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Asamblea General Distr Naciones Unidas A/HRC/18/32/Add.3 Asamblea General Distr. general 4 de julio de 2011 Español Original: inglés Consejo de Derechos Humanos 18º período de sesiones Tema 3 de la agenda Promoción y protección de todos los derechos humanos, civiles, políticos, económicos, sociales y culturales, incluido el derecho al desarrollo Informe del Grupo de Trabajo sobre la utilización de mercenarios como medio de violar los derechos humanos y obstaculizar el ejercicio del derecho de los pueblos a la libre determinación Presidente-Relator: Alexander Nikitin Adición Misión a Sudáfrica (10 a 19 de noviembre de 2010)* Resumen Por invitación del Gobierno, el Grupo de Trabajo sobre la utilización de mercenarios como medio de violar los derechos humanos y obstaculizar el ejercicio del derecho de los pueblos a la libre determinación visitó Sudáfrica del 10 al 19 de noviembre de 2010. De conformidad con su mandato, el Grupo de Trabajo centró su atención en la legislación sobre los mercenarios y las empresas militares y de seguridad privadas y en la repercusión de esa normativa en el disfrute y la protección de los derechos humanos. También examinó si se han establecido mecanismos para que las empresas militares y de seguridad privadas respondan por su participación en violaciones de los derechos humanos. Desde la época del fin del apartheid en 1994, muchos sudafricanos con amplia formación y experiencia militar no han podido o no han querido encontrar empleo en Sudáfrica. En consecuencia, han ofrecido sus servicios en el extranjero y muchos de ellos han sido contratados por empresas militares y de seguridad privadas internacionales. Algunos han participado en actividades mercenarias. Para afrontar esas situaciones, Sudáfrica fue uno de los primeros países en adoptar leyes sobre la oferta de "asistencia militar extranjera" en 1998. Sin embargo, el Grupo de Trabajo observó que existían * El resumen del presente informe se distribuye en todos los idiomas oficiales. El informe, que figura en el anexo del resumen, se distribuye únicamente en el idioma en que se presentó. GE.11-14404 (S) 150711 180711 A/HRC/18/32/Add.3 problemas para aplicar esa legislación, algunos debidos al funcionamiento del Comité Nacional de Control de las Armas Convencionales, encargado de examinar las solicitudes y de conceder las autorizaciones para la prestación de servicios de seguridad en zonas de conflicto armado. Otros guardaban relación con la dificultad de los enjuiciamientos. Sobre todo, el Grupo de Trabajo constató que la legislación de 1998 no había afectado significativamente a la industria militar y de seguridad privada. Tras el intento de golpe de estado en Guinea Ecuatorial de 2004, en el que estuvieron implicados varios mercenarios sudafricanos, en 2006 se aprobaron nuevas normas, que aún no han entrado en vigor. Si bien mediante la nueva legislación se pretende solucionar algunos problemas preexistentes, queda por ver si la nueva normativa regulará efectivamente la prestación de servicios de seguridad en zonas de conflicto armado. El Grupo de Trabajo también examinó el marco establecido para regular la industria de seguridad privada nacional de Sudáfrica. Puesto que en algunos ámbitos puede haber solapamiento entre la regulación de las empresas de seguridad privada que trabajan en Sudáfrica y las que lo hacen en el extranjero, el Grupo de Trabajo recomienda que las autoridades procuren coordinar y armonizar ambos marcos reguladores. El establecimiento de un régimen de regulación y vigilancia de las empresas militares y de seguridad privadas es solo un primer paso para exigir responsabilidades en caso de violación de los derechos humanos. El Grupo de Trabajo recomienda que las autoridades estudien el establecimiento de mecanismos de rendición de cuentas para las empresas militares y de seguridad privadas a nivel nacional. Asimismo recomienda que se proporcionen medios de reparación efectivos a las posibles víctimas de violaciones de los derechos humanos en las que estén implicadas empresas militares y de seguridad privadas. 2 GE.11-14404 A/HRC/18/32/Add.3 Anexo Report of the Working Group on the use of mercenaries as a means of violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination on its mission to South Africa (10 - 19 November 2010) Contents Paragraphs Page I. Introduction............................................................................................................. 1–7 4 II. Background............................................................................................................. 8–17 5 III. The current legislative and regulatory framework .................................................. 18–45 8 A. Regulation of Foreign Military Assistance Act of 1998................................. 20–24 8 B. National Conventional Arms Control Committee .......................................... 25–31 9 C. Lack of prosecutions....................................................................................... 32–38 11 D. Limited impact of the legislation on the industry........................................... 39–41 12 E. Regulation of the domestic private security industry ..................................... 42-45 13 IV. Pending legislation on private military and security companies ............................. 46-60 14 A. The 2006 legislation ...................................................................................... 46-53 14 B. Potential challenges with the new legislation ................................................ 54-56 16 C. Delay in the entry into force of the new Act................................................... 57-60 17 V. Lack of accountability mechanisms for private military and security companies... 61-62 18 VI. Conclusions and recommendations......................................................................... 63-69 18 GE.11-14404 3 A/HRC/18/32/Add.3 I. Introduction 1. At the invitation of the Government of South Africa, the Working Group on the use of mercenaries as a means of violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination visited South Africa from 10 to 19 November 2010. In accordance with general practice, the Working Group was represented by two of its members, Alexander Nikitin and José Luis Gómez del Prado.1 2. In its resolution 2005/2, the Commission on Human Rights requested the Working Group to monitor mercenaries and mercenary-related activities in all their forms and manifestations in different parts of the world, and study and identify emerging issues, manifestations and trends regarding mercenaries or mercenary-related activities and their impact on human rights, particularly on the right of peoples to self-determination. In its resolution 7/21, the Human Rights Council also mandated the Working Group to monitor and study the effects of the activities of private companies offering military assistance, consultancy and security services on the international market on the enjoyment of human rights, particularly the right of peoples to self-determination, and to prepare draft international basic principles that encourage respect for human rights on the part of those companies in their activities. In its resolution 15/12, the Council requested that the Working Group continue to monitor mercenaries and mercenary-related activities in all their forms and manifestations, including private military and security companies, in different parts of the world, including instances of protection provided by Governments to individuals involved in mercenary activities, as well as to continue to study and identify sources and causes, emerging issues, manifestations and trends regarding mercenaries or mercenary- related activities and their impact on human rights, particularly on the right of peoples to self determination. 3. The Working Group is grateful to the Government of South Africa for its invitation. In accordance with its mandate, the Working Group focused on the legislation on mercenaries and private military and security companies and the impact such legislation has had on the enjoyment and protection of human rights. It also examined whether mechanisms have been put in place in order to hold private military and security companies accountable for any involvement in human rights violations. 4. In the present report, the Working Group uses the term “mercenary” as defined in article 1 of the International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, namely, any person who (a) is especially recruited locally or abroad in order to fight in an armed conflict; (b) is motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by the desire for private gain and, in fact, is promised, by or on behalf of a party to the conflict, material compensation substantially in excess of that promised or paid to combatants of similar rank and functions in the armed forces of that party; (c) is neither a national of a party to the conflict nor a resident of territory controlled by a party to the conflict; (d) is not a member of the armed forces of a party to the conflict; and (e) has not been sent by a State which is not a party to the conflict on official duty as a member of its armed forces. 5. Article 1 of the Convention also provides that a mercenary is any person who, in any other situation (a) is specially recruited locally or abroad for the purpose of participating in a concerted act of violence aimed at (i) overthrowing a Government or otherwise 1 The Working Group is composed of five independent
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