DOCSLIB.ORG

United States' Foreign Policy Toward The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
United States' Foreign Policy Toward The ABSTRACT POLITICAL SCIENCE AL SARHAN, ATALLAH B.A. YARMOUK UNIVERSITY, 2005 M.A. AL AL-BAYT UNIVERSITY, 2010 UNITED STATES’ FOREIGN POLICY TOWARD THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN: 1990-2014 Committee Chair: Hashim T. Gibrill, Ph.D. Dissertation dated May 2016 This study provides an analysis of the United States’ foreign policy toward the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan from 1990-2014. This period has witnessed four different American Presidents: the Republicans, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, and the Democrats, Bill Clinton and Barack H. Obama. Republicans and Democrats have both maintained relatively close relations with Jordan. This study concluded that the most important factors that shaped the United States’ foreign policy toward Jordan are the geopolitical location, ideology, moderate regime, regional security dimension, and Arab- Israeli peace process. This study explores the signing of The Jordan-Israel Peace Treaty of October 26, 1994, which markedly enhanced US-Jordan bilateral relations to unprecedented levels. The United States’ foreign aid, Qualifying Industrial Zones, and the US-Jordan Free Trade Agreement have dramatically boosted the Jordanian economy and modernized its military weapon systems. This study found that the primary concern of the United States’ foreign policy in the Middle East is securing strategic access to oil i in the Gulf region, supporting and protecting Israel’s sovereignty, maintaining the United States’ military bases, particularly in the Gulf states, defending client-states and friendly regimes, and resisting Islamic movements and terrorist groups. ii UNITED STATES’ FOREIGN POLICY TOWARD THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN: 1990-2014 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF CLARK ATLANTA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY ATALLAH AL SARHAN DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE ATLANTA, GEORGIA MAY 2016 © 2016 ATALLAH AL SARHAN All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. I praise Allah, who gave me the life, hope, patience, guidance, health, and well- being necessary to complete this work. I wish to express my sincere thanks to my committee chair, Dr. Hashim T. Gibrill, for guiding me through this research. Again, Dr. Gibrill, I am extending a warm thank you for your help, support, and continuous encouragement. I am also extremely thankful to Dr. Robert B. DeJanes for his genuine kindness and advice. I am equally indebted to Dr. Fatemeh Shafiei for her assistance and encouragement during my post-academic life and for being on my committee. I also take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the entire Political Science Department faculty for their help and support. Finally, I would like to express gratitude to one and all, who directly or indirectly, have lent their hand in this venture. On a personal note, I also thank my parents for their endless encouragement, support, and attention during my academic life in Jordan and the United States. In a special way, I would like to thank my brothers – Nayif, Mohammad, Yousef, and Huda – for their unwavering support during my entire doctoral journey. I also dedicate this dissertation to those members of the Arab Legion, who lost their lives defending the sacred land of Palestine. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................1 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................1 Research Questions ............................................................................................4 Hypotheses .........................................................................................................5 Limits of the Study.............................................................................................6 Major Concepts ..................................................................................................6 Research Methods ............................................................................................11 Review of the Literature ..................................................................................14 Significance of the Study .................................................................................27 Organization of the Study ................................................................................28 II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE UNITED STATES’ FOREIGN POLICY ........................................................................................ 31 The Concept of Foreign Policy ........................................................................31 The Concept of the United States’ Foreign Policy ..........................................33 The United States’ Foreign Policy before World War II .................................34 The United States’ Foreign Policy after World War II ....................................36 The United States’ Foreign Policy in the post-Cold War Era ..........................45 The United States’ Foreign Policy Instruments ...............................................49 iv CHAPTER 1. Public Diplomacy.................................................................................49 2. Foreign Aid ..........................................................................................52 3. Military Power .....................................................................................61 III. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MIDDLE EAST IN THE UNITED STATES’ FOREIGN POLICY ........................................................................65 The United States’ Foreign Policy toward the Middle East before WWI .......65 The United States’ Foreign Policy toward the Middle East after WWI ..........68 The United States’ Foreign Policy toward the Middle East after WWII .........70 The United States’ Foreign Policy Interests in the Middle East ......................75 1. Securing Strategic Access to Oil in the Gulf Region ...........................75 2. Supporting and Protecting Israel’s Sovererignty .................................80 3. Maintaining the United States’ Military Bases ....................................85 4. Defending Client-states and Friendly Regimes ...................................91 5. Resisting Islamic Movements and Terrorist Groups ...........................94 IV. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN IN THE UNITED STATES’ FOREIGN POLICY ........................................100 Synopsis of the United States and Jordan Relations ......................................100 The Importance of Jordan in the United States’ Foreign Policy ....................104 1. Geopolitical Location.........................................................................104 2. Ideology .............................................................................................109 3. Regime ...............................................................................................114 4. Security ..............................................................................................118 5. Peace Process .....................................................................................128 v CHAPTER V. THE UNITED STATES’ FOREIGN POLICY TOWARD THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN .....................................................134 The United States’ Foreign Policy toward Jordan during the George H. W. Bush Presidency (1989-1993) ................................................135 The United States’ Foreign Policy toward Jordan during the Bill Clinton Presidencey (1993-2001) ...........................................................146 The United States’ Foreign Policy toward Jordan during the George W. Bush Presidency (2001-2009) .....................................................154 The United States’ Foreign Policy toward Jordan during the Barack H. Obama Presidency (2009-2014) ...................................................162 VI. THE UNITED STATES’ FOREIGN AID TO THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN .............................................................................173 The United States’ Foreign Economic Aid to Jordan ....................................174 The United States’ Foreign Military Assistance to Jordan ............................183 The US-Jordan Military Cooperation ............................................................188 The United States, Jordan, and Terrorism .....................................................195 The US-Jordan Trade Agreements.................................................................200 VII. CONCLUSION AND THEORIES ................................................................206 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................222 A. Address to the Nation by His Majesty King Hussein, February 6, 1991 .......222 B. International Contributions to the War against Terrorism, June 7, 2002 .......226 C. The United Nations Security Council Resolutions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Proposal for a Thesis in the Field of History in Partial Fulfillment Of
    Proposal for a Thesis in the Field of History in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Master of Liberal Arts Degree Harvard University Extension School January 16, 2015 Robert W. Goggin 1060 West Addison Street Chicago, IL 60603 (886) 555-1212 [email protected] I I propose to title my thesis “The Quest for T. E. Lawrence: The Enduring Appeal and the Enigma of Lawrence of Arabia.” II. Research Problem World War I is becoming increasingly distant and remote. Although the conflict on the Western Front in Europe was one of the cataclysmic events of the twentieth century, few would be able to offer more than a sentence about major military leaders: Foch, Haig, Ludendorff, Pershing. In all likelihood, people know best the common foot soldier Paul Baumer, the fictional protagonist of Erich Marie Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front. Yet in the Middle East, in a conflict of the British with the Turks often disparaged as a sideshow, emerged a leader internationally known: Thomas Edward Lawrence, Lawrence of Arabia. In 1919, the American journalist and entrepreneur Lowell Thomas opened “With Allenby in Palestine and Lawrence in Arabia,” a theatrical presentation of lecture, film, and photographs eventually seen by some four million people, including an array of British military and political leaders and Lawrence himself. The interest has continued unabated to the present day, with Michael Korda’s 2010 biography Hero: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia1 holding a place on best- seller lists for weeks. Why has there been such a sustained interest in Lawrence? More specifically, how has the focus of these works varied over the decades? What features of Lawrence 1 Michael Korda, Hero: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia (New York: HarperCollins, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Reform in Jordan?
    Policy Paper Democratic Reform in Jordan? Calls for political reform in Jordan have come at a time when there is no popular political pressure or Expectations After the protest movement in the streets, as was the case during the Arab Spring, and - unexpectedly - after the parliamentary elections. King’s Recent Call to Review As a result, political elites have developed various theories to explain the timing of these Political Life calls and the hidden motives behind them. Of course, this also raises the usual questions about whether there was in fact a genuine and serious intent to move further towards a democratic transition, which seems to have stalled and perhaps even been reversed, Muhammad Abu Rumman with regard to Jordan’s ranking March 2021 for democratic institutions and international human rights. 1 Democratic Reform in Jordan? Expectations After the King’s Recent Call to Review Political Life Muhammad Abu Rumman March 2021 2 Published in 2021 by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Jordan & Iraq FES Jordan & Iraq P.O. Box 941876 Amman 11194 Jordan Email: [email protected] Website: www.fes-jordan.org Not for Sale © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Resident Director: Tim O. Petschulat All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publishers. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are solely those of the original author. They do not necessarily represent those of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. • Cover and internal design: Kamal Qasim Contents Contents Introduction 5 Historical Review: A Faltering Democracy 7 Determinants and Restrictions on Democratic Transition 10 Discussing Political Reform Today 14 Prospects for Political Transformation 17 Conclusion 19 Bibliography 21 4 Introduction 1 Introduction In an interview with the Jordan News Agency in the number of seats won by the Islamist on 30 January 2021, King Abdullah II spoke opposition, which makes up the largest about reviewing Jordanian laws governing political party in Jordan.
    [Show full text]
  • Edwards H. Metcalf Library Collection on TE Lawrence
    Edwards H. Metcalf Library Collection on T.E. Lawrence: Scrapbooks Huntington Library Scrapbook 1 Page Contents 1 recto [Blank]. 1 verso Anal. 1. Newspaper clipping. North, John, 'Hejaz railway brings back memories of Lawrence', Northern Echo, June 14, 1965. Anal. 2. Newspaper clipping. 'Memories of T.E.', Yorkshire Post, May 18, 1965. Mss. Note from Beaumont 'Please accept these free with my compliments. T.W. Beaumont'. 2 recto Black-and-white photograph of Beaumont. 'Thomas W. Beaumont Served under T.E. Lawrence in Arabia as his Sgt. Vickers Gunner'. 2 verso Black-and-white photograph. Mss. 'To my friend Theodora Duncan with every good wish. T.W. Beaumont' Typed note. ' Parents of Peter O'Toole with T.W. Beaumont At the gala opening of the film "Lawrence of Arabia", at the Majestic Theatre in Leeds, Yorkshire, Sunday evening, Oct. 13, 1963'. 3 recto Anal. 3. Newspaper clipping. 'A Lawrence Talks About That Legend', Leeds, Yorkshire, April 10, 1964. Two black-and-white photographs. 'Mr. T. W. Beaumont meets Dr. M.R. Lawrence elder brother of T.E. Lawrence, at Leeds City Station, Yorkshire. April 10, 1964. 3 verso Newspaper cartoon. 'Boy! I'm glad they don't use US nowadays!' Anal. 4. 'The following small photographs were taken during WW-I on the Eastern Front by T.W. Beaumont & friends, and smuggled out of Arabia. Newspaper cartoon. 'Arms for the love of Allah!' 4 recto Black-and-white photograph. 'Siwa Oasis, 1915-17 Involved in the defense of Suez. Operations against the Senussi in Lybian Desert. Photographed by C.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arab States and the Palestine Conflict
    The Arab States and the Palestine Conflict Contemporary Issues in the Middle East The Arab States and the Palestine Conflict BARRY RUBIN Syracuse University Press Copyright © 1981 by Barry Rubin First Published 1981 All Rights Reserved First Edition 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 6 5 4 3 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Rubin, Barry M. The Arab states and the Palestine conflict. (Contemporary issues in the Middle East) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Jewish-Arab relations —1917- .2. Arab coun tries—Politics and government. I. Title. II. Series. DS119.7.R75 327.5694017’4927 81-5829 ISBN 0-8156-2253-8 AACR2 ISBN 8-8156-0170-0 (pbk.) Manufactured in the United States of America “Interest of State is the main motive of Middle East Governments as of others, and here as elsewhere the idea of interest which determines policy is a blend of two elements: a certain concept of what is good for the State as a whole, and a concept of what is good for the rulers and the group which they immediately represent.” Albert Hourani, The Middle East and the Crisis of 1956 “All my friends ... Have but their stings and teeth newly ta’en out By whose fell working I was first advanced And by whose power I well might lodge a fear To be again displaced; which to avoid... Be it thy course to busy giddy minds With foreign quarrels....” William Shakespeare, King Henry IV, Part Two Contents Preface ………………………………………………………ix Introduction …………………………………………………xi 1. The Bitter Legacy of Defeat: 1948-81 ……………………… 1 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reality of Tourist Sites Management in Jordan and Its Obstacles
    International Journal of Business and Management Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 801X www.ijbmi.org || Volume 5 Issue 9 || September. 2016 || PP—41-53 The Reality of Tourist Sites Management in Jordan and Its Obstacles Dr. Mashael Saqer AL Khasawneh Director of Irbid Tourism Directorate, Ministry of Tourism, Jordan ABSTRACT: This study aimed to identify the tourist sites across the Kingdom of Jordan as they gain high valued revenues to the country if they are invested in the right way depending on planned strategies. The study also unveiled the most important obstacles in the face of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiques in the process of managing different tourist sites. The study sample consists of managers of directorates of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiques in all over the Kingdom and some other managers working in the center of the ministry. The study sample used a comprehensive to all tourist sites from (32) decision-makers who are directly responsible of managing and developing the tourist sites. The study used the qualitative approach to come up with results, and it used two tools in data collecting which are a questionnaire with open questions and face to face or call interviews. The study comes with the following findings: 1. The nature of performance, management and planning in the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities is baseless, in other words, it will be passed away by ending manager's mission, after that, you notice that such nature is subjugated to the worker's whims. 2. Promoting tourist sites in Jordan is not only the responsibility of the Ministry of Tourism, but also linked to a campaign of Jordan tourism, consequently, that leads to duplication of performance and dispersion of efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • California State University, Northridge the Palestinian
    ~----------------- CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE THE PALESTINIAN GUERRILLAS' IMAGE IN THE NEVv YORK TIMES DURING THE JORDAN CRISIS, 1970 A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Mass Communication by Salwa Shtieh Rifai January, 1987 The Thesis of Salwa Shtieh Rifai is approved: California State University, Northridge. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Kenneth s. Devol, for his invaluable guidance and encouragement throughout. I would also like to thank Professor Michael c. Emery for allowing this study to come to life during two years by bridging the difficulties that are encountered by foreign students. I wish to express my gratitude to my friend, Hugh Rhys, for his help in editing this work. iii ABSTRACT THE PALESTINIAN GUERRILLAS' IMAGE IN THE NEW YORK TIMES DURING THE JORDAN CRISIS, 1970 by Salwa Shtieh Rifai Master of Arts in Mass Communication In September 1970, King Hussein of Jordan decided to put an end to the state-within-a-state situation through strong military operations that ended in the expulsion of the military forces of the Palestinian Liberation Organization from Jordan. This situation had started to develope after the Israeli occupation of the rest of Palestine--West Bank and Gaza Strip--in June 1967. Accordingly, Jordan had become the base for the Palestinian resistance movement. The ten-day Jordan Crisis that lasted from September 17 to September 27, 1970 received extensive coverage from the U.S. press, yet this very coverage has not been studied vi in terms of its objectivity and impartiality.
    [Show full text]
  • THE TRIBES of JORDAN at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century
    َ ُ َ أ ُّ َ � َّ ُ َّ َب َ�ْ ُ� ّ بَ َ أ َ َ َ ْ َ ُ�ْ ُ ُ ً � ا � �� ا � � ب ا �� � �ب ا � � �ل� بَا ك�� �م ب � �َ � ب� � ٰ �َ � � � ب ا ك � ����ش� � �� �ي�ع� ل� � � أَ �� � � َ � � كًر و �ى و ب�ع�ل� � �م ع�وب�ا َ ْ م َ َ َ � َ َ ُ ۚ ّ َ أ َ َ ُ َ َ أ ْ َ ُ ۚ ّ َ َ َ َ َ � َ ا أ � � ا َ ب � ب � ْ � ب ّ � � ا ْ ب ّ َ � ٌ ب � � ٌ � و � ب � � � َ � � ل َ ل � � ع � ر � و � أ َ � � � � ر � م ك � َ ع � � د � ل ل َ ه � � � ع � ك � م أ َ � � � ل ل ه � ع � َ ل � � � َ ب � � ر م َ م ََ �َ ّ �َب � ��ص�د �� � لله � �ل�عَ��� ��م THE TRIBES OF JORDAN at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century • Ghazi bin Muhammad َ ُ َ أ ُّ َ � َّ ُ َّ َب َ�ْ ُ� ّ بَ َ أ َ َ َ ْ َ ُ�ْ ُ ُ ً � ا � �� ا � � ب ا �� � �ب ا � � �ل� بَا ك�� �م ب � �َ � ب� � ٰ �َ � � � ب ا ك � ����ش� � �� �ي�ع� ل� � � أَ �� � � َ � � كًر و �ى و ب�ع�ل� � �م ع�وب�ا َ ْ م َ َ َ � َ َ ُ ۚ ّ َ أ َ َ ُ َ َ أ ْ َ ُ ۚ ّ َ َ َ َ َ � َ ا أ � � ا َ ب � ب � ْ � ب ّ � � ا ْ ب ّ َ � ٌ ب � � ٌ � و � ب � � � َ � � ل َ ل � � ع � ر � و � أ َ � � � � ر � م ك � َ ع � � د � ل ل َ ه � � � ع � ك � م أ َ � � � ل ل ه � ع � َ ل � � � َ ب � � ر م َ م ََ �َ ّ �َب � ��ص�د �� � لله � �ل�عَ��� ��م THE TRIBES OF JORDAN at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century • Ghazi bin Muhammad · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · The Tribes of Jordan ISBN: 9957-8513-1-0 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · © 1999 Ghazi bin Muhammad All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • T. E. LAWRENCE SOCIETY Newsletter
    The No.121 T. E. LAWRENCE SOCIETY Autumn 2018 Newsletter Magdalen College celebrates Lawrence Contents AGM news and Society Committee 3 Chairman’s Annual Report 4 Reports and Financial Statement 6 –9 New Members and Membership News 9 “Why I joined the Society” by Peter Clark 10 Forthcoming events 11 Magdalen College Exhibition 12 15th Symposium Lecture Reports and Dinner 13 –25 Symposium Exhibitions and Sales 26 – 27 Lawrence of Arabia’s War: Day by Day book review 28 – 29 Masters of Mayhem book review 30 – 31 Lawrence in Epping Forest – recent Society event 32 – 36 Dates for your Diary 36 Newsletter Contributions All contributions are welcome, although we cannot guarantee their publication. You can email them by 1 February 2019 to [email protected] or post them to the Society address below. We like to include images of members’ activities and you can send full resolution digital images by email attachment. Please note that all contributions are subject to editorial amendment. The T.E. Lawrence Society Newsletter Editors: Jason Nitz and Harriet Coates ISSN 0905 950 X Published by The T.E. Lawrence Society, P.O. Box 728, Oxford OX2 9ZJ (Registered Charity no. 297940) Copyright © 2018 The T. E. Lawrence Society and contributors The views expressed by contributors are their own and not necessarily those of The T. E. Lawrence Society. If readers wish to respond or comment, they are invited to join the debate with a Letter to the Editor. www.telsociety.org.uk The T.E. Lawrence Society Newsletter No. 121 – Page 2 AGM 2018 News The Society AGM was held on Sunday 23rd September at St.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ironies of TE Lawrence's Relevance and Reputation
    The Ironies of T. E. Lawrence’s Relevance and Reputation Bertram Wyatt-Brown The Historical Society Meeting, Baltimore 6 June 2008 Abstract: T. E. Lawrence’s reputation as, first, hero, then, fraud takes on new meaning in light of the American experience in counter-insurgency in Iraq. His views of guerilla warfare and handling of Iraqi politics have been adopted under General David H. Petraeus and Ambassador Ryan C. Crocker. At the same time, popular understanding of the mysterious, complex, masochistic Anglo-Arabian figure of the First World War is largely derived from Sam Spiegel and David Lean’s classic movie Lawrence of Arabia. That work in the hands of screen writer Robert Bolt, was based in part on Richard Aldington’s vicious 1950s biography. Yet the film succeeded in combining both the heroic and the psychologically wounded aspects of the British figure to create a compelling depiction. Actor Peter O’Toole’s rendition remains the popular image and understanding of who Lawrence was. The Turk was stupid and would believe that rebellion was absolute, like war, and deal with it on the analogy of absolute warfare. Analogy is fudge, anyhow, and to make war upon rebellion is messy and slow, like eating soup with a knife. T. E. Lawrence, “The Evolution of a Revolt” (1920) No figure in twentieth-century Anglo-American history is so mysterious, intriguing, and charismatic as Thomas Edward Lawrence of Arabia. Nearly every aspect of his rather short life has aroused contention. Yet, he surely belongs in the company of Abraham Lincoln and Robert E.
    [Show full text]
  • THE IMAGE of ARABS in the SOURCES of AMERICAN CULTURE by Marsha Hamilton
    CHOICE. 1991, vol 28: p. 1271-1281. http://www.cro2.org/ © 1991, Marsha Hamilton THE IMAGE OF ARABS IN THE SOURCES OF AMERICAN CULTURE By Marsha Hamilton Editor's note: This essay was first proposed to CHOICE in the spring of 1989; it was formally commissioned in October of that year. During the final weeks of its editing for publication, world events added a special relevance. The names of other national and ethnic groups could be substituted—the literature about such groups would demonstrate the same need for and benefits of greater knowledge. Timely and particular as it now happens by chance to be, the import of this essay is also timeless and universal. The Middle East is seldom out of the news. Civil unrest, terrorism, and volatile political personalities all reinforce Americans' negative mental image of the Arab world, the Arab people, and Islam. In ignorance, Americans think of Arabs, Turks, and Iranians as one ethnic group; forget that not all Arabs are Muslims; and fail to understand that peoples in the Middle East are as diverse as those found in the United States. How we Americans depict other cultures may say more about our own fears and values than about the cultures represented. Many American images of other peoples have their sources in European, especially British, culture. For hundreds of years, Europeans and Americans have viewed the Arab Middle East in terms of a few unchanging stereotypical images: the wealthy sheikh, the harem beauty, the religious fanatic, or the downtrodden peasant. These images were common in Colonial America; yet despite massive social change in the Arab world, they remain virtually unchanged in American popular culture today.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Ironies of T. E. Lawrence's Relevance and Reputation Bertram Wyatt-Brown Abstract: No Figure in Twentieth-Century Anglo
    The Ironies of T. E. Lawrence’s Relevance and Reputation Bertram Wyatt-Brown Abstract: No figure in twentieth-century Anglo-American history is so mysterious, intriguing, and charismatic as Thomas Edward Lawrence of Arabia. Nearly every aspect of his rather short life has aroused contention. Yet, he surely once belonged in the company of Abraham Lincoln and Robert E. Lee in America and Winston Churchill in England as a major iconic hero, all of whom have since had their posthumous reputations subjected to harsh revision. Many more books have been written about these others. To be sure, though, T. E. Lawrence has his impressive share-- from the journalist Lowell Thomas and Lawrence’s close friend, the poet and novelist Robert Graves, to the more recent biographers, Jeremy Wilson and John Mack. Most of these writers have been positive or even reverential in their treatment. Some, notably the English poet and biographer Richard Aldington, were distinctly negative, and lately the analyses of Lawrence’s war efforts and personality have made Aldington’s accusations appear especially egregious and unjust. The question arises, why should a subject so long worked over still engage interest? Several come to mind. The first is the very quality of Lawrence’s mind, literary skill, and influence on other thinkers, both literary and military. His two major works, Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1926) and The Mint (1955) are both classics in their own right. He was not prolific, but his surmounting of Victorian convention and adopting of modern, psychologically rich insight affirm that his art belongs among the best twentieth-century examples.1 Yet, the concentration of this exploration is devoted to his military relevance followed by analysis of his reputational complexity.
    [Show full text]
  • T. E. LAWRENCE in Word and Image
    T. E. LAWRENCE in word and image PRINTS FIRST AND LIMITED EDITIONS PRESENTATION AND ASSOCIATION COPIES From the Libraries of Peter Danby-Smith David Enders and Jeremy Wilson TYPE & FORME RARE BOOKS & MANUSCRIPTS MMXVIII TYPE & FORME ABA PBFA RARE BOOKS & MANUSCRIPTS BY MARK JAMES & ANKE TIMMERMANN T.E. Lawrence In Word And Image This catalogue accompanies an exhibition held at the Grantham Museum, in continuation of the 2018 Gravity Fields Festival. We would like to thank the festival organiser, Rosemary Richards, Dr Anna-Marie Roos FLS, FSA, and the staff and volunteers at the Grantham Museum for their kind help. The exhibition displays have been enhanced with the generous assistance of the Heritage Lottery Fund, for which we are very grateful. Bankers: Lloyds BankSort Code: 30-93-58 Account No.: 18677660 IBAN: GB41LOYD30935818677660 BIC: LOYDGB21155 Payment by bank transfer, cheque (payable to ‘Type & Forme’), or PayPal. All transactions are subject to our Terms & Conditions (see www.typeandforme.com for details). Copyright Type & Forme 2018. OFFICE NO 1 GRANTHAM MUSEUM ST PETER’S HILL GRANTHAM NG31 6PY UNITED KINGDOM [email protected] +44 (0) 7933 597 798 WWW.TYPEANDFORME.COM Contents Section I: Eric Kennington’s Arab Portraits for Seven Pillars of Wisdom 1-13 Section II: Books by T.E. Lawrence, arranged by date of composition 14-23 Section III: Letters by T.E. Lawrence, arranged by date of publication 24-27 Section IV: Biographies and memoirs of T.E. Lawrence, arranged by date of composition 28-44 A selective index of authors, editors, artists, provenances, and presses follows the final item Eric Kennington’s Arab Portraits He has drawn camel-men, and princes of the desert, donkey-boys, officers, descendants of the Prophet, a vice-president of the Turkish Chamber, slaves, sheikhs and swordsmen.
    [Show full text]