 – National Water More public and private water catchment and storage Box 9.5 – Improving internet challenges and Sanitation Policy is needed on Funafuti, to meet rising water demand, and mobile services to plan for future demand, and to be better able to Compounding normal water-related challenges SIWSP was a response to the 2011 drought, the cope with droughts or periods of low rainfall, which Modern economies and societies are now built on are the impacts of climate variability and climate worst water crisis in the country’s history. The aim of can last 3-6 months or longer in duration. Wi-Fi, mobile telecommunications and the internet. change, which has been well documented. Tuvalu’s the Policy is safe, reliable, affordable access to water Tuvalu cannot be left behind any longer. Routine, preventative maintenance of water vulnerability was dramatically illustrated in 1999 and sanitation. The Policy, which remains current, Tuvalu’s history of telecommunications and internet desalination plants and public catchment and storage and 2011, when the country entered prolonged drew on TKII policy, priorities and strategies (now services – however far it has advanced in recent facilities is typically lacking, and will be upgraded periods of drought, and states of emergency were superseded by TKIII); regional and international years – is one of poor service and unprofitability. under TKIII through annual budget appropriations declared. Drinking water ran dangerously low or frameworks, such as the Pacific Plan, the Pacific These two things are holding back development and external aid. ran out in some communities, requiring large-scale Regional Action Plan on Sustainable Water of the sector and denying the paying public the emergency assistance from Australia, New Zealand, Management (PRAPSWM); and the UN’s Millennium 9.4 Telecom and internet services quality services they want and need. The former – and other donors. Development Goals (MDG), now superseded by the poor service – can be easily fixed, while the latter GOT recognizes that domestic and international High year-to-year variability in rainfall is mostly due UN’s Sustainable Development Goals through 2030 – unprofitability – is unlikely to change in the telecommunications services need to be upgraded to the impact of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (Annex 14). foreseeable future, but can be overcome through to keep pace with rapidly changing technology and (ENSO). This is a natural climate pattern that occurs The SIWSP also complements other national immediate, direct and affordable government common services now available to users around across the tropical Pacific Ocean, and it occurs in frameworks, including Te Kaniva (National Climate subsidy. Any additional technical assistance the world, in particular and especially the vast array two extreme phases: El Nino and La Nina, and a third Change Policy); Strategic National Action Plans required can be provided by aid, and, as part of of low-cost mobile communication and internet neutral phase. El Nino events tend to bring wetter, (SNAP); National Biodiversity Strategy and Action service contracts, with offshore telecom/IT service services, including ramping up affordability, access warmer conditions than normal, while La Nina Plan (NBSAP); the National Action Plan to Combat providers, targeting large multinational firms. speeds, service stability and reliability. usually brings drier, cooler than normal conditions. Land Degradation and Drought (NAPCLDD); and Such vision and initiative is at the forefront of TKIII. Both result from ocean temperature variability. the National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA). The no. 1 priority of TKIII in this area is providing low-cost or free, stable, high-speed Wi-Fi internet Policy development was a bottom-up process, To implement GOT’s historic initiative to provide low- Clearly, the challenges facing Tuvalu are significant. access nationwide, through mobile devices (phones, developed through nation-wide consultations cost, or free nationwide Wi-Fi coverage and internet However, Tuvalu is making steady progress in the tablets, etc.) and every connected computer (laptop, with all eight islands, as well as the eight island access will be financed by immediate government management of its water resources through applying desktop, etc.). This can be done using commercial communities in Funafuti, culminating in a National investment and permanent subsidy. The economic Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and and consumer, off-the-shelf hardware and software Water Forum held in September 2011. and social benefits of the initiative far outweigh the traditional water management methods. The IWRM technology, and erecting the necessary Wi-Fi The SIWSP, which has five guiding principles costs, as has been repeatedly shown around the approach acknowledges that water is everybody’s infrastructure. There are only two issues that have covering water access, roles, responsibilities, world where governments face similar situations as business, from individuals to the community to prevented this from happening in the past: financing services, risk, and water management, is built Tuvalu, where infrastructure costs are high and capital government, and it is on this basis that the WSP was and government will. on the Vision and Mission below (excepted), See returns are low. This has not stopped forward thinking developed (Box 9.4). SIWSP for detailed goals, plans and strategies for Under TKIII, GOT will provide both, launching a major governments from making the necessary investments, implementation. These will guide TKIII through initiative immediately targeting low-cost or free and financing whatever subsidies are required. (This is most of its implementation. nationwide Wi-Fi coverage by the end of 2017 – if not true throughout the developed world in virtually every Vision: Atafai ki vai mo tou ola! sooner. GOT recognizes that such an initiative is long major public utility sector, from telecommunications (Save water to sustain life!) overdue. The well-known benefits of such an initiative to rural electrification, where capital investment is span across nearly every strategic area of TKIII: the required to extend services to unprofitable areas, a Mission: By 2021, Tuvalu will have a safe, reliable, economy, education, health, private sector (business situation analogous to Tuvalu.) affordable and sustainable water supply; and development), government and governance, society, access to improved sanitation systems (incl. eco- Current telecom connectivity is satellite-based. falekaupule and island development. sanitation). Although this is relatively expensive, it is the only option for the foreseeable future. This is not a barrier to improving the spectrum of telecommunication services, it is only a matter of investing in the satellite bandwidth and required technical infrastructure. Such bandwidth and infrastructure has not been obtained with sufficient medium- to long-range planning horizons to meet rapid (possibly unexpected) demand growth.

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Tuvalu can no longer wait for alternative enforcement agency. The resulting improvements Spillover effects from higher outer island tourist 9.7 Maritime services telecommunications links to emerge, such as trans- to existing and new infrastructure will include arrivals – assuming tourist arrivals could be The outer islands need boat harbors and related Pacific submarine fibre-optic cables. This option climate proofing structures as committed under created out of a thus far undeveloped Funafuti- facilities. The islands most in need are: Niutao, will be pursued when it becomes a realistic option, the Paris climate change agreement (PA). The based tourism industry – would stimulate the Nanumaga, Nui and Nukulaelae. but not at the expense of not radically upgrading importance of adopting and enforcing a building development of new (or upgraded) accommodation existing satellite services to serve the present code as a key pillar of measures to mitigate and and the supply of goods and support services. Boat harbours and facilities are needed to: Tuvalu market. adapt to the effects of climate change and related • improve travel safety; natural disasters cannot be over-emphasised. As Box 9.6 – International air services GOT will also explore liberalizing elements of • faster and safer cargo handling (offloading and always, significant funding will be needed to train and “open skies” telecommunications, allowing overseas companies loading); building inspectors and enforce building code A larger international airport landing bigger into the sector. A project by the World Bank and • handling a greater range of cargo; regulations – to be funded by GOT, external aid, or aircraft, if demand could be created, would New Zealand is under discussion to fund an • handling larger cargo loads; and both. allow exports via airfreight of fish and other analytical study of the entire telecom sector, but • improving shipping services overall. high-value products, improving Tuvalu’s balance this will not delay the government taking action The building code will be integrated into the of trade if export product industries could be The experience of Vaitupu attests to the above- now to fund major upgrades in mobile and internet updated TISIP for long term infrastructure planning developed. A competitive aviation market might listed gains, of course, and suggests that boat services already being provided. If the Ministry and development. The new building code will help stimulate such demand, but only after harbors pull in economic activities not otherwise of Communication and Transport (MCT) and TTC be adopted in stages – as implementation funds careful examination of the lessons learned after present in the absence of a boat harbor and cannot secure and manage these upgrades without permit – beginning with public infrastructure and GOT introduced air service competition (“open- attendant port facilities. technical assistance, GOT will fund whatever progressing to other sectors of building and facility skies”) in the mid-2000s that accelerated the expertise and manpower that is required as part infrastructure, including residential housing (both At present inter-island shipping is well serviced by bankruptcy of Air Fiji, and the loss of Tuvalu’s of the overall service upgrade, and to maintain public and private). MV Manu Folau, MV Nivea II and the recent arrival majority Air Fiji shareholding and multi-million upgraded services. of the MV Nivea III, with cargo shipping soon to be 9.6 Air services dollar investment. augmented by the arrival of a large second-hand 9.5 Public works A carry over from TKII, GOT will assess options to landing craft, recently purchased by GOT. Amphibious air services, like the one that operated PWD’s core responsibilities are: (i) development reinstate domestic air services, which ended in in Tuvalu in the early 1980s (ending in 1983), proved of capital (public) infrastructure; (ii) delivery of the early 1980s. The feasibility and need for a new, Box 9.7 – Passenger travel its technical viability, and its social and welfare capital works; (iii) delivery of water and sanitation larger international airport will also be assessed, as With the arrival of the landing craft for general benefits, but was not commercially viable and services (see Section 9.3); and (iv) operation and will an “open skies” policy. cargo, all large cargoes not easily transported required large aid subsidies to operate. But it was maintenance of all public infrastructure. on either of the three multi-purpose interisland In theory, better domestic and international airport less expensive than any comparable land-based vessels (e.g., Nivea III), or cargoes that can only A review was undertaken in 2015 to improve these infrastructure and airport services could have domestic air service at the time that would have be shipped via landing craft such as bulk raw core responsibilities. GOT has adopted the review’s multiplier effects on the economy, as a result of required the construction of outer island airfields. materials, items too large for conventional recommendations that address PWD restructuring, higher tourist arrivals – that is, if a tourism industry That cost trade-off remains true today. Land-based shipping, and materials for large-scale staff requirements in the technical, professional can be developed, the demand for expanded air aircraft would have higher upfront capital costs construction works, can now be handled. and management ranks, and to outsource certain services will follow in lock-step – and incremental (airfield construction, support facilities, etc.), and skilled trades. Plans are underway to implement demand growth for tourist accommodation, require large land areas for airstrips on islands with The only remaining type of vessel currently in these recommendations. dining, transportation, tourism services (presently very limited land space to start with. need is a fast passenger-only vessel, with no non-existent), cultural attractions, employment cargo capacity except personal effects (luggage, GOT has struggled for several decades to adopt Tuvalu’s currently limited air services could be generally, higher wages, and other goods and etc.), to move people between the islands. a uniform building code. Draft building codes significantly improved. “Open skies” is one option services. Affordable, domestic air services will allow have been on the books, but never enforced, and (with the caveat pointed out in Box 9.6) to lower much greater movement of people, goods and Other inter-island sea transport is provided by legislation has not been enacted to formalize a travel costs, and increase passenger traffic and services inter-island, creating its own economic the Police Patrol Boat, HMS Te Mataili, for urgent national building code and associated building cargo payload availability. MCT will commission and social multiplier effects. Both tourism-related needs, such as medical emergencies, and the newly regulations. a study to investigate the full range of options and general domestic air travel, and the business acquired vessel, MV Talamoana, for climate-related described here for improving domestic and GOT is moving closer to enacting building code it might generate could ultimately offer new work, but will stand in for interisland passenger international air services, including the viability of legislation, adopting strict building regulations, and incentives to possibly stem emigration of more travel and light shipping on an as needed basis. constructing a new international airfield (including enforcing those regulations, with the Public Works skilled segments of the labour force. With the Nivea III entering service in December the full range of supporting airport infrastructure), Department acting as the principal inspection and 2015, it should help relieve some of the inter-island and new airfields in the outer islands. cargo and passenger traffic congestion.

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9.8 Outer island infrastructure Throughout the period of TKIII, the government will 10. Environment continue to explore ways to: Outer islands civil infrastructure needs to be • move public corporations to closer to profitability; GOAL: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems; upgraded, including paving roads (tar or concrete halt and reverse land degradation; protect and prevent biodiversity loss sealing); increasing public water catchment and • eliminate/reduce government/aid subsidies; storage; and general rehabilitation, upgrade, aim for at least cost-recovery plus CSO subsidies; and(or) expansion of all public buildings and public • improve the management of public corporations; works. and • improve the oversight of public corporations by GOT will explore building a new high school on the responsible ministries, which is poor. Nanumea to cater for an increasing number of projected students entering the education system The government will more explicitly define CSO at the high school level. costs, and how they are calculated for more transparent and reliable annual budgetary 9.9 Corporatisation, public subsidies, appropriations. and management The Public Enterprise Review and Monitoring Unit Under TKII, GOT planned to corporatize or privatize (PERMU), formerly the Public Enterprise Reform a number of government services. Some movement Management Unit pre-2015, was set up seven was achieved on the former, and none on the latter. years ago to assist government to reform public As discussed in Section 6 and in this section above, corporations, including holding them to strict six of the eight public (statutory) corporations – compliance with accounts, management and excluding NBT and TNPF – have been poor financial operations. PERMU has suffered from high staff performers, historically unprofitable and highly turnover, has never been fully staffed, and never GOT is aware that economic and social development Box 10.1 – Samoa Pathway: Biodiversity unlikely to become profitable because of Tuvalu’s fulfilled its broad mandate, or that of the ADB, can impose high costs on the environment. The Samoa Pathway, as does TKIII, supports small, fragmented, high-cost markets serviced which set it up. In 2016, MFED will review the work Development policies in general attempt to guard efforts to: by public corporations. Public corporations of PERMU to gauge its need, usefulness and impact. against incurring high environmental costs, initiate Conserve biological diversity. (again, excluding NBT/TNPF) require government remedial measures that repair past environmental • 9.10 Climate change and infrastructure Access financial and technical resources for the subsidies to remain in operation, to provide damage, and protect the existing natural • conservation and management of biodiversity. essential economic and social services (power, New infrastructure and better service support environment. But policies by themselves only Ratify and implement the UN CBD’s Nagoya telecommunication, etc.). Part subsidy, GOT will, by definition, play central roles in combating do so much and financial and other government • Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and also funds Community Social Obligations (CSO), the effects of climate change. GOT commits resources are limited. Having said that, initiatives the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits which are unprofitable services as required by to embarking on aggressive climate change to address both current and future environmental Arising from Their Utilization to the CBD. government and provided by public corporations. adaptation measures, as permitted by available concerns – ecosystem harm in general, land Address land degradation and drought funding. Such measures include: degradation, loss of biodiversity (Box 10.1) – and • challenges, in respect of food security and guard the general health of the nation’s natural • enacting and enforcing strict building codes; nutrition, soil resources, adaptation to climate assets is a central platform of TKIII, which links with • upgrading existing civil infrastructure; change, protection of biodiversity and UN SDG 15. • new, climate-proofed civil infrastructure; resilience to natural disasters. • coastal works that protect foreshores, for • Slow, halt and reverse deforestation and forest example, land reclamation, revetments to hold degradation. back sandbanks, offshore breakwaters; and • Pursue financing for forest management • other heavy works to, similarly, prevent erosion, policies that improve the state of biological permanent loss of shoreline, coastal damage diversity, and conserve and safeguard forest from rising sea levels, prolonged seawater ecosystems. inundation, and more frequent wave wash-over that damages life and property.

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10.1 Background and awareness a major success, based on principles of sustainable 10.2 Threats to the environment 10.4 CO2 emissions stewardship. It will be replicated throughout Tuvalu By way of background, in recent years Tuvalu has Climate change presents the biggest environmental Tuvalu produced 10.3 Gg (Gigagrams) of CO2 in under TKIII, pending availability of funding and made some progress in crafting and implementing challenge that Tuvalu must face. Development 2004. Although current emissions have not been other resources. polices which focus on environmental protection decisions are being influenced by threats posed by estimated, informal projections suggest emissions and management. The Review of Environmental There is a growing environmental awareness in climate change – sea level rise being the number grew to 13 Gg by 2013, assuming some reductions Education was published in 1992, the State of Tuvalu that TKIII will build on. This a direct result one threat – and have been for some time. Though from renewable energy (RE) use. At best RE would the Environment Report was published in 1993, of national (and local) government intervention in direct and indirect impacts from climate change have slowed CO2 emissions growth from power and the Environmental Legislation Review was recent years. Such awareness raising is essential to pose no greater threat than they do against generation, but had no impact on emissions published in 1994, all fed into the Tuvalu National improving environmental management, including the natural environment itself, environmental from transportation. Since 2013 the use of grid- Environmental Management Strategy (NEMS), that of coastal zones, EIAs, enacting legislation, and protection faces other important challenges as connected renewable energy has increased (solar which was published in 1997. Because it laid local responses to climate change, the prospect of well. PV), both on Funafuti and three outer islands the foundation, NEMS initiated the evolution of sea level rise, and other environment issues. (Nukulaelae, Nukufetau, Nui). As of 2016 the use (Tuvalu’s response to climate change and its GOT’s environmental policy and action on the of renewable energy has reduced CO2 emissions impacts are addressed in Section 1, and more environment. Recent and important environment- Box 10.2 – Responses to environmental by perhaps 10-15%, from power generation only, broadly in each of TKIII’s other strategic areas.) related legislation – perhaps the most important – protection slowing CO2 emission growth but not yet reversing is: Environment Act 20007 and Waste Management Atoll coastlines are inherently fragile, naturally 10.3 Integrating sustainability into it, mainly as a result of increasing CO2 emissions and Services Act 2009, and their related regulations. dynamic, and sensitive to interference of any environmental policy from a rapidly growing transport sector and kind. But near-shore areas in Tuvalu are often continued growth in electricity demand. Systematic waste management efforts began Integrating principles of sustainability into the site of intense human activity, which can in 1999, under an Australia-funded waste environmental policy is a first step toward reversing harm the natural coastline. To forestall man- 10.5 Environment conventions project and continued under the EU-funded 8th unsustainable environmental resource losses (MDG made interference, elements of the coastal zone and treaties and 9th European Development Funds (EDF), Goal 7, Target 7A). The successor to the MDGs, the management in Tuvalu will include: Tuvalu is a party to most conventions and treaties culminating in the 10th EDF, which had a major UN SDGs broadens the environment discussion • renewing setback guidelines for buildings, that deal with environmental issues, including, for waste and sanitation component to deal with found in SDG 6 (water and sanitation: see Section including geo-technical investigations for example, the UN Convention on Biological Diversity solid waste reduction, municipal waste collection 5 and 9), SDG 13 (climate change: Section 1), large structures; (CBD), the Vienna Convention on ozone depletion, and management, liquid waste disposal, metal planting vegetation close to shorelines (on- SDG 14 (ocean and seas: Section 12), and SDG 15 • the subsequent Montreal Protocol (1987) and collection and recycling, hazardous medical waste, going); (terrestrial ecosystems: this Section). amendments; the UN Framework Convention on and green waste. Waste management in Funafuti • protecting existing shoreline vegetation (on- The Department of Environment (DOE) manages Climate Change UNFCCC); and so on (Box 10.2). (and on a lesser scale the outer islands) has vastly going); the integration of environmental sustainability improved in the last fifteen years, but much more • requiring EIA’s for all large public and private Some conventions and treaties have direct into national as well as sector policies. The National needs to be done. works projects (on-going); relevance to Tuvalu (CBD, FCCC), while others are Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA) and Te Kaniva • limiting or forbidding extraction of raw less relevant, such as the Convention to Combat The Funafuti Conservation Area (FCA), legislated building materials from shorelines (on-going, direct GOT departments and agencies, and NGOs Desertification or the Vienna Convention. (For by the Conservation Area Act of 1998, is a marine most sand and aggregate is now imported active in environmental work. A Tuvalu Survival example, Tuvalu does not produce ozone depleting and terrestrial wildlife sanctuary on the western from Fiji by government decree); Fund (TSF) was established to finance climate substances – ODS, but imports them. Under Art. side of the Funafuti lagoon, and contains the • construction of seawalls (as needed); and change investments in mitigation and adaptation, 5 of the Montreal Protocol, Tuvalu can access the richest coral reef ecosystem in the Funafuti lagoon • land reclamation where it’s feasible (on-going). and recovery from natural disasters. Global funds Local defensive strategies to climate change Protocol’s Multilateral Fund to comply with its (fish, coral, etc.). Despite their small size, the islets available for environmental and green investments and sea level rise include: obligations, which includes freezing the import of of the Conservation Area contain significant (see Section 1 and elsewhere) are available from • increasing fresh water storage (on-going); bulk substances at the maximum level of 0.328 ODS biodiversity richness. About 40% of the total area the Green Climate Fund (GCF), Adaptation Fund • seawall construction; tonnes from 1 July 1999. Import data indicate that of threatened broadleaf forest of the atoll is found (AF) and the Global Environment Fund (GEF) • introducing more stringent building codes Tuvalu has met its obligation under the Montreal on the islets within the FCA, plus 24 species of accessible through the Ministry of Finance. There (difficult considering local building customs, Protocol.) sea, shore and land birds, coconut crabs, turtles, the regulatory oversight involved, and is GOT funding for climate-related programs giant clams, etc. The FCA conserves marine and enforcement cost – see Section 9.5); for departments with responsibilities under the terrestrial biodiversity, and has led to a renewal of • increasing community awareness (on-going); umbrella of climate change. (Annual GOT funding is marine life, terrestrial animal and bird populations, and appropriated as Special Development Expenditures not just in the Conservation Area but exported • monitoring sea levels (on-going, see above). (SDE), or from TSF.) outside the FCA boundaries. This project has been

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Box 10.3 – Environment conventions, treaties, other instruments PV with some prospects for wind power and biofuels. useful land on Funafuti, primarily on Fogafale islet, but Tuvalu has ratified numerous environment-related international and regional commitments, and remains Tuvalu’s goal of increasing RE penetration in the power including the infilling of the largest borrow pit at the in general compliance with the spirit of such commitments. sector will continue well beyond 2020, with a current northern end of Tengako islet. Over time some tree target date of 2025 for maximum RE penetration (see cover will return to these areas, previously barren of • Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (the the NDC discussion in Section 1.5 and elsewhere). trees and vegetation. “London Convention”), 1972. • United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982. 10.7 Ocean fish stocks 10.9 Sea level rise • All IMO conventions and protocols relating to the prevention of pollution from ships, 1973-present. Distant water fishing nations (DWFN) operate in The prospect of sea level rise is a profound existential • Parties to the Nauru Agreement (‘Nauru Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Management of Tuvalu’s EEZ under annual licenses issued to them threat, facing not only Tuvalu but other atoll nations Fisheries of Common Interest’), 1982. for a fee. Income from fishing licenses is the biggest (Kiribtai, Maldives, Marshalls, Tokelau), and all low- • South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty (‘Rarotonga Treaty’), 1985. recurrent revenue item in GOT’s annual budget, in lying areas around the world. The United Nations’ • Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985. recent years between A$10m to just over A$32m Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), • Convention for the Protection of Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific Region and (2012-15). many other international agencies, and broad Related Protocols (SPREP), 1986. scientific consensus believe that man-induced climate To manage oceanic fish stocks, Tuvalu is a party to United States Multilateral Fisheries Treaty, 1987 (as amended). change is real and sea-levels are rising. In Tuvalu sea- the Nauru Agreement, the FSM Agreement 1997, • Montreal Protocol for the Vienna Convention, 1987. level rise is happening and its impacts are changing the US Multilateral Fisheries Treaty that aim to stop • Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, people’s way of life. 1989. overfishing, restore depleted resources and ensure • Convention on the Prohibition of Fishing with Long Drift Nets in the South Pacific, 1989 their sustainable use. Tuvalu is also a member of the Tuvalu leaders have been unanimous in their Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) and the Western and • London Amendment to the Vienna Convention, 1990. campaign to fight against the prospects of climate Central Pacific Fishing Commission (WCPFC). • Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992. change and sea-level rise, and the root cause. GOT will take the fight to the next level, recently declaring • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992. 10.8 Forest cover that Tuvaluans will not lie down and become • United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992. The proportion of land area covered by forest in environmental refugees; they will stay in Tuvalu and • Copenhagen Amendment to the Vienna Convention, 1992. Tuvalu declined from 43% in 2000 to 33.3% in 2005 build whatever protection is required to combat rising • Niue Treaty in Fisheries Surveillance and Law Enforcement, 1993. (according to SPC data). Although no recent estimates sea levels, the central theme of the National Summit • UN Chemical Weapons Convention, 1993 are available, there is some evidence to suggest that in November 2015, which underpins TKIII. • United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, 1994. forest cover has rebounded since 2005. Primary Sea levels are monitored with equipment installed • Convention to Ban the Importation into Forum Island Countries of Hazardous and Radioactive Waste causes of lost forest cover include land clearance by Geoscience Australia and SOPAC in Funafuti. Sea and to Control the Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Waste within the South for construction, erosion and saltwater infiltration Pacific Region (Waigani Convention), 1995. levels are trending upward, adjusted for inverted (according to the TNBSAP 2010 report). FAO’s Global Amendment to the Basel Convention, 1995. barometric pressure effects, by +4.77mm per year to- • Forest Resource Assessment Report (2010) for Tuvalu date. A foreshore erosion study conducted by Japan in • Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, 1997. noted that there was about 1,000 hectares under 2010 led to the project, Eco-Technical Management of • Basel Protocol on Liability and Compensation for Damage to the Basel Convention, 1999. forest cover and some 10 hectares of this had been Tuvalu against Sea Level Rise. This project 1) assessed • Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the CBD, 2000. lost between 1990 and 2005. Several islets and large ecosystems and the effects coastal erosion, and • Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), 2001. pieces of land were also lost as a result of Cyclone Pam the protection/rehabilitation of damaged areas; 2) • Convention on the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and in 2015. Central Pacific (the ‘Tuna Convention’), 2004. developed plans for sustainable measures to prevent • Paris Agreement to the UNFCCC, Apr. 2016. By 2013 some forest area had started to recover coastal erosion and implement coastal protection; due to several tree planting initiatives including the and 3) looked at strengthening the capacity of Community Tree Care Project, the TANGO Forest 10.6 National Committee for the institutions and island communities to better manage Management Plan 2007, and the Tuvalu Overview Compliance Action Plan reduce the consumption of petroleum products by coastal areas. These initiatives will continue, and be 2020 as far as investment in renewable energy (RE) Project 2007 that planted seashore mangroves in further developed, under TKIII. In existence since 1999, this Committee oversees the and practicality will permit, and dependent upon the Funafuti. Also women’s organizations in the outer implementation of the National Compliance Action speed at which aid funding is made available. The islands have been active tree planters. In 2015, Plan (NCAP). Several targets set out in the plan, in reduction target also applies only to the power sector Funafuti’s wartime “borrow pits” were filled in by an particular phasing out the use of petroleum products – not transport – switching electricity generation NZ-funded project, which has up to 7.2 hectares of by 2020, has surprised some countries. The goal is to from diesel-based to renewable-based, mainly solar

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11. Migration and Urbanisation Box 11.1 – Tuvalu Population Policy Goal 2 Box 11.2 – Tuvalu Population Policy Goal 3 Policy Goal No. 2: Retain population in outer Develop an urban environment. islands and create a more balanced age structure. GOAL: Mitigate the adverse impacts of internal migration and urbanisation; • Strategies to achieve policy goal no. 3: Develop Strategies to achieve policy goal no. 2: capitalise on opportunities offered by migration and urbanisation an urban management plan for Funafuti, • Improve all types of infrastructure in the OIs, including a system of land zoning; including power, water, shipping, housing for teachers and nurses, etc.; • Review, finalise and implement/enforce a • Improve the delivery of basic social services; national building code [see Section 9.5]; • Facilitate the development of private businesses • Design and implement a recycling scheme for (including the provision of microcredit); reusable waste (plastics, metal, paper, etc.); and • Make OIs more attractive for youth by giving • Strengthen environmental health programmes them a greater decision-making role and expand (water quality, sanitation, food safety, vector recreational/other facilities; and control) [see Sections 5.7, 8, 9.3 and 10]. • Explore the possibility of introducing a “managed migration scheme” on OIs [unrealistic; not explored]. Land reclamation from the Funafuti lagoon is one solution to the twin problem of limited land 11.2 Urban population growth and population density, building up is another. Other population-related problems on Funafuti Urbanization presents a number of social, economic are solvable, but will require substantially higher and environmental challenges. Each are the funding investment than is available at present. responsibility of the national government, the The flip side of urbanization is the depopulation of TKIII links with SDG 11 and its relevant targets, Economic and commercial investment in Funafuti Falekaupule (local government), and the the outer islands, especially of working-age adults, in broad reference to human settlements, distant outer regions of other PICs is often Funafuti community itself. which deprives them of critical manpower for urbanization, and environmental impacts that seen as opportunities to earn money to pay for Funafuti Atoll has become increasingly urbanised day-to-day employment and island development. relate to Tuvalu’s unique circumstances. internal relocation and emigration. Developing over the last 25 years and is under severe population Depending upon the circumstances of each outer Tuvalu’s outer islands, to increase local economic 11.1 The nature of internal pressure. The 2012 census found that 57% of the island and its functional needs for administration, opportunity and stem internal migration, poses the (and external) migration country’s population now live on Funafuti, compared management, service provision, and economic same set of challenges as those of 20 years ago. to 47% in 2002. The population density, just over What is driving internal migration in Tuvalu is expansion and development, there is a population Still, GOT remains committed to outer island 1,600 in 2002, is over 2,220 people/km2 in 2012 – similar to forces operating in neighboring Pacific threshold below which catering for these needs development, believing that life and opportunity and increasing. Fogafale islet, the 1.43 km2 seat of island countries, in particular the Cook Islands, become increasingly difficult the smaller the can be improved if the right incentives, and the government where over 98% of Funafuti residents Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Samoa and Tonga: population. physical and socioeconomic infrastructure, are in live (the other inhabited islets are Tegako, Amatuku, people move from the outer islands (or country- 11.3 International migration place. This objective is derived in part from a stated Mulitefala and Funafala), population density rises to side) to urban centers, and some move onward GOT policy on climate change (see Section 1, 9, 4,225/km2. More people emigrate from Tuvalu each year to other countries, in search of paid work, new and 10): Tuvaluans will stay in Tuvalu come what than arrive to reside permanently. Only in 2006, opportunities and lifestyles. Decentralisation Many social, economic and environmental problems may. during the repatriation of Tuvaluans from Nauru, of services and the devolution of power and that result from such a high population density, including dependents and sponsored immigrants, government administration to local island councils Under TKIII, the government will put its weight coupled with the difficulties they present for when some 600 people exceeded the outflow of have been tried in each of these countries. Tuvalu – behind building, improving and upgrading OI government, create a less than ideal urban landscape. emigrants. Aggregate migration between 2002 through the Falekaupule Act 1998 – is no exception: infrastructure, as recommended in the National Shortages of water catchment and storage, causing and 2015, excluding 2006, has seen a net outflow. The investment returns, in terms of increasing Population Policy 2010-2015 (Box 11.1), and periodic water shortages, poor liquid and solid The loss of skilled labour has been particularly sustainable employment and development in the emphasised by each outer island community waste disposal, unplanned and inadequate housing, acute (from the medical profession, other outer islands, have been disappointing. during public consultations for TKIII. degradation of Funafuti’s fragile ecosystem (marine professional ranks, experienced senior public and terrestrial), and congested, unsanitary living servants), leaving gaps in the labour force that are conditions are challenges that need to be tackled becoming increasingly difficult to fill from within quickly to avoid compounding these problems in the remaining labour force. For doctors, teachers, the future (Box 11.2). and other professionals, labour shortages are

60 61 TE KAKEEGA III TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 mostly filled by specialist recruits from other PICs, Box 11.3 – Seasonal employment recruits TKIII, GOT will expand overseas employment for of GOT under TKIII, specifically where government Australia, New Zealand, and the ROC. and planned migration suitably qualified individuals through private, policy and initiative can influence temporary or bilateral and multi-lateral means. permanent migration opportunities. At present, the international migration pattern is Recruits for migrant employment were once split between migration-for-work – often short- selected by the island falekaupule, on the basis of 11.5 Remittances 11.6 Climate change and migration term (temporary), requiring workers to return home demonstrated support for community work. This Remittances from Tuvaluans working on short- Climate change is already contributing to the – and permanent emigration, but predominated by method of selection produced poor results, which term contracts abroad and from those living displacement of millions of people worldwide the former. About 400 people have participated came close to terminating labour recruitment permanently outside Tuvalu make a large as extreme weather events become increasingly in New Zealand’s ‘Recognized Seasonal Employer’ by Australia/NZ authorities. Subsequent worker contribution to the Tuvalu economy, in recent frequent and intense. It will drastically impact (RSE) programme that started in 2008 (for NZ’s selection by GOT committee has produced much years as high as 30% of GNI. This share could grow pressures to migrate, particularly in small island PAC programme – Box 11.3). Australia launched better results and saved the schemes from being higher with greater labour movement within the states like Tuvalu. But, the potential for Pacific a similar temporary work programme in 2013 shut down. region. Remittances are a direct welfare transfer to households to use international migration to that recruited 24 Tuvaluans. Seafarers continue to New Zealand’s ‘Pacific Access Category’ (PAC) has individual households, which is highly efficient, in manage the risks of climate stressors is limited work on 1-2 year contracts on overseas merchant an annual quota of 75 Tuvaluans a year to enter NZ, most cases the most efficient. In 2002 remittances by lack of access to international migration ships but their number has fallen from highs of provided they have a job offer from a perspective from abroad was a main income source for 18% of opportunities like RSE and PAC. Also, there is no 400-500 in the late 1990s to less than 100 in 2015. NZ employer. According to GOT’s Labor all Tuvalu households, and 26% in the outer islands. international and regional migration scheme for Tuvalu seafarers are no longer price competitive, Department (DOL), by 2015 some 331 Tuvaluans (In Nanumaga remittances accounted for 78%.) climate-induced displacement. and seafarer equipment and technology training had migrated to NZ under the PAC and 26 have received permanent residency status under the is outdated. It was once estimated that from By 2015 remittance income accounted for 40% of Under the Paris Agreement, parties agreed to terms and conditions of the PAC scheme. The 2006 2010 approximately 600-700 Tuvaluans would household income in Tuvalu, second only to wages request the Executive Committee of the Warsaw New Zealand census enumerated 2,600 people be employed on overseas ships, a projected 40% and salaries. Half of all households (51%) received International Mechanism on Loss and Damage to of Tuvalu descent residing in the country. The increase from 2002. Due to structural shifts in the remittance transfers from overseas, with 77% of establish a taskforce to define appropriate measures number has grown significantly since then. industry, seafarer employment is unlikely to again Funafuti households receiving remittance income, to address climate-induced displacement. reach even historic heights of 400-500 (see Section DOL plans to continue its efforts to improve and 31% of households in the outer islands. the reputation of Tuvalu workers to increase The identity of the people of Tuvalu is defined 6.5 for more discussion). demand in Australia and NZ. The Australia and Increasing remittance transfers – directly or indirectly by their deep connection to ancestral lands and NZ market for labourers in the horticulture and – through temporary overseas employment the surrounding sea. Climate-induced migration viticulture industries is relatively large, offering an schemes, emigrant-residency schemes, and remains a last resort. This is especially true for older opportunity to expand these migrant schemes, general outward migration will remain a priority generations who wish to remain in Tuvalu. Younger as well as fill vacancies in other industries if the generations, on the other hand, may see migration reputation of Tuvalu migrant workers attracts as the only choice to safeguard their future. more offers of employment. Tuvalu will further explore the issue of climate- induced migration through such initiatives as the 11.4 Outward migration policy development of the Tuvalu Survival Plan and other The objective of the National Labor Migration Policy relevant legislation associated with climate change (NLMP) is to assist Tuvaluans to access temporary and migration. and permanent employment in overseas markets, as mentioned above, by matching skills to labour demand while equipping workers with the skills and experience they need. Regional initiatives such as the Pacific Labour Migration Framework, which is designed to facilitate the movement of workers in the Pacific region, and trade and investment pacts such as the Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations (PACER) Plus, and other initiatives, will make it easier for job seekers to better access employment opportunities in the region. Under

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to be only 16% of their unfished state. Tuvalu is Under TKIII, the Department of Fisheries will 12. Oceans and Seas aware of these issues and works within regional monitor, and explore methods to prevent and GOAL: Conserve the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable fisheries institutions, such as FFA and WCPFC, manage, polluted coastal areas. DOF will conduct development to guard against them, while also attempting to surveys of coastal marine life throughout Tuvalu, avoid a disproportionate burden of the fishery establish biodiversity baselines and fish stock levels, management measures that impose high costs and produce plans to control marine pollution on SIDS but whose benefits accrue to developed and rejuvenate marine life in coastal areas. The nations. Tuvalu also honours regional and programme will develop its own information international agreements that conserve, protect database and work with island Kaupule to develop and restore threatened species and the marine coastal protection plans, including plans for better ecosystem. Protection of the pelagic fishery is sewage disposal (Box 12.1). a Pacific regional responsibility, and cannot be achieved by any one country acting alone. As a Box 12.1 – The sewage disposal problem member state of FFA and a party to the Nauru Alternative methods of sewage disposal on Agreement, Tuvalu works with other PICs to set Funafuti must be explored, including reticulated clear fisheries policies and vigorously enforce them. sewerage and direct discharge of untreated 12.3 Artisanal fisheries sewage into the deep ocean, which has the capacity to easily absorb and attenuate the Coastal fish stocks are vital supply sources for nutrient loads from populations much larger than subsistence and artisanal fishing. Funafuti’s coastal that on Funafuti. This should include estimates fish stocks appear to have been depleted to some of infrastructure and funding requirements – extent in recent years due to overfishing – though besides capital, O&M costs including long-term GOT will support efforts to conserve, protect, distribution each year and off-load or transship this is not certain – and has been compensated for engineering and other technical expertise to manage and sustainably use its ocean areas, and their catches in ports in Asia and Pacific island by broadening catches farther from shore. A rich operate the system, from collection to pumping, implement strategies on coastal zone management countries including American Samoa, Solomon biodiversity in marine life still exists, but less so treatment and disposal. Some donors beginning and ecosystem-based management, including Islands and Papua New Guinea. Transshipment that what is found in the outer islands with lower to show interest in supporting such an initiative. for fisheries, management, and enhancing in Funafuti increases dramatically during El Nino populations and less demand placed on artisanal national legal and institutional frameworks for the years. Catches in Tuvalu waters are typically 50- fish stocks. According to studies by the Department exploration and sustainable use of living and non- 60,000 tonnes per year, about 3-4% of the total It should be emphasized that coastal fisheries of Fisheries, eutrophication (depletion of oxygen living resources. These strategies key off UN SDG WCPO (Western Central Pacific Ocean) catch. are of equal importance to oceanic fisheries, but and the collapse of complex food webs into 14. for different reasons. In addition, while there is 12.2 Tuna stocks, fisheries simpler algae-dominated systems) in the Funafuti continuity in coastal fisheries work from TKII to TKIII, To protect its resource rights, GOT will use the institutions and agreements lagoon has been a growing problem for several there are new areas of coastal fisheries that reflect United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea decades, caused by organic run-off and nutrients The estimated size of the annual tuna stock that how work in the sector is evolving. (UNCLOS), which provides the legal framework for leaching from poor or non-existent sewage septic passes through the southwest and central Pacific the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and systems – mostly household – and other sources. 12.4 Other measures and initiatives is well known. Most is caught by DWFN and sold their resources. The fundamental problem with these systems – abroad with little or no local value-added to any While practicing prudent environmental basic or not – is their inability to export excess 12.1 Exclusive Economic Zone but a few regional economies. Stocks of skipjack conservation and management of Tuvalu marine nutrients away from the lagoon. (No amount of tuna – the most important for Tuvalu – are still areas, to protect fish stocks and biodiversity, and Tuvalu’s 900,000 km2 exclusive economic zone sewage treatment gets rid of the fertiliser created robust, although fishery expansion in Indonesia, otherwise maintain healthy marine ecosystems, (EEZ) lies between Kiribati to the north and from even treated sewage, which, however, can be the Philippines and Vietnam is cause for concern. the government will explore the development northeast, French Wallis and Futuna and Fiji to the valuable for agricultural production to offset food Yellowfin and albacore tuna fisheries are thought potential of other oceanic resources. This includes south, and the Solomon Islands to the west, as well imports. It’s a trade-off. The problem is the excess to be at the limit of their expansion potential, marine areas for new, sustainable fisheries, marine- as two areas of high seas to the east and west. The waste that has to be removed using ocean disposal.) and the economics of albacore have worsened in based energy resources, marine bioprospecting, distribution tuna in the southwest Pacific shifts Near-shore lagoon ecosystems, e.g, reefs, have recent years due to depletion of larger fish. The and marine and coastal tourism. eastward into Tuvalu’s EEZ during El Nino years, and already been damaged, some severely, with most fourth main species, bigeye tuna, is overfished and westward in La Nina years. Fishing fleets of Distant of organic pollution emanating from the densely still subject to overfishing, with stocks estimated Water Fishing Nations (DWFN) follow the tuna populated urban areas of Funafuti (Fogafale islet).

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Box 12.2 – Samoa Pathway: Also to be investigated will be the natural resource 13. Implementation, Monitoring and Review Oceans and seas* potential of Tuvalu’s deep seabeds, beyond what is already known – presently, very limited potential The Samoa Pathway, integrated with TKIII and based on current costs, technology, known summarized here, supports efforts to: resource base, etc. – with funding assistance • Assess, conserve, protect, manage and from aid donors, possibly private partnerships, sustainably use the ocean resources. and sustained technical assistance from regional • Research and implement coastal zone and organisations to undertake further deep seabed ecosystem-based management, including survey work. fisheries, and implement legal/institutional frameworks for the exploration and sustainable 12.5 Climate change and ocean impacts use of living and non-living resources. The link between GHG emissions and ocean • Address marine pollution by developing impacts is well understood science. What it tell us is partnerships, including through UNEP’s Global not reassuring, especially for nearshore ecosystems Programme of Action to protect the marine like those found in Tuvalu, and the broader and environment from land-based activities, such more threatening macro impacts such as ocean as marine debris, and nutrient, wastewater and acidification, fisheries disruption, and of course, other marine pollution. rising sea levels. These are the ocean-related issues • Protect coral reefs and other vulnerable marine Tuvalu must deal with, many of which are well 13.1 Accountability vision beyond. Ministries and departments will ecosystems, including from ocean acidification beyond Tuvalu’s control. What Tuvalu can control, follow TKIII objectives and strategies, their own and invasive species - drawing on measures adapt to or manage, will be the practical focus of The government will be held accountable for internal corporate plans and annual operational such as those identified in the Framework for TKIII. Including a wide range of other non-climate reporting on TKIII. Reports to parliament and the plans, which have informed TKIII. Operational plans Action 2013 of the International Coral Reef related marine issues, the Samoa Pathway for public will include the overall performance of TKIII should be developed concurrently during the annual Initiative. oceans and seas lists doable actions to respond implementation and resource use, including: government-wide budget process, in the second half • Monitor/control fishing vessels to prevent, to the threats and challenges that now confront • budget allocations and expenditures; of each year, and finalized in the December-January deter and stop illegal/ unreported/unregulated Tuvalu. the use of aid funding; period following passage of the Appropriations Act fishing. • • the present state of progress on improving social at the December session of Parliament. This means a • Develop small-scale fisheries and initiatives that and economic services; and ministry’s operational plans, by definition, are linked add value to small-scale fisheries production. • administrative equity and justice. to ministerial budget appropriations. • Build capacity to better use fisheries resources and develop fisheries-related industries; To meet the government’s accountability obligation, TKIII outputs, contained in each ministry’s • Conserve by 2020 at least 10% of coastal/ a system will be set up to monitor and review operational plans, which are defined by its budget marine areas, especially ecologically important progress on TKIII implementation. Government appropriations, will be reported each quarter to ones to protect biodiversity and ecosystem attaches the highest priority to the accountability the Ministry of Finance in the format below. This health. process, the same high priority it will attach to Quarterly Monitoring Report (QMR) will contain * The Samoa Pathway contains 16 separate areas for pursing the implementation of TKIII goals and information about ministry programs and activities oceans and seas. Not all are cited here. objectives, the pursuit of practical and doable underway in relation to TKIII strategies, how they are actions, and the delivery of results to the people of being implemented, and how progress and results Tuvalu. are being measured. Operational plans should cover the current year and two forward years. 13.2 Implementation Operational plans will be updated, concurrently The twelve strategic areas set out in TKIII, defined at with annual budget submissions, subject to the NSSD, summarise the direction of Tuvalu’s future progress made on TKIII implementation, previous development. Specific development strategies year funding allocations, and the annually updated outlined in TKIII will be implemented by government (6-year) Medium-Term Fiscal Framework (MTFF), ministries, departments, public enterprises, local developed by the Ministry of Finance and approved island governments, NGOs, and the private sector by Cabinet. over the five years to 2020 – and the longer TKIII

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Two-year projections for operational plans and Box 13.1 – A note on budgeting methods A TKIII Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Unit will be budgets will be based on existing budgetary set up. This Unit will act as the hub for the broad In the late 1990s the government introduced a trends, and assumptions underlying future TKIII planning activities throughout the country. system of output-based budgeting, funded by domestic revenue estimates and indicative aid ADB. The adoption of output budgeting, after The M&E Unit in particular will act as the secretariat funding estimates. repeated efforts and large scale funding over 4-5 for the Development Coordinating Committee 13.3 Monitoring and review years, was ultimately unsuccessful. The reasons (DCC) in matters relating to TKIII implementation, for this are many, but the primary ones are the coordination and review. TKIII progress will be reviewed regularly. An system was too complicated, local administrative Ministries and departments will have their own M&E annual government progress report will be tabled skills were not adequate to the task, and there units, as may be required, using a subset of existing in Parliament at the December session. Annual was broad resistance to adopt such a radical staff, to advise their Ministers on the progress of reviews will highlight: rethink of budget operations and management. The current approach to budget operations – TKIII implementation, as well as changes to ministry • the preceding year and next multi-year budget programme-based, in use and refined over the policies that may be required. Each ministry will framework; and last eight years – has been mostly satisfactory provide their quarterly reports to the M&E Unit. • links with the national and sectoral strategies and well within the administrative capabilities of The Ministry of Finance will use its powers provided that have been implemented. public servants engaged with budget operations (Treasury and line staff). Some elements of under the Public Finance (Control and Audit) Act to The reviews will also summarize quarterly output-based budgeting, if modified and highly enforce TKIII reporting requirements. For example, monitoring reports, which feed into the annual simplified, remain broadly attractive. Of much penalties could be imposed on ministries, public budget process (and operational plans), plus more immediate and practical benefit, however, enterprises and NGOs by withholding appropriated they will address any recommended changes, are ways to improve the explanatory information funds allocated to them if they fail to submit adjustments to existing policies and(or) TKIII plans contained in each year’s budget papers. Such operational plans, quarterly reports, and, in the and strategies. As with TKII, and normal budget improvements will be adopted starting in the case of public enterprises, annual businessplan operations, sector budget priorities and funding 2017 national budget. allocations will be agreed between the Ministry of Finance, who sets macroeconomic policy, and ministries and departments who set their own funding priorities. Public corporations, NGOs and other civil society organizations – those who receive government operational support or budget subsidies – will also submit operational plans to the government ministry to which there are responsible in support of their funding requests for the following financial year. All operational plans will be subject to periodic government monitoring and evaluation (M&E), as illustrated below. Example of Quarterly Monitoring Report Format Strategic Area 4: Health and Social Development

Budget Outputs Who Inputs Results Exp. to-date Planned exp Reduce MHARD, • Updated social data/pop. • Hardship Assist. Policy 1. A$10,000 poverty & CSD surveys. (HAP). 2. A$2,50 hardship. • Data analysis of old and • Consultations on HAP. 3. A$7,50 disadvantaged pop. • Cabinet review, comment • Biannual Social Well- and approval of HAP. Being Report on the disadvantaged.

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ANNEXES 1-12 OPM, MFATTEL, OPM, MPUI MHARD, Implementation OPM OPM MFED,

Strategic Areas Specific initiatives Specific initiatives on from will follow the 2018 mid-term review. Specific initiatives on from will follow the 2018 mid-term review. Specific initiatives Specific initiatives on from will follow the 2018 mid-term review. 2019/2020 • • • - MFED accredited as a National Implementing as a National Entity. MFED accredited 2025. by generation of power energy 100% renewable sector below energy GHG emissions from in reducing Percentage 2010 level. Funafuti. efficiency energy on in increasing Percentage disasters. from lost/saved Number of lives loss and damage reduction in direct disaster Percentage GDP). national to (relative Review and monitor Review and monitor actions. PA climate Mainstream change and disaster risk all reduction to sectors. annual Commence reporting MFED on to the TSF. the propertyUpdate system. registration Obtain accreditation of MFED as the ImplementNational the ing Entity to Fund. Climate Green 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Number of people and propertyby disaster. affected 14. 2018 • • • • • - Review and monitor PA actions. PA Review and monitor National Third the for Prepare UNFCCC. to Communication change a standalone climate Develop legislation. - opera policy, investment TSF Develop and tional framework policy. payout the propertyUpdate registration system. of MFED as the Obtain accreditation ImplementingNational the Entity to and Fund Adaptation Facility. Global Environmental Adap National long term Develop and land of sea defenses Plan tation all islands. for reclamation Implement GCF coastal project. adaptation 2017 • • • • • • • • - Area of coastline reclaimed from erosion, cyclones and storm surge. cyclones surge. and storm erosion, from reclaimed of coastline Area Tuvalu. built in all islands of Sea defenses (TSF). Survival Fund Tuvalu of the growth Annual incremental and plans. nationalpolicies into integrated resilience change and disaster Climate adopted. change legislation climate National plans implemented. management and island Disaster National Risk on Disaster Reduction signed/ratified. and Sendai Framework Agreement Paris Sign and ratify the Paris Agreement and the Agreement the Paris and ratify Sign Risk on Disaster Reduction. Sendai Framework Change Unit as the Climate accredit Formally within GOT. point change focal the climate and other international UNFCCC Domesticate change and disaster on climate agreements policies, laws, national risk reduction into plans. Agree on the Paris information Disseminate on climate public awareness and raise ment resilience. change and disaster and the Change Policy Review the Climate on Climate Action Plan Strategic National RiskChange and Disaster Management. Survival Tuvalu Establish and operationalise Fund. all for system Establish property registration the islands. Budget & foreign GOT funds from Secure organizations. public/private Implementing National Entity Apply for the to proposal Tuvalu’s of Obtain approval Fund. Climate Green - inclusion in the Nation plan for management Plan. al Adaptation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Milestones 7. 2016 • • • • • • • • • accreditation. • zone coastal and integrate • Develop limate limate hange ANNEX 1: Strategic Area 1: Climate Change Matrix ANNEX 1: Strategic from the impacts of climate change: resilience, mitigation, adaptation Goal: Protect Tuvalu Key Performance Indicators Strategies Governance Governance and Mainstreaming Financing C C Adaptation

70 71 TEKAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

Mitigation • Translate INDC into nationally • Prepare a project proposal for wind • Specific initiatives OPM, PUI determined contribution. power technology. will follow on from • Develop action plans on NDC based on the the 2018 mid-term indings of the National Energy Policy review review. Information and • Establish professional Project Documentation, • Deliver awareness raising • Develop database • Specific initiatives OPM, MFATTEL, Knowledge Storage and Retrieval System adopted by workshops to Kaupule on climate including gender will follow on from NAPA2 Project, R2R Management, DoE. change and Environmental Impact disaggregated data & the 2018 mid-term Project and Capacity • Develop, maintain and update database Assessment (EIA) and ensure coordina- information. review. Building systems for NACC and CDP. tion on these with GOT departments. • Conduct assessment • Strengthen institutional capacity to develop • Develop a database of current policies, on state of marine climate change and disaster resilience pro- plan, technical assessments & knowl- & level of resources posals. edge products. / ecosystem and • Design and deliver capacity building and • Strengthen national and community share it with relevant awareness raising workshops on climate capacity for climate change and disas- sectors. change and disaster resilience. ter resilience. • Strengthen national • Continue to deliver capacity building and community and awareness raising workshops. capacity for climate change and disaster resilience. • Continue to deliver capacity building and 72 awareness raising workshops.

Loss and • Identify options for risk transfer and insurance • Establish a Survival Plan for Tuvalu • Implement Survival • Specific initiatives OPM, AG Damage mechanism. (also refer to ‘climate-induced displace- Plan for Tuvalu. will follow on from ment’ under the urbanization and the 2018 mid-term migration section). review. • Legalise Loss and Damage by amend- ing relevant legislation (also refer to ‘climate-induced displacement’ under the urbanization and migration section). Disaster Risk • Review and strengthen domestic laws, poli- • Amend relevant legislation and • Integrate disaster risk • Strengthen financial OPM in collabo- Reduction ciesand plans. policies as per recommendations from management into all and social protection ration with other • Secure funds for the implementation of the review. sectoral policies and measures against ministries, IDC’s, Tuvalu Recovery and Vulnerability • Implement Tuvalu Recovery and Vul- programmes. disasters. TRC and other key Reduction Plan. nerability Reduction Plan. • Implement Tuvalu Re- • Prepare for mid-term organisations • Develop contingency plans at national and • Ensure gender and disability perspec- covery and Vulnerabil- review of the Sendai island levels. tives are incorporated into disaster risk ity Reduction Plan. Framework for DRR. • Strengthen the capacity of disaster management. • Investigate and assess • Review Tuvalu Recov- committees. • Implement multi-hazard early options for financial ery and Vulnerability warning systems. and social protection Reduction Plan. against natural disas- ters.

ANNEX 2: Strategic Area 2: Good Governance Matrix Goal: Strengthen institutional capacity to serve the public interest with competence and justice Key 1. Number of ministries, departments, SOEs, private sector and NGOs achieving at least 9. Number of SOE operations that achieved a profit in the year. Performance 80% of their annual outputs to the approval of their client. 10. Number of Government Annual Accounts overdue for Auditing. Indicators 2. Number of GOT organizations, NGOs and private sectors operating to their Corpo- 11. Ratio of female:male in Parliament, Falekaupule and Kaupule per year. rate and Operational Plans during the year. 12. Develop human resource management information system. 3. Number of breaches of the Leadership Code in the year. 13. Tuvalu foreign policy reviewed. 4. Incidence of Abuse of Office prosecuted and convicted in a Court of Law. 14. Review the Constitution. 5. Number of community consultations that lead to change in government policy. 15. Number of diplomatic ties increased. 6. Number of training in ethical leadership and management. 16. Benefits from diplomatic relations increased. 7. Number of cases decided by the Ombudsman. 17. International and regional engagements. 8. Number of court cases decided against GOT in any Court of Law. 18. Strengthened Tuvalu Diplomatic Protocol Manual formulated and implemented. Milestones Strategies 2016 2017 2018 2019/2020 Implementation

73 Law Reform & • Review Tuvalu laws to align them • Hold referendum on • New constitution • Awareness workshop on OPM, Ombudsman Constitutional ratified international conventions Constitutional Review. reviewed and passed Leadership Code. Review Country Report to the UN on Human • Review/amend Environment by Parliament. Rights. Act & submit to Parliament for • Enforce the Public passing into Environment Act Broadcasting Act 2017. 2014. Strengthen • Staff assessment annual reports based • Workshop on Good Governance • Study on automation • Annual Reports. OPM, Ombudsman Public Sector on their JOB description. for public servants. of govt. Management • Develop & finalize in-service Training • Review and streamline govt administration. Policy for Civil Service, SOE and private processes to improve efficiency. • Annual reports by agencies. Annual Reports from all • Annual reports from all ministries, depts. and ministries, depts. & SOE. ministries, depts. & SOE. SOE. • Appoint more staff to office of • Performance management • DPT holds 1-day Ombudsman. guidelines are integrated into workshop for each • Contract Out Permanent Secretary day to day business operations. ministry. positions. Public Sector • Review Public Service. • Continue review public service. • Review GOT depts. for OPM, MFED Reform • Human Resource Development Plan • Create independent Public corporatization. implemented in the Public Service. Service Commission. • SOE corporate & • Performance based management. operational plans. • Review GAO rules governing public servants owning businesses. TEKAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

Strengthen • Train Mataili crew in border • Build Search and Rescue (SAR) • Establish a Border • Draft SAR Bill specifying the OPM, TPS, AG Border management with Aust. Border Center. Security Dept. functions and responsibilities of Security Management Dept. • Develop an SAR Plan of Action. • Equip border SAR. Enact SAR legislation. Management • Review passport & citizenship • Design more robust passports & Security system with • Arrange for arrival visas for legislation. travel documents. satellite surveillance Tuvalu passport holders in other capability. countries, esp. Pacific countries. Strengthen • Amend Audit Act to enable Audit • W/shops and in-house training • Training of Kaupule OAG, OPM, MHARD, the Office of Office to have own budget & appoint of Kaupule accounts staff and and SOE accountants AG, PERMU, MFED the Auditor its own staff. SOE accountants on how to to produce auditable General • Change appropriate laws to give PAC produce auditable accounts. accounts. more power to scrutinize & direct GOT Budgets. Strengthen • Review staff structure of judiciary. • Adopt Excel-based Case • Improve security and • Biennial training programs Lands SMC, OPM, AG, MFED Management Judiciary appoints its own staff; sets Management System to integrity of court/ Court. of the its own budget thru OPM. improve information, storage public records, esp. • Reduce the case disposal rate in Judiciary & • Annual budget no more than 1.5% of and retrieval. land, births, deaths all courts in Tuvalu to below 90 accord it more GDP in past 2 past years. • Build new court house. and marriage. from 260 days per case. independence • Biannual training for Lands • Biannual training • Biannual training prog. For Island

74 Courts Magistrates and court for Island Court Courts staff. clerks. Magistrates and clerks. Strengthen • Design/build new Parliament bldg. - 50 • Parliament Office (PO) to prepare • Training Programs • Appointment ICT Officer, PO, OPM, MFED, the role of yr. lifetime. its own Budget and Clerk to for MP and Kaupule Parliament Counsel, & Sargent- Falekaupule & Kaupule. Parliament • Make Parliament functions more Parliament to be the Accounts on parliamentary at-Arms. visible. Officer for budget expenditures. business. • Set up an Information • Increase women participation in • Research development of a • Review PAC’s functions Management Strategy that parliament. Parliament Act. to make it more centralizes all parliament-related efficient and effective. information. • Review twinning arrangements for cost-free knowledge sharing.

Law and • Tuvalu Police to set up Combined Law • Capacity building in the Police TPS, AG, MFED Order Agency Group (CLAG). Service according to specific • Administer law and order. training programs designed to • Prosecute criminal offenders. strengthen the Tuvalu Police. Foreign • Review foreign policy. • Maintain good relations with Relations • Evaluate overseas missions. friends/allies in UN.

ANNEX 3: Strategic Area 3: The Economy – Growth and Stability Matrix GOAL:Sound macroeconomic management and policy Key Performance 1. Real GDP growth averages 2.5% per annum. 7. Growth in number of tourists coming into Indicators. 2. Budget deficit equivalent to no more than 11% of GDP. the country annually. 3. Increase the real value of TTF to AUD $200 million by 2020. 8. Growth in contribution to the economy as a 4. CIF target minimum balance 16% of TTF’s maintained value. % growth of GDP from tourism. 5. Increase in Government tax revenue. 9. Growth in contribution to the economy as a 6. External debt equivalent no more than 30% of GDP. % growth of GDP from copra production. 10. Increase percentage in ODA. 11. Improve Public Expenditure/Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessments.

Milestones Strategies 2016 2017 2018 2019/2020 Implementation Strengthen and • Budget deficits less than 25% of CIF • Control public service wage bill • TTF maintained MFED

75 develop sound minimum balance. within a ratio to be agreed upon value target of A$200 macroeconomic • Establish M&E Unit in Planning & Budgeting. based on recurrent revenues. million. management. • Define CSO clearly and pay SOE exactly the • Conduct more audits of • Strengthen tax admin. MFED, SOE CSO amt. tax payers in the private • Strengthen litigation sector for non-compliance. • Establish a regulatory framework for and MFED, AG conduct an analysis of the banking system. • Excise tax and TCT rate review. • Institute annual cycle of gradual MFED excise rate. • Establish Debt Management Unit to monitor • Improve quality of debt data • Continiusly service debt in MFED and service national debt. recording and reporting. a timely manner • Maintain debt level (external and domestic) below 30% GDP • Improve grading of PFM & implement PEFA • Fully implement PEFA • PFM grading system MFED recommendations. recommendations. improved and aligned to w/international fiduciary standards. • Save annually at least 2% and 1% of GDP • Save annually at least 2% and • Save annually at least 2% • Annually invest MFED into CIF and TSF respectively. 1% of GDP into CIF and TSF and 1% of GDP into CIF savings of at least 2% respectively. and TSF respectively. and 1% of GDP in CIF & TSF. TEKAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 • Review/reform policy & regulatory • Use investment incentives such as • Review operation of MFED, various Ensure proactive frameworks for business, labor, FDI, trade, concessions, tax holidays, subsidies PERMU against its Boards. economic etc. to reflect international best practices in developing trade in services objectives. e.g., foreign development and standards. (tourism, elderly caregiving, etc.). • Develop a national lottery investment, policies. legislation. TNPSO, AG • Review GOT’s role in the economy, identify • Develop strategies to broaden • Identify and consolidate MFED privatization most suitable for Tuvalu. domestic revenue base. SOE fiscal risks. Improve and • Strengthen development cooperation with • Increase number of donors MFED, MEYS, strengthen aid partners. involved in the Policy MOH partnership and Reform Matrix. Foreign cooperation with Affairs development partners. • Establish database for aid; ensure timely • Encourage direct budget support MFED acquittals by DPB. thru PRM & PFM. Effective and • Reform banking system to improve financial • Improve outreach with innovative • Increase private MFED, NBT stable financial services (e-banking) and reduce non- financial services to the OIs. sector contribution of system that performing loans. GDP to 50%. enhances • Litigate and recover outstanding DBT loans. economic growth. • Implement recommendations of the • Strengthen the regulatory MFED diagnostic study on the banking System. framework for financial institutions. NBT DBT Explore and • Revitalize trade in services incl. seafarer • Implement recommendations for MFATTEL,

76 exploit trade industry, tourism, labor mobility & fishing. trade policy. DOL, DOT, opportunities. • Analytic study of TMTI and seafarer industry • Implement analytic study MNR to determine how best to market local recommendations. seafarers. Revive the • Develop a strategic study to reviving the • Stimulate copra exports and other • Implement • Implement MFED copra industry copra industry, and export of other value value added products; implement recommendations in the recommendations of and explore added products from coconut. recommendations of a feasibility feasibility study. the feasibility study. opportunities study. • Increase copra and for producing tonnage for export. alternative coconut • Revive TCTC operations. products. Strengthen • Improve business development and • Update marketing and information • Market and promote • Improve tourism MFATTEL development marketing. practices. Tuvalu as a tourist services. and marketing destination. • Double tourism of Tuvalu eco- arrivals. tourism industry. • MCT to negotiate for lower roundtrip • Upgrade telecom connectivity • Resource owners benefit • Increase economic MFATTEL, MCT airfares Funafuti-Suva-return. across Tuvalu. from greater participation contribution from in the eco-tourism tourism. industry. • Implement recommendations in the • Continue to implement Tourism • Fully implement MFATTEL Tourism Sector Plan Sector Plan. recommendations of Tourism Sector Plan. • Develop human resources. MFATTEL • Negotiate cruise ship visits. MFATTEL

A N N E X 4 : Strategic Area 4: Health and Social Development Matrix Goal: Provide high standards of health care, social opportunity, and social protection free of hardship and gender discrimination Key Performance 1. Infant Mortality Rate. 12. Antenatal care coverage. Indicators. 2. Under 5 Mortality Rate. 13. Tuberculosis incidence prevalence & death rates. 3. Reduce incidence of NCD by 50% by 2018. 14. Percentage of TB detected/cured under observed treatment short course. 4. Reduce incidence of communicable disease by 15. Welfare assistance provide to those in the hardship category. 30% by 2020. 16. Proportion of people live below basic national poverty line. 5. Proportion of 1 year olds immunized against polio, 17. Social & Cultural Strategic Action Plan developed/implemented by 2017. measles. 18. Social Work Act developed and implemented by 2017. 6. Reduced maternal mortality rate. 19. Percentage of person with disability and older people receiving benefit. 7. HIV prevalence against population 15-24 years. 20. Annual incidences of domestic violence, divorce, and suicides reported to the Police and 8. Proportion of population 15-24 yrs old domestic violence center. knowledgeable about HIV/AIDs. 21. Proportion of seats held by women in local government and parlIment. 9. Proportion of population with advanced infection 22. Number of women visits for uterus check-up. with access to antiretroviral infection. 10. Contraceptive prevalence rate. 77 11. Adolescent birth rate. Milestones Strategies 2016 2017 2018 2019/2020 Implementation HEALTH: NCD campaign • Review and enforce all laws relating to • Fiscal incentives on sale of local • Diabetes prevalence reduced MOH, MEYS, MFED, against diabetes food security, hygiene and substance food products. by 5%. MFATTEL and hypertension abuse. • NCD prevalence reduced by prevalence. 50%. Upgrade health • Build base hospitals in Vaitupu and • MOH construction program MOH, MPUI, MHARD infrastructure. Nanumea. starts – buildings/ extensions, • Annual maintenance plan for all outpatient wards, storage, etc. equipment/bldgs. Health staffing; • Local Internship Program (LIP) in • All hospitals fully equipped with MOH essential medical Kiribati for Tuvalu medical grads. essential supplies and equip. supplies and Post MDs to all OIs. equipment. Information computer • Health & medical database linked to • OI hospitals and clinics linked MOH, MCT technology. an online telemedicine network. online to PMH and telemedicine • Improve ICT information access/ network. decision-making. TEKAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

Social: Advancing gender • Continue to implement 2013 Nat’l • Build capacity of institutions to • More women in decision- • More workshops OPM, AG, Police equality. Gender Policy (NGP). mainstream gender into GOT making roles incl. falekaupule, and community • Set up a gender database. policies. kaupule and parliament training. • Special temp measures for 2 • End violence against women parliament seats for women. thru community training, • Econ. empowerment of women legislation & law enforcement. thru greater participation in • Improved counselling services. business. • Implementation of Family Protection Act. Capacity building • Awareness programs on social/ • Cultural awareness raising OPM, MHARD and training. community issues. promotion. Legislation • Draft Social Work Bill. • National consultations on Social AG, MHARD Work Bill.

78 Departmental • Restructuring plan for Social and • Est. NCSCS to guide & monitor • Establish Cultural DCC. MFED, MHARD restructure and Community Affairs endorsed by social work. institutional Cabinet. strengthening. • Recruit TA for restructure. Research and • Biannual National Social Well-Being • Update social data. • Analysis of the status of the old • Analysis of MHARD feasibility studies. Report on disadvantaged population. • Survey for Hardship Assistance and disadvantaged. the status of Policy (HAP) the old and disadvantaged. Operational and • Strategic plan on cultural • Integrate disability work into • Implement findings of HAP • Counselling: MHARD Strategic Plans and preservation and development. other sectors. policy. suicide, Implementation. • Disability policies submitted for domestic Cabinet approval. violence, divorce. • Annual Report on counselling & youth.

A N N E X 5 : Strategic Area 5: Falekaupule and Island Development Matrix GOAL: Provide quality services and create more opportunities for development Key Performance 1. Number of attendees to formal Budget and Bye Law sessions of Falekaupule. 4. Telecommunication service working well in all islands. Indicators 2. Falekaupule Act in force balancing traditional and modern governance. 5. Improve shipping services to the outer islands 3. Number of new services decentralized to the outer islands. Milestones Strategies 2016 2017 2018 2019/2020 Implementation Capacity Building for • Train elected local leaders for • Conduct training on Financial and • Adopt and ratify UN MHARD, CLGF, Rural Development. competency. Project mgmt. for Kaupule staff. Waste Convention and AGO • Awareness program on Falekaupule • Formulate Project Guidelines implement its provisions, Act. • Special training on how to make esp. training. report for Kaupule staff. Restructuring Dept. of • Formulate the reorganization by • Implement the reorganization. MHARD, CLGF Rural Development. technical. assistant (TA) • Review FTF deed. • Seek cabinet approval and funding. Improve transport and • Feasibility study on domestic trans- • Ministry to provide Kaupule with MCT 79 communication to portation (sea and air). a dedicated bandwidth. outer islands. • Design boat schedule to meet • Ministry/Kaupule to recruit ICT MHARD needs for consulta- officers. tions/M&E/trainings and delivery of projects materials. Research & feasibility • Study to improve sea and air • Survey to determine hazardous • Set Up Waste Database • Do feasibility study on MHARD, MCT, studies. transport to outer islands. and medical waste. • TA undertake CBA of a transfer and recycling CSD • MHARD to involve in design of Tuvalu • Waste Survey to obtain data for waste project proposal station for Funafuti. Quarterly Ship Schedule planning. for donor funding. • External transfer and • Develop Tuvalu Integrated Solid • Study how to improve Funafuti • Study alternative ways to recycling station in OIs. Waste Plan (TISWP). dumpsite. dispose waste e.g. waste to energy thru incineration. Provision of waste • Implement Funafuti dumpsite study. • Identify/acquire equip. & machin- MHARD management services. • Implement the TISWP. ery for waste disposal. Operational and • Write a National Waste Policy (NWP) • TA set up User Pay MHARD Strategic Plans. and seek Cabinet approval to guide Program for Waste Man- waste disposal in the Country. agement with charges collected by the Kaupule. Improving Telecom • Kaupule equipped with dedicated • ICT Officer recruited for Kaupule. MCT, TTC services. bandwidth. TEKAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

ANNEX 6: Strategic Area 6: Private Sector, Employment and Trade Matrix GOAL: To be the engine of economic growth, employment and export trade Key Performance 1. Annual number applicants to start business to the Foreign Investment Act. 8. Type of information provided to businesses by the Indicators 2. Ratio of new business to total businesses in the year. Department of Trade. 3. Ratio of new business loans to existing business loans of financial institutions. 9. Number of Tuvaluans employed in overseas labour 4. Ratio of new jobs to existing jobs per year. markets per year. 5. Number of active employee accounts with NPF. 10. Per capita GDP growth rate. 6. Number of consultations between GOT and TNPSO about business development. 11. Value of trade on Goods and Services increased. 7. Consumer Protection Council established and operating. 12. SMEs registered for imports and exports trade. 13. Increase remittances. Milestones Strategies 2016 2017 2018 2019/2020 Implementation PRIVATE SECTOR

Enhancing the • Develop a plan to • Increase financial • Improve data • Improved MFED, NBT, ADB, TNPSO development of the support private sector support/access to collection on local food private sector development. credit for business, trade. production. • Conduct a demand and provided annual • Improve 80 supply assessment of financial reports are biosecurity tradable products. submitted to MFED. and quarantine • Develop eco-tourism • Seek finance to start measures. products. a business incubator • Applications for model for entrepreneurs. FDI are up. Price Control according • Appoint 2 more Price • Mount training for Price MFED to regulation Controllers. Controllers. Increase business skills • Entrepreneur training • Entrepreneur training MFED, TNPSO and awareness program started, to program continues, incl. include youth and in the OIs. women. Monitoring progress of • Businesses submit their • Business Annual Report • Business annual • Business MFED businesses annual business plans to to MFED. repor.t annual DBI (optional). report EMPLOYMENT Increase the number of • Liaise often with • Diversify employment • Reduce airfares MFATTEL Tuvaluans employed employer-farmers who into other sectors e.g. Fun-Suv-Fun for overseas employ Tuvaluans to fishing, mining. Etc. in seafarers and check on their progress. Australia and NZ those on work schemes. • Encourage RSE/SWP MFATTEL workers to be model employees.

ANNEX 7: Strategic Area 7: Education and Human Resources Matrix Goal: Provide high quality education; equip people with knowledge and skills to develop more self-reliance; promote Tuvalu’s cultural and spiritual values

Key Performance 1. Maths, Science Graduate Teachers: Pupils ratio in Primary, Secondary in all schools. 6. Ratio of annual budget allocation for techni- Indicators 2. Teacher: Pupil ratio in Primary and Secondary in all schools. cal/vocational education to total education 3. Net enrolment in primary education. and training budget. 4. Proportion of pupils who start at grade 1 and reach last grade of Primary. 7. 2010 Class Motufoua and Fetuvalu where 5. Ratio of annual budget allocation for primary education to total education budget. they are in 2015 and 2020. 8. Pass rate at final examinations in primary and secondary schools in Tuvalu. 9. Percentage of TMTI graduates who find work on overseas vessels 2010-2015. Milestones Strategies 2016 2017 2018 2019/2020 Implementation

81 Strengthen • Formulate a Human • Implement the Human • Unemployment rate • Unemployment MEYS coordination and Resource Training Plan Resource Training Plan. down thru improved rate reduced by identification of matching labour needs identification and 10-20%. human resource with employment demand coordination of priorities over the next 5 years. training priorities. Manage and • Review and rationalize GOT • Strengthen performance • Minimize failure rate. • Toward 100% MEYS improve government scholarship and training monitoring of scholarship • Provide regular completion rate scholarships programs, incl. those recipients. counselling and for all government donor-funded. • Maintain a robust support services scholarships • S&T program approved by selection criteria based for scholarship awardees. Cabinet. on merit. awardees. • Provide ongoing counselling and support for scholarship students. Realize an inclusive • New scholarship and • Different student • Nepotism in the • Increased equal MEYS pre service scholarship training program above: capabilities for selections process government scheme for formal and academic and vocational scholarships recognized eliminated. scholarship vocational training streams. for counselling. • Merit-based only opportunities for selection process. academic and • Equal opportunities vocational training. thru vocational training. TEKAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

Reduce Youth • Create youth employment • Improve quality of private • Continuously offer • Reduce rate MEYS Unemployment incentives and and public services youth incentives of youth opportunities in business offered to youth. for business unemployment. development. development. • Offer youth higher lending amounts to start small businesses. Introduce Alcohol and • Enforce under-15 • Review and promote • Increased MEYS, MHARD, Police, AG’s Office, retail outlets Tobacco Consumption restrictions on purchasing formal and informal rate of youth Tax alcohol and cigarettes. initiatives educating completing formal • Promote awareness youth in alcohol and and informal of health impacts on cigarette consumption. education. excessive alcohol and cigarette consumption. Implement Tuvalu • Maintain funding to • Review and promote • Improve MEYS National Youth Policy & implement National Youth formal and informal understanding of Sports Policy Policy. policy-related initiatives. tools re: National Youth Policy. • Draft Sports Policy. • Consult on national • Provide more • Increased national MEYS 82 sports priorities. sporting participation in • Develop goals to opportunities for sport. promote sports youth. • Increased healthy participation. • Secure continued living habits. • Implement Sports Policy. funding sources for • Produce more elite sports activities. athletes. • Ensure sports policy is adopted and widely recognized. Restructure Sports • Hire new dept. staff. • Develop new Sports • Minimize spread of • Create more sports MEYS Dept. • Align Sports Dept. Dept. structure; create sports-related NCDs. opportunities for initiatives with DOE. more local sports youth and athletes. initiatives. Build outer island • Consult with OIs to site new • Increase number of new • Access of OI athletes • Promote sports as MEYS Sports Facilities sports fields. sports activities in the to overseas training. a healthy lifestyle OIs. choice. Building a multi- • Consult with TASNOC to • Fund and build a multi-• • Organize more • Develop more MEYS purpose gym develop a multi-purpose purpose gym. tournaments and potential athletes. gym on Funafuti. develop more sports facilities.

Build a youth • Consult w/TNYC to develop • Build youth sports into • Organise and employ • Engage more MEYS recreation Center a youth recreation center. youth policies. unemployed youth youth in sports. in sports-related activities. Support local schools • Work w/schools and youth • Promote sports in • Increase • Represent Tuvalu MEYS and youth in sport communities to develop youth communities and opportunities for in regional and initiatives more sports initiatives. schools. disabled athletes to international participate in sports. games. Implement the revised • Effective implementation • Update/implement • Institutional capacity MEYS DOE structure through of DOE duties. revised DOE strengthened with the establishment of organizational structure, qualified staff. and new staff positions focusing on recruitment • Recruitment of and realignment of procedures and support expatriate teachers functions for admin capacity. for specialized subjects. • Strengthen DOE M&E • Improved capacity to • Ensure budgetary • Achieve major MEYS capacity to carry out implement major reforms resources in place objectives under 83 education initiatives. in education. so re-structuring the education • Establish sound policies are restructure. education policies. implemented. • Strengthen MOU • Establish partnerships w/ • Strengthened • MOU effectively MEYS partnerships with each Kaupule to establish school management implemented. communities, parents, clear roles classroom programs to improve • Monitoring and Kaupule, NGOs and maintenance. capacity of Kaupule evaluation for SBM, churches. and DOE. integrated into TEMIS. • Strengthen partnerships • Partnerships established • Continued • Improved MEYS with stakeholders on with education management of education service ways in which they can stakeholders. partnerships to delivery. help deliver/facilitate achieve education educational services. goals. • Continued funding support • Identify high priority • Establish a Policy • Allocated budget is MEYS to maintain and ensure education activities for and Planning targeted to meet key educational priorities budgets. Division within basic education are met. DOE to identify key priorities. education activities for GOT funding. TEKAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

• Implement the Medium- • Implement MTEF • Maximum MEYS Term Expenditure recommendations returns from Framework (MTEF) to target budgetary implementation of recommendations that resources on basic/ the MTEF. prioritize budgets for primary education. basic/primary education. • Integrate recurrent MEYS costs of aid-funded programs into GOT’s budget so project impacts are sustained. • GOT grants to Kaupule • GOT education grants earmarked for education to Kaupule are to be separately itemized separately itemized. and expenditures • TEMIS integrated into enforced. HQ e-learning server. • Fund safe adequately equipped classrooms

84 to attract qualified teachers. Effective and relevant • National Curriculum Policy • Developed and • Improved resources Deliver focused MEYS quality of curriculum, Framework developed and implemented CPF for to support teaching and effective assessment and implemented. each sector: ECCE, and learning. implementation of learning programs Primary, Secondary & • Contextualized Open learning programs. post-secondary TVSD. Education Resources • Strengthen internet (OERs) developed connectivity. for Years 9 and 10 by the MLRS for delivery by the Virtual School through the eLearning system. • Extra-curricular e-resources from other sectors, ministries and NGO’s hosted on eLearning system for effective dissemination to outer islands.

• Establish capacity • Higher student Higher student MEYS building and teacher achievement. pass rates. training to support implementation of sub- sector CPFs. • Sustainable development • Build resilience Teach greater MEYS and climate change among students. awareness of incorporated into • Climate change climate change curriculum. courses introduced impacts and as a stand-alone associated impacts subject. on sustainable • ESD integrated development. into the curriculum from ECCE to post- secondary. Improve monitoring • Tuvalu to adopt a • Provide extra support • Improved student MEYS and assessment of standardized Test of and tuition for Year 8 achievement in Year learning outcomes and Achievement (TUSTA) for students performing 8. 85 learning programs Years 4 & 8. poorly. • Increased pool of remedial teachers for at-risk/other students. • Develop/implement • TUSTA for Year 2 Toward 100% MEYS literacy and numeracy developed and literacy pass rate testing for Year 2. implemented. for Year 2. Tokai School • Improved transition Improvement Program. from preschool to primary. • Improved literacy and numeracy. • Provide on-going teacher • Improved capacity Improved student MEYS support and training to to deliver TUSTA pass rates thru deliver TUSTA objectives. objectives to improve improved teaching. education standards. • Assessment of national and • Preparation and • Improved admin of ncrease quality MEYS regional examinations. administration of NYEE, TJC, TSSC, and of national national and regional SPFSC at year-end to and regional exam assessments. monitor/report on examinations. student progress/ results. TEKAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

• Analysis/reporting on • Strengthen Increased MEYS exam results. registration/ registration, analysis/ reporting analysis and of exam results, reporting of exam disaggregated by results. schools, gender, etc. • Establish register of • Establish a National • Register all MEYS qualifications and Qualification Authority. qualifications and accredited learning update learning programs. programs. • Improved coordination of instruction, aligned w/ student/labor mobility. Development and • eLearning pilot system • CT in Education Strategy • Improved access MEYS Implementation of ICT finalized and start of and Policy developed & to resources to in Education Strategy implementation. implemented. support teaching/ and Policy • National eLearning learning, and System implemented. curriculum • Virtual school and coverage, 86 Multimedia Learning assessment Resource Studio (MLRS) monitoring to established. improve teaching and learning methods. • Improved SMS through eLearning and the use of ICT. Improved quality of access to resources, information to make teaching/ learning fun and constructive. Improve Planning and • TEMIS & SIMS developed • Develop baseline • Annual statistical MEYS Monitoring and installed in schools. indicators for TEMIS. digest published. Quarterly Progress Report • Improved planning on implementation of TKIII at schools and to MFED. ministry level. • Annual reporting on policy progress and key outcomes vs. national education indicators.

• Integrate new features for • Efficient and effective MEYS TEMIS and School data collection. • Information Management Systems. Improve teaching and • Develop a competency • Implement and • School committees MEYS learning Standards Framework administer teacher and Kaupule for teachers and school standards through empowered through leaders. capacity building SBM. and school-based • Upgrade/strengthen management. pool of school • Teachers and school leaders and teachers; leaders trained; appraised teaching quality and on fixed standards. learning quality. • Teacher training and • Teacher training and • Effective delivery of MEYS, Kaupule, MHARD capacity building using capacity building using eResources to outer eResources integrated eResources integrated islands. into eLearning teaching into eLearning systems. • SIMS integrated into systems. • Improve teacher training school eLearning and capacity building. servers.

Technical and • Community Training • Strengthen CTCs • TVSD teachers MEYS

87 Vocational Skills Centers established (CTCs). for vocational skills paid by Kaupule Development development (TVSD). from GOT budget. • Increased financial and • CTC well- in-kind support from GOT resourced. to Kaupule to run CTSs. Improved island development thru better education on sustainable development • Improved skills for • Develop and implement • Increased MEYS sustainable development. TVSD policies. number of skills • Develop a competency- development based approach for TVSD programs taught subjects and align it to face-to-face and national qualification thru national standards. providers. • Strengthen teaching • Increased number skills for sustainable of accredited development curricula. national TVSD • Improve quality of TVSD providers. providers. • Improved access to • Strengthen partnerships TVSD programs. with national, regional • Improved linkages and global TVSD to and alignment partners. of TVSD to student and labor mobility. TEKAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

Early Childhood Care • Training for ECCE • Improve teacher • Improved centre- MEYS and Education professionals. effectiveness by training, based childcare recruiting and retaining skills, staff training teachers, and supporting and qualifications to them to provide good work with infants. quality ECCE education. • Revise pay and quality of ECCE teachers. Inclusive Education • School readiness. • Implement and TuEHCI survey MEYS monitor Early Leaning conducted and Development Standards. analyzed. Results to ensure children are ready for school. • Intervention programs and strategies developed and implemented. • Early grade reading assessment. 88 • Multi-sectoral approach developed to support the health, cognitive, social & emotional development of young children. Improved facilities to • Better storage facilities • Improved facilities to • Effective use of • Improved access MYES store and archive housed in a new 2-storey store all national public archives and library to information to national public library/archive complex at records. services. support students. records, library existing or new site. • More storage and • Effective/efficient • Improved books, and other • Expanded library/archive conservation space data collection/ collection of data, library resources space for increasing to house the national recordkeeping. public records & number users. archives. • Upgrade standard heritage material. • Promote the use of the of data/information • Systemic National Library and storage retrieval and (and easier) Archives. records (hard copy & acquisition of GOT electronic). documents. • Equipment to digitize archived documents.

ANNEX 8: Strategic Area 8: Natural Resources Matrix Goal: Maximize social and economic returns from the management and sustainable use of Tuvalu’s natural re- sources Key Performance 1. Sustained increase in fisheries contribution to government budget. 8. Open market for local products in Funafuti. Indicators I2. ncrease in Tuvaluan employment on fishing boats that operate in 9. Land available for business and residence on Funafuti. Tuvalu’s EEZ. 10. Number of Agricultural Associations registered with the Department of 3. Increase in fish stocks/coastal marine life for artisanal and semi-subsis- Agriculture. tent fishermen. 11. Gauge the potential to mine deep seabed minerals. 4. Increase in detection and prosecution of illegal fishing and amount of 12. TUVLIS database available online. fines they pay. 13. Coastline shifts and acreage loss due to erosion in the year. 5. Increase in quantity and quality of locally produced food for markets. 6. Increase farmer productivity: traditional crops, vegetables, biodiversity food. 7. Number of farmer-entrepreneurs and school gardens assisted by Ag. Extension. Strategies Milestones 2016 2017 2018 2019/2020 Implementation FISHERIES 89 Improve management • Augment MNR staff for economic/ • NAFICOT, reformed as a • Appoint Directors • DWFN to employ a min. no. MNR, TMTI of fisheries resources legal analysis re: international fisheries commercial firm in JVs w/ outside GOT to of Tuvaluans – a condition for growth. negotiations. foreign companies. NAFICOT Board. for granting fishing licenses. • Fisheries revenue contribution sus- • Est. JV w/2 purse seiners & 1 W/TMTI train sea- Agents to work w/DOF to tained above $10 million. long liner. farers to work on place TMTI grads on fishing • Implement the new fishing boats. boats. management/HRD plan. • Study on ways to • 250 seafarers employed on self-finance TFD. fishing boats. • 100 work on fishing boats as observers. Ensure compliance w/ • Compliance in full with WCPFC require- • Removal of EU Yellow Card. MNR, AG international markets ments. standards, incl. hy- • Fish hygiene/sanitary legislation giene/sanitary for fish enacted. products. Improve surveillance/ • Increase in detection/ prosecution of • Closer collaboration be- • Court fines increase Sea Police, MNR detection of illegal fish- offenders. tween Sea Police and DOF and collaboration ing in Tuvalu EEZ. • Increase fines for illegal fishing. on EEZ enforcement. continues. AGRICULTURE Enabling environment • Ag. policies/ legislation updated. • Innovative system for ag. • Trained entrepre- MNR, FAO, SPC, for agricultural devel- • Land use policy dev. credit, developed with neurs in ag prod/ IFAD, DBT, NBT, opment IFAD/DBT/NBT. marketing. TNPSO TEKAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

Institutional strength- • Elisefou Ag Station to incl. CC adapta- • Est. plant breeder for root • E st. home econom- MNR, FAO, SPC, ening in Agriculture tion. crops. ics/ processing unit. SPREP • Staff assessment based on strict job • New staff: 7 OI Ag. officers, • Re-designate ALO descriptions. 5 ext. officers. as Ag. Information Officer. Increase productivity of • 30% prod. increase in local plants/crops. • Expand by 15% agro-forest- • Training in organic • Review Disaster Prepared- MNR, MHARD, Farm- farmers • 30% increase in home vegetable ry farming on all islands. farming & con- ness Plan. er Associations, Kau- produce. • Increase by 20% produc- servation on all • Distribute to all islands info pule, ROC, women, • Conduct study on incentives to boost tion of crabs, laulu, etc. islands. on disaster preparedness. landowners, SPC, local food production. FAO, MFED, DMO Establish marketing • Establish the Ag. Domestic Marketing • Develop Marketing Policy • Establish an open MNR, DOT, DOM, System of local agricul- Authority (ADMA). including potential for market facility on TNPSO, MHARD, tural products. import-substitution crop. Funafuti for agricul- TANGO, SPC tural produce incl. fish. Increase community • Islands encouraged to register at least 2 • Islands to have at least one • School organic MNR, Kaupule participation in agri- farmer associations. ag. project for youths. gardens for demon-

90 culture. stration, student managed w/Ag. ext. guidance. Raise awareness about • Review Nutrition and Food Policy. • Public awareness campaign • Feasibility study MNR, MOH the value of nutritious Workshop on nutritious food produc- on growing nutritious food. on a price support food for a healthy body. tion/prep. scheme for nutri- tious food produce. LANDS Assist expedite land • Assist Lands Court and Appeals Panel • Monitor boundary changes/ • Make TUVLIS avail- • Secure partnership for MNR dispute resolution and settle disputes. establish control survey able online. exploration and mining in proper management of Write an annual Operation Plan for DLS. stations. • Greater transparen- the ISA area & EEZ. Cadastral Survey 1980s. • Monitor coastline shifts & cy in land records. • Est. a real estate market. changes. • FDI to mine seabeds.

ANNEX 9: Strategic Area 9: Infrastructure and Support Services Matrix Goal: Provide efficient, high quality infrastructure and support services Key Performance 1. Enough water in storage to last all the islands through 6 months 10. Annual GOT CSOs paid to PEs over 5 years. Indicators of drought. 11. Number of green houses built. 2. Reduce the number of buildings without good guttering and 12. Building coded in use cyclone-proofing housing and infra- water tanks. structure. 3. Power production by renewable energy; energy efficiency gains. 13. Number of households with internet access, phones, mobile 4. Installation of wind power. phones. 5. Reduction in fuel use by the transport sector. 14. Feasibility studies for introduction of domestic air services 6. Increase in power production – diesel vs. RE. and relocation of international airstrip completed. 7. Number of buildings/homes using alternative energy sources. 15. Number of OIs with airstrips. 8. Volume of imported fossil fuels per year in the last 5 years. 16. Legislation for domestic air services and land transport 9. Number of profitable PEs over previous 5 years. approved by Parliament. 17. Maintenance plan for all government vessels in place and enforced. Milestones Strategies 91 2016 2017 2018 2019/2020 Implementation Sustainable energy • Translate INDC policies into ener- • Funding secured for new RE • Review 100% RE policy against • 100% power production TEC, MPUI gy-related initiatives from 2016 projects. baselines. using renewable energy forward. • Increase import tariffs on • Grid-connected wind power by 2020. • Identify implementation base- petrol/diesel-powered vehi- installed on Funafuti. • Increase energy efficiency lines to achieve 100% renewable cles, and duty-free and other on Funafuti by 30% by energy consumption by 2020. incentives to import hybrid/ 2020. • Study options to reduce fuel con- electric vehicles. sumption in the transport sector. • More aggressively explore use of RE sources e.g., grid-connected wind power. Renewable ener- • A modelling study RE mix solar • Study Biofuel & Biogas power MPUI, TEC, SPC gy modelling and and wind. generation in OIs studies. Residential power • National feed-in tariff. MPUI, TEC, IUCN generation. • Template for flexible Power Purchase Agreements (PPA) betw IPPs and TEC. Energy-related legis- • Review Petroleum Act. • Draft Energy Act. AG, PUI, MFATTEL lation. TEKAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

Telecommunications • Feasibility study on connectivity • Cabinet finalises decision on • Infrastructure installed for free/ TTC, MCT, AG, and internet connec- options (NZ and World Bank. marine cable, satellite, or low-cost broadband nation- MPUI, MHARD tivity. • TTC plans to develop mobile/ WiFi both. wide. services over ten yrs. Upgrade OI internet band- Funds secured for expanding • Broadband access today to plan width. internet connectivity. for mobile/internet usage growth • GOT funds secured for free/ • Maintenance of OI telecom over 3-5 yrs. low-cost broadband, WiFi, equipment. • Consider liberalizing telecom other services. sector. • Enact ICT legislation on, e.g., cybercrime. Transport services • Feasibility study on domestic air • Feasibility study on domestic • Seek funding to construct • Seek funding to construct MPUI, MHARD, – domestic and services. air services. airstrips on islands w/limited airstrips on Vaitupu, Nui AG, Kaupule international. • Decide on the best operation • Survey sites for OI airstrips. lagoon access, e.g., Nanumaga and Nukulaelae. model for the provision of domes- • Re-construct Nanumea & and Niutao. tic air services. Nukufetau airstrips. • Feasibility study on new interna- • Enact legislation for domestic tional airport sites. air services. 92 • Maintenance plan for all govern- • Seek funding for new inter- ment vessels. national airport. • Enact legislation to est. Land Transport Authority. Energy development • Energy Efficiency & Conservation • Bioenergy Plan 2015-2020: OPM, PUI, MFAT- plans & programmes. Programme (EECP): energy audits, training & research TEL consumer awareness, appliance standards. Improving Sanitation • Identify land for waste disposal in • Design reticulated Funafuti MHARD, OPM, Systems. OIs. Sewage System. PUI, MFATTEL • Expand/improve waste disposal systems. • Procure waste disposal-related equip. for SWAT. Building Design. • Develop a Green Housing Policy. • Adopt and enforce building OPM, MFATTEL, • Draft green housing design. codes, particularly for the PUI residential sector.

ANNEX 10: Strategic Area 10: Environment Matrix GOAL: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems; halt and reverse land degradation; protect and prevent biodiversity loss

Key Performance Indicators 1. Increase afforestation and reforestation. 5. Invest annual budgetary savings in Tuvalu Survival Fund equal to 1% of GDP. 2. Reduce degradation of natural habitats. 6. Balance economic growth, social equity & env. protection in national planning. 3. Halt biodiversity loss, and protect/prevent extinction of 7. Conserve, restore and sustain use of terrestrial ecosystems. threatened species. 4. Increase financing to protect ecosystems, and for sus- tainable use of biodiversity. Milestones Strategies 2016 2017 2018 2019 Implementation 93 Integrate climate change • NACCC develop a CC • CC syllabus completed/ • Large-scale replanting project: • Protect species by regulating MFATTEL, MNR, into national planning and Integration Plan. taught in schools. coconut & other trees to harvest seasons and size of specie PUI, MEY, MFED, across sectors. • MFED, DPB monitors • Review/implement increase forest cover. caught. NAPA programs in the CCIP & National Energy Policy. • Survey to estimate qty of fish in TKIII. • NAPA: Health compo- stocks across Tuvalu, excl. • Coastal Marine Life Pro- nent implemented. pelagic fisheries. tection Plan completed & enforced. Environmental laws, rules • Review EIA Regulations • Review NBSAP legislation • ODS regulations reviewed and • Legislate the protection of species MFATTEL, MNR, and regulations. to better protect the and rules to improve up-skill local technicians and – time of harvest and size of specie AG and Kaupule. environment. execution. Customs officers in applica- caught. tion of ODS. Conservation/protection of • Document traditional • Est. network of tradi- MFATTEL the environment. C&P methods. tional conservation practitioners. Protection of biodiversity. • Protection Against MFATTEL Invasive Species Policy. • Biodiversity Database created. TEKAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

ANNEX 11: Strategic Area 11: Migration and Urbanization Matrix GOAL: Mitigate the adverse impacts of internal migration and urbanisation; capitalise on opportunities offered by migration and urbanisation

Key Performance Indicators 1. Number of workers leaving Tuvalu on termed employ- 6. Uniform health and edu. services in Tuvalu (medical treatment, entry to secondary ment abroad a year. schools, etc.). 2. PAC, SWP & RSE workers becoming permanent residents 7. Increase in biodiversity of coastal marine life on Funafuti due, inter alia, to investments to in NZ and Australia 2016-2020. protect and rejuvenate the coastal environment. 3. Acreage added from land reclamation in Tuvalu. 8. National Migration Policy developed and implemented. 4. New residences added every year on Funafuti. 5. Increase the amount of Hardship Assistance Allowance (HAA) paid out.

Milestones Strategies 2016 2017 2018 2019/2020 Implementation 94 Make emigration easier for • Clear policy on mi- • Request NZ to make it • Continue expansion of RSE and • Protect species by regulating OPM, MFATTEL those seeking to work and gration approved by easier for PR under PAC SWP schemes in ANZ harvest seasons and size of specie reside abroad. Cabinet. scheme. • Consider subsidies to make caught. • Encourage private sec- seafarers more market com- tor migration agencies. petitive.

Improve economic and • Produce land recla- • Expedite provision of • Improve the HH water sup- • Legislate the protection of species MHARD, MPUI, social services to urban mation plan (LRP) for housing in Funafuti. plies. – time of harvest and size of specie MOH population. Funafuti. • Encourage Funafuti • Improve solid and liquid caught. • Improve health and ed- people to develop & waste collection/disposal. ucation infrastructure relocate to Funafala. on Funafuti.

Improve provision of social • Produce LRP for OIs • Implement the LRP and MHARD, MPUI, and economic services in • Construction of sea sea defenses MOH OIs. defenses on all islands. • Implement OI infra- structure plan in other thematic areas.

ANNEX 12: Strategic Area 12: Ocean and Seas Matrix GOAL: Conserve the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Strategies Milestones

Key Performance Indicators 1. Prevention and reduction of marine pollution, incl. 4. Access of small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets marine debris, liquid waste, and nutrient pollution. 5. Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans by implementing international 2. Assessment of coastal fish stocks and marine life across law as in UNCLOS Tuvalu, as baseline for measuring impact of protection and rejuvenation measures. 3. Conserve at least 10% of coastal and marine areas, consistent with international law, based on the best scientific evidence.

Milestones 95 Strategies 2016 2017 2018 2019/2020 Implementation

Protection of coastal • Set up database on • Strengthen env. man- • Enforce harvesting dates and • Increase the total area designated MNR, OPM, MOFA ecosystems. coastal or inshore agement on Funafuti to size of fish harvested. for conservation to 10% of the 9 fisheries info. control/reduce liquid • Open/close fishing locations islands in Tuvalu. • Survey of coastal ma- waste seepage from to control overfishing and rine life across Tuvalu. densely populated allow species rejuvenation. • Determine stock levels areas. for planning purposes. • Fisheries management plans for all islands.

Border security and Sea • Coordinate w/DOF • Train Sea Police in bor- • Train Sea Police in border • Train Sea Police in border security Police, MNR, AG Police. surveillance, arrest & der security procedures. security procedures. procedures. prosecution of illegal • Purchase surveillance • Maintenance of border • Review adequacy of border securi- fishing in Tuvalu EEZ. tools & equipment for security vessel, tools and ty laws and regulations. • Train Sea Police in border security. equipment. border security proce- • Review border security. dures. TE KAKEEGA III TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

ANNEXES 13 National Summit on Sustainable Development Malefatuga Declaration II Funafuti, Tuvalu, 11-14 November 2015

Malefatuga Declaration II In the spirit of sustainable development, the plan • Climate Change; for the development of Small Island Developing • Good Governance; States (the Samoa Pathway) and the Rio Principles • The Economy: Stability and Growth; of Sustainable Development; we the island • Social Development and Health; representatives to the National Summit on • Falekaupule and Island Development; Sustainable Development as well as representatives • Private Sector, Employment and Trade; from Non-Governmental Organizations, the private • Education and Human Resource; sector and business community, government • Natural Resources; ministries and departments and representatives • Infrastructure and Support Services; from the Tuvalu diaspora: • Environment; • Migration and Urbanization; and We acknowledge and declare the importance of • Oceans and Seas. sustainable development – today’s development that does not compromise the ability of future We further declare that we will closely monitor generations to develop themselves. the implementation of these decisions and We affirm our support for the vision that by 2020, evaluate their impacts on the national sustainable as a result of our spiritual belief in the national crest – development strategies in TKIII. Tuvalu is for GOD – that Tuvalu will enjoy good health, We wish to thank the Government of Tuvalu for knowledge and understanding from schools, peace organizing the Summit, countries and friends that and prosperity in different fields of endeavor. have contributed to the Summit, and all Tuvaluans We believe that the arrangements and inside and outside Tuvalu. management of sustainable development is an We are grateful to the Summit Chairperson, Hon. important part of efforts to achieve good health, Maatia Toafa, MP, Deputy Prime Minister and peace and prosperity. Minister of Finance and Economic Development, We are concerned about the many challenges and also the Deputy Chairperson, Hon. Kausea that confront Tuvalu due to diseconomies of scale Natano, MP, representing members of Parliament and the poverty of opportunities, isolation and who are not in the government. vulnerability that are further compounded by We affirm the declaration of Malefatuga II by our climate change and sea level rise. signatures below. We declare that the development of the country will be guided by the 12 Strategic Areas, as agreed to at this Summit, regardless of future changes in government:

96 97 TE KAKEEGA III TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

His Excellency the Governor General Ulu Aliki o Niutao ANNEXES 14 UN Sustainable Development Goals

______Sir Iakoba Taeia Italeli Mr. Togiga Lisale

Prime Minister Pule Fenua o Nui

______Hon. Enele Sosene Sopoaga Mr. Sapakuka Kapai

Chairperson Ulu Aliki o Vaitupu

______Hon. Maatia Toafa Mr. Samia Lopusini

Deputy Chairperson Ulu Aliki o Nukufetau

______Hon. Kausea Natano Mr. Siaosi Samuelu

Pule Fenua o Nanumea Ulu Fenua o Funafuti

______Mr. Tailolo Petio Mr. Andrew Ionatana

Hui Tupu o Nanumaga Ulufenua o Nukulaelae

______Mr. Reete Talu Mr. Aifou Tafia

98 99 TE KAKEEGA III TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

UN Sustainable 1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor practices that increase productivity and mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 and those in vulnerable situations and production, that help maintain ecosystems, live births and under-5 mortality to at least Development Goals reduce their exposure and vulnerability to that strengthen capacity for adaptation to as low as 25 per 1,000 live births. climate-related extreme events and other climate change, extreme weather, drought, 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, The UN Sustainable Development Goals are economic, social and environmental shocks flooding and other disasters and that tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical accompanied by targets (below) and measured by and disasters. progressively improve land and soil quality. diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne indicators focused on results (not cited here). The 1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity diseases and other communicable diseases. SDGs constitute an integrated, indivisible set of global from a variety of sources, including through of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature priorities for sustainable development. enhanced development cooperation, in and domesticated animals and their mortality from non-communicable diseases Targets are action oriented, global in nature and order to provide adequate and predictable related wild species, including through through prevention and treatment and universally applicable. They take into account means for developing countries, in soundly managed and diversified seed promote mental health and well-being. different national realities, capacities and levels particular least developed countries, to and plant banks at the national, regional 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of development and respect national policies and implement programmes and policies to end and international levels, and promote of substance abuse, including narcotic drug priorities. They build on the foundation laid by the poverty in all its dimensions. access to and fair and equitable sharing abuse and harmful use of alcohol. MDGs, seek to complete the unfinished business of 1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the of benefits arising from the utilization of 3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths the MDGs, and respond to new challenges. Targets national, regional and international genetic resources and associated traditional and injuries from road traffic accidents. are defined as aspirational and global, with each levels, based on pro-poor and gender- knowledge, as internationally agreed. 3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual government setting its own national targets, taking sensitive development strategies, to 2.a Increase investment, including through and reproductive health-care services, into account national circumstances, but guided by support accelerated investment in poverty enhanced international cooperation, in including for family planning, information the SDGs global-level of ambition. eradication actions. rural infrastructure, agricultural research and education, and the integration of The goals and targets integrate economic, social and extension services, technology reproductive health into national strategies development and plant and livestock gene and programmes. and environmental aspects and recognize their Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security banks in order to enhance agricultural 3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, interlinkages in achieving sustainable development and improved nutrition and promote productive capacity in developing countries, including financial risk protection, access in all its dimensions. sustainable agriculture in particular least developed countries. to quality essential health-care services 2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by 2.b Correct and prevent trade restrictions and and access to safe, effective, quality and Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms all people, in particular the poor and people distortions in world agricultural markets, affordable essential medicines and vaccines everywhere in vulnerable situations, including infants, including through the parallel elimination for al. 1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year of all forms of agricultural export subsidies 3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number people everywhere, currently measured as round. and all export measures with equivalent of deaths and illnesses from hazardous people living on less than $1.25 a day. 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, effect, in accordance with the mandate of chemicals and air, water and soil pollution 1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the including achieving, by 2025, the the Doha Development Round. and contamination. proportion of men, women and children of internationally agreed targets on stunting 2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper 3.a Strengthen the implementation of the all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions and wasting in children under 5 years of functioning of food commodity markets World Health Organization Framework according to national definitions. age, and address the nutritional needs of and their derivatives and facilitate timely Convention on Tobacco Control in all 1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating access to market information, including on countries, as appropriate. protection systems and measures for all, women and older persons. food reserves, in order to help limit extreme 3.b Support the research and development including floors, and by 2030 achieve 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity food price volatility. of vaccines and medicines for the substantial coverage of the poor and the and incomes of small-scale food producers, communicable and non-communicable in particular women, indigenous peoples, diseases that primarily affect developing vulnerable. Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, countries, provide access to affordable 1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, well-being for all at all ages in particular the poor and the vulnerable, including through secure and equal access essential medicines and vaccines, in have equal rights to economic resources, as to land, other productive resources and 3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal accordance with the Doha Declaration on well as access to basic services, ownership inputs, knowledge, financial services, mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, and control over land and other forms of markets and opportunities for value live births 14. which affirms the right of developing property, inheritance, natural resources, addition and non-farm employment. 3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of countries to use to the full the provisions appropriate new technology and financial 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production newborns and children under 5 years of age, in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects services, including microfinance. systems and implement resilient agricultural with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal of Intellectual Property Rights regarding 100 101 TE KAKEEGA III TE KAKEEGA III National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020 National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016 to 2020

flexibilities to protect public health, and, in others, through education for sustainable 5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective substantially reduce the number of people particular, provide access to medicines for development and sustainable lifestyles, participation and equal opportunities for suffering from water scarcity. all. human rights, gender equality, promotion of leadership at all levels of decision-making in 6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water 3.c Substantially increase health financing and a culture of peace and non-violence, global political, economic and public life. resources management at all levels, the recruitment, development, training citizenship and appreciation of cultural 5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and including through trans boundary and retention of the health workforce in diversity and of culture’s contribution to reproductive health and reproductive rights cooperation as appropriate. developing countries, especially in least sustainable development. as agreed in accordance with the Programme 6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related developed countries and Small Island 4.a Build and upgrade education facilities that of Action of the International Conference ecosystems, including mountains, forests, Developing States. are child, disability and gender sensitive on Population and Development and the wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes. 3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in and provide safe, nonviolent, inclusive and Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome 6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation particular developing countries, for early effective learning environments for all. documents of their review conferences. and capacity-building support to developing warning, risk reduction and management of 4.b By 2020, substantially expand globally 5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal countries in water- and sanitation-related national and global health risks. the number of scholarships available rights to economic resources, as well as activities and programmes, including water to developing countries, in particular access to ownership and control over land harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable least developed countries, small island and other forms of property, financial wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse quality education and promote lifelong developing States and African countries, for services, inheritance and natural resources, technologies. learning opportunities for all enrolment in higher education, including in accordance with national laws. 6.b Support and strengthen the participation of vocational training and information and 5.b Enhance the use of enabling technology, in local communities in improving water and 4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys communications technology, technical, particular information and communications sanitation management. complete free, equitable and quality engineering and scientific programmes, in technology, to promote the empowerment primary and secondary education leading developed countries and other developing of women. to relevant and effective learning outcomes. Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, countries. 5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and 4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys sustainable and modern energy for all 4.c By 2030, substantially increase the supply enforceable legislation for the promotion of have access to quality early childhood 7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to of qualified teachers, including through gender equality and the empowerment of development, care and pre-primary affordable, reliable and modern energy international cooperation for teacher all women and girls at all levels. education so that they are ready for primary services. training in developing countries, especially education. 7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share least developed countries and small island 4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable of renewable energy in the global energy developing States. and men to affordable and quality technical, management of water and sanitation for all mix .7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of vocational and tertiary education, including 6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable improvement in energy efficiency. university. Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and access to safe and affordable drinking water 7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation 4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number empower all women and girls for all. to facilitate access to clean energy research of youth and adults who have relevant 5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and and technology, including renewable skills, including technical and vocational women and girls everywhere. equitable sanitation and hygiene for all energy, energy efficiency and advanced and skills, for employment, decent jobs and 5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all and end open defecation, paying special cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote entrepreneurship 15. women and girls in the public and private attention to the needs of women and girls investment in energy infrastructure and 4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in spheres, including trafficking and sexual and those in vulnerable situations. clean energy technology. education and ensure equal access to all and other types of exploitation. 6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing 7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and levels of education and vocational training 5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as pollution, eliminating dumping and upgrade technology for supplying modern for the vulnerable, including persons child, early and forced marriage and female minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and sustainable energy services for all with disabilities, indigenous peoples and genital mutilation. and materials, halving the proportion of in developing countries, in particular children in vulnerable situations. 5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and untreated wastewater and substantially least developed countries, small island 4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a domestic work through the provision of increasing recycling and safe reuse globally. developing States, and land-locked substantial proportion of adults, both men public services, infrastructure and social 6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use developing countries, in accordance with and women, achieve literacy and numeracy. protection policies and the promotion of efficiency across all sectors and ensure their respective programmes of support. 4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the shared responsibility within the household sustainable withdrawals and supply of knowledge and skills needed to promote and the family as nationally appropriate. freshwater to address water scarcity and sustainable development, including, among

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Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and particular women migrants, and those in taking action in accordance with their 10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and sustainable economic growth, full and precarious employment. respective capabilities social protection policies, and progressively productive employment and decent work for 8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to 9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the achieve greater equality. all promote sustainable tourism that creates technological capabilities of industrial 10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of 8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in jobs and promotes local culture and sectors in all countries, in particular global financial markets and institutions accordance with national circumstances products. developing countries, including, by 2030, and strengthen the implementation of such and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross 8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic encouraging innovation and substantially regulations. domestic product growth per annum in the financial institutions to encourage and increasing the number of research and 10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and least developed countries. expand access to banking, insurance and development workers per 1 million people voice for developing countries in decision- 8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic financial services for all. and public and private research and making in global international economic productivity through diversification, 8.a Increase Aid for Trade support for development spending. and financial institutions in order to deliver technological upgrading and innovation, developing countries, in particular least 9.a Facilitate sustainable and resilient more effective, credible, accountable and including through a focus on high-value developed countries, including through infrastructure development in developing legitimate institutions. added and labour-intensive sectors. the Enhanced Integrated Framework for countries through enhanced financial, 10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and 8.3 Promote development-oriented policies Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least technological and technical support to responsible migration and mobility that support productive activities, decent Developed Countries. African countries, least developed countries, of people, including through the job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity 8.b By 2020, develop and operationalize a landlocked developing countries and small implementation of planned and well- and innovation, and encourage the global strategy for youth employment and island developing States 18. managed migration policies. formalization and growth of micro-, small- implement the Global Jobs Pact of the 9.b Support domestic technology 10.a Implement the principle of special and and medium-sized enterprises, including International Labour Organization. development, research and innovation differential treatment for developing through access to financial services 17. in developing countries, including by countries, in particular least developed ensuring a conducive policy environment countries, in accordance with World Trade 8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote for, inter alia, industrial diversification and Organization agreements. resource efficiency in consumption and inclusive and sustainable industrialization value addition to commodities. 10.b Encourage official development assistance production and endeavour to decouple and foster innovation economic growth from environmental 9.c Significantly increase access to information and financial flows, including foreign direct 9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and degradation, in accordance with the 10-year and communications technology and strive investment, to States where the need is resilient infrastructure, including regional framework of programmes on sustainable to provide universal and affordable access greatest, in particular least developed and trans border infrastructure, to support consumption and production, with to the Internet in least developed countries countries, African countries, small island economic development and human well- developed countries taking the lead. by 2020 developing States and landlocked being, with a focus on affordable and 8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive developing countries, in accordance with equitable access for all. employment and decent work for all women their national plans and programmes. 9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and and men, including for young people and 10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the industrialization and, by 2030, significantly among countries persons with disabilities, and equal pay for transaction costs of migrant remittances raise industry’s share of employment and 10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain work of equal value. and eliminate remittance corridors with gross domestic product, in line with national income growth of the bottom 40 per cent 8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion costs higher than 5 per cent. circumstances, and double its share in least of the population at a rate higher than the of youth not in employment, education or developed countries. national average. training. 9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial 10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements 8.7 Take immediate and effective measures and other enterprises, in particular in economic and political inclusion of all, inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable to eradicate forced labour, end modern developing countries, to financial services, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, 11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, slavery and human trafficking and secure including affordable credit, and their ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or safe and affordable housing and basic the prohibition and elimination of the worst integration into value chains and markets. other status. services and upgrade slums. forms of child labour, including recruitment 9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit 10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce 11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end industries to make them sustainable, inequalities of outcome, including by accessible and sustainable transport child labour in all its forms. with increased resource-use efficiency eliminating discriminatory laws, policies systems for all, improving road safety, 8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe and greater adoption of clean and and practices and promoting appropriate notably by expanding public transport, and secure working environments for all environmentally sound technologies and legislation, policies and action in this regard. with special attention to the needs of those workers, including migrant workers, in industrial processes, with all countries

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in vulnerable situations, women, children, Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption 12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies United Nations Framework Convention on persons with disabilities and older persons. and production patterns that encourage wasteful consumption by Climate Change is the primary international, 11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable 12.1 Implement the 10-year framework of removing market distortions, in accordance intergovernmental forum for negotiating urbanization and capacity for participatory, programmes on sustainable consumption with national circumstances, including by the global response to climate change. integrated and sustainable human and production, all countries taking action, restructuring taxation and phasing out settlement planning and management in all those harmful subsidies, where they exist, with developed countries taking the lead, Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use countries. to reflect their environmental impacts, taking into account the development and the oceans, seas and marine resources for 11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard taking fully into account the specific needs capabilities of developing countries. sustainable development the world’s cultural and natural heritage. 12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable and conditions of developing countries and 14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce 11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of management and efficient use of natural minimizing the possible adverse impacts on marine pollution of all kinds, in particular deaths and the number of people affected resources. their development in a manner that protects from land-based activities, including marine and substantially decrease the direct 12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste the poor and the affected communities. debris and nutrient pollution. economic losses relative to global gross at the retail and consumer levels and reduce 14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect domestic product caused by disasters, food losses along production and supply Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid including water-related disasters, with a chains, including post-harvest losses. climate change and its impacts* significant adverse impacts, including by focus on protecting the poor and people in 12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound *Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework strengthening their resilience, and take vulnerable situations. management of chemicals and all wastes Convention on Climate Change is the primary action for their restoration in order to 11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita throughout their life cycle, in accordance international, intergovernmental forum for achieve healthy and productive oceans. environmental impact of cities, including by with agreed international frameworks, and negotiating the global response to climate change. 14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean paying special attention to air quality and significantly reduce their release to air, 13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity acidification, including through enhanced municipal and other waste management. water and soil in order to minimize their to climate-related hazards and natural scientific cooperation at all levels. 11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, adverse impacts on human health and the disasters in all countries. 14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and inclusive and accessible, green and public environment. 13.2 Integrate climate change measures into end overfishing, illegal, unreported and spaces, in particular for women and children, 12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste national policies, strategies and planning. unregulated fishing and destructive fishing older persons and persons with disabilities. generation through prevention, reduction, 13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and practices and implement science-based 11.a Support positive economic, social and recycling and reuse. human and institutional capacity on climate management plans, in order to restore environmental links between urban, peri- 12.6 Encourage companies, especially large change mitigation, adaptation, impact fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at urban and rural areas by strengthening and transnational companies, to adopt reduction and early warning. least to levels that can produce maximum national and regional development sustainable practices and to integrate 13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by sustainable yield as determined by their planning. sustainability information into their developed-country parties to the United biological characteristics. 11.b By 2020, substantially increase the number reporting cycle. Nations Framework Convention on Climate 14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of of cities and human settlements adopting 12.7 Promote public procurement practices that Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly coastal and marine areas, consistent with and implementing integrated policies are sustainable, in accordance with national $100 billion annually by 2020 from all national and international law and based on and plans towards inclusion, resource policies and priorities sources to address the needs of developing the best available scientific information. efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to 12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere countries in the context of meaningful 14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries climate change, resilience to disasters, have the relevant information and mitigation actions and transparency on subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and develop and implement, in line with awareness for sustainable development and implementation and fully operationalize and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk lifestyles in harmony with nature. the Green Climate Fund through its contribute to illegal, unreported and Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk 12.a Support developing countries to strengthen capitalization as soon as possible. unregulated fishing and refrain from management at all levels. their scientific and technological capacity to 13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity introducing new such subsidies, recognizing 11.c Support least developed countries, move towards more sustainable patterns of for effective climate change-related that appropriate and effective special and including through financial and technical consumption and production. planning and management in least differential treatment for developing and assistance, in building sustainable and 12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor developed countries and small island least developed countries should be an resilient buildings utilizing local materials. sustainable development impacts for developing States, including focusing on integral part of the World Trade Organization sustainable tourism that creates jobs and women, youth and local and marginalized fisheries subsidies negotiation. promotes local culture and products. communities. Acknowledging that the

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15.c Enhance global support for efforts to 16.b Promote and enforce non-discriminatory 14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits degraded forests and substantially increase combat poaching and trafficking of laws and policies for sustainable to Small Island developing States and least afforestation and reforestation globally. protected species, including by increasing development. developed countries from the sustainable 15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore the capacity of local communities to pursue use of marine resources, including through degraded land and soil, including land sustainable livelihood opportunities. sustainable management of fisheries, affected by desertification, drought 17: Strengthen the means of implementation aquaculture and tourism 2 Taking into and floods, and strive to achieve a land and revitalize the global partnership for account ongoing World Trade Organization degradation-neutral world. Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive sustainable development finance negotiations, the Doha Development 15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of societies for sustainable development, 17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, Agenda and the Hong Kong ministerial mountain ecosystems, including their provide access to justice for all and build including through international support mandate. biodiversity, in order to enhance their effective, accountable and inclusive to developing countries, to improve 14.a Increase scientific knowledge, develop capacity to provide benefits that are institutions at all levels domestic capacity for tax and other revenue research capacity and transfer marine essential for sustainable development. 16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence collection. technology, taking into account the 15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce and related death rates everywhere. 17.2 Developed countries to implement fully Intergovernmental Oceanographic the degradation of natural habitats, halt the 16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all their official development assistance Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect forms of violence against and torture of commitments, including the commitment Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to and prevent the extinction of threatened children. by many developed countries to achieve improve ocean health and to enhance the species. 16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and the target of 0.7 per cent of ODA/GNI to contribution of marine biodiversity to the 15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the international levels and ensure equal access developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 development of developing countries, in benefits arising from the utilization of to justice for all. per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed particular small island developing States genetic resources and promote appropriate 16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial countries; ODA providers are encouraged to and least developed countries. access to such resources, as internationally and arms flows, strengthen the recovery consider setting a target to provide at least 14.b Provide access for small-scale artisanal agreed. and return of stolen assets and combat all 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed fishers to marine resources and markets 15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and forms of organized crime. countries. 14.c Enhance the conservation and trafficking of protected species of flora and 16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery 17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for sustainable use of oceans and their fauna and address both demand and supply in all their forms. developing countries from multiple sources. resources by implementing international of illegal wildlife products. 16.6 Develop effective, accountable and 17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides 15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the transparent institutions at all levels long-term debt sustainability through the legal framework for the conservation introduction and significantly reduce the 16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory coordinated policies aimed at fostering and sustainable use of oceans and their impact of invasive alien species on land and and representative decision-making at all debt financing, debt relief and debt resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of water ecosystems and control or eradicate levels. restructuring, as appropriate, and address The Future We Want. the priority species. 16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation the external debt of highly indebted poor 15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and of developing countries in the institutions countries to reduce debt distress. biodiversity values into national and local of global governance. 17.5 Adopt and implement investment Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote planning, development processes, poverty 16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, promotion regimes for least developed sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, reduction strategies and accounts. including birth registration countries Technology. sustainably manage forests, combat 15.a Mobilize and significantly increase financial 16.10 Ensure public access to information 17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and desertification, and halt and reverse land resources from all sources to conserve and protect fundamental freedoms, in triangular regional and international degradation and halt biodiversity loss and sustainably use biodiversity and accordance with national legislation and cooperation on and access to science, 15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration ecosystems. international agreements. technology and innovation and enhance and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland 15.b Mobilize significant resources from all 16.a Strengthen relevant national institutions, knowledge sharing on mutually agreed freshwater ecosystems and their services, sources and at all levels to finance sustainable including through international terms, including through improved in particular forests, wetlands, mountains forest management and provide adequate cooperation, for building capacity at all coordination among existing mechanisms, and dry lands, in line with obligations under incentives to developing countries to levels, in particular in developing countries, in particular at the United Nations level, and international agreements. advance such management, including for to prevent violence and combat terrorism through a global technology facilitation 15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation conservation and reforestation. and crime. mechanism. of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore

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17.7 Promote the development, transfer, 17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable dissemination and diffusion of development. environmentally sound technologies to 17.15 Respect each country’s policy space and developing countries on favourable terms, leadership to establish and implement including on concessional and preferential policies for poverty eradication and terms, as mutually agreed. sustainable development Multi-stakeholder 17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank partnerships. and science, technology and innovation 17.16 Enhance the global partnership for capacity-building mechanism for least sustainable development, complemented developed countries by 2017 and enhance by multi-stakeholder partnerships that the use of enabling technology, in mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, particular information and communications technology and financial resources, to technology 23 Capacity-building support the achievement of the sustainable 17.9 Enhance international support for development goals in all countries, in implementing effective and targeted particular developing countries. capacity-building in developing countries 17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, to support national plans to implement public-private and civil society partnerships, all the sustainable development goals, building on the experience and resourcing including through North-South, South- strategies of partnerships Data, monitoring South and triangular cooperation trade. and accountability. 17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, 17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support non-discriminatory and equitable to developing countries, including for least multilateral trading system under the World developed countries and small island Trade Organization, including through the developing States, to increase significantly conclusion of negotiations under its Doha the availability of high-quality, timely and Development Agenda. reliable data disaggregated by income, 17.11 Significantly increase the exports of gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory developing countries, in particular with status, disability, geographic location and a view to doubling the least developed other characteristics relevant in national countries’ share of global exports by 2020. contexts. 17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free 17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to and quota-free market access on a lasting develop measurements of progress on basis for all least developed countries, sustainable development that complement consistent with World Trade Organization gross domestic product, and support decisions, including by ensuring that statistical capacity-building in developing preferential rules of origin applicable to countries 24 Means of implementation and imports from least developed countries are the Global Partnership. transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access. 17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence.

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