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Feasibility of Pressurized Irrigation Systems in Kermanshah Province Located in the Western Part of Iran

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Archive of SID Feasibility of pressurized irrigation systems in Kermanshah province located in the western part of Iran H. Mirzaei1 , H. Ghamarnia1 ,S. Borumandnasab2 ,M. Behzad2 and M. Farmanifard1 1Department of Water Engineering, Agricultural Science and Engineering Faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 2Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Water Science Engineering Faculty, Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran Abstract Seccessful of pressurized irrigation systems in a region is dependent on climathological conditions, water quality, topographical conditions, soil characteristics and crop types. The plains of Kuzaran, Mahydasht, Miandarband, Baladarband, Razavar, Poshtdarband, Dinavar, Hasanabad(Eslamabad), Biseton, Ravansar, Doorodfaraman and Sarfiroozabad was selected for this research. For this purpose local visits, field experiments, existence reports studies, topographic maps, ground water chemical analysis and soil studies, the feasibility and possibility of the ecomplishment of pressurized irrigation systems in kermanshah province were studied. The ressults showed that, in all plains, ground water quality has less or medium limitation. No limitation on soil infiltration was found, because of infiltration rate values which were determined more than 37.5 mm/h. Wind speed in a few plains was between 1.8 to 4.4 m/s, therefore the limitations was less and in a few plains was 4.4 to 6.7 m/s and classified as average. In a few plains ESP was more than 15% so, it was high for sensitive plants. Moreover, some parts of Razavar, Poshtdarband, Biseton, Ravansar and Sarfiroozabad were steepy(more than 30% slope). Therefore we have limitation for pressurized systems performance in those areas. Finally, our study showed that for 75% of all area no limitation, 20% with medium limitation, and in 5% of pressurized irrigation performance was imposible. Practical proposals for solving the pressurized systems problems in a few plains in mentioned region was suggested. Keyword: Pressurized irrigation, Feasibility, Kermanshah, Climathological condition, Water quality, Topography, Soil, Crop. Introduction Iran is located in dry and semi dry part of the world. Therefore, in water supplies is more critical conditions. The average of annual precipitation is 250 mm. The average of evaporation in the country is 2100 mm. Goel and Rao (1980) analysed sprinckler irrigation system and its effective factors on irrigation and compared to the results with surface irrigation system. Allen et al. (1978) presented the most effective methods irrigation, But in relation with the effective factors on the performance of pressurized irrigation. keller and Blisner (1990) presented the maximum intensity of spray in different kinds of soils. Cuenca (1906) presented the least amount of spray for different climates. For the first time Hellinga (1906) reported the quality of irrigation water, and suggested its 1137 www.SID.ir Archive of SID classification, based on the amount of its different compounds; and Cellay and Brown (1939) added more details to this classification. Tayler presented a formula for water classification and different methods of water for irrigation. Mass (1985) estimated the amount of ions of Sodium and Chlorine values, to burnning of alfalfa leaves to be 10 to 20 meq/lit .He also reported that some environmental factors may affect absorption of the ions and burned of leaves, such as wind, ,(humidity speed of sprincklersُ rotation, time and frequency of irrigation. Dillon et al. (1972 innovated a method for measuring the amount of surface retention when amount the spraying of water was more than the capacity of infiltration. They presented values limitation. Deckle et al. (1984), compared and analysed the values of run off produced by two systemsnamely the center point and furrow irrigation. In a study of Christiansen (1942), reported the effective factor on the distribution of water including: distribution of sprincklersُ rotation, geometrical figure of water distribution, system pressure, space and arrangement of sprincklers. They found that all those factors were related to the sprinckler irrigation system and climathological factors as wind affect on the distribution of water. Keller et al. (1976) reported that decrease of section surface of sprincklers make particles of water drips smaller and by more decrease, drips are powdered and are interchanged by minimum movement of wind, that this decreases the distribution of water and efficiency of water usages. Christiansen (1942) concluded that there is a relation between the size of sprinckler's orifice and a desirable specter of pressure for distribution of water. Seginer (1975) reported that by decrease of space of sprincklers the effect of wind will be smaller. Hart (1965) & Heerman (1983) studied about amount of waste water and concluded that wasting of water was because of arrangement of irrigation system, sprincklers' capacity, and climathological factors. Materials and methods Kermanshah province is located in the midwest side of the country between 33° 26´ to 35° 15´ of north latitude and 24° 45´ to 20° 49´ east longitude of meridian. It is about 24500 Km 2 and its average height is 1200m from sea level. This province is mountainous that zugros mountain range covers it’s most parts. It has four different district and fluctuation of its temperature is -27 OC to 50 OC . The average of precipitation in this province is 490 mm. there are four synoptic meteorology stations in kermanshah , Islam Abad Gharb , Kangaver and sarpole zahab stations and also there is a climatology station in Ghasre shirin. Precipitation is about 12.45 bilion m 3 in this province which shows itselfas evapotranspiration , penetrating in soil and fortifying ground water and run off making overland flows.This province has very permanent and watery rivers and has yearly 6.5 bilion m 3 run off that flows into persion gulf from two area of extraterritorial (to iraq) and intraterritorial (karkhe). The known potential of ground water in the province is about 1.3 bilion m 3 that % 80 of it is used suitable to be used. The studied areas are about one-third province as centeral areas of kermanshah. Also province steeping classified in ten classes that province steep map presented in figure1. 1138 www.SID.ir Archive of SID Figure1. province steep map Results and Discussion The results of all water and topographic parameters shown in table1. Plains Topographie EC ESP SAR Hco3 T.D.S PH for SI PH for TI Infiltration Wind speed Kuzaran LL LL NL ML ML L NL NL ML NL Mahydasht LL LL NL ML ML L NL NL LL NL Miandarband NL NL NL ML LL L LL NL LL NL Baladarband LL LL NL ML LL L NL NL LL NL Razavar NL NL NL LL ML NL LL NL LL Parts of western has L Poshtdarband NL NL NL LL LL NL LL NL LL Parts of northen has L Dinavar NL NL NL ML LL NL LL NL LL Parts of north and south has L Hasanabad LL LL NL ML ML NL NL NL ML NL Biseton NL NL NL ML LL NL LL NL LL Parts of north, west and south has L Ravansar LL LL NL LL LL NL NL NL ML Parts of northen has L Doorodfaraman NL NL NL LL LL NL LL NL LL NL Sarfiroozabad NL NL NL ML ML L LL NL LL Parts of easten has L NL= Not Limitation L= Limitation LL= Low Limitation SI= Sprinckler Irrigation ML= Medium Limitation TI= Trickle Irrigation HL=High Limitation Our study showed that in all plains, ground water quality has less or medium limitation. No limitation on soil infiltration were found, because the infiltration rate in all mentioned plains is more than 37.5 mm/h. Wind speed in a few plains was between 1.8 to 4.4 m/s, therefore the limitations was less and a few plains was 4.4 to 6.7 m/s, it can be suggest that the limitations was average. In a few plains ESP was more than 15% so, it is high for sensitive plants. Moreover, some parts of 1139 www.SID.ir Archive of SID Razavar, Poshtdarband, Biseton, Ravansar and Sarfiroozabad are steepy(more than 30% slope). Therefore we have limitation for pressurized systems performance in those areas. Finally, our study showed that for 75% of all area there is no limitation, 20% with medium limitation, and in finally for 5% of pressurized irrigation performance is imposible. References Ayers, R. S. and D.W. Wescot, 1985, Water quality for agriculture. 2nd Ed. FAO, Irri. and Drai. Paper No. 29. Christiansen. J. E. 1942. "Irrigation by sprinkling" Bulletin 670 University of California. Agricultural Experiment Station. Keller, J. Mc Culloch. A. W., Sherman, R. M., Mueller, R.C, and Jakson. G.R. 1976 " Ames Irrigation Handbook, W. R. Ames, Company, Woodlank, California. Seginer, I. and Kostrinsky, M. 1975. "Wind sprinkler pattern and system design" Journal of the Irrigatin and Drainage Division ASCE Vol.101TR4:PP251-164. Hart, W.E. and Reynolds W. N. 1965 "Analytical design of sprinkler system"Transaction, American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Vol.8.No.1:PP83-89. Heerman. D.F. 1983 "Design and operation of farm irrigation system" American Society of Agricultural Engineers. PP591-600. Tarjuelo. J. 1992."Working condition of sprinkler to optimize application of water" Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. Vol.118(6):PP895-913. Dillon, R. C., E.A. Hiller and G. Vittetoe. 1972. Centerpivot sprinkler design based on intake characteristics. TRANSACTION of the ASAE, 15(5):996-1001. Goel, A.C., and Rao, B.N. 1980."Evaluation of Sprinkler Irrigation System and Comparison With Surface System," Haryana Agricultural University, Journal of Research, 10:3pp:349-351. Keller,J. and R. D. Blisner, 1990, Sprinckle and Trickle Irrigation, New York, USA:Champan and Hall. Deckle, R, Camp, C.R.and Corley, M. 1984. "Furrow Demonstration in South Carolina". ASAE paper 10. 1140 www.SID.ir .
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    Podoces, 2009, 4(1): 1–27 Review of Rare Birds in Iran, 1860s–1960s CEES S. ROSELAAR 1* & MANSOUR ALIABADIAN 2 1. Zoological Museum & Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam PO Box 94766, 1090 GT Amsterdam, THE NETHERLANDS 2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IRAN * Correspondence Author. Email: [email protected] Received 27 March 2009; accepted 7 October 2009 Abstract: Based on original literature reports covering the period 1860 –1969, details of 362 records of 102 bird species considered rare in Iran are presented. This fills a gap in knowledge of Iran’s birds from a period between research by Gmelin and Hablizl in the 1770s (reviewed by Mlikovsky 2008) and an overview of the observations of rare birds in Iran in the 1960s and 1970s (presented by Scott 2008). Attention is drawn to two new species for Iran (Eastern Marsh Harrier Circus spilonotus and Blue Whistling Thrush Myophonus caeruleus ). Published details validate the records of Light-bellied Brent Goose Branta hrota , Upland Buzzard Buteo hemilasius , Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris , and Oriental Cuckoo Cuculus saturatus , formerly considered as of dubious occurrence in Iran. Information on six species (Yellow-breasted Tit Cyanistes cyanus flavipectus , Falcated Duck Anas falcata , Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus asiaticus , Güldenstädt’s Redstart Phoenicurus erythrogaster , Cirl Bunting Emberiza cirlus and Eurasian Nutcracker Nucifraga caryocatactes) was considered insufficient or unreliable and the occurrence of these species in Iran has been rejected. We recommend that these species be omitted from the last revised checklist of the birds of Iran (Scott & Adhami 2006).
  • Atmospheric Particles in Kermanshah, Iran

    Atmospheric Particles in Kermanshah, Iran

    Atmospheric Particles in Kermanshah, Iran Häggström, Rebecka [email protected] July 3, 2017 Abstract No measurements of airborne particles have been done in Iran previously. Start- ing characterization of aerosol particles in a completely new geographical area, a suitable and important measurement parameter is the aerosol particle number size distribution. This can be used to indirectly infer climate- and health effects of the particles. These measurements are often accomplished with the help of an SMPS (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer) instrument. A collaboration between Lund University and Razi University located in the large town Kermanshah in Iran was initiated. A previously used SMPS system in the Lund University laboratory was set up. Students at Razi University were trained to construct an SMPS system of their own to be used in Kermanshan by mimicking the Lund SMPS instrument. Measurements in Kermanshah were performed with a PSAP (Particle soot absorption photometer) at an urban background environment and at street level. This instrument determines the black carbon particle concentration through the light absorbing properties. In this way it can help determine part of the chem- ical constituent in particles, which are detrimental for human health through inhalation in the respiratory tract. The black carbon mass concentrations at street level were 0.1 and 0.6 ug/m3 during a three hour measurement period during two different days in February 2017. In the urban background environment the concentrations were close to zero during three different days in November 2016. The reason for the distinctly different measurement values in February at street level could not be concluded based on the short time period of measurement.
  • Geological Studies Conducted in Iran

    Geological Studies Conducted in Iran

    Annex: Geological Studies Conducted in Iran A.1 Introduction Most of the geological activities in Iran are carried out by governmental organi- zations particularly Geological Survey of Iran, and National Iranian Oil Company (Exploration Directorate), and the papers, M.S., and Ph.D. thesis published by individual researchers. Atomic Energy Organization deals with the uranium exploration, and most of water resources including surface and groundwater studies conducted by Ministry of Energy. Also, the topographical and geographical survey conducted by the Geographical Survey of Army and National Cartographic Center of Iran. The topographical produced maps in different scales are the basis for geological studies. The aerial photographs and satellite images are produced by Satellite Center of Iran. The activities of these organizations related to the geology of Iran briefly are as follows. Geological Studies by Geological Survey of Iran. Geological studies to determine the events of Earth’s crust are the main aims and objectives of the Geological Survey of Iran. So, the production of geological maps and related reports on different scales are the main task of this organization as follows: Geological maps with a scale 1:250,000. After the foundation of Geological Survey of Iran, in order to obtain compre- hensive information about the general geological structure of Iran, rock and mineral potential, the main priority and efforts focused on geological mapping of scale 1:250,000 to comply with the strict international standards. The results are complete coverage of the country. Each geological quadrangle map (1:250,000) is published with a descriptive report. Each quadrangle area of approximately 15,000 square kilometers encompasses the range of 1.5° latitude and 1° longitude.
  • Javad SADIDI, Mohammad MALEKI, Mahdis RAHMATI, Seyed Mohammad TAVAKKOLI SABOUR Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning, Vol

    Javad SADIDI, Mohammad MALEKI, Mahdis RAHMATI, Seyed Mohammad TAVAKKOLI SABOUR Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning, Vol

    Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning J o u r n a l h o m e p a g e: http://jssp.reviste.ubbcluj.ro Investigating the Role of Faults in the Establishment and Survival of Settlements using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). The Case of Sahneh County in Iran Javad SADIDI 1, Mohammad MALEKI 1, Mahdis RAHMATI 1, Seyed Mohammad TAVAKKOLI SABOUR 1 1 Kharazmi University, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Tehran, IRAN E-mail: [email protected] K e y w o r d s: water resources, fault, human settlements, Sahneh A B S T R A C T Accessibility of water resources is often one of the prer equisites for a residency to be established and survive over time. As water transfer from remote areas was almost impossible until few centuries ago, water supply was more important in the past, when life would have been fully interrupted and settlements evacuated in case of drought. On the one hand, many studies indicate that faults play a major role in the location of springs outflow; on the other hand, the fault structure specifies the rivers’ path in many cases. This study aimed to investigate the role of fault in the establishment and survival of human settlements in Sahneh County, Iran. Firstly, the correlation between the springs-rivers distribution and the location of faults in the area was calculated. Then, a correlation analysis was run between the springs with fault origin and rivers influenced by tectonic structures, on the one hand, and the distribution of settlements in the area on the other hand.
  • Pdf 473.14 K

    Pdf 473.14 K

    DOI:10.22034/APJCP.2018.19.10.2871 Study of Gastric Cancer Incidence in Kermanshah RESEARCH ARTICLE Editorial Process: Submission:03/21/2018 Acceptance:09/24/2018 Spatio-Temporal Study of Gastric Cancer Incidence in Kermanshah Province, Iran During the Years 2009-2014 Abozar Solimany1, Malihe Khoramdad2*, Nahid Khademi1, Ali Delpisheh3 Abstract Background and objective: Stomach cancer is the second common and the most deadly type of cancer in Iranian populations. The pattern of this cancer varies in different populations; demonstrating association with environmental, racial, and geographical factors. The focus of this study was to identify the clustering and the high-risk and low-risk regions for stomach cancer by using spatio-temporal analysis in Kermanshah province during 2009-2014. Method: All new cases of stomach cancer were studied by census method in 2009 to end 2014 in Kermanshah province. The required information and statistics (address, age, and sex) of patients were extracted from the cancer registry system of Vice-Chancellor in health affairs, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Also, with having the location, diagnosis time, and counting information of all age groups of stomach cancer patients, the spatially and temporally abnormal places of clustering were identified with the use of saTScan and GIS. Results: the total number of stomach cancer subjects during the period of study was 1040, with a mean age of 66.5± 1. in addition, 11 regions (located in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd municipal districts) demonstrated abnormal Spatio-temporal pattern of stomach cancer incidence (hot spots) and clustered disease, with 5 regions (in 4th and 5th districts) representing lower chance of clustering (cold spots, p value˂0.05).