Plant Grows in Man's Tooth
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Miocene Mammal Reveals a Mesozoic Ghost Lineage on Insular New Zealand, Southwest Pacific
Miocene mammal reveals a Mesozoic ghost lineage on insular New Zealand, southwest Pacific Trevor H. Worthy*†, Alan J. D. Tennyson‡, Michael Archer§, Anne M. Musser¶, Suzanne J. Hand§, Craig Jonesʈ, Barry J. Douglas**, James A. McNamara††, and Robin M. D. Beck§ *School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Darling Building DP 418, Adelaide University, North Terrace, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia; ‡Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, P.O. Box 467, Wellington 6015, New Zealand; §School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia; ¶Australian Museum, 6-8 College Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia; ʈInstitute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand; **Douglas Geological Consultants, 14 Jubilee Street, Dunedin 9011, New Zealand; and ††South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia Edited by James P. Kennett, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, and approved October 11, 2006 (sent for review July 8, 2006) New Zealand (NZ) has long been upheld as the archetypical Ma) dinosaur material (13) and isolated moa bones from marine example of a land where the biota evolved without nonvolant sediments up to 2.5 Ma (1, 14), the terrestrial record older than terrestrial mammals. Their absence before human arrival is mys- 1 Ma is extremely limited. Until now, there has been no direct terious, because NZ was still attached to East Antarctica in the Early evidence for the pre-Pleistocene presence in NZ of any of its Cretaceous when a variety of terrestrial mammals occupied the endemic vertebrate lineages, particularly any group of terrestrial adjacent Australian portion of Gondwana. -
The Oldest Platypus and Its Bearing on Divergence Timing of the Platypus and Echidna Clades
The oldest platypus and its bearing on divergence timing of the platypus and echidna clades Timothy Rowe*†, Thomas H. Rich‡§, Patricia Vickers-Rich§, Mark Springer¶, and Michael O. Woodburneʈ *Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, C1100, Austin, TX 78712; ‡Museum Victoria, PO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; §School of Geosciences, PO Box 28E, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; ¶Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521; and ʈDepartment of Geology, Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 Edited by David B. Wake, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved October 31, 2007 (received for review July 7, 2007) Monotremes have left a poor fossil record, and paleontology has broadly affect our understanding of early mammalian history, been virtually mute during two decades of discussion about with special implications for molecular clock estimates of basal molecular clock estimates of the timing of divergence between the divergence times. platypus and echidna clades. We describe evidence from high- Monotremata today comprises five species that form two resolution x-ray computed tomography indicating that Teinolo- distinct clades (16). The echidna clade includes one short-beaked phos, an Early Cretaceous fossil from Australia’s Flat Rocks locality species (Tachyglossus aculeatus; Australia and surrounding is- (121–112.5 Ma), lies within the crown clade Monotremata, as a lands) and three long-beaked species (Zaglossus bruijni, Z. basal platypus. Strict molecular clock estimates of the divergence bartoni, and Z. attenboroughi, all from New Guinea). The between platypus and echidnas range from 17 to 80 Ma, but platypus clade includes only Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Austra- Teinolophos suggests that the two monotreme clades were al- lia, Tasmania). -
Early Cretaceous Amphilestid ('Triconodont') Mammals from Mongolia
Early Cretaceous amphilestid ('triconodont') mammals from Mongolia ZOFIAKIELAN-JAWOROWSKA and DEMBERLYIN DASHZEVEG Kielan-Jaworowską Z. &Daslueveg, D. 1998. Early Cretaceous amphilestid (.tricono- dont') mammals from Mongotia. - Acta Pal.aeontol.ogicaPolonica,43,3, 413438. Asmall collection of ?Aptianor ?Albian amphilestid('triconodont') mammals consisting of incomplete dentaries and maxillae with teeth, from the Khoboor localiĘ Guchin Us counĘ in Mongolia, is described. Grchinodon Troftmov' 1978 is regarded a junior subjective synonym of GobiconodonTroftmov, 1978. Heavier wear of the molariforms M3 andM4than of themore anteriorone-M2 in Gobiconodonborissiaki gives indirect evidence formolariformreplacement in this taxon. The interlocking mechanismbetween lower molariforms n Gobiconodon is of the pattern seen in Kuchneotherium and Ttnodon. The ińterlocking mechanism and the type of occlusion ally Amphilestidae with Kuehneotheriidae, from which they differ in having lower molariforms with main cusps aligned and the dentary-squamosal jaw joint (double jaw joint in Kuehneotheńdae). The main cusps in upper molariforms M3-M5 of Gobiconodon, however, show incipient tńangular arrangement. The paper gives some support to Mills' idea on the therian affinities of the Amphilestidae, although it cannot be excluded that the characters that unite the two groups developed in parallel. Because of scanty material and arnbiguĘ we assign the Amphilestidae to order incertae sedis. Key words : Mammali4 .triconodonts', Amphilestidae, Kuehneotheriidae, Early Cretaceous, Mongolia. Zofia Kiel,an-Jaworowska [zkielnn@twarda,pan.pl], InsĘtut Paleobiologii PAN, ul. Twarda 5 I /5 5, PL-00-8 I 8 Warszawa, Poland. DemberĘin Dash7eveg, Geological Institute, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia. Introduction Beliajeva et al. (1974) reportedthe discovery of Early Cretaceous mammals at the Khoboor locality (referred to also sometimes as Khovboor), in the Guchin Us Soinon (County), Gobi Desert, Mongolia. -
Dual Origin of Tribosphenic Mammals
articles Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals Zhe-Xi Luo*, Richard L. Cifelli² & Zo®a Kielan-Jaworowska³ *Section of Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA ² Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, 2401 Chautauqua, Norman, Oklahoma 73072, USA ³ Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ulica Twarda 51/55, PL-00-818 Warszawa, Poland ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Marsupials, placentals and their close therian relatives possess complex (tribosphenic) molars that are capable of versatile occlusal functions. This functional complex is widely thought to be a key to the early diversi®cation and evolutionary success of extant therians and their close relatives (tribosphenidans). Long thought to have arisen on northern continents, tribosphenic mammals have recently been reported from southern landmasses. The great age and advanced morphology of these new mammals has led to the alternative suggestion of a Gondwanan origin for the group. Implicit in both biogeographic hypotheses is the assumption that tribosphenic molars evolved only once in mammalian evolutionary history. Phylogenetic and morphometric analyses including these newly discovered taxa suggest a different interpretation: that mammals with tribosphenic molars are not monophyletic. Tribosphenic -
En La Nomenclatura De Taxones Paleontológicos Y Zoológicos
Bol. R. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 114, 2020: 177-209 Desenfado (e incluso humor) en la nomenclatura de taxones paleontológicos y zoológicos Casualness (and even humor) in the nomenclature of paleontological and zoological taxa Juan Carlos Gutiérrez-Marco Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC, UCM) y Área de Paleontología GEODESPAL, Facultad CC. Geológicas, José Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid. [email protected] Recibido: 25 de mayo de 2020. Aceptado: 7 de agosto de 2020. Publicado electrónicamente: 9 de agosto de 2020. PALABRAS CLAVE: Nombres científicos, Nomenclatura binominal, CINZ, Taxonomía, Paleontología, Zoología. KEY WORDS: Scientific names, Binominal nomenclature, ICZN, Taxonomy, Paleontology, Zoology. RESUMEN Se presenta una recopilación de más de un millar de taxones de nivel género o especie, de los que 486 corresponden a fósiles y 595 a organismos actuales, que fueron nombrados a partir de personajes reales o imaginarios, objetos, compañías comerciales, juegos de palabras, divertimentos sonoros o expresiones con doble significado. Entre las personas distinguidas por estos taxones destacan notablemente los artistas (músicos, actores, escritores, pintores) y, en menor medida, políticos, grandes científicos o divulgadores, así como diversos activistas. De entre los personajes u obras de ficción resaltan los derivados de ciertas obras literarias, películas o series de televisión, además de variadas mitologías propias de las diversas culturas. Los taxones que conllevan una terminología erótica o sexual más o menos explícita, también ocupan un lugar destacado en estas listas. Obviamente, el conjunto de estas excentricidades nomenclaturales, muchas de las cuales bordean el buen gusto y puntualmente rebasan las recomendaciones éticas de los códigos internacionales de nomenclatura, representan una ínfima minoría entre los casi dos millones de especies descritas hasta ahora. -
Brief Report Vol
Brief report Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 113-1 18, Warszawa 2001 Monotreme nature of the Australian Early Cretaceous mammal Teinolophos THOMAS H. RICH, PATRICIA VICKERS-RICH, PETER TRUSLER, TIMOTHY F. FLANNERY, RICHARD CIFELLI, ANDREW CONSTANTINE, LESLEY KOOL, and NICHOLAS VAN KLAVEREN The morphology of the single preserved molar of the holotype of the Australian Early Creta- ceous (Aptian) mammal Teinolophos trusleri shows that it is a monotreme and probably a steropodontid, rather than a 'eupantothere' as originally proposed. The structure of the rear of the jaw of T. trusleri supports the molecular evidence that previously formed the sole basis for recognising the Steropodontidae as a distinct family. When the holotype of Teinolophos trusleri was first described from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Strzelecki Group of southern Victoria, Australia (Rich et al. 1999), it was regarded as a member of the Order Eupantotheria Kermack & Mussett, 1958 (= Legion Cladotheria McKenna, 1975 - Infralegion Tribosphenida McKenna, 1975) of uncertain family. This interpretation was based in large part on the inferred structure of the penultimate lower molar, the only tooth preserved on the se- verely crushed holotype. The crown of that tooth was largely obscured by a hard matrix. As a conse- quence of that, a critical misidentification of the cusp in the posterolingual region of the tooth as the metaconid rather than the hypoconulid was made. It was this erroneous interpretation and the conse- quent corollaries that the trigonid was anteroposteriorlyexpanded and the talonid unbasined that led Rich et al. (1999) to intepret the specimen as a 'eupantothere'. In September 1999, Mr. Charles Schaff of Harvard University successfully cleared the obscuring matrix from crown of the tooth (Fig. -
Molecules, Morphology, and Ecology Indicate a Recent, Amphibious Ancestry for Echidnas
Molecules, morphology, and ecology indicate a recent, amphibious ancestry for echidnas Matthew J. Phillipsa,1, Thomas H. Bennetta, and Michael S. Y. Leeb,c aCentre for Macroevolution and Macroecology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; bSchool of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; and cEarth Sciences Section, South Australian Museum, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia Edited by David B. Wake, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved August 14, 2009 (received for review April 28, 2009) The semiaquatic platypus and terrestrial echidnas (spiny anteaters) Fossil echidnas do not appear until the mid-Miocene (Ϸ13 are the only living egg-laying mammals (monotremes). The fossil Ma) (13), despite excellent late Oligocene–Early Miocene mam- record has provided few clues as to their origins and the evolution mal fossil records in both northern and southern Australia. This of their ecological specializations; however, recent reassignment absence has tentatively been attributed in part to echidnas of the Early Cretaceous Teinolophos and Steropodon to the platy- lacking teeth (14), which are the most common fossil remains pus lineage implies that platypuses and echidnas diverged >112.5 from mammals. Alternatively, if the molecular dating studies million years ago, reinforcing the notion of monotremes as living that estimate the divergence of echidnas from platypuses at fossils. This placement is based primarily on characters related to 17–35 Ma (15–22) are correct, then characters that clearly ally a single feature, the enlarged mandibular canal, which supplies fossil taxa with echidnas would not be expected to have evolved blood vessels and dense electrosensory receptors to the platypus until even more recently. -
New Data on the Paleocene Monotreme Monotrematum Sudamericanum, and the Convergent Evolution of Triangulate Molars
New data on the Paleocene monotreme Monotrematum sudamericanum, and the convergent evolution of triangulate molars ROSENDO PASCUAL, FRANCISCO J. GOIN, LUCÍA BALARINO, and DANIEL E. UDRIZAR SAUTHIER Pascual, R., Goin, F.J., Balarino, L., and Udrizar Sauthier, D.E. 2002. New data on the Paleocene monotreme Monotrematum sudamericanum, and the convergent evolution of triangulate molars. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47 (3): 487–492. We describe an additional fragmentary upper molar and the first lower molar known of Monotrematum sudamericanum, the oldest Cenozoic (Paleocene) monotreme. Comparisons suggest that the monotreme evolution passed through a stage in which their molars were “pseudo−triangulate”, without a true trigonid, and that the monotreme pseudo−triangulate pat− tern did not arise through rotation of the primary molar cusps. Monotreme lower molars lack a talonid, and consequently there is no basin with facets produced by the wearing action of a “protocone”; a cristid obliqua connecting the “talonid“ to the “trigonid” is also absent. We hypothesize that acquisition of the molar pattern seen in Steropodon galmani (Early Cre− taceous, Albian) followed a process similar to that already postulated for docodonts (Docodon in Laurasia, Reigitherium in the South American sector of Gondwana) and, probably, in the gondwanathere Ferugliotherium. Key words: Monotremata, Monotrematum, pseudo−triangulate molars, molar structure, Gondwana, Patagonia, Paleocene. Rosendo Pascual [[email protected]], Francisco Goin [[email protected]], Lucía Balarino, and Daniel Udrizar Sauthier, Departamento Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de la Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. Introduction Systematic paleontology The relationships of Monotremata have been widely debated Monotremata Bonaparte, 1837 in recent years, with little apparent consensus (e.g., Kühne Ornithorhynchidae Gray, 1825 1977; Kielan−Jaworowska et al. -
Description of a Cranial Endocast from a Fossil Platypus, Obdurodon Dicksoni
JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 267:1000–1015 (2006) Description of a Cranial Endocast From a Fossil Platypus, Obdurodon dicksoni (Monotremata, Ornithorhynchidae), and the Relevance of Endocranial Characters to Monotreme Monophyly Thomas E. Macrini,1* Timothy Rowe,1 and Michael Archer2 1Jackson School of Geosciences and University of Texas High-Resolution X-ray Computed Tomography Facility, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA 2School of Biological Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia ABSTRACT A digital cranial endocast of the Miocene and have rounded and dorsoventrally compressed platypus Obdurodon dicksoni was extracted from high- bodies that are mostly covered by hollow spines that resolution X-ray computed tomography scans. This endo- are essentially modified hairs. The most prominent cast represents the oldest from an unequivocal member of feature on the echidna head is the elongated, hair- either extant monotreme lineage and is therefore impor- less snout. tant for inferring character support for Monotremata, a clade that is not well diagnosed. We describe the Obdur- Whereas monotreme monophyly is virtually un- odon endocast with reference to endocasts extracted from questioned, there are relatively few unequivocal skulls of the three species of extant monotremes, particu- morphological synapomorphies for Monotremata de- larly Ornithorhynchus anatinus, the duckbill platypus. scribed in the literature; most of these are osteolog- We consulted published descriptions and illustrations of ical (as summarized by Gregory, 1947; Rowe, 1986). whole and sectioned brains of monotremes to determine However, some of these were subsequently shown to which external features of the nervous system are repre- be equivocal. -
16. Ornithorhynchidae
FAUNA of AUSTRALIA 16. ORNITHORHYNCHIDAE T. R. GRANT 1 16. ORNITHORHYNCHIDAE 2 16. ORNITHORHYNCHIDAE DEFINITION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION Ornithorhynchus anatinus, the Platypus, is the only extant representative of the Ornithorhynchidae, a family which has occupied the Australian mainland for at least 15 million years (Woodburne & Tedford 1975; Archer, Plane & Pledge 1978). It is a small amphibious mammal, which possesses a characteristic pliable duck-like bill and has strongly webbed forefeet. Like its living relatives, the echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus and Zaglossus bruijnii), the Platypus is oviparous. HISTORY OF DISCOVERY The first specimen of Ornithorhynchus anatinus (a dried skin) reached Britain in 1798. In spite of some initial consternation over its authenticity, the animal was described by George Shaw in 1799 and named Platypus anatinus. It was redescribed independently as O. paradoxus in 1800, but later, following the rules of priority of nomenclature, became O. anatinus (Shaw) (fide Iredale & Troughton 1934). It was not until 1884 that it was finally concluded that O. anatinus is oviparous (Caldwell 1884b). MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY External Characteristics The Platypus is quite a small animal, although there is considerable size variation between populations in various parts of eastern Australia (Carrick 1983; Grant & Temple-Smith 1983). There is also a notable size difference between the sexes. Males average 500 mm (range 450–600 mm) in total length and weigh 1700 g (1000–2400 g), while females are 430 mm (390–550 mm) and 900 g (700–1600 g), respectively. Fine, dense fur covers the body except for the bill, the complete manus, much of the pes and the underside of the tail. -
Morphological Evidence Supports Dryolestoid Affinities for the Living Australian Marsupial Mole Notoryctes
Reviewing Manuscript Morphological Evidence supports Dryolestoid affinities for the living Australian Marsupial Mole Notoryctes Federico Agnolin, Nicolas Roberto Chimento Recent discoveries demonstrated that the southern continents were a cradle for the evolutionary radiation of dryolestoid mammals at the end of the Cretaceous. Moreover, it becomes evident that some of these early mammals surpassed the K/T boundary in South America, at least. Notoryctes is a poorly known living mammal, currently distributed in the s t deserts of central Australia. Due to its extreme modifications to fossoriality and peculiar n i anatomy, the phylogenetic relationships of this genus were debated in the past, but most r P recent authors agree in its marsupial affinities. A comparative survey of the anatomy of e Notoryctes reveals the poorly sustained marsupial affinities for the genus and striking r P plesiomorphies for a living mammal. Surprisingly, Notoryctes exhibits similarities with dryolestoids. Dryolestoids were a diverse and mainly mesozoic mammalian group phylogenetically nested between the egg-lying monotremes and derived therians. In particular, Notoryctes share a number of shared features with the extinct dryolestoid Necrolestes, from the Miocene of Patagonia. Both taxa conform a clade of burrowing and animalivorous dryolestoids that survived other members of their lineage probably due to their peculiar habits. Accordingly, Notoryctes constitutes a “living-fossil” from the supposedly extinct dryolestoid radiation, extending the biochron of the group more than 20 million years to the present day. The intermediate phylogenetic position of Notoryctes has the pivotal potential to shed light on crucial anatomical, physiological, ecological, and evolutionary topics in the deep transformation from egg-lying to placental mammals. -
In Quest for a Phylogeny of Mesozoic Mammals
In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals ZHE−XI LUO, ZOFIA KIELAN−JAWOROWSKA, and RICHARD L. CIFELLI Luo, Z.−X., Kielan−Jaworowska, Z., and Cifelli, R.L. 2002. In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47 (1): 1–78. We propose a phylogeny of all major groups of Mesozoic mammals based on phylogenetic analyses of 46 taxa and 275 osteological and dental characters, using parsimony methods (Swofford 2000). Mammalia sensu lato (Mammaliaformes of some authors) are monophyletic. Within mammals, Sinoconodon is the most primitive taxon. Sinoconodon, morganu− codontids, docodonts, and Hadrocodium lie outside the mammalian crown group (crown therians + Monotremata) and are, successively, more closely related to the crown group. Within the mammalian crown group, we recognize a funda− mental division into australosphenidan (Gondwana) and boreosphenidan (Laurasia) clades, possibly with vicariant geo− graphic distributions during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. We provide additional derived characters supporting these two ancient clades, and we present two evolutionary hypotheses as to how the molars of early monotremes could have evolved. We consider two alternative placements of allotherians (haramiyids + multituberculates). The first, supported by strict consensus of most parsimonious trees, suggests that multituberculates (but not other alllotherians) are closely re− lated to a clade including spalacotheriids + crown therians (Trechnotheria as redefined herein). Alternatively, allotherians can be placed outside the mammalian crown group by a constrained search that reflects the traditional emphasis on the uniqueness of the multituberculate dentition. Given our dataset, these alternative topologies differ in tree−length by only ~0.6% of the total tree length; statistical tests show that these positions do not differ significantly from one another.