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Chandler 1926 The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies http://www.jstor.org/stable/625563 . Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Hellenic Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 138.16.130.60 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:57:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE NORTH-WEST FRONTIER OF ATTICA [PLATEI.] OF all the states in ancient Greece, Attica seems to have had the most interesting and complete system of land defences. A chain of important fortresses, of most of which there are still considerable remains, follows the line of the Kithairon-Parnes range: Eleutherai, Oinoe, Panakton, Phyle, Dekeleia, Aphidna and Rhamnous. It may appear at first that this series of strongholds was designed expressly to mark off Athenian territory, but whilst incidentally and in large measure they served this end, in origin they were intended rather to defend the various roads from Attica into Boeotia. A fresh examination of these forts and their relation to the Attic frontier may be of some service and interest. The natural boundary of Attica on the N.W. is the mountain ridge which begins on the Halkyonian sea-coast behind Aigosthena and continues almost due eastward to the Straits of Euboea, reaching the sea at Cape Kalamos. It is not surprising, therefore, to learn that the early tradition made the Megarid and Attica into a single kingdom.1 Plato,2 describing an idealised primitive Attica, gives as the boundaries the Isthmus and the heights of Kithairon and Parnes extending down to the sea, with Oropos on the right and the Asopos on the left. The Homeric catalogue treats the Megarid and Attica as a whole, inhabited by Ionians.3 According to Strabo,j as the result of a number of disputes between Peloponnesians and Ionians concerning the land round Krommyon, a stele was set up at this place, inscribed on the one side, 'This is Peloponnesos, not Ionia,' and on the other, 'This is not Peloponnesos, but Ionia.' 5 This, if authentic, is an interesting and early example of a boundary stone. Though the whole ridge of Kithairon and the land south of it would seem to belong physically to Attica, the Kerata range which runs down to the sea opposite Salamis forms quite a definite secondary partition, which accounts for the legend of the division of the early kingdom. The story is told by Strabo,6 who quotes from various ancient authors who had written ' Atthides,' or Histories of Attica. King Pandion had four sons, among whom he divided the kingdom. To Nisos fell the part later called the Megarid, and he founded Nisa. A scholiast to Aristophanes ' relates the tradition that Pandion, 1 Strabo, p. 392. 5 Cp. the inscription on Hadrian's gate 2 Kritias, 110D. at Athens. 3 Iliad, ii. 546. 6 P. 395. 4 Loc. cit. 7 Wasps, 1223. J.H.S.-VOL. XLVI. B This content downloaded from 138.16.130.60 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:57:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 2 LILIAN CHANDLER dividing the land among his sons, gave the hill country or Diakria to Lykos, the part round Athens to Aegeus, the coast district to Pallas, and the Megarid to Nisos. After the Megarid became detached, the other three regions, according to the ancient tradition, became the Solonian divisions, the men of the hills, the men of the plain and the men of the coast. From the legend of the Return of the Herakleidai we gather that, driven from his kingdom of Pylos by the invading Dorians, Melanthos retreated to Attica, and there, as a reward for his valour in fighting Xanthos, king of Boeotia, was created king. During the reign of his son Kodros, the Herakleidai invaded Attica, but met with small success because Kodros sacrificed himself, and on their return journey they conquered the Megarid, which thus became Dorian, and the stele at Krommyon was removed. A new town, Megara, sprang up and the old Nisa was only remembered in the name of the harbour Nisaia. We may presume, therefore, that the Kerata Mountain then became the western boundary of Attica, as it always remained. At the eastern extremity of the frontier was the district of Oropia, so often a bone of contention between Boeotia and Athens and obviously belonging physically rather to the former than to the latter. It is certain that the district round Oropos was not originally a part of Attica. Wilamowitz-Moellendorff,s dealing with an inscription found at the Amphiaraeum, the important sanctuary in Oropia, claims that the Oropian dialect has Eretrian peculiarities upon a substructure of Boeotian. That it originally belonged to Boeotia is extremely probable. In the Boeotian catalogue of ships 9 we find mentioned ' Thespeia, Graia and spacious Mykalessos.' This line is quoted by Pausanias,10 who says Homer meant Tanagra. The explana- tion he gives is that Poimandros, founder of that town, married Tanagra, daughter of Aiolos, or, according to Korinna, daughter of Asopos, and she, living to a good old age, was fitly called Graia, and the town retained the name after her death. In the deme lists, however, of the fifth and fourth centuries B.c., there is mentioned a deme Graia.11 Tanagra was never a deme of Attica, but, as parts at any rate of Oropia became demes, it seems more likely that Graia was somewhere in the district of Oropos near the Asopos. Aristotle is quoted by Stephanus Byzantinus 12as definitely identifying Graiawith Oropos, though he admits that some identified it with Tanagra. Thucydides 13 says that the Peloponnesians crossed over to ' v y1v 7rv V ITepaiKcv, which the Oropians inhabit, subject to Athens.' Some editors for HeLepatlicv read Fpaicqv, a reading, which, if it can be accepted, confirms the suggestion that the Graian land was either at or near Oropos. The connection of Graia with Boeotia, at least in early times, is fairly well established, and if, as seems probable, it was part of Oropia, we have some evidence for the connexion between the latter and Boeotia. Eretria was during the seventh century B.c. a very important commercial 'I cit. s8Hermes, xx. (1886), pp. 91-115. Hermes, loc. 12 * Iliad, ii. 498. Sub voc. 10 ix. 20. 13 ii. 23. This content downloaded from 138.16.130.60 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:57:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE NORTH-WEST FRONTIER OF ATTICA 3 city, and seems then to have acquired possession of the district of Oropos.14 But Eretria soon declined, and Oropia again fell into the hands of Boeotia. About 507 B.c. it became subject to Athens and remained so for a century, after which period it seems to have been constantly changing its condition between independence and dependence upon either Boeotia or Athens.15 There has been much controversy with regard to the position of Oropos, but it seems most likely that it was situated at Skala Oropou, and not at the modern Oropo. Diodoros 16 states that in 402 B.C. the Thebans moved the Oropians seven stades inland. This was very probably to the site now occupied by the village of Oropo, but the town originally, according to the testimony of Strabo 17 and Pausanias,is must have been on the coast. The general line of the frontier, at least during the period when Oropia belonged to Athens, began about a mile E. of Delion. Modern topographers 19 place Delion at the tiny village of Dilisi on the coast about six miles W. of Skala Oropou. This position accords well with the descriptions of Livy 20 and Thucydides,21 though Strabo's 22 statement that Delion was thirty stades from Aulis does not agree. All things considered, however, Dilisi seems much the most likely position. Oropia included the mouth of the Asopos and stretched eastwards as far as Cape Kalamos, and included southwards the fertile plain through which the railway now runs to Thebes. We gather from Hypereides 23 that part of it was hill country, so that it probably included the low hills running along behind Oropo and Sykamino. The possession of Oropia was a matter of importance, not only on account of the Amphiaraeum, which brought many visitors and hence money and prestige to the district, but because the town of Oropos was a busy port, especially important for the corn trade with Euboea.24 The line of the frontier seems to have continued due S. for some time in the direction of Phyle. Thucydides 25 states that Dekeleia was about 120 stades from Athens and not much more from Boeotia. Tatoi being the site of the ancient Dekeleia, a distance of 120 stades (21-6 kilometres) measured along the only possible road from this point to Boeotia, brings us roughly to the tributary of the Asopos, W. of Kako-Salesi. A ravine which runs N. and S. at the western end of the Armenia range probably formed the Athenian border.
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