European Union. Identity, Diversity and Integration
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Roma of Romania
Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe - Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE) MINORITIES IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE Roma of Romania Acknowledgements This report was prepared in cooperation with the Ethnocultural Diversity Resource Center (EDRC). It was researched and written by Cathy O’Grady and Daniela Tarnovschi, and updated by Tibor Szasz, Researchers of CEDIME-SE and EDRC. It was edited by Panayote Dimitras, Director of CEDIME-SE; Nafsika Papanikolatos, Coordinator of CEDIME-SE; and Caroline Law and Ioana Bianca Rusu, English Language Editors of CEDIME-SE and EDRC. CEDIME-SE and EDRC would like to express their deep appreciation to the external reviewers of this report, Gabriel Andreescu, program director of “National Minorities and Religious Freedom,” member of Romanian Helsinki Committee, Istvan Haller, program coordinator of Liga ProEuropa, Florin Moisa, Executive President of the Resource Center for Roma Communities, and Julius Rostaş governmental expert at the Department for Protection of National Minorities -National Office for Roma. CEDIME-SE and EDRC would also like to thank all persons who generously provided information and/or documents, and/or gave interviews to their researchers. The responsibility for the report’s content, though, lies only with CEDIME-SE. We welcome all comments sent to: [email protected]. 1 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS Updated: November 2001 State Romania Name (in English, in the dominant language and, if different, in the minority language) Roma (English), Ţigani, or sometimes Romi (Romanian), Rom (the language of the minority). Is there any form of recognition of the minority? Yes. The government Department for the Protection of National Minorities has a National Office for Roma. -
LD5655.V855 1989.K434.Pdf
Power in Stalinist states: The Personality cult of Nicolae Ceausescu by John Oliver Kinder Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science APPROVED: Timothy W. Luke Lynette G. Rummel Ronald G. Shaiko April 26, 1989 Blacksburg, Virginia Power in Stalinist states: The Personality cult of Nicolae Ceausescu by John Oliver Kinder Timothy W. Luke Political Science (ABSTRACT) This study examines the Socialist Republic of Romania as a Stalinist state which employs a personality cult. The leader of a state is the focus of a personality cult, but he does not enjoy the status it gives without consent from elsewhere within the government. In order to determine where this power comes from, three possible sources are discussed. These are: Nicolae Ceausescu, president of Romania; the state bureaucracy; and the people. The Soviet Union, during the time of Stalin, is used as a comparative element. When Nicolae Ceausescu came to power he did so with the consent of the elite. As the Romanian elite are less inclined to support his policies, Ceausescu has had to continually take steps to stay ahead of the opposition. The Romanian people also lent their support to Ceausescu earlier, and have since become discontented with the regime. This study concludes that a leader with a personality cult must have some form of consent to come into power, but his personal characteristics will determine how he leads and whether or not he will be able to remain in power if that consent is withdrawn. -
Romania, Dobruja, Crimean Tatars and People Around Them
Iulian Boldea (Editor) – Literature, Discourses and the Power of Multicultural Dialogue Arhipelag XXI Press, Tîrgu Mureș, 2017, eISBN: 978-606-8624-12-9 ROMANIA, DOBRUJA, CRIMEAN TATARS AND PEOPLE AROUND THEM Ismail Nilghiun Lecturer, PhD, Giresun University, Turkey Abstract:This paper attempts to highlight some aspects of social and cultural history of the Crimean Tatar ethnic minority in Romania, as part of the western hinderland of the Balck Sea, the south- eastern corner of Europe. This research is based on both quantitative and qualitative analysis for which I used some documents which are part of the heritage of the Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (The Ottoman Archives of the Prime Minister‟s Office), issues faced by the refugees during thier refuge from the Crimean peninsula to the Ottoman lands, challenges following thier settlement in the newly created state Romaia, the assimilation process influenced by the nationalist discourse of the Romanian political elites reflected on newpapers of time owned by Constanta County Library „Ioan Roman”. The body of the paper highlights some aspects of historical evolution of the Crimean Tatars living in today‟s Dobruja, Romania and provides detailes about their religion affiliation and demographic evolution based on Romanian official data. The conclusion lines of this paper shows my own views on cultural bridges build up by the Crimean Tatars ethnic minority of Dobruja and emphasizes minority‟s strugle to protect its cultural identiy. Keywords:Crimea, Dobruja, Crimean Tatars, historical memory, the challenge of diversity. 1.Introduction 1.1. Argument and methods related to this research It is a great pleasure for me to write this study dedicated to the Crimean Tatars of Dobruja, their origins, homeland and history, as I am a native Crimean Tatar borne in Dobruja, Romania. -
The National Councils of National Minorities in Serbia
The national councils of national minorities in Serbia Katinka Beretka* and István Gergő Székely** January 2016 Recommended citation: Beretka Katinka and Székely István Gergő, “The national councils of national minorities in the Republic of Serbia”, Online Compendium Autonomy Arrangements in the World, January 2016, at www.world-autonomies.info. © 2016 Autonomy Arrangements in the World Content 1. Essential Facts and Figures 2. Autonomy in the Context of the State Structure 3. Establishment and Implementation of Autonomy 4. Legal Basis of Autonomy 5. Autonomous Institutions 6. Autonomous Powers 7. Financial Arrangements 8. Intergovernmental Relations 9. Inter-group Relations within the Autonomous Entity (not applicable) 10. Membership, “Quasi-citizenship” and Special Rights 11. General Assessment and Outlook Bibliography 2016 © Autonomy Arrangements in the World Project 1. Essential Facts and Figures 1 Serbia is located in the center of the Balkans, being an everyday subject of world news from the beginning of the 1990s, often due to ethnicity-related issues, ranging from civil war and secession to autonomy arrangements meant to accommodate ethnocultural diversity. Although according to the 2011 census almost 20% of the total population of the state (without Kosovo) belong to a minority group (see Table 1), in Serbia there are no officially recognized or unrecognized minorities. There is neither an exact enumeration of minority groups, nor clear principles to be followed about how a minority should be recognized. While the absence of precise regulations may be regarded as problematic, the approach of Serbia to the minority question can also be interpreted as being rather liberal, which may have resulted from the intention to protect ethnic Serb refugees who have become minorities abroad, including in the former Yugoslav member states. -
2.5.Roman**.Q ¥
241 FROM THE UNITARY TO THE PLURALISTIC: FINE-TUNING MINORITY POLICY IN ROMANIA István Horváth and Alexandra Scacco Contents Abstract . 243 1. Introduction . 243 1.1. Demographic characteristics. 244 Table 1. Ethnic Structure of Romania’s Population Censuses of 1930, 1956, 1966, 1977 and 1992 . 245 Table 2. Ethnic Structure of Romania’s Population Censuses of 1930, 1956, 1977 and 1992 (in per cent). 246 Table 3. Ethnic and Religious Structure of Romania’s Population Census from1992 (Percentages) . 247 Table 4. Ethnic Structure of Romania’s Population by Districts. (Percentages) . 248 Figure 1. The Historical Regions of Romania. 249 1.2. Historical background . 249 Table 5. Romania’s Population According to Mother Tongue . 250 1.3. Political mobilisation of minority groups . 252 2. The Legal Framework for the Protection of National Minorities . 253 2.1. Constitutional provisions . 253 Table 6. Romanian Constitutional Provisions Relevant to Minorities . 254 2.2.Draft laws on minorities . 255 2.3. International legislation . 257 Table 7. International Documents (Multi-lateral and Bilateral Treaties) Signed by Romania . 257 3.The Institutional Framework of Minority Protection . 258 3.1. Representation in the legislature. 258 3.2. The Council for National Minorities. 259 3.3. The Department for the Protection of National Minorities . 260 3.4. Specific issues . 261 242 4. Local Public Administration in Romania . 262 4.1. Minority language use in local public administration . 264 5. Minority-language Education . 266 5.1. Special educational measures for the Roma population . 268 6. Conclusion . 269 7. Recommendations . 270 Further Reading. 271 Bibliography . 374 \ 243 FROM THE UNITARY TO THE PLURALISTIC: FINE-TUNING MINORITY POLICY IN ROMANIA István Horváth and Alexandra Scacco Abstract This chapter constructs a typology of the principal minority groups in Romania, incor- porating three types—the Hungarian minority, the Roma minority and the ‘smaller’ minor- ity groups (comprised of fewer than 100,000 members). -
The Tension Between Self-Reliance
Looking to Themselves: The Tension between Self-Reliance, Regionalism, and Support of Greater Romania within the Saxon Community in Transylvania 1918-1935 By Rachel Renz Mattair Submitted to Central European University History Department In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Balázs Trencsényi Second reader: Viktor Karády CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2012 Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with the author. Copies by any process, either in full or part, may be made only in accordance with the instructions given by the author and lodged in the Central European Library. Details may be obtained from the librarian. This page must form a part of any such copies made. Further copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the written permission of the author. CEU eTD Collection Abstract This thesis traces the changes in self-preservation policies of the Transylvanian Saxons from 1918 to 1935 as they transitioned from being a semi-autonomous group to an ethnic minority in the newly established Romanian state following the First World War. It examines the domestic and international alliances of both conservative Saxon elites and social dissidents on the basis of interwar cultural journals and press material. Particular emphasis is placed on the tension between rising National Socialist rhetoric from the German Reich and Transylvanian regionalism in these publications. Unlike many existing studies on this topic, the work offers a balanced approach between internal and external Saxon relations, and distinguishes between Saxon elite narratives and average outlooks. The various movements traced lead to the question of whether historians can even speak of a cohesive Saxon identity during the interwar period, or merely of fragmentation among community members. -
Post-Communist Romania
Political Science • Eastern Europe Carey Edited by Henry F. Carey Foreword by Norman Manea “Henry Carey’s collection captures with great precision the complex, contradic- tory reality of contemporary Romania. Bringing together Romanian, West European, and American authors from fields as diverse as anthropology, politi- Romania cal science, economics, law, print and broadcast journalism, social work, and lit- ROMANIA SINCE 1989 erature, the volume covers vast ground, but with striking detail and scholarship and a common core approach. Romania since 1989 provides perhaps the most comprehensive view of the continuing, murky, contested reality that is Romania today and is a must read for any scholar of modern Romania, of East-Central Europe, and of the uncertain, troubled, post-socialist era.” since 1989 —David A. Kideckel, Central Connecticut State University Sorin Antohi “The wealth of detail and quality of insights will make this an excellent source- Wally Bacon book for students of political change after the Cold War. It should be taken seri- Gabriel Ba˘ descu ously by policy practitioners increasingly involved with Romania’s problems.” Zoltan Barany —Tom Gallagher, Professor of Peace Studies, Bradford University, U.K. Politics, Jóhanna Kristín Birnir Larry S. Bush Those who study Romania must confront the theoretical challenges posed by a Economics, Pavel Câmpeanu country that is undergoing a profound transformation from a repressive totali- Henry F. Carey tarian regime to a hazy and as yet unrealized democratic government. The most and Society Daniel Da˘ ianu comprehensive survey of Romanian politics and society ever published abroad, Dennis Deletant this volume represents an effort to collect and analyze data on the complex prob- Christopher Eisterhold lems of Romania’s past and its transition into an uncertain future. -
Is the EU Accession a Critical Juncture for Romania's Language Policy?
MARÁCZ, LÁSZLÓ PHD [email protected] assistant professor (Department of European Studies, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Is the EU Accession a Critical Juncture for Romania’s Language Policy? ABSTRACT In the course of history, Romania’s Transylvania was the home of a number of different ethno- linguistic groups, including Hungarians, Romanians, Germans, Jews and Roma among others. After the First World War, and particularly during the last decades of the communist regime, however, pressures to create a highly centralized, uniform, monolingual state with the Romanian language as its only official language have largely increased. This uniformizing French style Jacobin language policy became a key element of the Romanian state tradition, supported by the make-up of its institutions and legal provisions. As a consequence, the languages of Romania have been ordered hierarchically with the official Romanian language outranking the different minority languages, including Hungarian, German, Roma, Ukrainian, Slovakian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Ruthenian, Russian and so on. In this framework, the minority languages could be used at a local and regional level only. However, minority language use was restricted by language laws, thresholds and other hampering measures. The country’s accession to the European Union (EU) in 2007 has been celebrated as a critical juncture challenging the canonical top-down Jacobin state tradition and its exclusive language policy with respect to the minority languages. The analysis presented in this paper will weigh the pro’s and contra’s of this claim. It will be concluded that although minority languages have received more recognition under the new EU order than under former Romanian nationalizing regimes, like the preceding post-communist and communist rules, the implementation of a permissive minority language policy still shows serious deficiencies. -
1 List of Publications
1 Prof. Dr. Robert Picht List of publications A. Books and editing collective works Europe 2020 : Adapting to a changing world / Otto von der Gablentz ; Dieter Mahncke; Pier Carlo Padoan ; Robert Picht (eds.). College of Europe. - Baden-Baden: Nomos Verl.-Ges., 2000. - 105 S., Lit.Hinw. Education funding in Europe : Vol. 2: A pilot study on innovating education and learning ; The role of foundations and corporate funders / Robert Picht. - Brussels: European Foundation Centre, 1998. - XII,183 S., Reg., Lit. S. 171-175 - (An EFC Orpheus Programme Publication.) Au jardin des malentendus : Le commerce franco-allemand des idées / Textes édités par Jacques Leenhardt et Robert Picht - Nouvelle éd. augmentée et actualisée. - Arles: Actes Sud, 1997. - 634 S. - (Babel) Fremde Freunde : Deutsche und Franzosen vor dem 21. Jahrhundert / Hrsg. von Robert Picht ... Deutsch- Französisches Institut. - München ...: Piper, 1997. - 394 S., Reg. L'identité européenne : Analyses et propositions pour le renforcement d'une Europe pluraliste / Robert Picht (Ed.). Une étude de la Trans European Policy Studies Association. - o.O.: Presses Interuniversitaires Européennes, 1994. - 285 S. - (Multicultural Europe; No 4) European societies between diversity and convergence ; Un séminaire tenu au Collège d'Europe, Bruges, décembre 1992 = Les sociétés européennes entre diversité et convergence / Leonce Bekemans ; Robert Picht (Eds.). Collège d'Europe. - o.O.: Presses Interuniversitaires Européennes, 1993. - 156 S. - (Multicultural Europe; No 3) De Gaulle, Deutschland und Europa / Wilfried Loth ; Robert Picht (Hrsg.). - Opladen: Leske und Budrich, 1991. - 224 S., Lit.Hinw. Au jardin des malentendus : Le commerce franco-allemand des idées / Textes édités par Jacques Leenhardt et Robert Picht. - Arles: Actes Sud, 1990. -
Population: Demographic Situation, Languages and Religions
Published on Eurydice (https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice) Demographic Situation Romania's population at 1st July 2008 was of 21.504.442 inhabitants, with the average density of 90.2 inhabitants per sq. km (the area of Romania is 238.391 sq. km). In 2008, 55% of Romania’s population lived in urban areas and 45% in rural areas. Demographic decline is present both in urban and in rural areas. In 2008, average life expectancy was of 73.03 years, being of 76.68 years, for women and 69.49 years, for men. During the last 25 years, a constant process of ageing can be observed. This process of demographic ageing is more important in rural areas than in urban areas. Official and Minority Languages Article 13 of the Constitution stipulates that in Romania the official language is Romanian. The Constitution and the legislation recognise all the nationalities (ethnic groups) other than Romanian and living in Romanian territory as national minorities of Romania and their mother tongues as national minorities’ languages. According to the 2002 census, of the total population of Romania 89.48% were Romanians, 6.60% Hungarians, 2.47% Rromas (Gypsies), 0.28% Ukrainians, 0.28% Germans and approximately 0.9% other nationalities. Applying the provisions of the Constitution, the Law of National Education (Law 1/2011) states that: Education and training at all levels is provided in Romanian Language. Education and training can also be provided in the national minorities languages and in foreign languages of international circulation. Schools or classes are organized and function with tuition in Romanian and, as required, in the national minorities languages in each locality or schooling is ensured in the national minorities languages in the nearest locality where this is possible. -
Youth, Race, and Envisioning the Postwar World, 1940-1960
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO FRANCE BETWEEN EUROPE AND AFRICA: YOUTH, RACE, AND ENVISIONING THE POSTWAR WORLD, 1940-1960 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY EMILY MARKER CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2016 For My Parents TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures iv Abbreviations v Acknowledgements vi Introduction 1 Chapter 1 The Civilizational Moment: Postwar Empire and United Europe 37 Chapter 2 Rebuilding France, Europe and Empire: Wartime Planning for Education Reform from London to Brazzaville, 1940-1944 80 Chapter 3 The Culturalization of Christianity in Postwar Youth and Education Policy, 1944-1950 124 Chapter 4 Youth, Education, and the Making of Postwar Racial Common Sense, 1944-1950 175 Chapter 5 Encountering Difference in “Eurafrica”: Francophone African Students in France in the 1950s 217 Chapter 6 Global Horizons with Civilizational Boundaries: Cold War Youth Politics, Third Worldism, and Islam Noir, 1945-1960 276 Epilogue 310 Bibliography 323 iii LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1 Reprinted Photograph of a March at the Congress of European Youth, 1953 2 Fig. 2 Reprinted Photograph of a Dinner at the Congress of European Youth, 1953 2 Fig. 3 Map of the European Economic Community in 1957 6 Fig. 4 Original Photograph of African Student Summer Program, 1960 11 Fig. 5 Reprinted Photograph of a Scouts de France Ceremony in Ziguinchor, 1958 108 Fig. 6 Reprinted Photograph of the Preparatory Session of the College of Europe, 1949 152 Fig. 7 Title Page of “De Jeunes Africains Parlent,” 1957 233 Fig. -
Wilfried Loth Building Europe
Wilfried Loth Building Europe Wilfried Loth Building Europe A History of European Unification Translated by Robert F. Hogg An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. ISBN 978-3-11-042777-6 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-042481-2 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-042488-1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2015 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Cover image rights: ©UE/Christian Lambiotte Typesetting: Michael Peschke, Berlin Printing: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Table of Contents Abbreviations vii Prologue: Churchill’s Congress 1 Four Driving Forces 1 The Struggle for the Congress 8 Negotiations and Decisions 13 A Milestone 18 1 Foundation Years, 1948–1957 20 The Struggle over the Council of Europe 20 The Emergence of the Coal and Steel Community