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Insurgent, Participatory Citizens: (Re)Making Politics in Northeastern Brazil

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Insurgent, Participatory Citizens: (Re)Making Politics in Northeastern Brazil Insurgent, Participatory Citizens: (Re)Making Politics in Northeastern Brazil Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Yutzy, Christopher B. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 29/09/2021 05:15:09 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624488 INSURGENT, PARTICIPATORY CITIZENS: (Re)MAKING POLITICS IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL by Christopher B. Yutzy __________________________ Copyright © Christopher B. Yutzy 2017 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2017 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Christopher B. Yutzy, titled Insurgent, Participatory Citizens: (Re)Making Politics in Northeastern Brazil and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. th _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 14 , 2017 Dr. Marcela Vásquez-León th _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 14 , 2017 Dr. Timothy J. Finan th _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 14 , 2017 Dr. Brian Silverstein Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. th ________________________________________________ Date: April 14 , 2017 Dissertation Director: Marcela Vásquez-León 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Christopher B. Yutzy 3 Acknowledgments This page by no means completely reflects or adequately recognizes the many individuals who contributed to this achievement. However, as is custom, I will attempt to approximate an accurate accounting. To my Grandfather Earl who exposed me to National Public Radio as a kid on the farm. The hours spent in tractors listening to political discussions and debate inspired me to become an expert many years later. A sincere thanks to many friends, colleagues, and mentors: Tony, Brendan, Ben, Laurel, Joel, Mimi, Daniela, Jesus, Eniko, Amanda, Lumi, Jonna, Landon, Tom-Zé, Joan, Brackette, Sylvia, Diane, Mamadou, Jim, Carol, Átila, Juliana, Carlos, Lucas, Leide, Hudson, Nice, Raimundão, Jean, Moira, Doug, Sara, Francesca, Carlos, Gustavo, Patch, Emanuela, Jaime, and many more. Especially to Nicolas, mano, I miss our discussions, and I hope you know how brilliant you are. To my dissertation committee for their good humor and dedication in supervising my work. Marcela, a sincere thank you for introducing me to anthropology and helping me believe that I can achieve a doctoral degree. Tim, I will never forget our many discussions about research often fueled by an original bem gelada. You have taught me a lot, and your capacity to care for students as if they were family is inspiring. Brian, thanks for introducing me to much of the social theory used in this dissertation and your mentorship over the years. To my crazy wonderful family, mom, dad, Erica, Chase, Jenna, Scott, and Mattias, it was always a circus, but anthropology often requires understanding and documenting the world in its most complex and strange moments. You are all an inspiration, I would not have it any other way. To my extended family, much of my worldview was influenced by the many inspiring and courageous things you have all done and continue to do. Adrienne, thanks for the consistent caffeine supply and the many staycations that helped me rejuvenate and stay focused. Lia and Rolfe, your ability to always put family first and, of course, bourbon second, was a great source of support over the years. Support for this dissertation came in many forms, but I financially thank the Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, the School of Anthropology, and the Confluencenter for Creative Inquiry. I also thank the City of Fortaleza for providing institutional support during my research. To the non-humans, my plants, thanks for always being there. Even though a few of you have died and moved on, your presence and beckoning for water allowed us to grow together. Finally, Heather, your patience, love, and commitment surpassed my grandest expectations and carried me through the lowest points as a graduate student. Now that this is over, I look forward to our future adventures and years of making jokes that only we would laugh at. 4 To Heather, we did it, just like we knew we would and always will. 5 Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables ............................................................................................................ 8 Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 11 Research Objectives ..............................................................................................................................11 Historical Context: Re-democratizing Brazil .....................................................................................16 From Authoritarianism to Participatory Democracy ...........................................................................16 The Authoritarian Origins of Participatory Social Policy ...................................................................22 Theoretical Context: Tools of Modernity in Brazil ............................................................................29 Participatory Governance and Participation ........................................................................................29 Transparency and Participatory Citizens ............................................................................................31 Political Clientelism: An Evolving Tradition .....................................................................................32 Field Site: Situating Grande Bom Jardim ...........................................................................................33 The Origins of Grande Bom Jardim ....................................................................................................36 On GBJ’s Political Traditions .............................................................................................................43 Methodology ...........................................................................................................................................44 Ethnographic Fieldwork ......................................................................................................................45 Archival/Secondary Sources ...............................................................................................................50 Analysis and Products ...........................................................................................................................50 Concluding Remarks .............................................................................................................................53 Bibliography ...........................................................................................................................................57 APPENDIX A - When the Urban Poor Stop Protesting: From a politics of the street to institutions of transparency in Northeastern Brazil. ............................................................... 62 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................62 The Politics of Transparency ................................................................................................................66 A Brief History of Fortaleza’s Favelas and Participation .................................................................71 PROAFA - Programa de Assistência às Favelas da Área Metropolitana de Fortaleza ..................76 Institutionalizing Participation ............................................................................................................76 PROAFA’s Participatory Legacy ........................................................................................................78 Transparency and Participation Today ..............................................................................................82 Haunted by an Authoritarian Past
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