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GENERAL INDEX
Acrae, 25, 199 dialects (of modern Sicily), 50, 324 Acron of Agrigentum, 249 diglossia, 42, 74, 227, 248, 295 Aeolian islands, 6, 8 digraphism, 315–16 Agathocles, 228 Diodorus of Agyrion (Diodorus Siculus), Agrigentum, 313, 327, 329 358 Akragas (see also Agrigentum), 126, 200 Dionysius I, 227 Alcman, 269, 271, 272, 273–8, 286 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 58, 63, 64 Alexandria, 266, 270, 280, 281–2 Dinolochus, 252, 256, 258, 262 Alfius, 93 Dorians (in Sicily), 22 alpha siculum, 71, 73 Doric comedy, 251–2, 258 Antiatticist, 252–4, 255, 258, 261, 263 Doric dialect in Sicily, 18, 40, 57, 191, Antiochus of Syracuse, 53, 62, 280 193, 198–221, 225, 249, 251, Archestratus of Gela, 287 254–6, 262–4, 305 Aristophanes of Byzantium, 252 ‘Doric koina’, 41, 193, 223, 230–4, Augustus (and Octavian), 299, 300 238–9, 245–9, 282 Ausonian culture, 8 Ducetius, 57, 59 Dunbabin, T. J., 22 Bernabo` Brea, Luigi, 5, 8 bilingualism, 4, 21, 37, 74, 291, 293, Elymian, 66, 95, 96, 111–14, 164, 176, 295–6, 322, 360, 361–7 177 coin legends, 96, 109, 111, 176–9 Caecilius of Caleacte, 358 inscriptions, 97–100, 110 Caesar, 299 morphology, 112–13 calque, 311, 313, 314–15, 321 onomastics, 113, 154–61 Camarina, 23, 25, 36, 86, 199, 309 phonology, 111–12 Carthage (role in Sicily), 29, 115, 125, 228 Elymians (see also ïElumoi), 24, 27, 29, 55, Casmenae, 25, 199 95, 177 Castiglione di Ragusa, 22, 25, 26 Elymian area, 30, 31, 95, 114 ‘Castiglione warrior’, 26, 36, 88 material culture, 30 Catania, 193, 300, 329, 339, 356 name of, 56 Centuripe, 9, 64 origin of, 29, 56, 61 Chalcidians (in Sicily), 22 use of the Greek alphabet, 22, 31, 79, Charondas, 43 100–11 Cicero, 319, 358 beta, 107–9 coinage in Sicily, 162–4, 182–6, 187 ‘reversed ny’, 109–10 colonial culture (of Sicily), 16, 39, 41, 287 Empedocles, 39, 66 colonialism (modern), 19 Entella, 92, 95 colonization (Greek), 10, 12, 17–20, 23, Entella tables, 37, 44, 140, 141, 145 31, 50, 57, 149 Epicharmus, 39, 40, 66, 89, 251, 252, 253, Cyrenaean, 269 255, 256, 258, 261, 267, 274 412
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epigraphy and inscriptions (in Sicily), 42, perfect with present endings, 232 43, 44, 74, 198 post-classical, 224–6 contracts, 240–2 spirantization of /th/and/ph/, 209 curse tablets (and defixiones), 44, 77, vs Latin in Roman Sicily, 34, 35, 291–2, 243–4, 248, 305 296, 300, 301, 303, 304, 319–25, epigraphic culture, 43, 323, 324, 365 339–41, 350, 352–3, 354–9, 361 funerary, 32, 34, 43, 44, 295, 310, 320, Grotta Regina, 123 339–47, 354 in the Hellenistic age, 44, 196, 244, 245, Hebrew (in Sicily), 366 296–7, 298–9 Hellanicus of Lesbos, 53, 62, 95 in the native languages, 59, 70–4 Hellenization, 28, 32, 59, 60, 94 in the Roman age, 33, 229–30, 293–4, Hesychius, 65, 69, 80 299–302, 309, 312–13, 319–20, Hiero I, 283 322, 331, 348 Hiero II, 33, 44, 228 magical, 357–8 Himera, 57, 193, 194 metrical, 45 Hippocrates, 26 private, 34, 73, 110, 198, 225, 240, 319, Hybla, 5, 25 324, 352 hybridity, 16, 20–2, 27, 35, 38, 39, 40, 286, public, 32, 34, 42, 44, 198, 225, 231, 287 247, 296, 298, 304, 324, 350 Eryx, 28, 29, 95, 124, 125, 176, 181 Ionic dialect in Sicily, 57, 191, 192, 193–7 Eudoxus, 134, 136 koine, 225, 226, 229, 235–7, 239, 244, Firmicus Maternus, 359 246–8, 251, 253, 254–6, 262–4 koineisms, 245, 247, 248, 251, 252 Gela, 49, 86, 200, 201, 217 koineization, 226, 365 Gela (river), 24, 135, 167 Kokalos, 11 Gelon, 27 Gorgias, 39, 287 Lanuvium, 63 graphemic influence, 309, 340, 346.See Latin in Sicily, 34, 291–2, 304, 307–9, also graphic interference 324, 334, 348, 350, 353, 356–7, graphic interference, 321 361. See also under Greek in Sicily Grassmann’s Law, 208 Latinization, 32, 335 Greek in Sicily Lentini, 6, 8, 23, 58, 193 allegro pronunciation, 216 Lilybaeum, 34, 118, 121, 128, 305, 306, athematic dative plural ending in -essi, 308 18, 210, 217, 221, 231, 233, 267 literary culture (of Sicily), 16, 38–42, 45, athematic infinitive ending in -mein, 18, 182, 284–8, 358–60 215, 232 conjugation in -Ûw, 231 Mamercus, 93, 94, 139 dialect convergence, 2, 18, 217–19, 222, Mamertini (and Mamertines), 91, 92, 93, 224 146, 147, 228 dialect levelling, 226, 233–4, 246 Megara Hyblaea, 199 fricativization, 216 Mendolito di Adrano, 9, 73, 78 hyperdialectalisms, 248 mercenaries, 51, 60, 87, 91–4, 138–9, 141, intradialectal differentiation, 215–19 145, 146, 147, 299, 309 Latin influence on, 249, 255, 317, 351 mercenary coinage, 186 mitior (Doric) vocalism, 18, 217–18, Messana (see also Zancle), 91, 138, 140, 268, 269, 273, 276 141, 146, 321 413
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migration (linguistic evidence for), 329–47 Probus, 359 Milqart, 116 protocolonization, 11, 14 Mithaecus of Syracuse, 249, 287 Punics Molino della Badia, 6, 8, 10 inscriptions of, 119, 123, 130 Montagna di Marzo, 71, 78, 86 language of, 115, 126, 130, 317, 318 Morgantina, 6 presence in Sicily, 29, 124, 125, 126, morphological influence, 303 306, 307, 317, 320–1, 362–4 Motya, 16, 28, 118, 119, 128, 129 multilingualism, 4, 35, 296, 316, 367–9 Ragusa, 20 Mycenaeans (in Sicily), 11, 12, 13 regional diversification, 35 Romanization, 31–5, 298 Nakone, 92, 142, 145 Naxos, 193 S. Angelo Muxaro, 9 network, 7, 11, 15 S. Margherita Belice, 10 Sabellian languages, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, onomastics, 36, 37, 366, 367 85 as evidence for bi- and multilingualism, Salso river, 24 21, 35–8, 85–9, 150–61, 305–7, Samnites, 92, 135 341–6 Sciri, 25, 74 indigenous, 59, 74, 77, 82–6, 150–61 Segesta, 28, 29, 64, 95, 125, 176, 314, Latin nomenclature, 38, 306, 336–8 315 See also under individual languages Selinous, 28, 36, 37, 85, 105, 125, 198, Ortygia, 20, 23 199, 202 Oscan, 132, 135, 139 Sextus Clodius (rhetorician), 358 onomastics, 140–5 Sextus Pompeius, 299 texts from Sicily, 139–41 Shadrapa, 123 Oscans, 37 Sicanian, 24, 66, 71, 72, 164, 165 ownership formulas, 76, 177, 178 place names, 25, 164–6 Sicans, 7, 24, 55, 61, 65 Palermo, 28, 119, 122, 300, 319 inscriptions of, 71, 72, 73, 164 Panormos (and Panormus), see Palermo material culture of, 9, 72 Pantalica, 5, 7, 8 origin of, 56, 60–5 Paschasinus of Marsala, 355 See also Sikan»v, Sikano© peninsular influence on Sicily, 8, 9 Sicel, 24, 66, 67, 77, 164, 166 Pervigilium Veneris, 359 anaptyxis, 80 Philistus of Syracuse, 53, 58, 62, 280 aspirate consonants, 75 Phoenician, 17, 115–17, 126–9 fricativization, 169 coin legends, 180 influence from Greek, 74–7 morphology, 128 place names, 167–70 onomastics, 121–2, 129 spirantization, 69, 79 phonology, 127–8 vocalism, 80 syntax, 128–9 voiced stops, 79, 170, 173 Phoenicians, 11, 14–17, 27, 117 Sicels, 6, 55, 61, 65 inscriptions of, 119 inscriptions of, 71, 72 linguistic open-mindedness of, 16 material culture of, 9, 72 scripts, 117, 129–30 origin of, 56, 60–5, 86 Pisani, Vittore, 66 ‘Sicel invasion’ of Sicily, 6, 7, 8 post-colonial studies, 19, 20, 25 use of the Greek alphabet, 21, 79 precolonization, 11, 14 See also Sikel»v, Sikelo© 414
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general index
Sicily Syracuse, 23, 25, 26, 34, 40, 41, 199, 227, alphabetic varieties of, 18, 194, 201–2, 280, 281–4, 300, 301, 304, 311, 235 328, 337, 339, 341, 342, 344, 346, dialectal map of, 18 362 east, 23–7, 301, 354 Syriac (in Sicily), 367 Hellenistic, 33, 41, 44, 45, 227, 249, 292, 297 Tauromenion, 300, 334 in the Bronze Age, 5 pinakes of, 63 in the Christian era, 353–8 Telestes of Syracuse, 45 in the early Empire, 292, 300–2, 327, Thapsos, 4, 7, 10, 11, 12 330, 347–9, 352 Theocritus, 41, 284 in the late Empire, 35, 323, 327, language of, 266, 270, 271, 272, 273–8 338–47, 349–51 Thermae Himerae, 300, 312, 334 prehistoric, 5 Thucydides, 53, 61 Roman, 32, 33, 38, 229, 303, 322, 326, Timaeus of Tauromenion, 58, 280 327–69 Timoleon, 228 west, 27–31, 34, 37, 201, 301, 302, 305, Tyndaris, 300 308, 312, 320 slave trade, 332 Vallet, Georges, 22 Soluntum, 28, 124 Sophron, 66, 252, 253, 256, writing in Sicily, 49, 59, 73. See also under 267 individual peoples and languages Stesichorus, 39, 91, 286 Strabo, 135 Zancle (see also Messana), 56, 68, 167, Syracusan dialect, 267, 268, 269 184–6, 193
415
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INDEX OF WORDS IN OTHER LANGUAGES
Greek
Note: spelling of words quoted in Chapters 7 and 8 (which cite dialectal words without diacritics) has been normalized to follow common practice.
Atnh, 79, 173 znklon, 68, 70, 90, 168–70 l©asma, 232, 234 ndexai, 258–9 ¡m©na, 263 nklitov, 314 ¡mioÅgkion, 259 nex©a, 248 nup»detov, 257–8, 263 ëHraklv, 69, 75 rb©nnh, 68 ëHrÅkalov, 69–70, 81 *usonev, 64 aÉtautn, 211 ìItal©a, 50 aÉt»nta, 232 ìItalitev, 62 ìItaliätai, 50 bas©lissa, 253 b»limov, 221 kakentrecv, 260 boun»v, 254 Kal %kt, 57 Kampano©, 87, 92 Galer©a, 179 kleptnai, 195 gegrbatai, 213 kom©w, 213 gla, 135, 167 genhqnai, 251 Lat±nov, 86 grra, 68 Leukan, 86, 94 L©guev, 64 deoÓmai, 261, 263 l©tra, 67, 79, 170–6, 254–6, 263 *dikomai, 213 litrosk»pov, 255 DionÅsiov, 344 LoggÛnh, 179 Douktiov, 83 Meglh ëEllv, 50 kpoisai, 259, 263 Messan©wn, 184, 185, 195 ìElaiel±nov, 89 Morgtev, 62, 63 ïElumoi, 55, 56 mull»v, 68 nedre©a (and ndra), 253, 260, 264 no, 213 n©dev, 68 stwssan, 215 n»mov, 67
416
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index of words in other languages
O«nwtro©, 62, 64 euergeta, 314 ìOpikan»v, 87 Eusebius, 342 ìOpiko©, 60, 87 ½p(p)ik©zw, 136 Felix, 344 oÉgk©a (and ½gk©a), 67, 174, 255–6, 259, flamen, 313 263 oÉ©toulov, 90 Ianuarius, 344
parkairov, 259–60, 263 nummus, 67 ped, 212 Peloponnasist©, 280 O(b)scus, 134–5 pittkion, 260 Opici, 132, 134–8, 146, 147 p»ltov, 68 opicus, 134 pote©h, 214 potent©qhmi, 220 platea, 314 progorov, 248 Purr±nov, 88 Sicanus, Sicani, 52 pÛmala, 254 Siculus, Siculi, 52, 63 ëRaik»v, 68–9 Tarichinus, 311 Segesta©wn/ëEgesta©wn, 178 Theoduleus, Theodulos, 342 Sikain©a, 54 trilinguis, 291 Sikan©h, 51, 52 Sikan»v, Sikano©, 52, 53, 54, 55, 61, 86 Sikel©a, 50, 52 Oscan Sikeliätai, 50, 52, 53, 57 Sikel»v, Sikelo©, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 61, 63 dekis, 142 S©kwn, 53 Silera±oi, 87 gnaivs, 142 sÅn, 317 Surak»siov, 179 ka´ısilli-, 142 swnnÅw, 262, 263, 264 ki´ıpi´ıs, 142, 143
tnei, 221 maamiis, 144 Turrhno©, 87 mamerttiais, 139 Minaz Kurviis,´ 140
Latin Oppiov, 144
Anastasia, Anastasius, 342 pakis, 142 Aretaius, 315 Pakkiov, 144
bilinguis, 136, 291 uppiis,´ 142 bolona, 311
Cyriaceus, Cyriacus, 342 Phoenician and Punic
dei forenses, 315 ’GRGNT, 126 duumvirus, 313 ’RK, 124, 180 417
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index of words in other languages
BAHANNO, 126 MTNT, 120, 128 MT. W’, 180 GRT, 124 NDR, 128 H. MLKT, 122
KPR’, 180 QL’, 127
L‘S,ˇ 123 RSMLQRT,ˇ 180
MH. NT, 180 S. YS. , 123, 177, 180 MH. SBM,ˇ 180 MLK, MLKT, 120 ‘BD/‘PD, 124 MNG, 123 ‘BDB‘L, 122 MSPT/NSPT, 126 ‘KBR, 122
Sicilian native languages
Note: spelling follows that adopted by the individual authors of the chapters
]Иotulaitute[, 110 Ƒoltika, 111 Zoxta, 155 abesaked, 82 akara-, 82 Italo, 83, 86 Akka, 83 ankder, 112 kaire, 75 *pelov, 54, 88 kitÛn, 75 Appeiraiov, 160 Kukuiev, 76, 77, 81 Aradtev, 77 KÅpra (and variants), 80, 83 arakakami, 86 kÅtra, 75 arustainam, 76 ìAtov, 155 Marev, 83 atroi, 111 MatÅlaiov, 81 metiaai, 160 geped, 79, 81 Nan(n)elaiov, 156, 157, 158 Botulov, 156 Nendav, Ne(n)dai, 74, 75, 84, 85, 159 douhena, 111 durom, 76 pibe, 75 pipoked, 82 emi, 112, 113, 177 poterom, 76 Erikazib/Irikabiz, 112, 176, 178 praareien, 82 Eurumakev, 75, 84 Pratomakev, 75, 77, 79, 84 Pukleiov, 81, 155, 156 eregaiev, 82 Put©kkav, 75
418
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index of words in other languages
⎪lopetionov, 74, 84 Sariv, 155 segestazia, segestazib, segestazie, 109, rokev (and variants), 77, 110, 112, 176, 178 84 SkÅtav, 75 ëR»tulov, 81, 88 tebeg, 79 Sabat-, 113 T©telov, 54, 81, 88, 113, 154 sar[..].aƑar, 112 touto-, 82
419
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INDEX LOCORUM
Editor’s note: because of space constraints references to epigraphic and literary texts cited only in the notes have not been included, unless they were considered crucial to the discussion.
Aelian CIL VH 10.18, 285 I2 2219, 303 Antiatticist I2 2224, 310 82.16, 256, 257–8 I2 3429, 303 82.29, 256, 258–9 X 7121, 310 83.28, 256 X 7265, 303 84.26–7, 252 X 7296, 316 85.24, 256 X 7297, 336 90.3, 256, 261 CIS I 93.25, 256, 259 122, 116 95.27–8, 253, 256, 260 122bis, 116 98.32, 256 135, 124, 130 98.33, 256, 259 136, 125 99.1, 256 137, 120 105.19, 256, 260 140, 124 105.32, 256 3776, 124 110.22, 256 4910, 124 112.6, 257, 259–60 5510, 126 112.28, 257, 260 112.29, 257 Dinolochus 113.14, 257 1 K.-A., 256, 258–9 114.5, 257, 262 3 K.-A., 257 Antiochus of Syracuse 5 K.-A., 257, 262 FGH 555 F 2, 62 7 K.-A., 257, 260 Apuleius Diodorus Siculus Met. 11.5.22 Helm, 291 1.4.4, 363 Aristoteles 4.61.4, 138 Mete. 359b, 52 4.68.3, 138 Pol. 1329b, 134 4.78.3, 138 4.84.4, 285 Cassius Hemina 5.6.1, 61 fr. 2, 63 5.6.5, 65 fr. 3, 63 5.6.6, 57 CEG 147, 26 6.6.7, 53 Cicero 13.44.1–4, 92 Verr. 5.83, 64 14.9.9, 145
420
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index locorum
14.53.2–4, 120 297, 316 16.69.4, 138 354, 309 21.18, 139 431, 352 455, 350 Ennius IGDS I Ann. 477, 136 36, 155 Epicharmus 38, 36, 83, 85, 8 K.-A., 256, 259 150–61 9 K.-A., 67n83 124, 241 10 K.-A., 67n83 176, 77 37 K.-A., 256 196, 242–3, 247 67 K.-A., 256 207, 238–9 99 K.-A., 262 213, 155 102 K.-A., 256, 260 216, 155 107 K.-A., 256, 257–8 IGDS II 118 K.-A., 256, 261 80, 37, 44, 243–4, 134 K.-A., 67n83 305–8 138 K.-A., 256 IGPalermo 139 K.-A., 257 106, 237 180 K.-A, 68–9 ILPalermo 242 K.-A, 256, 260 7, 300 243 K.-A., 257, 259–60 73, 303 289 K.-A., 256 ILLRP 290 K.-A., 256 279, 311 1277, 302 Fabius Pictor IMCCatania fr. 1, 63 11, 350 Favorinus 27, 332 95.24, 284 228, 356 Festus ISicMG II 204.28, 134 14, 197–8 ISicMG III Hellanicus 34, 195 FGH 479, 56 FGH 4 111, 90 KAI Herodotus 173, 115 6.22, 52 7.154.2, 26 Moeris 7.170, 52 197, 262 Homer, Odyssey 20.383, 51 Philistus of Syracuse 24.211, 51n10 FGH 556 F 46, 26, 62 24.307, 51n9 Phrynichus 24.366, 51n10 Ecl. 197 Fischer, 253 24.389, 51n10 Ecl. 231 Fischer, 253 Ecl. 332 Fischer, 254 IG XIV Ecl. 419 Fischer, 257 276, 38 Pliny 277, 38 Nat. 29.13 134 421
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index locorum
Plato Me 4, 140 Epist. 8.353e, 60, 132–3, 146, Me 5, 140 147 Strabo Polybius 5.4.8, 135 11.25.9, 258 12.26b.4, 281 Theocritus Epigr. 18.1, 274 SEG Id. 1, 284, 285 XXII 837, 309 Id. 15, 265–6, 267, 269, 270, 276, XXXIV 952, 244 278–9 LVII 905A, 219 Id. 18, 285 LVII 905B, 220 Id. 28.18 283 Sophocles Thucydides fr. 1065 Pearson, 255 4.64.3, 281 Sophron 6.2.2–3, 56, 61, 95, 118 51 K.-A., 256 6.2.4, 134 62 K.-A., 67n83 6.2.5, 52 71 K.-A., 67n83 6.4.5, 56 76 K.-A., 256, 259 6.4.6, 56 134 K.-A., 69 6.5.1, 57 ST 6.5.3, 26 Ps 11, 139 6.6.2, 37 Ps 20, 137 6.17.3, 57 Me 1, 140 Me 2, 140 Varro, L.L. tMe 3, 139 5.101, 63
422
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