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An Epic As a Socio Political Pamphlet 9 Revista mexicana de estudios sobre la Cuenca del Pacífico Tercera época • Volumen 5 • Número 9 • Enero/Junio 2011 • Colima, México Revista mexicana de estudios sobre la Cuenca del Pacífico Tercera época • Volumen 5 • Número 9 • Enero/Junio 2011 • Colima, México Dr. Ángel Licona Michel Comité editorial nacional Coordinador de la revista Dra. Mayrén Polanco Gaytán / Universidad de Colima, Lic. Ihovan Pineda Lara Facultad de Economía Asistente de coordinación de la revista Mtro. Alfredo Romero Castilla / UNAM, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales Comité editorial internacional Dr. Juan González García / Universidad de Colima, CUEICP Dr. José Ernesto Rangel Delgado / Universidad de Colima Dr. Pablo Wong González / Centro de Investigación en Dr. Hadi Soesastro. Alimentación y Desarrollo, CIAD Sonora Center for Strategic and International Studies, Dr. Clemente Ruiz Durán / UNAM-Facultad de Economía Indonesia Dr. León Bendesky Bronstein / ERI Dr. Víctor López Villafañe / ITESM-Relaciones Internacionales, Dr. Pablo Bustelo Gómez Monterrey Universidad Complutense de Madrid, España Dr. Carlos Uscanga Prieto / UNAM-Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales Dr. Kim Won ho Profr. Omar Martínez Legorreta / Colegio Mexiquense Universidad Hankuk, Corea del Sur Dr. Ernesto Henry Turner Barragán / UAM-Azcapotzalco Departamento de Economía Dr. Mitsuhiro Kagami Dra. Marisela Connelly / El Colegio de México-Centro de Instituto de Economías en Desarrollo, Japón Estudios de Asia y África Cuerpo de árbitros Dra. Genevieve Marchini W. / Universidad de Guadalajara- Universidad de Colima Departamento de Estudios Internacionales. Especializada en Economía Financiera en la región del Asia Pacífico MC Miguel Ángel Aguayo López Mtro. Alfonso Mercado García / El Colegio de México y El Rector Colegio de la Frontera Norte. Especializado en Economía Industrial e Industria Maquiladora Dr. Ramón Cedillo Nakay Dr. Fernando Alfonso Rivas Mira / Universidad de Colima. Secretario General Especializado en Propiedad Intelectual; Turismo Internacional y Desarrollo Regional en el Marco de la Cuenca del Pacífico Dr. Alfredo Román Zavala / El Colegio de México. Dr. Ricardo Navarro Polanco Especializado en Estudios sobre el Japón y Australia Secretario de Investigación Científica Mtro. Saúl Martínez González / Universidad de Colima. Especializado en Economía Agrícola Dr. José Ernesto Rangel Delgado Dra. Susana Aurelia Preciado Jiménez / Universidad de Director del CUEICP-CEAPEC Colima Dr. Roberto Escalante Semerena / UNAM-Facultad de MC Christian Torres Ortiz Zermeño Economía. Especializado en Economía Agrícola Director General de Comunicación Institucional Mtra. Melba Eugenia Falck Reyes / Universidad de Guadalajara-Departamento de Estudios del Pacífico. Especializada en Economía Japonesa Mtra. Gloria Guillermina Araiza Torres Dra. Kirstein Appendini / El Colegio de México. Especializada Directora General de Publicaciones en Economía Agrícola Dra. Emma Mendoza Martínez / Universidad de Colima. Índices a los que pertenece: Sistema regional de información Especializada en Estudios de Asia y África en línea para revistas científicas de América Latina, El Caribe, Dra. María Elena Romero Ortiz / Universidad de Colima. España y Portugal (LATINDEX) Especializada en Relaciones Internacionales Citas Latinoamericanas en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades Dr. Jürgen Haberleithner / Universidad de Colima (CLASE) Especializado en Políticas de Investigación, Desarrollo y Empleo EBSCO/México PORTES, revista mexicana de estudios sobre la Cuenca del Pacífico, Tercera época, Volumen 5, Número 9, Enero/Junio 2011, es una publicación semestral de difusión e investigación científica del Centro Universitario de Estudios e Investigaciones sobre la Cuenca del Pacífico y del Centro de Estudios de APEC (CUEICP-CEAPEC) de la Universidad de Colima. Av. Gonzalo de Sandoval 444 Col. Oriental, C.P. 28046, Colima, Col., México. Teléfono (+ 52) (312) 31 6 11 31, ext. 47801. www.portesasiapacifico.com.mx, [email protected]. Editora responsable: Gloria González. Edición: Jaime Sánchez Hernández y Carmen Millán. Reservas de Derechos al Uso Exclusivo No. 04-2010-030116423900-102, ISSN 1870-6800. Impresa por la Dirección General de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Colima, Av. Universidad 333, Col. Las Víboras, C.P. 28040. Colima, Col., México. Teléfono (+52) 312 31 6 10 00, ext. 35004. Este número se terminó de imprimir en septiembre de 2012 con un tiraje de 500 ejemplares. Su precio de suscripción anual es de $100 (cien pesos 00/100 MN) o de $60 (sesenta pesos 00/100 MN) $10 dls. (USA) el ejemplar, más gastos de envío (en su caso). Las ideas expresadas en los artículos e investigaciones son responsabilidad de los autores y no reflejan el punto de vista del CUEICP-CEAPEC o de la Universidad de Colima. El CUEICP y el CEAPEC autorizan la reproducción parcial o total de los materiales presentados aquí, siempre y cuando se dé crédito al autor y a la revista sin fines de lucro. An Epic as a Socio Political Pamphlet Prabha Rani1 Vaidyanathan Shivkumar2 Abstract Epic stories are retold several times over a period of time. Every narration registers changes in the narrative and in the portrayal of its chief characters. These changes are a reflection of a change in the values and concerns of the society at that time. Silappatikaram, the Tamil epic, was written several times in the twentieth century. These reflected the concerns of a twentieth century society. In this article I look at how the epic story was retold by two stalwarts of the Dravida Movement, a regional movement in south India, to propagate their ideas of cultural identity and hostility to the North. Key words: Epic, Kannaki, Dravida Movement. Resumen A lo largo del tiempo y en ciertos periodos, las historias épicas son contadas una y otra vez, y cada interpretación sufre modificaciones en su narrativa y en la representación de sus personajes principales; siendo estas modificaciones un reflejo de los cambios en los valores y las preocupaciones de la sociedad de ese momento. Silappatikaram, la épica Tamil, fue 1 Professor of History at Lady Shri Ram College, Delhi University. Email: [email protected] 2 Visiting Professor University of Colima. Email: [email protected] Portes, revistA mexicAnA de estudios sobre lA cuencA del PAcífico 79 tercerA éPocA / volumen 5 / número 9 / enero • Junio 2011 / P.P. 79-99 Portes, revistA mexicAnA de estudios sobre lA cuencA del PAcífico escrita en varias ocasiones durante el siglo xx, lo que refleja las preocupaciones de una sociedad de ese siglo. Por ello, en este artículo se analiza cómo esta épica fue interpretada por dos fieles del Movimiento Dravida, el movimiento regional del sur de la India, para transmitir sus ideas de identidad cultural y su hostilidad hacia el norte. Palabras clave: épica, Kannaki, Movimiento Dravida. Introduction n January 1968, a statue of Kannaki, the protagonist of the ITamil epic Silappatikaram was installed on the Marina beach front in Madras. It marked the arrival of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (dmK), a regional party, as an independent ruling party of Madras state in 1967. It also marked the event of the International Tamil Conference held that year. The statue stands there to this day. The inscription in English identifies her as Kannaki: The Perfection of Chastity. In 2001 this statue was removed by the then AiAdmK government. The plea was that the location of the statue was a hindrance to the smooth movement of traffic on the busy beach front road. In 2006, when M. Karunanidhi became the chief minister again, the statue was reinstalled with the information that it was removed in 2001 and with a description of Kannaki as the cultural symbol of the Tamils. The elevation of Kannaki as a ‘Perfection of Chastity’ and a symbol of Tamil culture by an avowedly atheist, rationalist party represents the party’s and Tamil society’s problematic engagement with a cultural past which could be owned but partially. It also reflects the close connection established in the region’s Tamil nationalist politics between language, culture and gender.3 If the language Tamil acquired a mother goddess (¾Á¢ú¾¡ö) to represent it, Kannaki came to represent the entire culture of the Tamils. But the ancient epic of Ilango, Silappatikaram, and its protagonist Kannaki were reworked to suit the requirements of twentieth century Tamil regional politics. The full version of the epic Silappatikaram by Ilango Adigal was published only in 1892. But Kannaki had a continuous 3 See SumathiRamaswami, Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970 and ‘Maps and Mother Goddesses in Modern India’ in Imago Mundi, Vol. 53, 2001, pp. 97-114. 80 An ePic As A socio PoliticAl PAmPhlet presence as part of the sacred landscape of south India as a goddess in temples. Most of these temples are now in Kerala. But in this tradition she had already been absorbed into the Bhagawati goddess cult very early in her cultural history.4 It has also been claimed that the ardhanareeswara idol at Thiruchengundram in Tamil Nadu was the statue of Kannaki and was mistakenly identified as ardhanareeswara in the eighth century.5 Most folk performance narratives of the story of Kannaki present her as an incarnation of Kali. Since the publication of the epic version, however, it is this version that was told several times in verse and prose through the twentieth century. Several plays based on the story were also staged and published during the same period. Along with the Kural, which was published in 1812, and hundreds
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