Feasibility of Pressurized Irrigation Systems in Kermanshah Province Located in the Western Part of Iran

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Feasibility of pressurized irrigation systems in Kermanshah province located in the western part of Iran

H. Mirzaei1 , H. Ghamarnia1 ,S. Borumandnasab2 ,M. Behzad2 and M. Farmanifard1 1Department of Water Engineering, Agricultural Science and Engineering Faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 2Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Water Science Engineering Faculty, Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran

Abstract Seccessful of pressurized irrigation systems in a region is dependent on climathological conditions, water quality, topographical conditions, soil characteristics and crop types. The plains of Kuzaran, Mahydasht, Miandarband, Baladarband, Razavar, Poshtdarband, Dinavar, Hasanabad(Eslamabad), Biseton, Ravansar, Doorodfaraman and Sarfiroozabad was selected for this research. For this purpose local visits, field experiments, existence reports studies, topographic maps, ground water chemical analysis and soil studies, the feasibility and possibility of the ecomplishment of pressurized irrigation systems in kermanshah province were studied. The ressults showed that, in all plains, ground water quality has less or medium limitation. No limitation on soil infiltration was found, because of infiltration rate values which were determined more than 37.5 mm/h. Wind speed in a few plains was between 1.8 to 4.4 m/s, therefore the limitations was less and in a few plains was 4.4 to 6.7 m/s and classified as average. In a few plains ESP was more than 15% so, it was high for sensitive plants. Moreover, some parts of Razavar, Poshtdarband, Biseton, Ravansar and Sarfiroozabad were steepy(more than 30% slope). Therefore we have limitation for pressurized systems performance in those areas. Finally, our study showed that for 75% of all area no limitation, 20% with medium limitation, and in 5% of pressurized irrigation performance was imposible. Practical proposals for solving the pressurized systems problems in a few plains in mentioned region was suggested. Keyword: Pressurized irrigation, Feasibility, Kermanshah, Climathological condition, Water quality, Topography, Soil, Crop.

Introduction Iran is located in dry and semi dry part of the world. Therefore, in water supplies is more critical conditions. The average of annual precipitation is 250 mm. The average of evaporation in the country is 2100 mm. Goel and Rao (1980) analysed sprinckler irrigation system and its effective factors on irrigation and compared to the results with surface irrigation system. Allen et al. (1978) presented the most effective methods irrigation, But in relation with the effective factors on the performance of pressurized irrigation. keller and Blisner (1990) presented the maximum intensity of spray in different kinds of soils. Cuenca (1906) presented the least amount of spray for different climates. For the first time Hellinga (1906) reported the quality of irrigation water, and suggested its

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classification, based on the amount of its different compounds; and Cellay and Brown (1939) added more details to this classification. Tayler presented a formula for water classification and different methods of water for irrigation. Mass (1985) estimated the amount of ions of Sodium and Chlorine values, to burnning of alfalfa leaves to be 10 to 20 meq/lit .He also reported that some environmental factors may affect absorption of the ions and burned of leaves, such as wind, ,(humidity speed of sprincklersُ rotation, time and frequency of irrigation. Dillon et al. (1972 innovated a method for measuring the amount of surface retention when amount the spraying of water was more than the capacity of infiltration. They presented values limitation. Deckle et al. (1984), compared and analysed the values of run off produced by two systemsnamely the center point and furrow irrigation. In a study of Christiansen (1942), reported the effective factor on the distribution of water including: distribution of sprincklersُ rotation, geometrical figure of water distribution, system pressure, space and arrangement of sprincklers. They found that all those factors were related to the sprinckler irrigation system and climathological factors as wind affect on the distribution of water. Keller et al. (1976) reported that decrease of section surface of sprincklers make particles of water drips smaller and by more decrease, drips are powdered and are interchanged by minimum movement of wind, that this decreases the distribution of water and efficiency of water usages. Christiansen (1942) concluded that there is a relation between the size of sprinckler's orifice and a desirable specter of pressure for distribution of water. Seginer (1975) reported that by decrease of space of sprincklers the effect of wind will be smaller. Hart (1965) & Heerman (1983) studied about amount of waste water and concluded that wasting of water was because of arrangement of irrigation system, sprincklers' capacity, and climathological factors.

Materials and methods Kermanshah province is located in the midwest side of the country between 33° 26´ to 35° 15´ of north latitude and 24° 45´ to 20° 49´ east longitude of meridian. It is about 24500 Km 2 and its average height is 1200m from sea level. This province is mountainous that zugros mountain range covers it’s most parts. It has four different district and fluctuation of its temperature is -27 OC to 50 OC . The average of precipitation in this province is 490 mm. there are four synoptic meteorology stations in kermanshah , Islam Abad Gharb , Kangaver and sarpole zahab stations and also there is a climatology station in Ghasre shirin. Precipitation is about 12.45 bilion m 3 in this province which shows itselfas evapotranspiration , penetrating in soil and fortifying ground water and run off making overland flows.This province has very permanent and watery rivers and has yearly 6.5 bilion m 3 run off that flows into persion gulf from two area of extraterritorial (to iraq) and intraterritorial (karkhe). The known potential of ground water in the province is about 1.3 bilion m 3 that % 80 of it is used suitable to be used. The studied areas are about one-third province as centeral areas of kermanshah. Also province steeping classified in ten classes that province steep map presented in figure1.

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Figure1. province steep map

Results and Discussion The results of all water and topographic parameters shown in table1.

Plains Topographie EC ESP SAR Hco3 T.D.S PH for SI PH for TI Infiltration Wind speed Kuzaran LL LL NL ML ML L NL NL ML NL Mahydasht LL LL NL ML ML L NL NL LL NL Miandarband NL NL NL ML LL L LL NL LL NL Baladarband LL LL NL ML LL L NL NL LL NL Razavar NL NL NL LL ML NL LL NL LL Parts of western has L Poshtdarband NL NL NL LL LL NL LL NL LL Parts of northen has L Dinavar NL NL NL ML LL NL LL NL LL Parts of north and south has L Hasanabad LL LL NL ML ML NL NL NL ML NL Biseton NL NL NL ML LL NL LL NL LL Parts of north, west and south has L Ravansar LL LL NL LL LL NL NL NL ML Parts of northen has L Doorodfaraman NL NL NL LL LL NL LL NL LL NL Sarfiroozabad NL NL NL ML ML L LL NL LL Parts of easten has L

NL= Not Limitation L= Limitation LL= Low Limitation SI= Sprinckler Irrigation ML= Medium Limitation TI= Trickle Irrigation HL=High Limitation

Our study showed that in all plains, ground water quality has less or medium limitation. No limitation on soil infiltration were found, because the infiltration rate in all mentioned plains is more than 37.5 mm/h. Wind speed in a few plains was between 1.8 to 4.4 m/s, therefore the limitations was less and a few plains was 4.4 to 6.7 m/s, it can be suggest that the limitations was average. In a few plains ESP was more than 15% so, it is high for sensitive plants. Moreover, some parts of

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Razavar, Poshtdarband, Biseton, Ravansar and Sarfiroozabad are steepy(more than 30% slope). Therefore we have limitation for pressurized systems performance in those areas. Finally, our study showed that for 75% of all area there is no limitation, 20% with medium limitation, and in finally for 5% of pressurized irrigation performance is imposible.

References Ayers, R. S. and D.W. Wescot, 1985, Water quality for agriculture. 2nd Ed. FAO, Irri. and Drai. Paper No. 29. Christiansen. J. E. 1942. "Irrigation by sprinkling" Bulletin 670 University of California. Agricultural Experiment Station. Keller, J. Mc Culloch. A. W., Sherman, R. M., Mueller, R.C, and Jakson. G.R. 1976 " Ames Irrigation Handbook, W. R. Ames, Company, Woodlank, California. Seginer, I. and Kostrinsky, M. 1975. "Wind sprinkler pattern and system design" Journal of the Irrigatin and Drainage Division ASCE Vol.101TR4:PP251-164. Hart, W.E. and Reynolds W. N. 1965 "Analytical design of sprinkler system"Transaction, American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Vol.8.No.1:PP83-89. Heerman. D.F. 1983 "Design and operation of farm irrigation system" American Society of Agricultural Engineers. PP591-600. Tarjuelo. J. 1992."Working condition of sprinkler to optimize application of water" Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. Vol.118(6):PP895-913. Dillon, R. C., E.A. Hiller and G. Vittetoe. 1972. Centerpivot sprinkler design based on intake characteristics. TRANSACTION of the ASAE, 15(5):996-1001. Goel, A.C., and Rao, B.N. 1980."Evaluation of Sprinkler Irrigation System and Comparison With Surface System," Haryana Agricultural University, Journal of Research, 10:3pp:349-351. Keller,J. and R. D. Blisner, 1990, Sprinckle and Trickle Irrigation, New York, USA:Champan and Hall. Deckle, R, Camp, C.R.and Corley, M. 1984. "Furrow Demonstration in South Carolina". ASAE paper 10.

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