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Television Fan Distinctions and Identity: an Analysis O F 'Quality' Discourses and Threats to 'Ontological Security' Television Fan Distinctions and Identity: An Analysis o f‘Quality’ Discourses and Threats To ‘Ontological Security’ Rebecca Sian Williams Cardiff School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies, Cardiff University This thesis is submitted to Cardiff University in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2008 UMI Number: U584B04 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U584B04 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Declaration DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed .... .........................(candidate) Date ............ STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of L.ru).................. (insert MCh, MD, MPhil, PhD etc, as appropriate) Signed .........................(candidate) Date ..??.?./(q/.QS. ............. STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. Signed ........................(candidate) Date . ............./?. STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ...................... (candidate) Date . Q ./o ..?’............ STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loansafter expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Graduate Development Committee. Signed ................................ .......................... (candidate) DateJffjlo jo ? ? .. ............. Television Fan Distinctions and Identity: An Analysis of Quality’ Discourses and Threats to ‘Ontological Security’ A bstract This thesis contributes to the existing literature in fan and audience research, particularly within television studies. By focusing upon issues of identity, ontological security, and cultural value, this thesis proposes a conceptualisation of fandom which accounts for inherent dualisms such as the tension between community and hierarchy, and the internal importance of fandom to individuals and the impact of external social factors. Whist prior work has failed to adequately theorise such contradictions, this thesis draws on the work of sociologists Pierre Bourdieu and Anthony Giddens to propose that we view fandom as forms of'pure relationship’ which enable fans to negotiate their self-identities, gain trust and comfort, and accrue levels of fan power. These ideas are demonstrated via empirical data generated by a cross comparative multi fandom case study of three online fan communities devoted to the television programmes Big Brother UK7, Neighbours , and The West Wing. This thesis demonstrates that fans across different fandoms make distinctions regarding the ‘quality' of their chosen fan objects, those who create them, and the position of fellow fans. They also rely upon the routines and repetitions of television scheduling to provide them with ontological security and a sense of trust in the fan object. This thesis also examines the results when this trust is undermined by unwelcome narrative developments or the total cessation of the fan object, which this work uniquely theorises as ‘post-object fandom’. Furthermore, fan practices are enacted within the specific arena of the broadcasting field, and this thesis situates the battles over fan objects between producers and fans within the context of this field. Thus, this thesis proposes a theoretical model which considers fandom as a community and a hierarchical site of struggles over power and capital, accounts for the internal impact of an individual’s fandom on their sense of self, and treats fan/object and fan/fan relationships equally. Television Fan Distinctions and Identity: An Analysis of d u a lity ’ Discourses and Threats To Ontological Security* Declaration j Abstract ij Contents iii Acknowledgements vi 1. Introduction 1 The story so far.. .Fandom as resistance or poaching 2 Fandom as affective investment 4 Fandom as iove object’, 'good/bad object’ or ‘transitional object’ 5 Fan studies: Limitations and omissions 9 Research questions 14 Fan ‘pure relationships’ and forms of fan capital 15 From monolithic to multi-site: introducing comparative fan studies 21 Being a ‘scholar-fan’: Negotiating self-identity as researcher and fan 24 What’s next? 26 2. Quality television and cultural value in the broadcasting field 30 Conceptualising the broadcasting field 31 Academic approaches to quality television and value 38 Fan approaches to quality television and value 46 Conclusion 52 3. ‘Degrees of purity’: From Bourdieu to Giddens and ‘fan pure relationships’ 54 Bourdieu. capital and fan love 54 Giddens, ‘pure relationships’ and fan love 58 ‘Fan pure relationships’ and rewards: ontological security and self-identity 61 Identifying fan continuums 70 Conceptualising fan/fan pure relationships 75 Conceptualising fan/object pure relationships 79 Conceptualising different types of fans 83 Conclusion 87 4. Methodology: Theoretical approaches to methodological and ethical dualisms the on-line research environment 90 Sites of interest: Online message boards and televisual texts 91 Community, hierarchy, and identity in online fandom 102 Academic/fan identities in online research 110 Access and ethics in online research 113 Conclusion 116 5. Reality, routine and reward: Examining fans of Big Brother UK 7 120 Big Brother and reflexive narratives of self 121 “Been there done that'": Ontological security, twists and ‘predictable unpredictability 130 “Does that mean we are all celebs now”?: Community, hierarchy and fan/fan relationships 138 ‘Housemate X is fit brigades’ and ‘pink Nokia voters’: Distinctions, fans, and genre 142 ‘it’s only a game show”: Active audiences, rules, and game-playing 147 “Endemol approved clones”: Authenticity, illusio, and celebrity 153 Conclusion 158 6. ‘Good’ Neighbours ? Identity, scheduling and intra-generic distinction 161 Examining soap audiences and soap studies 162 “Where is the character I can identify with?” Characters, identification and ‘betrayal’ 165 “I’ve watched Neighbours my whole life!”: Scheduling, routine and ontological security 171 “No-one’s expecting Shakespeare”: Genre, distinction and emotional realism 178 ‘Meeting in a dark alley!’: Fan/producer relationships in the broadcasting field 186 Conclusion 194 7. Loveshock, security and transition: Post-object fandom and the demise of The West Wing 197 Transitions and endings in fandom 198 “You changed my life for the better”: Identity, self-narrative and transformation 202 “Wandering off into soap land?”: Shipping, gendered readings and ‘proper’ West Wing 207 Ontological security and ‘loveshock’: Coping with the end of a fan object 218 “The constant in my life”: The ‘reiteration discourse’ 222 “My interest will probably wane”: The ‘renegotiation discourse’ 228 “Putting the show out of its misery” - The ‘rejection discourse’ 231 Fluidity, emotional management, and ontological security 236 Conclusion 240 8. Conclusion 243 The story so far... 243 Self-identity, ontological security & fan pure relationships 244 Quality, mainstream cults and power 250 Distinctions: ‘Proper’ fans and fan/producer interactions 254 What’s next? 258 Bibliography 263 Appendices 339 1 - Diagram of the broadcasting field within the field of cultural production 340 2- Multi-dimensional continuum of fan sectors & key 341 3- Table of types of fan according to sector 343 4- Statement for participants in research 344 5- Copies of requests to moderators & online postings 345 6- Copies of online questionnaires 348 7- Online links to threads and message boards 357 v Acknowledgements First and foremost thanks must go to my supervisor Dr. Matt Hills, who has been a constant source of encouragement over the course of, not just this thesis, but my academic life for the past seven years. Without his guidance and knowledge this thesis would be much poorer. The department of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies at Cardiff University has been supportive and welcoming and this research would have been impossible without their generous studentship. I also want to thank some individuals who have helped along the way; Justin Lewis, John Jewell, Paul Mason, Gill Branston, Karin Wahl-Jorgensen, Stephen Cushion, Sara Gwenllian-Jones, and my external examiner Comel Sandvoss. I am hugely obliged to the numerous fans in the on-line Big Brother, Neighbours and West Wing fandoms who have answered my questions for this paper enthusiastically and obligingly. All my respondents have been forthcoming and enthusiastic and without them, this research simply would not have been possible. The general support of the PhD community at Cardiff has been overwhelming and the course of this
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