R£Ft6.Tljq W~9>U3.'F-£.Gl \Nf Na-Ie-I?-

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

R£Ft6.Tljq W~9>U3.'F-£.Gl \Nf Na-Ie-I?- University ofHawai'i Graduate School One Person, Two Worlds? Two Persons, One World? Cultural Identity Through the Eyes ofNew Zealand Born Samoans by MaryK. Chun A Research Paper in Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirements for a Master's Degree in Pacific Islands Studies -r£ft6.tlJQ W~9>U3. 'f -£.Gl \nf KMZW~ ~MN nA-iE-I?- . May 2000 Abstract The purpose ofthis paper is to examine the cultural identity ofNew Zealand born Samoans by analyzing interviews conducted with several individuals in the Auckland area. My research is concerned with the factors that shape their cultural and personal identity, such as their fluency in the Samoan language, their adherence to Samoan cultural practices and values, and their family life. They expressed in detail their perceptions ofthe Samoan culture, how they managed to function and adapt in two different worlds. The process ofmigration has brought about a transformation ofthe fa 'a Samoa (the Samoan Way), and the degree ofadherence to it by migrant parents affects the next generation's perception ofthe Samoan culture. Surrounded by non-Samoan influences, young Samoans born in Aotearoa will inevitably choose to abandon, modify, hold on to, and/or return to thefa 'a Samoa as it fits within their lives and goals. Another factor in the formation ofcultural identity, the concept ofopposition, is analyzed in this paper. One ofthe most difficult processes ofcultural adjustment for the New Zealand borns is the treatment and stereotyping they experience from their own Samoan born counterparts. This intra-group opposition greatly affects the cultural orientation and selfidentity ofmany young Samoans. This research paper shows how the fa 'a Samoa is changing in the hands ofthe new retainers born in New Zealand, forming hybrid and unique versions ofthe "traditional fa 'a Samoa" in order to fit their new way ofliving in a non-Samoan environment. IV Table of Contents Abstract iv List ofTables vi Introduction.................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1: Samoan Migration and the New Zealand Borns' Experience 10 Chapter 2: Two Views on Culture 18 Chapter 3: The New Zealand Born Perspective ofthe Fa'a Samoa 23 Chapter 4: Looking for a Samoan Identity 47 Chapter 5: The Opposition and the New Zealand Borns' Reactions 55 Conclusion 64 Appendix 67 References 68 v List of Tables Table 1: New Zealand Born Pacific Islander Population, 1996 12 Table 2: Population ofSamoan Ethnicity Resident in New Zealand, 1986-1996 13 Table 3: Languages Spoken by Birthplace, 1996 34 VI Introduction "... I had a lot ofEuropean friends and I didn't quite fit into the European way - the lifestyle and stuff - and then, I didn't quite fit into the Samoan way ofdoing things because my parents were very hard line on that. They wouldn't, they didn't teach us how to speak Samoan. So all I learned was from my friends and that, about Samoan culture and that. And because I couldn't speak Samoan and most ofmy family could - even my cousins - it was sort ofisolated in that way, so I didn't quite belong in either worlds." - Lise "Well, when you're born here, you're told you're Samoan by your parents, but when you go to school and when you're growing up from New Zealand - facing you is New Zealanders. And when you go home, it's a different world. Like, you're expected to live by what way our parents brought back from the islands. So, it's like ... you know, live a life outside ofhome and live the island life in the house. So you had two personalities in a sense." - Rose "At times I do, especially when I go to Samoa - when we visit home - because what you see there is nothing to what you're used to. You think that you're traditional, but when you go there you begin to learn that halfthe things your parents have told you, you know, the things your parents told you is really like halftruths about your culture because there are some things which are very, very extreme Samoan ... Yeah, I do get caught up when it's real fa 'a Samoa. That's when I begin to doubt, 'Well, maybe I'm not really Samoan. I'm just a New Zealand sort ofversion of it." - Mata Do you ever wonder about where you belong and how you came to be there? Or, maybe you already believe that you belong to something, but are not quite sure how you fit into it or what part you play? Have you ever felt caught between two worlds or felt that you were two different people functioning in one world? Which world do you belong to? Which world do you actually identify with and how did you come to that identity? Do you reject, modify, or constantly fluctuate between those two worlds? I asked these questions ofseveral New Zealand born Samoans, and the responses I received were surprising and enlightening. The replies above are just a few ofmany made by my informants when asked whether they felt caught between two worlds - being ethnically Samoan, 1 but born in New Zealand. They detailed how they perceived the Samoan culture, how they functioned in two very different worlds, and how they viewed the stages ofadaptation they underwent. It is the personal accounts from young Samoan people themselves which are absent in the literature. I have found those insights extremely valuable to my own understanding of cultural identification and change for the Samoan people. Because ofthis, you will be hearing a great deal oftheir voices throughout this paper as we look into the personal and cultural identification ofNew Zealand born Samoans. The purpose ofmy paper is to document how a first generation ofNew Zealand born Samoans perceive themselves culturally, and what factors produce and shape that identity. I will do this by examining their attitudes toward the Samoan language, cultural practices, family life, and values. I will further examine and analyze what I believe to be an additional factor in the formation ofcultural identity - the concept ofopposition. This is not an opposition that is necessarily between the dominant society and the immigrant community, but an opposition that involves members ofthe same ethnic group (Anae 1995). I will be specifically looking at the responses ofNew Zealand born Samoans to the treatment and perceptions oftheir Samoan born counterparts because oftheir foreign birthplace and adaptation to a western environment. These opposing views and splits between members ofthe same ethnicity I found to be another decisive influence on how New Zealand-Samoans have come to perceive their cultural identity and in turn, how that identity continues to affect their socialization. Cluny MacPherson, in his paper about ethnic and cultural identity ofSamoan migrants in New Zealand, suggests that, "... [they] showed little inclination to set aside Samoan values and institutions in favour ofthose ofthe host community. Samoan migrants exhibited a strong sense 2 ofethnic identity and a pride in that identity ..." (1995:3). According to this statement, Samoans consciously attempt to keep their language, customs, and values; not necessarily because ofan aversion to the host community's institutions, but due to the familiarity ofthe Samoan way ofliving, which is calledfa 'a Samoa. It is this tight grip on the culture encompassed by thefa 'a Samoa that has kept their indigenous language and way oflife alive, even after the infiltration ofthe western value system within the Samoan islands. Yet I believe we are now witnessing a transition within the fa 'a Samoa in New Zealand, in which the children ofSamoan immigrants are "reinterpreting" what is or, for that matter, what is not passed down to them as they attempt to function within a non-Samoan cultural setting. New cultural practices are continuously developing, and it can never be said that the evolution or maturity ofthe Samoan culture is complete. In the same way, neither can it be said that the end point ofSamoan cultural identity has been attained. So what is the fa 'a Samoa becoming ifone takes the view that culture is always in transition? Can it be calledfa 'a Samoa ifa child is reared with influences and values other than what is traditionally considered Samoan in Samoa? Ifone takes the opposing view that the fa 'a Samoa can never change, then many children in New Zealand that are Samoan by ethnicity would not be considered truly Samoan culturally because they were raised with more non-Samoan influences and a radically alteredfa 'a Samoa. This is where the interesting transition and development ofthe Samoan identity occur, and it is at this intersection that this study examines the cultural perceptions and factors that have led the New Zealand-Samoan young people to their particular attitudes and beliefs. The level at which an individual such as a Samoan is able to participate within his or her culture depends on conditions such as the degree ofexposure, the kind ofencouragement, 3 opportunities for interaction, and the opposition experienced toward the culture by non-Samoans and Samoans alike. All these influence the acquisition ofone's cultural identity. In this paper, I will discuss several factors which affect the construction and retention ofboth cultural identity and personal identity, such as language use, home environment, social environment, church involvement, local community activities, and extended family involvement. Descriptions of home life and parental influence are essential in this research in order to understand Samoan cultural identity and social adjustment. I will also examine the idea ofopposition within the same ethnic group as important in understanding the process ofdeveloping and evolving cultural identity and for the maintenance ofthe Samoan culture by New Zealand born Samoans. Anthropologist Edward Spicer has emphasized the concept ofopposition as a mechanism utilized by a "persistent identity system" (1971).
Recommended publications
  • Samoan Research Methodology
    VolumePacific-Asian 23 | Number Education 21 | 2011 Pacific-Asian Education The Journal of the Pacific Circle Consortium for Education Volume 23, Number 2, 2011 SPECIAL ISSUE Inside (and around) the Pacific Circle: Educational Places, Spaces and Relationships SPECIAL ISSUE EDITORS Eve Coxon The University of Auckland, New Zealand Airini The University of Auckland, New Zealand SPECIAL ISSUE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Elizabeth Rata The University of Auckland, New Zealand Diane Mara The University of Auckland, New Zealand Carol Mutch The University of Auckland, New Zealand EDITOR Elizabeth Rata, School of Critical Studies in Education, Faculty of Education, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. Email: [email protected] EXECUTIVE EDITORS Airini, The University of Auckland, New Zealand Alexis Siteine, The University of Auckland, New Zealand CONSULTING EDITOR Michael Young, Institute of Education, University of London EDITORIAL BOARD Kerry Kennedy, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong Meesook Kim, Korean Educational Development Institute, South Korea Carol Mutch, Education Review Office, New Zealand Gerald Fry, University of Minnesota, USA Christine Halse, University of Western Sydney, Australia Gary McLean, Texas A & M University, USA Leesa Wheelahan, University of Melbourne, Australia Rob Strathdee, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Xiaoyu Chen, Peking University, P. R. China Saya Shiraishi, The University of Tokyo, Japan Richard Tinning, University of Queensland, Australia ISSN 1019-8725 Pacific Circle Consortium for Education Publication design and layout: Halcyon Design Ltd, www.halcyondesign.co.nz Published by Pacific Circle Consortium for Education http://pacificcircleconsortium.org/PAEJournal.html Pacific-Asian Education Volume 23, Number 2, 2011 CONTENTS Editorial Eve Coxon 5 Articles Tala Mai Fafo: (Re)Learning from the voices of Pacific women 11 Tanya Wendt Samu Professional development in the Cook Islands: Confronting and challenging 23 Cook Islands early childhood teachers’ understandings of play.
    [Show full text]
  • Support for Māori Whānau and Pacific and Asian Families and Significant
    Support for Māori whānau and Pacific and Asian families and significant others who have been affected by suicide attempts – an analysis of the published and grey literature Kathryn Henare and Penny Ehrhardt HHeennaarree EEhhrrhhaarrddtt RReesseeaarrcchh commissioned by the Ministry of Youth Development April 2004 1 Acknowledgements............................................................................................................. 5 Disclaimer........................................................................................................................... 5 1 Executive Summary and Recommendations .............................................................. 6 1.1 Executive Summary............................................................................................ 6 1.1.3 General........................................................................................................ 6 1.1.4 Māori........................................................................................................... 6 1.1.4 Pacific people.............................................................................................. 6 1.1.5 Asian ........................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Recommendations for Service Delivery ............................................................. 7 1.3 Recommendations for Evaluation....................................................................... 9 1.4 Further Research ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • TO: NZRL Staff, Districts and Affiliates and Board FROM: Cushla Dawson
    TO: NZRL Staff, Districts and Affiliates and Board FROM: Cushla Dawson DATE: 14 April 2009 RE: Media Summary Tuesday 07 April to Tuesday 14 April 2009 Give us a chance: WITH France joining Australia, Great Britain and New Zealand to make up an international quad-nations series this year, Fiji Bati centre Darryl Millard has called on the Pacific Nations to be considered too. After the 2008 Rugby League World Cup shake up of the international calendar by the Rugby League International Federation, it has been proposed that a Pacific Cup be held this year. The winner of the tournament enters the 2010 Rugby League Four Nations tournament (consisting of Australia, New Zealand, England and a qualifying nation). A Pacific Cup is also proposed to be held in 2011. Jones not available for Kiwis: He still has that magic touch but little general Stacey Jones has ruled himself out of contention for New Zealand's clash with Australia next month at Lang Park. The scheming halfback said he would not be available for selection for the Brisbane match which takes place on May 8, the day after his 33rd birthday. After one year out of rugby league, Jones made a shock return to the NRL this season and has shown he still has a knack for creating tries. Linwood win 17-try see-saw: Former Warrior Kane Ferris scored a match-winning try on the stroke of fulltime as the Linwood Keas snuck home in a 94-point rugby league thriller against east-side arch rival Aranui. Linwood's Canterbury Bulls hooker Nathan Sherlock and Aranui Eagles back Tim Rangihuna both scored four tries as the Keas clung to a 48-46 victory at Rugby League Park on Saturday.
    [Show full text]
  • Australia and the Pacific
    AUSTRALIA AND THE PACIFIC: THE AMBIVALENT PLACE OF PACIFIC PEOPLES WITHIN CONTEMPORARY AUSTRALIA Scott William Mackay, BA (Hons), BSc July 2018 Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Australian Indigenous Studies Program School of Culture and Communication The University of Melbourne 0000-0002-5889 – Abstract – My thesis examines the places (real and symbolic) accorded to Pacific peoples within the historical production of an Australian nation and in the imaginary of Australian nationalism. It demonstrates how these places reflect and inform the ways in which Australia engages with the Pacific region, and the extent to which Australia considers itself a part of or apart from the Pacific. While acknowledging the important historical and contemporary differences between the New Zealand and Australian contexts, I deploy theoretical concepts and methods developed within the established field of New Zealand- centred Pacific Studies to identify and analyse what is occurring in the much less studied Australian-Pacific context. In contrast to official Australian discourse, the experiences of Pacific people in Australia are differentiated from those of other migrant communities because of: first, Australia’s colonial and neo-colonial histories of control over Pacific land and people; and second, Pacific peoples' important and unique kinships with Aboriginal Australians. Crucially the thesis emphasises the significant diversity (both cultural and national) of the Pacific experience in Australia. My argument is advanced first by a historicisation of Australia’s formal engagements with Pacific people, detailing intersecting narratives of their migration to Australia and Australia’s colonial and neo- colonial engagements within the Pacific region.
    [Show full text]
  • Attention Kiwis and Samoa Fans! Catch the New Zealand Kiwis Take on Samoa on the 28Th of October at Mt Smart Stadium!
    Sir Peter Leitch Club Newsletter RLWC 2017 4th October 2017 Only 3 weeks until the first game! #190 Attention Kiwis and Samoa Fans! Catch the New Zealand Kiwis take on Samoa on the 28th of October at Mt Smart Stadium! Get your tickets now at: www.rlwc2017.com Build-Up To Rugby League World Cup Goes Into Overdrive As Squads Including The Kiwis Get Named This Week By Daniel Fraser New Zealand Media & PR Manager RLWC 2017 P TO 10 countries are set to announce their Naiqama and Daryl Millard. Another former Fiji Usquad for the Rugby League World Cup next international Joe Dakuitoga is coach of the Residents week, including host nations Australia, New Zealand team. and Papua New Guinea. Wayne Bennett’s England squad will be announced Kiwis coach David Kidwell will name his squad on on Monday, 9 October, following the Super League Thursday, October 5 in Auckland with Australian Grand Final. coach Mal Meninga to have announced his 24-man Kangaroos squad two days earlier at a press confer- Wales coach John Kear and Scotland’s Steve McCor- ence in Sydney on Tuesday, 3 October. mack are set to name their squads on Tuesday, 10 October. The announcements of the Kiwis and Kangaroos pave the way for Tonga coach Kristian Woolf, Sa- No changes will be permitted after 13 October, when moa’s Matt Parrish, Italy’s Cameron Ciraldo and the final squads for the tournament are due to be Lebanon’s Brad Fittler to name their squads as some officially announced by RLWC2017. players have dual eligibility for Australia, New Zea- The 15th instalment of the Rugby League World Cup land or England.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand England
    14 NOV 2014 #50 14 : 12 NEW ZEALAND EENGLANDNGLAND the Kiwis line up as the National Anthem is sung. "I would go so far as to say it was one of the best test games I have witnessed in some time, even including our upset win over the Aussies, because although we were sensational in that one, the Aussies were off their game, whereas England were fi ercely competitive... [it was] a real old-fashioned game of attrition." Led by Isaac Luke, the Kiwis gave a full-on HAKA haka. headed to Wellington on Tuesday, the best test games I have witnessed in to cheer them on, which added heaps of Old foes again in Four Nations which is always special for me being a some time, even including our upset win colour and noise to the grounds, especially Most pundits would have predicted a Iborn and bred working class boy from over the Aussies, because although we Whangarei. Kiwis v Kangaroos fi nal before the Four Newtown. were sensational in that one, the Aussies But Samoa’s loss means it is once again Nations kicked off at Suncorp. But none I’m staying in the hotel with the Kiwis and were off their game, whereas England were the old rivals – the Kiwis v Australia at guessed what drama would unfold with it is a huge privilege to be included in the fi ercely competitive. Westpac Stadium. thoroughly competitive England and Toa preparations for Saturday’s Four Nations All the experts I spoke to after the game Samoa teams. fi nal against Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Cushla Dawson DATE: 12 October 2009 RE
    TO: NZRL Staff, Districts and Affiliates and Board FROM: Cushla Dawson DATE: 12 October 2009 RE: Media Summary Tuesday 06 September to Monday 12 October 2009 Australia wary of New Zealand ambush ahead of Four Nations: Still mentally scarred by 2008's shock World Cup defeat, Australia will head to the Four Nations fearing another New Zealand ambush in London. Australia will face the Kiwis at Twickenham's Stoop Stadium, with captain Darren Lockyer declaring the Kangaroos ready to re-establish themselves as rugby league's premier nation. Roos seek revenge over New Zealand in rugby league clash: AUSTRALIA cannot regain rugby league's World Cup until the next tournament in 2013, but in the meantime they're determined to show title holders New Zealand who really is No. 1. The Kangaroos' quest for trans-Tasman supremacy began with a 38-10 win over the Kiwis in Brisbane on May 8 and will continue in England in the upcoming Four Nations tournament. Parramatta Eels' prop Fuifui Moimoi will be rested ahead of the Four-Nations because of his rib and knee injuries: Kiwis' coach Stephen Kearney has decided to rest Parramatta Eels' prop Fuifui Moimoi ahead of the Four-Nations. Moimoi carried knee and rib injuries through the NRL playoffs and has not been selected in the Kiwis' side for Wednesday night's one-off test against Tonga in Rotorua. Kearney says apart from Moimoi's absence, he has picked a full-strength side. He says they want to get this campaign off to the right start and Tonga will pick a strong side.
    [Show full text]
  • 'It's Part of Who I Am'
    ‘It’s part of who I am’: Tā’aloga ma fa’asinomaga ma fa’aSāmoa - Sport, identity, and culture in the lives of Samoan-New Zealanders Joshua Connolly A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in Cultural Anthropology 2018 Abstract Samoan-New Zealanders have become increasingly prominent within New Zealand sport since the mid-20th century. Despite the apparent desirability of players with Pacific Island heritage their presence is also met with resistance and apprehension in both professional and amateur settings. Discourse that frames the relationship between Samoan-New Zealanders and sport often does so in terms that rely on stereotypes and the naturalisation of sporting ability and participation suggesting that they are ‘built’ for sport. This thesis offers a counternarrative to such discourse exploring the ways in which sport, particularly rugby, is a culturally embedded practice for Samoan-New Zealanders. I argue that for Samoan-New Zealanders sport exists as an example of Marcel Mauss’s fait social total or Total Social Phenomenon (TSP) by virtue of the range of cultural institutions and practices that find expression within it. As such it is deeply and uniquely immersed within the fa’aSāmoa or Samoan culture. This thesis is based on seven months of ethnographic fieldworK, participant observation, and talanoa conducted in Wellington, New Zealand. It seeKs to explore the ways in which sport is a culturally embedded practice as a means of interrogating the notion that Samoan-New Zealanders are ‘born to play sport’. i Acknowledgements There is no conceivable way this thesis would have been completed without the support of phenomenal people.
    [Show full text]
  • A Perspective on the Changing Role of Pacific Islanders in New Zealand
    Intrepid Journey – A Perspective on the Changing Role of Pacific Islanders in New Zealand Judith Taumuafono 2007 This thesis is submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Arts (Communications Studies) TABLE OF CONTENTS Attestation of Authorship………………………………………………………………………………….4 Dedication………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 Glossary………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………………….7 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………8 i. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………..9 Approach and scope of thesis………………………………………………………………….10 Method of enquiry……………………………………………………………………………………11 Thesis structure……………………………………………………………………………………….12 1. In the beginning – New Zealand the land of opportunity……………………14 A look at the origins of New Zealand’s relationship with Pacific Island nations…………………………………………………………………………………………………….14 The early browning of Aotearoa: New Zealand the land of milk and honey……………………………………………………………………………………………………….17 Unravelling the theoretical approach to international immigration………19 The Muldoon years…………………………………………………………………………………..21 The early influence of the media in the portrayal of Pacific Islanders….24 Reading between the frames…………………………………………………………………..26 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………..34 2. Beyond the controversial overstayers’ campaign: the evolution of Pacific Islanders in New Zealand’s mainstream media……………………….35 State of the nation…………………………………………………………………………………..35
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Electoral Systems on Immigrant Representation
    The Effect of Electoral Systems on Immigrant Representation Presented to the Department of Government in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree with honors of Bachelor of Arts Harvard College March 2016 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3 2. Representation, Incorporation, and Electoral Systems ..................................... 11 3. Mixed-Member Electoral Systems as a Quasi-Experiment .............................. 33 4. The Effect of Electoral Systems on Descriptive Representation ...................... 50 5. The Effect of Electoral Systems on Substantive Representation ...................... 84 6. In Search of Other Explanations: A Case Study of New Zealand’s Citizenship Amendment Act 2005 ......................................................................................... 109 7. Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 125 Works Cited ........................................................................................................ 129 2 1. Introduction In 2015, Germany accepted over one million refugees to a country in which 13% of its eighty million people were already foreign-born (Chambers 2015; OECD 2015: 312). German Chancellor Angela Merkel has been lauded for her response to the migrant crisis, winning TIME Magazine’s Person of the Year in 2015. But one group’s voice has been notably absent from the conversation: immigrants.
    [Show full text]
  • HRC RR Report 2009.Indd
    Tüi Tüi Tuituiä Race Relations in 2009 CONTACT THE COMMISSION Tämaki Makaurau – Auckland Level 4 Tower Centre, 45 Queen Street PO Box 6751, Wellesley Street Tämaki Makaurau Auckland 1141 Waea Telephone 09 309 0874 Waea Whakähua Fax 09 377 3593 Te Whanganui ä Tara – Wellington Level 1 Vector Building, 44-52 The Terrace PO Box 12411, Thorndon Te Whanganui ä Tara Wellington 6144 Waea Telephone 04 473 9981 Waea Whakähua Fax 04 471 6759 Ötautahi – Christchurch Level 3 Guardian Building, 79-83 Hereford Street PO Box 1578, Ötautahi Christchurch 8140 Waea Telephone 03 379 2015 Waea Whakähua Fax 03 353 0959 Human Rights Commission InfoLine 0800 496 877 (toll free) Fax 09 377 3593 (attn: InfoLine) Email [email protected] TTY (teletypewriter) 0800 150 111 Language Line and NZ Sign Language interpreter available. http://www.hrc.co.nz ISSN: 1178-7724 Online ISSN: 1178-7716 Print Published March 2010 Aotearoa New Zealand Cover artwork by Ahu Te Ua for the Human Rights Commission’s Race Relations Day poster, titled “Race Relations Day, it’s about us”. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New Zealand License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/nz/. Tüi Tüi Tuituiä Race Relations in 2009 The Human Rights Commission and Race Relations The main functions of the Human Rights Commission under the Human Rights Act 1993 are to promote and protect human rights; to encourage the development of harmonious relations; to promote equal employment opportunities; and to provide a dispute resolution service for complaints of discrimination on the grounds (among others) of colour, race, and ethnic or national origins.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Protest in Colonial Sāmoa: the Mau Movements and the Response of the London Missionary Society, 1900 – 1935
    INDIGENOUS PROTEST IN COLONIAL SĀMOA: THE MAU MOVEMENTS AND THE RESPONSE OF THE LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY, 1900 – 1935 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY DECEMBER 2017 By Brian T. Alofaituli Dissertation Committee: David Chappell, Chairperson David Hanlon Matthew Romaniello Jeffrey Kapali Lyon Terence Wesley-Smith Copyright 2017 by Brian T. Alofaituli ii Dedicated to Taito Tusigaigoa Failautusi and Susie O’Brien Alofaituli, fa’afetai tele i lā oulua tatalo ma fa’amanuiaga. iii Acknowledgements Words are not enough to express my fa’afetai (thank you) to so many people that supported and helped me as I worked on this project. First and foremost, I want to thank my parents, Taito Failautusi and Susie O’Brien Alofaituli, my siblings, Kaisalina, Gwen, and Kip for their prayers and encouragement during this very long journey. Your support from day one has given me the strength and confidence to achieve this Ph.D. To my extended family, fa’afetai tele lava mo talosaga (thank you for your endless prayers). Many family members have passed on to heaven. I hope and pray that you are all mimita (proud). To the many clergymen and their wives from the Congregational Christian Church of American Sāmoa, thank you. I would like to thank my dissertation committee members Dr. David A. Chappell, Dr. David Hanlon, Dr. Terence Wesley-Smith, Dr. Matthew P. Romaniello, and Dr. Jeffrey K. Lyon for your feedback and support. In particular, I would like to thank my advisor Dr.
    [Show full text]