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History of Kashmir By Omkar C. Marathe 2 Geography • Total Area – 2,24,358 sq. km • Part of India – 45% – Srinagar, Rajouri, Baramulla, Ladakh • Occupied by Pakistan – 38% – Muzaffarabad, Gilgit, Baltistan • Occupied by China – 17% – Aksai Chin 3 Geography • Consists of 3 regions- – Jammu – Kashmir Valley – Ladakh 4 Some Famous Cities • Srinagar (Srinagari) • Rajouri (Raja Puri) • Baramulla (Varah Mul) • Peer Panjal (Panchal … not the one in Mahabharat) • Anantnag • Pampore • Sopor (suyyapur) • Siachen Glacier • Ladakh 5 Kashmir Valley 6 Available Sources of History • Anguttara Nikaya (Documented during Buddha’s life) • “Rajatarangini” (12th Century A.D.) – Written by Kalhana, son of minister in King’s court during 12th Century. – His work includes history till 1148 A.D. – This work was supplemented by Jonaraj (till 1420 A.D.), Sridhar (till 1486 A.D.) & Prajnyabhat (till 1588 A.D.) 7 Maharshi Kashyap • Kashmir Valley – Was once a huge lake – Satisaras. • surrounded by mountain range. • Occupied by demon – Jalodbhava • Kashyap broke the mountain range at Varah- Mul (present day Baramulla). 8 Maharshi Kashyap .. • Mir – Ocean/Moutain/Border in Sanskrit • The drained area known as – Kashyap-mir • Kashmir 9 References in Mahabharat • Kashmir was known by name “Kambhoj” • Ruled by King “Gonand” – First famous king of Kashmir. • Friend of Jarasandh. • Took part in Mahabharat war. 10 Pre-Mauryan Period 11 Pre-Mauryan Period .. • Kashmir was ruled by King Abhisar during Alexander’s invasion. • Accompanied King Puru during battle against Alexander. • Kashmir kingdom was part of Chandragupta’s alliance against Magadh Empire. 12 Mauryan Period • Kashmir became part of Maurya Empire during Ashok’s time. • City of Srinagari was established around 250 B.C. • Buddhism was introduced in Kashmir. 13 Post - Mauryan Period • After fall of Maurya Empire, Kashmir was ruled by Kushans. • Kushan ruler Kanishka (2nd Century A.D.) converted to Buddhism. • 4th Council of Buddhism is claimed to be held during this time. 14 Boost to Buddhism • This gave tremendous boost for spread of Buddhism in Kashmir. • Kashmir became main seat of Buddhism (Ladakh). • Consequently Buddhism was spread in Tibet & China. 15 Phase of Instability • Some local kings ruled Kashmir after fall of Kushans • 5th Century A.D. – Kashmir came under control of Huns. • Huns ruled Kashmir till 6th Century A.D. • Both Hinduism & Buddhism suffered heavy losses during Huns rule. 16 Karkota Dynasty • Karkota dynasty established their rule in Kashmir – 625 A.D. • Ruled for close to 250 years. • Durlabhvardhan – Founder of dynasty. • Tributary to Emperor Harshvardhan. 17 Lalitaditya Muktapida (697-738 A.D.) • Most influential king in Karkota dynasty. • Extended the kingdom from Bangal in East, Tibet in North-East, Afghanistan in North-West & Malwa in South. • Defeated waves of Arab & Turk tribes on North- West borders. • Famous “Martand Sun Temple” was completed in his reign. 18 Martand Sun Temple 19 Martand Sun Temple .. Now 20 After Lalitaditya • Kashmir witnessed two more influential kings from Karkota dynasty - Jayapida & Jayapriya. • After this Kashmir’s influence over other kingdom declined. • Rise of feudalism further weakened the king. • Karkota rule in Kashmir ended in 855 A.D. 21 Utpal Dynasty • Avantivarma (855 – 883 A.D.) established Utpal dynasty in Kashmir. • His minister Suyya resolved the frequent issue of flood. • A city named “Suyyapur” (now Sopor) was established as his honor. 22 Lohara Dynasty (1003 – 1320 A.D.) • After Avantivarma only two kings – Shankarvarma & Chakravarma could control the power. • Utpal dynasty ended by mid of 10th century A.D. • In 11th century A.D., the power went to Lohara dynasty. 23 Lohara Dynasty .. • Rule continued for around 300 years. • Last Hindu rulers in Kashmir. • Defended Kashmir from two invasions of Mahmud of Gazni during 11th century A.D. • The rule ended in 1320 A.D. in a dramatic way. 24 Sharda Peeth 25 Sharda Peeth .. • Situated in “Sharda” village in PoK, near L.O.C. • On bank of river – Krishnaganga (now Neelam). • Once a centre of learning Hindu Vedic works. • It had a throne of wisdom – Sarvagnya Peeth. 26 Sharda Peeth .. • Sarvagnya Peeth had four doors in four directions. • All doors except in South direction were open & occupied by scholars. • It was last repaired in mid 19th Century during rule of Dogra dynasty. 27 Adi Shankaracharya 28 Adi Shankaracharya .. • 9th Century A.D. – Adi Shankaracharya visited Sharda Peeth during his travel. • Defeated scholars from 3 directions in the debate. • Received right to sit on Sarvagnya Peeth. 29 Shankaracharya Hill 30 Buddhist Rule (1320-1330 A.D.) • Early 14th Century – Around 1000 Turk’s after Mongol invasion on their took refuge in Kashmir • Kashmir was ruled by Lohara King Sahadev. • Mongols under Zujju then attacked & plundered Kashmir. • Afraid king fled from Kashmir. 31 Buddhist Rule (1320-1330 A.D.) • 1320 A.D. – Rinchan, King of Ladakh allied with Ramchandra (chief commander of Lohara king). • Brought entire Kashmir under his control. • Assasinated Ramchandra & consolidated Buddhist rule in Kashmir. 32 Buddhist Rule (1320-1330 A.D.) .. • To stop the revolt, Rinchan married Ramchandra’s daughter – Kota Rani. • Kota Rani attempted to convert Rinchan to Hinduism, but was opposed by Priests. • Shafruddin (Bulbul Shah), leader of Turk refugees had influence on Rinchan. 33 Beginning of Islamic Rule -1330 A.D. • 1330 A.D. – Rinchan converted to Islam, took name as Safruddin. • Shahmir - Turk person was appointed as minister by Rinchan. • Rinchan died in same year. • Turk tribes attacked Kashmir immediately after these incidents. 34 Kota Rani (1330 -1338 A.D.) • Kota Rani invited Udayan Dev (Sahadev’s younger brother) to rule Kashmir. • But Udayan Dev fled after Turk attack • Turk attack was repelled by Kota Rani, brought Udayan Dev back to Kashmir. • Udayan Dev died in 1330 A.D. 35 Shahmir Dynasty • 1338 A.D. – Turk minister Shahmir revolted, forced Kota Rani to marry him. • Shahmir took over as new ruler – Beginning of Shahmir dynasty. • Immediately Kota Rani was put in prison. • Kota Rani committed suicide in prison. 36 Shahmir Dynasty (1338 – 1560 A.D.) • 1338 A.D. – Turk leader Shahmir began ruling Kashmir with title – Sultan Shamshuddin. • Except ruling dynasty, the rest of system remained same till 1372 A.D. • Kashmiri culture also remained intact during this period. • Even the attire of Turk rulers was same as old Hindu rulers. 37 Shahmir Dynasty .. • Shamshuddin (Shahmir) died in 1342 A.D. • His elder son Jamshed ruled only for 1 year. • The rule was overthrown by Jamshed’s younger brother Allauddin (Alishet). • Allauddin ruled till his death in 1354 A.D. • His elder son Shahbuddin ruled till 1373 A.D. 38 Syed Ali Hamdani • Sufi Islamic missionary Syed Ali Hamdani came to Kashmir in 1372 A.D. • Influential in spreading Islam in Kashmir. • Belonged to Hamdan is present day Iran. • Stayed in Kashmir for nearly 2 years. 39 Syed Ali Hamdani .. • Iran was invaded by Timur in early 1380s A.D. • Syeds in Hamdan were massacred by Timur’s army. • Hamdani took refuge in Kashmir with around 700 Syeds. • Qutubuddin (then ruler) welcomed all. 40 Syed Ali Hamdani .. • This paved way for spread of Islam in Kashmir. • With ruler’s support Hamdani started interfering matters of court. • Ordered muslim citizens in Kashmir to change their customs from Kashmiri customs. • Convinced Sultan to change his attire according to Persian culture. 41 Syed Ali Hamdani .. • Under Hamdani’s influence, Hindu menbers in the court also began to convert to Islam. • Soon Islam was spread rapidly in all classes of Kashmiri society. • Hamdani returned to Iran in 1383 A.D. • Qutubuddin died in 1389 A.D. 42 Syed Ali Hamdani .. • Under Hamdani’s influence, Hindu menbers in the court also began to convert to Islam. • Soon Islam was spread rapidly in all classes of Kashmiri society. • Hamdani returned to Iran in 1383 A.D. • Qutubuddin died in 1389 A.D. 43 Sikandar (1389 – 1414 A.D.) • Known as Sikandar Butshikan • Butshikan – Idol breaker. • 1394 A.D. – Syed Ali Hamdani’s son Syed Muhammad arrived in Kashmir. • Being Hamdani’s son, received grand welcome. 44 Sikandar .. • Prime Minister Suha Bhat was converted to Islam with new name – Saifuddin. • Syed Muhammad stayed in Kashmir for 12 years. • Sharia rule started in Kashmir durin this time. • Alcoholic drinks, dramas music were banned. 45 Sikandar .. • Hindu citizens were fobaded from marking tilak on forehead. • Blowing conch shells & ringing bells was also banned. • Large number of temples were either destroyed or converted to mosques. 46 Sikandar .. • Famos “Martand Sun Temple” was destroyed during this period. • Huge Jiziya tax was imposed on Hindus. • Large number of Hindus either converted, fled or killed during this period. • Sikandar died in 1414 A.D. 47 Zainulauddin (1420 – 1470 A.D.) • Sikandar’s younger brother Zainulauddin came to power in 1420 A.D. • Also known by name Bhat Shah. • Re-called Hindu’s who had fled during Sikandar’s rule, offered them protection. • Hindus converted to Islam before were permitted to accept Hinduism. 48 Zainulauddin .. • Jiziya tax was not removed but was reduced to negligible amount. • Promoted Sanskrit, Tibeti & Kashmiri scholars along with Persians in the court. • Promoted reconstruction of some of the temples destructed during Sikandar’s rule. 49 Zainulauddin .. • Banned slaughtering of cows & beef consumption. • This is believed to be the reason for Kashmiri’s not preferring beef even today. • Zainulauddin died in 1470 A.D. 50 Instability • After Zainulauddin, power of Shahmir dynasty declined over the time. • Shahmir ruler proved to be weak & incompetent. • Influence of Syed’s also increased. • Kashmir suffered through heavy loss during this time. 51 Instability .. • By mid of 16th Cenury A.D., the influence of Hindu court members declined. • Persian language was declared as official language of the kingdom instead of Sanskrit & Kashmiri. 52 Chak dynasty (1560 – 1588 A.D.) • Clashes between Shia & Sunni branches got triggered towards end of Shahmir dynasty rule.
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  • Short History of Kashmir Dispute

    Short History of Kashmir Dispute

    Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Celebrating 25 years of science for democracy http://ieer.org Short history of Kashmir dispute 1947: August 14/15. British India is partitioned into India and Pakistan as part of the independence process. Majority Muslim areas in the West (now all of Pakistan) and East (the place now called Bangladesh) form Pakistan. The British also allow the nominal rulers of several hundred “princely states,” who were tax collectors for the British and served at British pleasure, to decide whether they wanted to join India or Pakistan. Pakistan demands Kashmir accede to it. The Hindu ruler of Kashmir does not make a choice. Kashmir has three major ethnic areas: Ladakh in the northwest, which is majority Buddhist; the Kashmir Valley (controlled by India) and the part now controlled by Pakistan, which is majority Muslim, and Jammu (in the south), which is majority Hindu. The overall majority is Muslim. 1948: “Tribesmen” from Pakistan invade Kashmir with the support of the Pakistani government. The ruler of Kashmir asks India for help. India demands that Kashmir should accede to India first. The ruler agrees. India sends forces to Kashmir and the invasion is blocked. Kashmir is divided into a Pakistani controlled part and an Indian controlled part. This de facto partition continues to this date with the dividing line being known as the Line of Control. 1948: India takes the Kashmir issue to the U.N. Security Council, which passes a resolution calling on Pakistan to do all it can “secure the withdrawal” of Pakistani citizens and “tribesmen” and asking that a plebiscite be held to determine the wishes of the people of Kashmir.