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Nature-Based Tourism and Sustainability in the Beaufort-Delta Region, N.W.T: an Analysis of Stakeholder Perspectives

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Nature-Based Tourism and Sustainability in the Beaufort-Delta Region, N.W.T: an Analysis of Stakeholder Perspectives NATURE-BASED TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY IN THE BEAUFORT-DELTA REGION, N.W.T: AN ANALYSIS OF STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVES BY WOLFRAM H. DRESSLER A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Natural Resources Institute University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba © June, 1999 Nature-based Tourism and Sustainability in the Beaufort-Delta Region: An Analysis of Stakeholder Perspectives By Wolfram Heinz Dressler A practicum submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Natural Resources Management. ©1999 Permission has been granted to the LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA to lend or sell copies of this practicum, to the NATIONAL LIBRARYOF CANADA to microfilm this practicum and to lend or sell copies of the film, and UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS to publish an abstract of this practicum. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the practicum nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author's permission. ABSTRACT The purpose of this shady was to provide a comprehensive review of the social, economic and environmental impacts of nature-based tourism within the communities of Inuvik, Tuktoyaktuk and Aklavik, Beaufort-Delta Region, NWT. The specific goals of the study were: 1) to voice institutional, Inuvialuit, visitor and tow operator perspectives regarding present and desired conditions related to nature-based tourism; 2) to identify and assess any discrepancies between present and desired conditions; and 3) to assess existing tourism guidelines and suggest new guidelines and sustainable nature-based tourism planning objectives. The study was based on a structured questionnaire with nature-based tourists (N=171), and formal interviews with Inuvialuit elders (N=30), institutional representatives (N=23) and local tour operators (N=22), respectively. Participant observation was used at whaling camps. The field research component dealt with how each stakeholder's function interfaces with local cultural and economic goals and environmental integrity. The results revealed that community stakeholders, and in particular, Inuvialuit elders and tour operators, thought that the economic potential of nature-based tourism was high, and consequently support for it was also high. Inuvialuit elders and institutional representatives argued that nature-based tourism has served as a valuable vehicle to help break down cultural barriers, revive culture, and support subsistence activities. Despite such optimism, discrepancies do exist between the desired and existing conditions of the nature-based tourism industry. Issues include: 1) the potential misinterpretation, commoditization and interference of beluga hunting and other cultural activities by tourists; 2) the disturbance of terrestrial animals and waterfowl and trampling of tundra vegetation by tourists and tom operators; and 3) the inequitable distribution of economic benefits of nature-based tourism. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe many thanks to the Inuvialuit of the Beaufort-Delta. For more than two months you invited me into your homes and whaling camps, listened to my many questions and laughed at how I ate your lovely food. The times at your camps, listening to your stories and gutting fish were probably the most enlightening experiences any individual could have hoped for. You showed incredible patience and hospitality to yet another white researcher entering your lives. In particular, I would like to thank my research partner Darrell Joe for bringing me into his family's home in Aklavik and showing me the way through the Delta's many channels. I must admit there were times when I thought we were really lost out there. Finally, I am indebted to the Arey, Joe, Meyook and Pokiak families, who's generous hospitality will not be forgotten soon. Rick Joe, James, Maureen and Frank Pokiak, Dennis and Carol Arey and Ruth Meyook, thanks for everything!!! I am also indebted to all the tour operators, institutional representatives and tourists who took the time to be interviewed and to fill out the study's survey. In Inuvik, I am very grateful to Les Kutney for his interest and support in the project. I would like to thank the staff of the Joint Secretariat and Economic Development and Tourism for their logistical support. At the Secretariat, Joey Amos, Richard Binder, Duane Smith, Mike Muller, Norm Snow, Linda Graf and, of course, Brian Johnson, were all especially helpful in getting this project off of its feet. At Economic Development and Tourism, Judith Venass and John Cournoyea deserve a special thank you for providing office support and interest in the project since day one. Of course, a huge thanks goes out to all my thesis committee members. Dr. Jack Mathias and Helen Fast of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans are thanked in particular for developing and so graciously funding this project through the Oceans Act Implementation Fund. I also appreciate Dr. Mathias' good home cooking in Inuvik ! Thank you Dr. Fikret Berkes for your confidence in me and your encouragement of my work. Funding through Dr. Berkes was made possible by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Grant. Last but not least, I would like to give a special thanks to Dr. Kelly Mackay and Dr. Claudia Notzke who took time out their busy schedules to take a keen interest in my work. Each of your critical insights into the thesis is very much appreciated. Thanks also to George Wenzel at the University of McGill for providing critical appraisal of this study's first proposal. It was also a privilege to have learnt from Rick Riewe and Jill Oakes. A very special thanks goes out to my partner in crime, Meeps and Maps. Without you, these last two years would have been much more turbulent. May we have a prosperous future together. Thanks to my father, mother and brother whose unfailing support helped move me forward. And, finally, a thanks to all my friends at the Natural Resources Institute. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract i Acknowledgements ii Table of Contents iii List of Figures vii List of Plates vii List of Tables viii List of Acronyms x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCING THE ISSUES X 1.1 Issues: The Significance of Nature-based Tourism in the Beaufort-Delta Region 7 1.1.1. Recognizing the Need for Community-Based Tourism Planning 9 1.2 Research Objectives 10 1.1.2. Purpose of the Research 10 1.3 Research Limitations 10 1.4 Justification 11 1.5 Key Terms and Concepts: 13 CHAPTER 2: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING 14 2.1 The Shift From Mass-tourism to Alternative Tourism 14 2.1.1 A Forced Change: Sustainable Tourism- A New Beginning ? 15 2.1.2 Sustainable Tourism 20 2.1.3 The Concept of Tourism Carrying Capacity 21 2.1.4 The Details of Sustainable Tourism Planning and Policy 24 2.1.5 The Idea of “Alternative Tourism” 25 2.1.6 Ecotourism: A Tool for Sustainable Tourism Development ? 27 2.1.7 Cultural Tourism 29 2.2 From Whalers to Nature-based Tourism in the Beaufort-Delta Region 30 2.2.1 Geographical Setting 30 2.2.2 A Contemporary Community Profile of Tuktoyaktuk, Aklavik and Inuvik 31 2.2.3 The Mackenzie Inuit- “The Beluga Hunters” 33 2.2.4 The Fur Trade (1800s) 36 2.2.5 The Northern Welfare State 37 2.2.6 Oil and Gas Development in the Western Arctic 38 2.2.7 The DEW Line (1950-1960s) 39 2.2.8 The Inuvialuit Final Agreement (1984-Present) 39 2.2.9 The Advent of Nature-based Tourism in the Beaufort-Delta Region 42 2.3 Tours, Tourists and Attitudes in the Beaufort-Delta: Implications for the Inuvialuit Environment, Economy and Culture 45 2.3.1 Visitor Origins for the Beaufort-Delta Region 47 2.3.2 Visitor and Tour Characteristics 47 2.3.3 Profile of Visitor Activities in the Beaufort Delta 50 2.4 The Impact of Nature-based Tourism in the Beaufort-Delta Region: A Theoretical Overview. 51 2.4.1 The Cultural and Economic Benefits of Nature-based Tourism 51 iii 2.4.2 The Cultural and Economic Drawbacks of Nature-Based Tourism 57 2.4.3 The Environmental Benefits of Nature-based Tourism 63 2.4.4 The Environmental Drawbacks of Nature-based Tourism 64 CHAPTER 3: METHODS 69 3.1 Initial Contacts 69 3.2 Methodological Approaches 69 3.2.1 A Quantitative Approach 70 3.2.2 The Visitor Survey 70 3.2.3 A Qualitative Approach 76 3.2.4 Structured interviews: Tour Operators and Inuvialuit Elder Interviews 76 3.2.5 Unstructured Interviews 82 3.2.6 Analysis of Interview Text 87 3.2.7 Participant Observation 87 3.3 The Multi-method Approach to Data Analysis and Evaluation 88 CHAPTER 4: THE LEGISLATIVE ENVIRONMENT OF NATURE- BASED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE BEAUFORT-DELTA 89 4.1 The Inuvialuit Final Agreement (1984) and its Role in Managing Nature-based Tourism within the Beaufort- Delta Region 89 4.1.1 The Hunters’ and Trappers’ Committees (HTCs) and the Inuvialuit Game Council (IGC 90 4.1.2 The Wildlife Management Advisory Council- Northwest Territories (WMAC- NWT) 90 4.1.3 The Wildlife Management Advisory Council- North Slope (Yukon Territory) (WMAC-NS) 92 4.1.4 The Environmental Impact Screening Committee- EISC 92 4.1.5 Environmental Impact Review Board (EIRB) 94 4.1.6 Fisheries Joint Management Committee (FJMC) 95 4.2 Inuvialuit Community Conservation Plans (ICCP 98 4.3 Federal Legislation Applicable to Nature-based Tourism Development 99 4.3.1 The Oceans Act (1996) 99 4.3.2 The Fisheries Act (1985) 101 4.3.3 Migratory Birds Convention Act (1994) 102 4.3.4 Miscellaneous Federal Legislation
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