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Universidade Federal Do Rio De Janeiro – Ufrj Instituto De Filosofia E Ciências Sociais Programa De Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu Em História Comparada

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Universidade Federal Do Rio De Janeiro – Ufrj Instituto De Filosofia E Ciências Sociais Programa De Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu Em História Comparada UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO – UFRJ INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO STRICTO SENSU EM HISTÓRIA COMPARADA O PROJETO DO SUBMARINO DE PROPULSÃO NUCLEAR NA VISÃO DE SEUS PROTAGONISTAS Uma Análise Histórica de Geisel a Lula 1974 – 2009 Rio de Janeiro 2009 2 FERNANDA DAS GRAÇAS CORRÊA 3 FERNANDA DAS GRAÇAS CORRÊA O PROJETO DO SUBMARINO DE PROPULSÃO NUCLEAR NA VISÃO DE SEUS PROTAGONISTAS ]Uma Análise Histórica de Geisel a Lula 1974 – 2009 Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em História Comparada, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Sociais da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Mestre em História Comparada Orientador: Sidnei J. Munhoz Rio de Janeiro 2009 4 FICHA CATALOGRAFICA Corrêa, Fernanda das Graças. O Projeto do Submarino de Propulsão Nuclear na Visão de seus Protagonistas: uma análise histórica de Geisel a Lula (1974 – 2009)/ Fernanda das Graças Corrêa. 2009. 262f: Il. Dissertação (Mestrado em História Comparada) – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Sociais, Rio de Janeiro, 2009. Orientador: Sidnei J. Munhoz 1. História política; 2. Estratégia; 3. Política nuclear brasileira; 4. Projeto do submarino de propulsão nuclear – Teses. I. Munhoz, Sidnei J. (Orient.). II. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Programa de Pós Graduação em História Comparada. III. Título. 5 Fernanda das Graças Corrêa O PROJETO DO SUBMARINO DE PROPULSÃO NUCLEAR NA VISÃO DE SEUS PROTAGONISTAS uma análise histórica de Geisel a Lula 1974 – 2009 Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em História Comparada, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Sociais da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Mestre em História Comparada Aprovada em: __________________________________________ (Orientador: Sidnei J. Munhoz, Doutor, UFRJ) ____________________________________________ (Banca: Francisco Carlos Teixeira da Silva, Doutor, UFRJ) ____________________________________________ (Banca: Vagner Camilo Alves, Doutor, UFF/ ECEME) 6 Dedico esse trabalho a minha filha Catarina, que é grande pelo nome que carrega e grande pelo tamanho do espaço que ocupa em minha vida. Com Catarina, minha vida e meu trabalho ganharam novos sentidos! Obrigada, filha! 7 AGRADECIMENTOS Embora essa dissertação seja fruto de um trabalho acadêmico e científico, é também um projeto de vida. A partir da conclusão desse trabalho pude me certificar que minha vida está inteiramente voltada para a defesa nacional. Por meio da academia, encontrei uma estratégia para contribuir cientificamente com os interesses nacionais. Dessa maneira, em função desse trabalho, aprofundei meus contatos acadêmicos e obtive novos contatos com os meios militares. Se esse trabalho não conseguir alcançar o objetivo de tornar civis e militares mais próximos dos assuntos pertinentes a defesa nacional, pelo menos, eu consegui o meu objetivo de mostrar o meu trabalho a civis e militares no espaço acadêmico. Contudo, houve muitos obstáculos que, por algumas vezes, me forçaram a reformular as idéias. A construção desse trabalho foi árdua e muitas vezes me pareceu impossível concluí-lo. Graças a essa dissertação, hoje, eu entendo um pouco de relações internacionais, estratégia, ciência política, economia, oceanografia e passei a amar ainda mais a história e os estudos da guerra. Por perseverança minha, mantive o meu objeto de estudo, e por perseverança do meu orientador, Sidnei Munhoz, e da minha família e amigos, conclui essa dissertação. Sem essas pessoas nada, em todos os momentos de minha vida, seria possível! Muito obrigada! Agradeço também à Capes que financiou os meus estudos, ao professor Vagner Camilo que foi muito solícito em me prestigiar com sua presença em minha banca de qualificação e de defesa e ao professor José Carlos Albano do Amarante que me apoiou e contribuiu com seus conhecimentos na etapa final desse trabalho. Obrigada! 8 Concluo os agradecimentos com uma frase que sempre utilizo para me referir aos meus projetos de vida: “vivo pela guerra e morro pela história”! Fernanda das Graças Corrêa 9 RESUMO CORRÊA, Fernanda das Graças. O projeto do submarino de propulsão nuclear na visão de seus protagonistas: uma análise histórica de Geisel a Lula (1974-2009). Rio de Janeiro, 2009. Dissertação (Mestrado em História Comparada) - Programa de Pós Graduação em História Comparada, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2009. Este trabalho é uma análise histórica do projeto de construção do submarino de propulsão nuclear sob a ótica das pessoas que direta ou indiretamente se envolveram com ele. Geisel empreendeu uma política mais autônoma. A Europa passou a ser a região estratégica para a aquisição de tecnologia nuclear. O único país que se mostrou favorável a transferir tecnologia nuclear para o Brasil foi a República Federal da Alemanha (RFA). A idéia de construir um submarino nuclear é produto das negociações entre autoridades políticas brasileiras e autoridades políticas, diplomáticas, científicas e empresariais da RFA. Em 1978, o engenheiro Othon Luiz Pinheiro da Silva voltou ao Brasil após completar seu doutorado em tecnologia nuclear no MIT. O comandante Othon fomentou na Marinha do Brasil a idéia de construir um submarino nuclear. Em função dos acontecimentos no cenário nacional e no cenário internacional, Geisel decidiu construir o submarino nuclear, mas optou por consentir que a Marinha do Brasil conduzisse essa construção. Apesar de Geisel esboçar um projeto de propulsão nuclear naval, foi o projeto elaborado pelo comandante Othon que se transformou no projeto nuclear da Marinha do Brasil. A fim de evitar que as atenções internacionais se voltassem para esse trabalho, Geisel orientou-o para a clandestinidade. Dessa maneira, a idéia de construir um submarino nuclear deixa de pertencer ao programa nuclear brasileiro para pertencer ao programa nuclear paralelo. Figueiredo, ao assumir a presidência, mantém a política de diversificação de parcerias, mantém o acordo nuclear Brasil-RFA de 1975 e mantém o projeto de construção de um reator nuclear. Figueiredo, após observar a atuação dos submarinos nucleares ingleses no Atlântico Sul e perceber as reais intenções dos EUA para com o Brasil, decidiu também apoiar política e financeiramente o projeto de construção do submarino nuclear. Apesar de toda aversão que Figueiredo tinha em relação a Tancredo, essas autoridades uniram forças para que esse projeto sobrevivesse a transição democrática. Sarney, ao assumir a presidência do Brasil, em função do falecimento de Tancredo governou com a equipe ministerial montada este presidente. Sarney só se mostrou favorável e interessado na construção do submarino nuclear após uma comissão verificar irregularidades no programa nuclear brasileiro. Em 1987, Sarney se pronuncia totalmente favorável a essa construção. Apesar de todos os empecilhos que os militares tiveram para dar continuidade ao projeto nuclear da Marinha do Brasil, este projeto sobreviveu aos tempos neoliberais. Os atentados terroristas de 11 de setembro de 2001 deixaram expostas as fragilidades do sistema de defesa dos EUA. Dessa maneira, a hegemonia dos EUA no sistema internacional voltou a ser questionada. Países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil iniciaram uma postura mais decidida e mais autônoma na condução da sua política externa. A exigência de que a aquisição de tecnologias sensíveis ocorresse mediante a transferência da tecnologia foi fundamental para o mundo perceber o crescimento econômico do Brasil e para que os países desenvolvidos percebessem a evolução política que o Brasil conquistou ao longo de sua história. Palavras-chave: História política; Estratégia; Política nuclear brasileira; Projeto do submarino de propulsão nuclear 10 ABSTRACT CORRÊA, Fernanda das Graças. O projeto do submarino de propulsão nuclear na visão de seus protagonistas: uma análise histórica de Geisel a Lula (1974-2009). Rio de Janeiro, 2009. Dissertação (Mestrado em História Comparada) - Programa de Pós Graduação em História Comparada, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2009. This work is a historical analysis of the project of construction of the submarine of nuclear propulsion under the optics of the people who direct or had indirectly become involved themselves with it. Geisel undertook a more autonomous type of politics. The Europe started to be the strategical region for the acquisition of nuclear technology. The only favorable country transfer nuclear technology to Brazil was the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). The idea to construct a nuclear submarine is product of the negotiations between authorities of Brazilian politics and political, diplomatical, scientific and business authorities of the FRG. In 1978, the engineer Othon Luiz Pinheiro da Silva came back to Brazil after completing his doctorate in nuclear technology in the MIT. Commander Othon developed the idea to construct a nuclear submarine in the Brazilian Navy. Dueto the events in the national and in the international scenario, Geisel decided to construct the nuclear submarine, but he opted to allow the Brazilian Navy to lead this construction. Although Geisel sketched a project of naval nuclear propulsion, it was the project elaborated by commander Othon which became the nuclear project of the Brazilian Navy. In order to prevent international attention toward this work, Geisel guided it for
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