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WOMEN's ACCESS to LAND in TANZANIA the Case of the Makete

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WOMEN's ACCESS to LAND in TANZANIA the Case of the Makete WOMEN’S ACCESS TO LAND IN TANZANIA The Case of the Makete District KERBINA JOSEPH MOYO Doctoral Thesis in Real Estate Planning and Land Law Real Estate Planning and Land Law Department of Real Estate and Construction Management School of Architecture and Built Environment Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Stockholm 2017 Title: Women’s Access to Land in Tanzania: The Case of the Makete District Author: Kerbina Joseph Moyo ISBN 978-91-85783-77-9 TRITA-FOB-DT-2017:3 Real Estate Planning and Land Law Department of Real Estate and Construction Management Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) To my husband and friend, Nominate For his endless love, courage and support To Sofia, Medson, Peresi, Rehema & Johnson (Jojo), For their patience and understanding To my mother, Bernada For her prayers This is a tribute for the seven of you i Abstract Access to land is crucial for combating discrimination. Women who are denied such access tend to be disadvantaged, a pattern that results in economic powerlessness. Tanzania is among the most undeveloped nations in the world, where gender inequalities with respect to accessing land are central problems. This study consequently aims at investigating women’s access to land through customary land tenure in the Makete district in Tanzania. A case study strategy was adopted to address the research problem, whereby interviews, focus group discussions and documentary reviews were the main data collection methods. The findings indicate that the majority of women within villages are illiterate; unaware of any existing entitlements and lacking in sufficient assets to fight for their rights, and that their involvement in land administration institutions is limited. At the family level, daughters and women are deprived of any right to possess land through inheritance because relatives believe they will be married to other families from which they will then gain access to land. This generally has been proven not to be the case. After marriage, women commonly are apportioned land strictly for crop cultivation (usufruct rights). Consequently, there are many challenges in realising women’s property rights in Tanzania. These challenges include the dualism of the property rights system: customary tenure operates alongside statutory tenure; inadequate knowledge about women’s property rights by both women and men; negative attitudes towards women’s influence, position, capability and reputation; outdated customs; archaic and conflicting interests in laws; and the lack of legal capacity (empowerment) as to property rights. The most important tools for meeting these challenges include education and awareness campaigns that are designed to build the capacity of citizens as to the necessity of equity in access to property rights (land) using various legal tools at varying levels. Other measures include amending and repealing outdated laws, including provisions discriminating against women’s property rights and contradicting constitutional provisions and other international instruments. Other avenues are advocacy and working for behavioural changes can also be invoked by empowering individuals at all stages of life, supporting their involvement in productive activities and creating group networks, and facilitating the formation of community-based organisations as well as building capacity by mainstreaming land administration institutions. Key words: access to land, women, property rights, customary law, customary land tenure ii Sammanfattning Tillgång till mark är avgörande för att bekämpa diskriminering. Kvinnor som nekas sådan tillgång tenderar att missgynnas, ett mönster som resulterar i ekonomisk maktlöshet. Tanzania är bland de svagast utvecklade nationerna i världen, där genusskillnader avseende rätten till mark är centrala problem. Denna studie syftar följaktligen till att undersöka kvinnors tillgång till mark med stöd av traditionell sedvanerätt i regionen Makete i Tanzania. En fallstudie har genomförts för att undersöka problemsituationen, där intervjuer, fokusgrupp-diskussioner samt litteraturstudier var de huvudsakliga datainsamlingsmetoderna. Resultaten tyder på att flesta kvinnor i byarna inte är läskunniga; omedvetna om sina eventuella rättigheter och saknar tillgångar för att kämpa för sina rättigheter, och att deras deltagande i administrativa organisationer är begränsad. På familjenivå berövas döttrar och kvinnor rätten att inneha mark genom arv, eftersom släktingarna förutsätter ingifte i andra familjer där de sedan kommer att få tillgång till mark. Detta stämmer i allmänhet inte. Efter giftemål tilldelas kvinnor vanligen mark enbart för odling av grödor (nyttjanderätt). Följaktligen finns det många utmaningar i att förverkliga kvinnors markrättigheter i Tanzania. Dessa utmaningar omfattar dualismen i rättighetssystemet; traditionell besittningsrätt gäller vid sidan av den lagstadgade besittningsrätten; bristfällig kunskap om kvinnors rättigheter både hos kvinnor och män; en negativ attityd till kvinnors inflytande, ställning, kapacitet och rykte; bristande implementering av gällande lagar; samt avsaknad av rättskapacitet avseende markrättigheter. De viktigaste verktygen för att möta dessa utmaningar innefattar utbildning och informationskampanjer som är utformade för att bygga upp kapaciteten hos medborgarna om nödvändigheten rättvis tillgång till markägande, med hjälp av olika rättsliga verktyg på varierande nivåer. Andra åtgärder inbegriper ändring och upphävande av föråldrad lagstiftning, inklusive bestämmelser som diskriminerar kvinnors äganderätt i grundlagar och andra internationella instrument. Andra vägar är opinionsbildning och att arbeta för beteendeförändringar, stödja kvinnors deltagande i produktiv verksamhet och att skapa nätverk, underlätta bildandet av samhällsorganisationer samt att stödja kampanjer mot diskriminerande traditioner, normer och attityder, samt kapacitetsuppbyggnad genom att integrera kvinnor i administration och myndigheter. Nyckelord: Markrättigheter, kvinnor, äganderätt, sedvanerätt, traditionell markbesittning iii Acknowledgements Writing this thesis has been one of the most significant academic challenges I have ever faced. Without the support, patience and guidance from the following individuals, this study would never have been successfully completed. To them I owe my deepest gratitude. I thank the Almighty God for His guidance, protection, grace and mercy offered to me in my studies as well as throughout my life: "I can do everything through Him who gives me strength" (Philippians 4: 13). I owe special gratitude to Prof. Hans Mattsson who undertook to act as my supervisor and facilitator in my academic life at KTH. He took all the initiatives as to my admission at the Department of Real Estate and Construction Management despite his countless other academic and professional obligations. His understanding, kindness and dedication to the greatest levels inspired and encouraged me. I express my sincere gratitude to my principal supervisor, Prof. Peter Ekback for his constant assistance in my PhD studies, his endurance, inspiration, enthusiasm and great understanding. His advice assisted me at all stages in the research and writing of this thesis, making sure that I completed my studies and fulfilled all the requirements. Special thanks are also due to my second supervisor in Tanzania, Prof. Sam Maghimbi, for his willingness to supervise this work despite his many academic commitments at the University of Dar es Salaam. My sincere thanks also go to Anicas Anzela, the Makete District Land Officer who offered me great assistance from the inception of this study to the data collection and my stay in Makete. He was a key person in my research undertakings by acting as my research assistant and organising my field trips and coordinating with village government leaders. I must also acknowledge the aid received from Albogast, and for his kindness by sending me some useful links including countless articles on my area of study without request. I am indebted to the facilitation and kindness from local leaders in the studied villages, Melkzedek, Elia and Yusti (Bulongwa), Mr. Percy (Lupalilo), Neston, Sentrabi and Andrea (Mwakauta). I also am thankful for the cooperation received from the following members of lower land courts: Briton, Daudi, Alumanyile, Twijeke, Damson, James, Aloyce, Wilbron, Ms. Joyce, Ms. Chelesina, Ms. Lutheso and Majaliwa without forgetting the support received from Jackline, the Makete Social Welfare Development Officer, Egnatio - an Executive Director from Sumasesu and Reverend Mandila of ELCT in the Makete district. I also extend my sincere thanks to all the women and men in the Bulongwa, Lupalilo and Mwakauta villages who participated in this study and for their time, generosity, willingness, and passion in sharing ideas with me despite the many economic responsibilities they had. iv Last but not the least, working towards a PhD for more than 4 years meant being far away from family and relatives, and I extend my gratitude to my family and relatives for their social, economic and emotional support, which they gave me throughout my studies. I owe special gratitude to the following individuals: To YOU Nominate, my husband and friend, without whom this effort would have been worth nothing. Your prayers, love, support and constant patience have taught me so much about sacrifice, discipline and compromise, I thank you. My adorable daughters Sofia, Peresi and Rehema and my gorgeous sons, Medson and Johnson, thanks for the prayers, patience and moral
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