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Ophiolites of Iran: Keys to Understanding the Tectonic Evolution of SW Asia: (II) Mesozoic Ophiolites ⇑ Hadi Shafaii Moghadam A, , Robert J

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Ophiolites of Iran: Keys to Understanding the Tectonic Evolution of SW Asia: (II) Mesozoic Ophiolites ⇑ Hadi Shafaii Moghadam A, , Robert J Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 100 (2015) 31–59 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Asian Earth Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jseaes Review Ophiolites of Iran: Keys to understanding the tectonic evolution of SW Asia: (II) Mesozoic ophiolites ⇑ Hadi Shafaii Moghadam a, , Robert J. Stern b a School of Earth Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran b Geosciences Dept., University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083-0688, USA article info abstract Article history: Iran is a mosaic of continental terranes of Cadomian (520–600 Ma) age, stitched together along sutures Received 29 May 2014 decorated by Paleozoic and Mesozoic ophiolites. Here we present the current understanding of the Meso- Received in revised form 8 December 2014 zoic (and rare Cenozoic) ophiolites of Iran for the international geoscientific audience. We summarize Accepted 16 December 2014 field, chemical and geochronological data from the literature and our own unpublished data. Mesozoic Available online 13 January 2015 ophiolites of Iran are mostly Cretaceous in age and are related to the Neotethys and associated backarc basins on the S flank of Eurasia. These ophiolites can be subdivided into five belts: 1. Late Cretaceous Keywords: Zagros outer belt ophiolites (ZOB) along the Main Zagros Thrust including Late Cretaceous–Early Paleo- Ophiolite cene Maku–Khoy–Salmas ophiolites in NW Iran as well as Kermanshah–Kurdistan, Neyriz and Esfanda- Neotethys Cimmeria gheh (Haji Abad) ophiolites, also Late Cretaceous–Eocene ophiolites along the Iraq–Iran border; 2. Late Supra-subduction zone Cretaceous Zagros inner belt ophiolites (ZIB) including Nain, Dehshir, Shahr-e-Babak and Balvard–Baft MORB ophiolites along the southern periphery of the Central Iranian block and bending north into it; 3. Late Cre- Iran taceous–Early Paleocene Sabzevar–Torbat-e-Heydarieh ophiolites of NE Iran; 4. Early to Late Cretaceous Birjand–Nehbandan–Tchehel–Kureh ophiolites in eastern Iran between the Lut and Afghan blocks; and 5. Late Jurassic–Cretaceous Makran ophiolites of SE Iran including Kahnuj ophiolites. Most Mesozoic ophi- olites of Iran show supra-subduction zone (SSZ) geochemical signatures, indicating that SW Asia was a site of plate convergence during Late Mesozoic time, but also include a significant proportion showing ocean-island basalt affinities, perhaps indicating the involvement of subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction . ....................................................................................................... 32 2. Geologic background . .................................................................................... 32 3. Field and structural characteristics of Iranian Mesozoic ophiolites . .............................................. 33 3.1. Zagros outer belt ophiolites . .......................................................................... 33 3.1.1. Khoy–Maku ophiolites . ............................................................................... 33 3.1.2. Late Cretaceous Iraqi–Iranian (Kurdistan) Zagros ophiolites . ......................................... 33 3.1.3. Eocene Hasanbag (Kurdistan)–Kermanshah ophiolites . ......................................... 35 3.1.4. Mesozoic Kermanshah ophiolite . ............................................................ 35 3.1.5. Neyriz ophiolite . ............................................................................... 36 3.1.6. Haji Abad (Esfandagheh) ophiolite . ............................................................ 36 3.2. Zagros inner belt ophiolites . .......................................................................... 38 3.2.1. Nain ophiolite . ............................................................................... 39 3.2.2. Dehshir ophiolite . ............................................................................... 39 3.2.3. Shahr-e-Babak ophiolite. ............................................................................... 40 3.2.4. Balvard–Baft ophiolite . ............................................................................... 40 ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (H.S. Moghadam). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.12.016 1367-9120/Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 32 H.S. Moghadam, R.J. Stern / Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 100 (2015) 31–59 3.3. Sabzevar–Torbat-e-Heydarieh ophiolitic belt . ............................................................. 40 3.3.1. Sabzevar ophiolite . .................................................................................. 41 3.3.2. Oryan–Bardaskan ophiolite . .................................................................. 41 3.3.3. Torbat-e-Heydarieh ophiolite. .................................................................. 42 3.4. Birjand–Nehbandan (Eastern Iranian) ophiolitic belt . ............................................................. 42 3.5. Makran ophiolites (SE Iran) including Kahnuj ophiolites . ............................................................. 45 3.5.1. Makran ophiolites. .................................................................................. 45 3.5.2. Kahnuj ophiolites . .................................................................................. 47 4. Age constraints of Iranian ophiolites . ....................................................................... 47 4.1. Zagros outer belt ophiolites . ............................................................................. 47 4.2. Zagros inner belt ophiolites . ............................................................................. 47 4.3. Sabzevar–Torbat-e-Heydarieh ophiolitic belt . ............................................................. 47 4.4. Birjand–Nehbandan (Eastern Iranian) ophiolitic belt . ............................................................. 48 4.5. Makran ophiolites ................................................................................................ 49 5. Summary of compositional variations in Iranian Mesozoic ophiolites . .................................................... 49 5.1. Khoy–Maku and Zagros outer belt ophiolites . ............................................................. 49 5.2. Zagros inner belt ophiolites . ............................................................................. 49 5.3. Sabzevar–Torbat-e-Heydarieh ophiolitic belt . ............................................................. 49 5.4. Birjand–Nehbandan (Eastern Iranian) ophiolitic belt . ............................................................. 50 5.5. Makran ophiolites ................................................................................................ 51 6. Discussion. .......................................................................................................... 51 6.1. Comparison with other Mesozoic Tethyan ophiolites. ............................................................. 51 6.1.1. Comparison with Jurassic ophiolites . .................................................................. 51 6.1.2. Comparison with Late Cretaceous ophiolites . .................................................................. 51 6.1.3. Importance of Eocene ophiolites . .................................................................. 51 6.2. Petrological diversity of Iranian Mesozoic ophiolites . ............................................................. 52 6.2.1. Passive continental margin-type ophiolites . .................................................................. 53 6.2.2. MORB-type ophiolites . .................................................................................. 53 6.2.3. Plume-type ophiolites . .................................................................................. 53 6.2.4. Supra-subduction zone-type ophiolites. .................................................................. 53 6.2.5. Volcanic arc-type ophiolites. .................................................................. 53 6.2.6. Accretionary prism-type ophiolites . .................................................................. 53 6.3. Tectonic evolution of Iranian Mesozoic ophiolites . ............................................................. 53 6.3.1. Zagros ophiolites . .................................................................................. 53 6.3.2. Khoy–Maku ophiolites . .................................................................................. 55 6.3.3. Sabzevar–Torbat-e-Heydarieh ophiolites . .................................................................. 55 6.3.4. Birjand–Nehbandan ophiolites. .................................................................. 55 6.3.5. Makran ophiolites. .................................................................................. 55 7. Conclusions. .......................................................................................................... 57 Acknowledgments . .......................................................................................... 57 References . .......................................................................................................... 57 1. Introduction reviewed by multiple authors (e.g., Knipper et al., 1986; Moores et al., 2000; Robertson, 2002; Dilek and Furnes, 2009) but a modern Late Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic time was a period of continental review of Iran Mesozoic ophiolites is lacking. rifting, oceanic crust formation and accretion across Iran and other In this paper,
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