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WRBA Territorial News, Volume 6, Issue 3, August 2008 Page 5 Page 6 WRBA Territorial News, Volume 6, Issue 3, August 2008 PATTERNS: The Cross Crosses are grouped into four main groups: Crux Immissa, Crux Second in a Series on Patterns by Joy Journeay Commissa, Crux Decussata and Crux Simples. The Crux Simplex , being a simple upright post, does not have the LATIN CROSS We are probably most familiar with the transverse beam found on other forms. The ancient Greek word for ROMAN CROSS cross in its simplest form: the Latin Cross. stake is stauros (n) and stauroo (v). This simple post was common for PROTESTANT However, the cross symbol has many crucifixions until the Phoenicians added a cross beam to make a crux CROSS formats appearing in heraldry, freemasonry, immissa. WESTERN CROSS and religion. Each format is interpreted The crux simplex evolved from a tree - infelix lignum or arbor infelix - PLAIN CROSS many ways, and each change in format has dedicated to the gods of the nether world, a non-fruiting tree, unproductive, CRUX multiple names and is interpreted to valueless, and therefore considered suitable for crucifying criminals. A represent multiple ideas. This article will common crucifixion method was to bind the condemned person's wrists to ST. PETER’S not explore those representations, as they a beam (patibulum) and then attach that beam to a tree or stipe, thereby CROSS could consume a large volume. forming a cross (crux composita or crux acuta). SATAN’S CROSS The cross was originally associated with The Crux Commissa is a 'T' shaped cross; commissa meaning 'joined' executioners. When Emperor Constantine or 'attached'. The more widely known names are the Tau Cross (St. abolished execution by crucifixion in the Anthony's Cross) and the Forked Cross (Y-shaped Cross). CRUCIFIX 4th Century, the cross transitioned into a The Crux Decussata comes from decus, Latin for 'distinction', CATHOLIC CROSS symbol of the Christian religion. Cross 'honour', 'glory' and 'grace'. The Roman numeral X is ten (decem). The symbols were used during the crusades Chinese and Japanese character for ten and have played a major role in heraldry. also happens to be a cross. When an image of Christ (corpus) is SALTIRE CROSS shown nailed to a cross, it is called a BURGUNDY CROSS LATIN CROSS. Russian crucifix. painted Papier-Mâché. CHI RHO CROSS NOT A PATTERN BUTTON ST. ANDREW’S CROSS (belongs in Section ). LATIN CROSS. ST. PATRICK’S CROSS Carved and SALTIRE OR ST. ANDREW’S CROSSES. pierced (clockwise from upper right: Bethlehem White Glass with gold paint; Pearl . White Glass with silver luster; Etched Brass with a LATIN CROSS. Screen Background and Copper. Cut Steel OME; Black Glass with blue Buttons illustrating paint and gold luster. this article were Steel Cup. provided by Barbara Black Glass with blue and silver luster. Hefner, Claudia Pierced Bethlehem Chalmers, Evie & Del Pearl. Renz, Connie Robinson, Sue Jordan, CRUCIFIX. Harry Wessel Deb Hanson, Jane watch crystal. Design under Quimby, Bud & Connie LATIN CROSS. Black glass set in copper rim. Weiser, Vicky Mayhall, glass. Etched. Paste OME NOT A PATTERN BUTTON Donnis Stoner, & (belongs in Section ). Carol Tsubaki WRBA Territorial News, Volume 6, Issue 3, August 2008 Page 7 Page 8 WRBA Territorial News, Volume 6, Issue 3, August 2008 CRUX COMMISSA EXAMPLES PATRIARCHAL CROSS The top beam of these crosses ARCHBISHOP CROSS represents the plaque bearing TAU CROSS ARCHIEPISCOPAL Pontius Pilate’s inscription (INRI). OLD TESTAMENT CROSS CROSS The Latin for such a plaque is ANTICIPATORY CROSS TITULUS CROSS ‘titulus’—thus these crosses are also ADVENT CROSS known as Titulus Crosses. COMMISSA CROSS COMMISSEE CROSS Another form of The slanted lower beam ST. ANTHONY’S CROSS PATRIARCHAL CROSS, represents a footrest. TAU CROSS. Tooled leather. this version with the second beam as a ANKH CROSS footrest ANSATA CROSS EASTERN ORTHODOX EGYPTIAN CROSS CROSS PAPAL CROSS RUSSIAN CROSS A looped Tau Cross and the POPE’S CROSS Egyptian hieroglyph meaning ‘life.’ UKRAINE CROSS MARONITE’S CROSS SLAVIC CROSS SALEM CROSS SLAVONIC CROSS Y-SHAPED CROSS (Freemasonry) BYZANTINE CROSS YPSILON CROSS ANILLEE CROSS EARLY PAPAL CROSS MOLINE, MILLRIND, CATACOMB CROSS THREE-DIMENSIONAL or MILLRINE CROSS CROSS PALL CROSS ANKH CROSS. Above: Cork. FOURCHE CROSS Pyrography. FURCA CROSS Left: Pewter CROSS OF LORRAINE ST. NICHOLAS CROSS LORRAINE CROSS ST. OLGA’S CROSS Y-SHAPED DE GAULLE CROSS This is an Eastern CROSSES. GAULLIST CROSS Orthodox Cross Inlaid pearl —characterized by superimposed on a and two horizontal beams Budded Cross. abalone. of equal length, Black Glass equally spaced from set in metal. the top and bottom. Vegetable FLEUR-DE-LIS CROSS Ivory (lily petal adornment at whistle the arm-ends) BUDDED CROSS APOSTLES CROSS DISCIPLES CROSS TREFLEE CROSS GLORY CROSS TREFOIL CROSS NATAL CROSS (above) BONTONEE CROSS NATIVITY CROSS FORCHE CROSSES. BOTTONY CROSS BETHLEHEM STAR CROSS Black Glass with gold CATHEDRAL CROSS RAYED CROSS luster. —also a Nowy Cross White Metal WRBA Territorial News, Volume 6, Issue 3, August 2008 Page 9 Page 10 WRBA Territorial News, Volume 6, Issue 3, August 2008 The Crux Immissa has a horizontal beam inserted at right-angles to the A Chrismon is a Christian symbol that represents aspects of the upright post. Immissa means 'inserted.” Another name for this cross is Crux person, life or ministry of Jesus Christ. Most of the crosses in this article are Capitata, which means 'with a head'. Chrismons. There are two variations of the dimensions for a cross—sublimes and humilis: CROSSES IN HERALDRY CRUX SUBLIMIS - tall cross, where the victim was high off the Because every minute aspect of the cross is symbolic, and crosses are ground. This would be used for people who had commanded a high used extensively in heraldry, we shall follow this article with a second rank in society (the Latin Cross, etc.) article focused on the “Cross in Heraldry” and introduce the terminology for CRUX HUMILIS - a low cross, where the victim's feet were close to the various cross attributes and representations. the ground—the height and width are equal. To suit the shape and size of shields, heraldic crosses are often shown where the height BIBLIOGRAPHY and width are equal. (Most crosses appearing on buttons fall into http://www.seiyaku.com. I am sincerely indebted to the generosity of Paul this category.) Harding who shared extensive information from this website. POMMEE CROSS. http://www.wikipedia.com PORTATE CROSS Glass, mirror back. Guide to Alternative Religions, by Jennifer Emick. www.about.com ST. GILBERT’S “Just Buttons” Volume III, No. 7 April 1972. Pages 496-500. CROSS National Button Bulletin. November 1956. Pages 350-356. National Button Bulletin. May 1956. Pages 147-149. National Button Bulletin. “Patterns—Non-Pictorial Designs.” February 1956. Pages 5-16. CALVARY CROSS. Purple dye on Ivory. Part of a Motiwala set. LATIN CROSS. PORTATE CROSS with a Ceramic set in metal. Crown. Fabric with blued steel beads and yellow metal. Studio by Tom Horne. Top: GREEK, ST. GEORGE, OR KING GEORGE’S CROSS. PATRIARCHAL CROSSES Left to Right: Rubber, brass, and fabric with glass beads. (both are also “Budded” Below: 3 FLEUR-DE-LIS CROSS buttons. Crosses). Top is gilt brass. Bottom is Enamel on Brass. LORRAINE CROSSES. White Glass with black paint. White Glass with gold luster. Black Glass. WRBA Territorial News, Volume 6, Issue 3, August 2008 Page 11 Page 12 WRBA Territorial News, Volume 6, Issue 3, August 2008 BROKEN CROSS LUNATE NERONIC CROSS CROSS NERO’S CROSS CELTIC CROSS ANGLICAN CROSS GAELIC CROSS EPISCOPAL CROSS DISC HIGH CROSS ST. JOHN’S CROSS SCOTTISH CROSS CROSS (arms IRISH CROSS HALO CROSS terminate WELSH CROSS SUN CROSS at circle) 8-POINT ST. JOHN, MALTESE, ARMENIAN CROSS PATTEE, REGENERATION, INDENTED CROSS KHACHKAR CROSS FISHTAIL, CAMPAIGN, FORMY, DENCHEE CROSS SIROUN CROSS OR IRON CROSS. Clockwise from above: Two variations of (sawtooth edge) pierced Bethlehem Pearl. White Metal. 4 Rubber buttons. LAMBEAU CROSS ENGRAILED CROSS Zia pottery sew-through. mounted on a bar of ENGRESLEE CROSS Bakelite imitation tortoise three ragged INDENTED CROSS shell. pendants Black Glass. —dimpled with CALVARY CROSS INVECTED CROSS CALVAIRE CROSS PATERNOSTER CROSS CRUCIFIXION CROSS PATERNASTER CROSS HOLY CROSS ROSARY CROSS STEPPED CROSS ALTAR CROSS PERONNEE CROSS CROSS WITH A DEGRADED CROSS CROWN OF THORNS CROSS WITH A CROWN FLEURIE or FLORY CROSS FLORETTY CROSS CRESCENT CROSS. Silver and turquoise INVECTED CROSS FLEURETTE CROSS OME. CANNELEE CROSS FLEURONNY CROSS (liliform ends) ST. JAMES CROSS Painted ST. GILBERT’S WARRIOR’S CROSS Aluminum. BOTTONY CROSS. Smokey Pearl. CROSS WITH A a Fleurie Cross with White metal and colored paste OME. CROWN the lower part pointed (fitched) WRBA Territorial News, Volume 6, Issue 3, August 2008 Page 13 Page 14 WRBA Territorial News, Volume 6, Issue 3, August 2008 ST. CLEMENT’S CROSS PROCESSIONAL CROSS ST. JOHN’S CROSS ANCHOR CROSS CROSS CROSSLET MALTESE CROSS MARINER’S CROSS —- fitched REGENERATION CROSS SAILOR’S CROSS FISHTAIL CROSS many other forms exist CAMPAIGN CROSS IRON CROSS THOR’S CROSS TEUTONIC CROSS PATTEE CROSS ALL-SEEING EYE CROSS HAMMER CROSS POTENT CROSS FORMY CROSS PROVIDENCE CROSS WOLF’S CROSS —made of 4 Tau Crosses EYE OF PROVIDENCE CROSS VIKING CROSS ST. JOHN’S CROSS TEMPLAR CROSS ST.CHAD’S CROSS PATTEE CROSS —- combining Potent POPE’S CROSS TRIUMPHANT CROSS and Quadrate Crosses BENT CROSS NOWY CROSS ST. JOHN’S CROSS BENDY CROSS GLOBIUS CRUCIGER TRIUMPHANT & ORB (curved) ST. NINO’S CROSS ST. JULIAN’S CROSS GRAPEVINE CROSS CROSS MISSIONARY’S CROSS —- a Cross Crosslet at 45 ST. JOHN’S CROSS (sharp) degrees MIDSOMMARSTANG ROPE CROSS ST. LAZARUS CROSS CORDEE FISHTALE CROSS CROSS CROSS CROSSLET CROSS —- made from four Latin BAPTISMAL CROSS Crosses at right angles — a Greek Cross on SOLDIER’S CROSS MILLER CROSS FALLEN SOLDIER’S SHEPHERD’S CROSS MILLRINE CROSS CROSS CRESCENT CROSS MILLRIND CROSS BATTLEFIELD CROSS CRESCENTY BATTLE CROSS CROSS CROISSANT CRENEL CROSS CROSS CARAVACA CROSS ALPHA & OMEGA EMBATTLED CROSS A Patriarchal Cross with CROSS Chist flanked by two BEGINNING & END FOURCHE CROSS angels.
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    INDEX TO NAMES OF THE AUTHORS AND OF THE PAPERS CONTRIBUTED BY THEM. Baldenspergcr, P. J., Esq.­ PAGE Beth-Dejan , • 114 Bergheim, Samuel, Esq;- The Identification of the City of David-Zion and Millo 120 Birch, Rev. W. F., M.A.- 'fhe Sepulchres of David on Ophel 261 The City of David-Zion not at" Goliath's Castle" 263 The Rock of Etam and the Cave of .A.dullam 338 Bliss, F. ,T., Ph.D.- Third Report of the Excavations at Jerusalem 9-25 Fourth . ,, . _,, 97-108 .. 305-320 Si:x;th " · .. ,, " Narrative of an_ Expedition to Moab and Gilead in March, 1895 203 Conder, Major C. R., D.C.L., LL.D., M.R.A.S., ,R.E.­ N cites on the Quarterly Statement 87 The Hreniatite Weight 191 The .A.ssyrians in Syria 191 Notes on Dr. Bliss's Discoveries at Jerusalem 330 No.tes on the July Quaderly Statement .. 332 Dalton, Rev. Canon J. N., C.M.G.- · N-ote on the First Wail-of Ancient Jerusalem and the Present Excavations 26 Note on Dr. Bliss's Lejjfm in Moab 332 Note on Colonel Watson's Paper on the Stoppage of the Jordan 334 Davis, Ebenezer, Esq.- N.qtes_ on the Hrematite .Weigh~ from Samaria • , 187 Dickie, Archibald Campbell, Esq., A.R.I.B.A.- Fifth Report on the Ei;;ca-vations of Jerusalem , , 235 IV Ewing, Rev. W.- PAGE Greek and other Inscriptions collected in the Hamitn, edited by A. G. Wright, Esq., and .A. Souter, Esq., M.A. 41, 131, 265, 355 .A Journey in the Haumn 60, 161,281,355 Fowler, Rev.
  • Gendered Exclusions and Inclusions in Hungary's Right-Radical Arrow Cross Party (1939-1945): a Case Study of Three Female Party Members Pető, Andrea

    Gendered Exclusions and Inclusions in Hungary's Right-Radical Arrow Cross Party (1939-1945): a Case Study of Three Female Party Members Pető, Andrea

    www.ssoar.info Gendered Exclusions and Inclusions in Hungary's Right-Radical Arrow Cross Party (1939-1945): A Case Study of Three Female Party Members Pető, Andrea Preprint / Preprint Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Pető, A. (2014). Gendered Exclusions and Inclusions in Hungary's Right-Radical Arrow Cross Party (1939-1945): A Case Study of Three Female Party Members. Hungarian Studies Review, 41(1-2), 107-130. https://nbn-resolving.org/ urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-72972-5 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY Lizenz (Namensnennung) zur This document is made available under a CC BY Licence Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden (Attribution). For more Information see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de Hungarian Studies Review, Vol. XLI, Nos, 1-2 (2014) Gendered Exclusions and Inclusions in Hungary’s Right-Radical Arrow Cross Party (1939-1945): A Case Study of Three Female Party Members Andrea Peto World War IIis not exactly known as a time when many women broke through the glass ceiling to become visible in public life.1 In interwar Hungary political citizenship was determined by growing restrictions on women’s suffrage. These restrictions were opposed by social democrats and communists, but also by the increasingly powerful far right.2 In this paper I look at four women on the far right who managed to break through the glass ceiling. In doing so, I seek to determine how they represented the far right’s image of women.3 How was political citizenship defined by the far right and how did the individual women involved in politics fit this definition? Who were the women on the extreme right and what can we learn from their life stories? These questions are poignant if our aim is to analyze female mobilization on the far right in terms of women’s agency.