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Focus Emma Darwin CONTRIBUTIONS to SCIENCE, 5 (1): 17–23 (2009) Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona DOI: 10.2436/20.7010.01.56 ISSN: 1575-6343 focus www.cat-science.cat Distinguished Lectures in celebration of the 150th anniversary of Charles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species.” Emma Darwin: a great woman behind a great man* Mercè Piqueras** President, Catalan Association for Scientific Communication Resum. El 1839, quan Emma Wedgwood (1808–1896) va ca- Abstract. In 1839, when Emma Wedgwood (1808–1896) sar-se amb el seu cosí germà, Charles Darwin, ella tenia ja married her first cousin, Charles Darwin, she was already 30 trenta anys, un més que ell. Era una edat en què una fadrina ja years old, almost a year older than her husband and an age at era considerada conca. Emma havia nascut en una família be- which a single woman was already considered a spinster. nestant i, tot i viure lluny de Londres, a casa seva es respirava Emma came from a well-to-do family, and despite of living far un ambient intel·lectual i força liberal. Josiah Wedgwood, pare from London, her home had an intellectual and quite liberal at- d’Emma, va ser qui va donar suport a Charles Darwin quan el mosphere. Josiah Wedgwood, Emma’s father, had supported jove va rebre la proposta d’embarcar-se en el Beagle en un vi- Darwin when he accepted the proposal to embark on the Bea- atge al voltant del món. Emma havia rebut una bona educació, gle in a journey around the world. Emma herself was well-edu- a Anglaterra i a París i Ginebra. Els dietaris que va escriure des cated, both in England and in Paris and Geneve. The diaries de que tenia 16 anys fins al mateix dia de la seva mort, el 7 she kept beginning at the age of 16 until a few days before her d’octubre de 1896, han permès saber moltes coses de la his- death, on 7 October 1896, reveal many details of the Wedg- tòria de les famílies Wedgwood i Darwin. Són un valuós testi- wood and Darwin family histories. They are also a valuable so- moni de l’ambient social d’una classe mitjana-alta i intel·lectual cial record of prosperous middle-class intellectual life in Eng- a l’Anglaterra del segle xix. A més, constitueixen un registre de- land during the 19th century. Furthermore, they constitute a tallat de la salut de tota la família, incloent-hi la del seu marit, detailed register of the family’s health, and especially of her que era un home malaltís, motiu pel qual van decidir deixar husband’s, whose frequent illness was the main reason for the Londres i anar a viure al camp. Emma era una dona creient, Darwins’ move from London to the countryside. Emma was a mentre que Charles havia perdut la fe. Una de les principals religious woman, whereas Darwin had progressively lost his preocupacions que ell tenia era la possibilitat de ferir la sensibi- faith. His deep concern that his revolutionary ideas would of- litat de la seva esposa amb les seves idees revolucionàries. És fend Emma’s sensibility may explain Darwin’s hesitance to possible que aquest fos un dels motius pels quals va trigar tant publicize his ideas about evolution. Besides being a dedicated de temps a fer públiques les seves idees sobre l’evolució. A wife and mother, Emma was Darwin’s great friend and care- més d’una esposa i mare dedicada, Emma va ser per a Char- taker, as well as his secretary, maintaining her husband’s cor- les una gran amiga, cuidadora i també secretària, era qui escri- respondence with his friends and colleagues when his health via als científics amics del seu marit quan ell no es trobava bé. prevented him from doing so. It is without a doubt that, if És indubtable que, si Charles Darwin va ser un gran home, Charles Darwin was a great man, then Emma was a great Emma va ser una gran dona. woman. Paraules clau: Emma Wedgwood (Emma Darwin) ∙ Charles Keywords: Emma Wedgwood (Emma Darwin) ∙ Charles Darwin ∙ The origin of species · Autobiografia de Darwin Darwin ∙ The origin of species · Darwin’s Autobiography Introduction After Albert Einstein, Charles Darwin (1809–1882) is perhaps the scientist best known. Several biographies have been pub- * Based on a Distinguished Lecture given by the author at the Insti- tute for Catalan Studies, Barcelona, on 21 January, 2009. A previous lished and many essays have been written on both men. In- version of this article was published in International Microbiology 2009, deed, Darwin wrote his own autobiography, for his children, 12:69–74. and many of the thousands of letters he sent and received ** Correspondence: Mercè Piqueras, International Microbiology, C/ Poblet 15, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain. Tel. & Fax +34-933341079. throughout his life have been gathered. All this information has Email: [email protected] become readily accessible thanks to several projects that have 001-128 Contributions 5-1.indd 17 25/11/2009 10:26:07 18 Contrib. Sci. 5 (1), 2009 Piqueras allowed the existing documents to be digitalized and published on the web. One of the benefits of these efforts is that we have learned more about the personal and family life of this great scientist. The popular saying, “behind a great man there is always a great woman”, is often true, but the opposite less so. When a woman is considered to have been “great,” it is hardly ever the case that it was because there was a great man behind her; otherwise she would have been overshadowed by him. One exception is the couple Marie and Pierre Curie, although she was almost excluded from the first Nobel Prize—Physics, 1903, which she shared with her husband—because there were those who believed that she was simply his assistant. Years af- ter, a member of the Nobel Committee suggested that she should not accept the second one—Chemistry, 1911—, be- cause she, already a widow, had an affair with a married man. Knowing the life of Emma Darwin (born Wedgwood, 1808– 1896, Fig. 1) helps to know more about Darwin himself, his work, and the society in which he developed his scientific theo- ries. My interest in Emma Darwin started in London, in Novem- ber 2000. At a second-hand bookshop across from the British Museum, I stopped to browse the books displayed on several shelves in the street. One of them, Wives of Fame, by Edna Fig. 1. Portrait of Emma Darwin from the late 1830s by George Rich- Healey [1], caught my eye. It was dedicated to Jenny Marx, mond. Mary Livingstone, and Emma Darwin, the wives of possibly three of the most influential men of 19th century. As the author of the book stated, “genius often demands exceptional powers days; pieces of Wedgwood jasper ware have decorated dining of concentration,” and Darwin himself advised his son Francis rooms of homes around the world, and are even exhibited in to persist in his theories “to the death.” Healey added that “the museums). Despite living far from London and the fact that her sword of the mind is too sharp for the body,” and that intense father was an industrialist, Emma was raised in a home that mental effort can often lead to health problems, or that illness had an intellectual and quite liberal atmosphere. Her father may develop in order to protect the body’s vital energies. (also named Josiah) had supported Darwin when the latter was In a later book, devoted exclusively to Emma Darwin, Healey invited by Captain Robert Fitzroy to accompany him, without a [2] offered the examples of Darwin and Florence Nightingale; salary, on a two-year journey of exploration, which, in the end, both suffered chronic, sometimes disabling, illness and were lasted five years (Davenport, 27 December 1831–Falmouth, 2 essentially forced to conserve their energies in order to pursue October 1836). their interests. Nightingale experienced bouts of Malta fever Emma and her sisters received a liberal education, rare for (brucellosis) [3], and Darwin, as discussed below, may have girls of that time. When she was 10 years old she spent six contracted Chagas disease. In addition to these two examples, months with her family in Paris; afterwards, while the rest of the there is probably a long list of famous people whose physical family continued on a long trip to Switzerland and Italy, she and disabilities may have ultimately contributed to their success. her sister Fanny attended a boarding school in Paris, accompa- nied by a servant. Four years later, the two sisters completed a course in a boarding school in Paddington Green, located on Emma: childhood and youth the outskirts of London. There they did not learn very much, but during that time Emma developed her natural talent for music. In January 1839, when Emma Wedgwood married Darwin, she Back in the family home, they were taught by their mother and was already 30 years of age, almost a year older than her fian- by the distinguished visitors who came to stay at the house, cé and of an age at which a single woman was already consid- where the atmosphere was one of freedom and culture and ered a spinster. Nevertheless, if Emma had long remained sin- which had a well-supplied library with books for all interests. For gle, it was not for a lack of suitors; she had been courted by their Darwin cousins, whose home had a rather restrictive at- several but had rejected them.
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