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AN ANALYSIS OF PHATIC COMMUNION IN THE NOVEL
ENTITLED THE NEW ADVENTURES OF MARY-KATE &
ASHLEY: THE CASE OF THE DISAPPEARING PRINCESS
(SOCIO-PRAGMATICS APPROACH)
THESIS Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Sarjana Sastra Degree at the English Department
Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University
BY:
PATHY YULINDA
C0307005
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA
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PRONOUNCEMENT
Name : Pathy Yulinda
NIM : C 0307005
I honestly declare that the thesis entitled An Analysis of Phatic Communion In The
Novel Entitled “The New Adventures Of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case of The Disappearing Princess” (Socio-pragmatics Approach) is not a plagiarism. This thesis is originally written by the researcher. All of the information which relates to other people‟s works are written in quotation and stated in the bibliography. If the pronouncement is proven to be incorrect, I will be ready to accept any academic consequence and penalty, including the cancellation of the thesis and academic degree obtained from completing the thesis and study.
Surakarta, 30 July 2012
Pathy Yulinda
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MOTTO
Once you believe change, then you change it.
Do the Best, Be the Best, GOD Takes the Rest
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DEDICATION
I would like to dedicate my thesis
for: ALLAH SWT for the guidance and blessing
My family: My grandfather ‘Datuk Yunan’, my father, my mother, and my older sister
Me, myself
People who want me to finish my study
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahirabbil „alamin.. Puji Syukur kehadirat ALLAH SWT.
I am grateful to ALLAH SWT for always guiding and giving me strength to
finish my thesis. I realize that I can not finish my thesis without pray and support
from many people who want me to finish my thesis. I would like to express my
gratitude for people that have contribution I finish my thesis and my study at
English Department, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta.
1. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed.,Ph.D., the Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine
Arts, for giving approval of my thesis.
2. Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A, the Head of English Department, for giving
approval of my thesis.
3. Prof. Dr. M. Sri Samiati T, my thesis supervisor. My biggest thank to her
for her patient giving me support, advices, time, and smiles she gave
during the process of writing my thesis. Thank you so much for everything
you gave me to finish my thesis.
4. Fitria Akhmerti Primasita, S.S, M.A, my academic supervisor. Thank you
for your patient guiding and giving me support, advices, time, and smiles
until I finish my study at English Department of Sebelas Maret University.
5. Prof. Dr. Djatmika, M.A, for giving me more explanation about Phatic
Communion and Socio-Pragmatics to support my understanding of my
theory.
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6. All of Lecturer in English Department, for giving me knowledge and for
giving guidance to me during the process of studying.
7. All of my big family, especially my grandfather „Datuk Yunan‟, my father,
my mother, and my older sister for all motivations, advices, suggestion,
and support given to me to finish my study.
8. My boarding house in Solo, Kost Srikandi, my second home in Solo; I
will miss living in the boarding house.. ^_^ Srikandier‟s family; Inyong,
Candra, Arin, Farah, Ata, Fafa, Vanny, Sinta, Yuyun, and Chichi, thank
you for the support and accompany me during I finish my thesis. I am so
happy to have friends like you, guys.. I will miss you so guys..
Special thanks to Vanny, thank you for your printer,, your printer really
helps me.. And to Yuyun, thank you for allowing me watch the TV in
your room..
9. Marching Band Sebelas Maret‟s big family, thank you for all memories I
experienced during my study in Sebelas Maret University. Almost 4 years
in Marching Band Sebelas Maret, I can learn anything.. I can play
Trumpet.. I can learn how to be a good leader.. Thank you for 2010
Marching Band Sebelas Maret‟s management, 2011 Marching Band
Sebelas Maret‟s management, and 2012 Marching Band Sebelas Maret‟s
management, great experiences I got with you guys.. I will miss all
activities as a player and a member of Marching Band Sebelas Maret.. >.<
I am proud to be a part of Marching Band Sebelas Maret‟s family.
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10. Linguistics mainstream of ED‟07: Ida, Ika, Yuni, Helmi, Ulfa, Dhian,
Farida, Fransisca, Ratna, Bara, Erna, Dyah, and Hanif. Thank you for great
Linguistics class.
11. All my friends in ED‟07 thank you for great memories during study in
English Department, Sebelas Maret Surakarta. I am happy to have friends
in ED‟07. Hope in other opportunity we will meet again. Aammiinn.
12. For all people that I can not mention one by one, thank you for pray and
support me to finish my study in English Department, Sebelas Maret
University Surakarta.
I realize that my thesis is far from being perfect. I still need advices and
suggestions to make this thesis better. I really hope my thesis will be useful for
everyone who reads it.
Surakarta, 30 July 2012
Pathy Yulinda
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER ...... i
APPROVAL OF THE THESIS SUPERVISOR ...... ii
APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ...... iii
PRONOUNCEMENT ...... iv
MOTTO ...... v DEDICATION ...... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x LIST OF TABLES ...... xiii ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………… xiv
I. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background ………………………………………………………... 1 B. Research Questions ………………………………………………... 4 C. Research Objectives ………………………………………………. 5 D. Significance of the Study ………………………………………….. 5
E. Scope of the Study ………………………………………………… 6
F. Previous Study …………………………………………………….. 6
II. CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Sociolinguistics ……………………………………………………. 8
B. Pragmatics ……………………………………………………….... 10
C. Socio-Pragmatics ………………………………………………….. 12
D. Ethnography of Communication ………………………………….. 12
1. Speech Community ……………………………………………. 13
2. Speech Situation ………………………………………………. 14
3. Speech Event ………………………………………………….. 14
4. Speech Act …………………………………………………….. 15 E. Language Function ……………………………………………….commit to user .. 16
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F. Phatic Communion ………………………………………………... 18
1. The Form of Phatic Communion ……………………………… 20
a. Ritual words that are exchanged when people meet ……….. 20
b. Standard topic of conversation …………………………… 20
c. Supportive chat …………………………………………….. 21
d. Meaningless word or misunderstood word ……………….. 22
2. The Function of Phatic Communion ………………………….. 22 a. To break silence …………………………………………….. 23 b. To begin a conversation ……………………………………. 24 c. To do courteous talk ………………………………………... 25 d. To do gossip ………………………………………………... 26 e. To keep a conversation continue happening ……………….. 26 f. To show solidarity ………………………………………….. 27 g. To create harmony …………………………………………. 30 h. To create comfort …………………………………………... 30 i. To show empathy …………………………………………... 31 j. To show friendship …………………………………………. 31 k. To show honor ……………………………………………... 32
l. To show politeness …………………………………………. 32
G. Context of Situation ………………………………………………. 32
H. Synopsis the Novel ……………………………………………….. 33
III. CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Type of Research ………………………………………………….. 36
B. Research Location ………………………………………………… 36
C. Data and Source of Data …………………………………………... 37
D. Sample and Sampling ……………………………………………... 37
E. Data Validity ………………………………………………………. 38
F. Data Analysis ……………………………………………………… 38
G. Data Coding ……………………………………………………….. 41 H. Technique of Collecting commitData ……………………………………... to user 42
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I. Technique of Analyzing Data ……………………………………... 43
IV. CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
A. Introduction ……………………………………………………….. 44
B. Data Analysis ……………………………………………………… 47
1. The Application of the form of Phatic Communion employed
in the novel “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case of The Disappearing Princess” ……………………... 47 a. Standard Topic of Conversation …………………………... 47 b. Ritual Words that are exchanged when people meet ……… 58 c. Supportive Chat ………………………………………….... 62 d. Meaningless Word ………………………………………… 69 C. Discussion …………………………………………………………. 109 1. The forms and the functions of Phatic Communion in the novel “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case of the Disappearing Princess” ……………………………………. 109 2. The context of situation in the novel “The New Adventures of Mary & Ashley: The Case of the Disappearing Princess” ……. 112
V. CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusion ………………………………………………………… 113
1. The form of Phatic Communion ………………………………. 113
2. The function of Phatic Communion …………………………... 115
B. Suggestions ………………………………………………………... 116
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 The distribution of the form of Phatic Communion which
employed in the novel “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate &
Ashley: The Case of the Disappearing Princess”
………………………………………...... 45
Table 4.2 The distribution of the function of Phatic Communion which employed in the novel “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case of the Disappearing Princess” ………………………………………...... 45
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ABSTRACT
2012. Pathy Yulinda. Thesis. The research entitled “An Analysis of Phatic
Communion In The Novel Entitled The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case of The Disappearing Princess” (Socio-Pragmatics Approach) is
intended to analyze the forms and the functions of Phatic expression employed in the novel. The objectives of the research are: to find out the forms of Phatic Communion employed in the novel “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate &
Ashley: The Case of The Disappearing Princess”, to find out the functions of Phatic Communion employed in the novel “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case of The Disappearing Princess”, and to describe the context of situation where Phatic Communion occurs in the novel. This research employed a Socio-Pragmatics approach as the theory approach to analyze the forms and the functions of Phatic Communion. The forms of Phatic Communion are analyzed based on Jean Aitchison‟s theory and the functions of Phatic Communion are analyzed based on Jumanto‟s theory. The methodology used is the qualitative descriptive research. The data of this research are the dialogues in the novel entitled The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case of The Disappearing Princess that contains the forms and the functions of Phatic Communion. This research focuses on searching the forms and the functions of Phatic Communion employed in the dialogue of the novel. The results of this research show 74 data employing the forms of Phatic Communion. The forms of Phatic Communion employed in the novel are Standard Topic of Conversation, Ritual Words that are exchanged when people meet, Supportive Chat, and Meaningless Word. While, in the novel there are 95 data employed the functions of Phatic Communion. The functions of Phatic Communion are „to break silence‟, „to begin a conversation‟, to do courteous
talk‟, „to do gossip‟, to keep a conversation continue happening‟, „to show solidarity‟, „to create harmony‟, „to create comfort‟, „to show empathy‟, „to show
friendship‟, „to show honor‟, and „to show politeness‟. From the twelve functions of Phatic Communion, there are two functions which are not founded in the novel. The two functions are „to create harmony‟ and „to show honor‟.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Sociolinguistics
Definition of Sociolinguistics
People use language as a communication way to speak to other people.
People use language to deliver information to other people. Not only to deliver or
to convey information to other people but also it is used to establish and maintain
relationship to other people. It means that language has closely related and can not
be separated from society. In linguistics, there is a branch knowledge that learns
how language related to society. The branch is Sociolinguistics. The term
„sociolinguistics‟ was coined in the 1950s to try bring together the perspectives of
linguists and sociologists to bear on issues concerning the place of language in
society, and to address, in particular, the social context of linguistics diversity
(Suzanne Romaine 1995:489 in “Handbook of Pragmatics Manual” edited by Jef
Ver Schueren, Jan-Ola Ostman, and Jan Blommaert).
In addition, Chaika (1994:3) states that Sociolinguistics is the study of the
ways people use language in social interaction of all kinds. Sociolinguistics is
concerned with apparently trivial matters, with the talk on street corners and in
bars as well as in the classroom or on the stage. Chaika also states that
Sociolinguistics is concerned with the behaviors people aren‟t usually aware of,
such as when you say “so any well” or “well” before you make a statement, how
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as the talk, and, even if it‟s true that women talk a lot and men don‟t. Moreover,
Hudson (1996:4) also mentioned that Sociolinguistics as „the study of language in
relation to society‟.
As explained by Chaika (1994:3) language and society are so intertwined
that is impossible to understand one without the other. There is no human society
that does not depend upon, is not shaped by, and does not itself shape language.
Every social institution is maintained by language. People use language to reveal
or conceal our personal identities, our characters, and our background, often
wholly unconscious that people are doing so.
In short that Sociolinguistics is a field study that concerned with how
language is used in society. By sociolinguistics, it tells us what messages people
are really giving when people speak, messages that are not put into actual words.
It shows how and why people feel uncomfortable, even hostile to other people.
Scope of Sociolinguistics
The field of Sociolinguistics is divided into two, Macro-Sociolinguistics
and Micro-Sociolinguistics. Spolsky (1998:7) explains that some scholars divides
the field of Sociolinguistics into two because they want to distinguish between
sociolinguistics, which emphasizes the social influence on language, and the
sociology of language, which emphasizes the role of language in society.
Macro-Sociolinguistics
Spolsky (1998:124) explains that macro-sociolinguistics study or the
sociology of language which concentrates on the use of a variety and its social
significance. However, Romaine (1995:489 in “Handbook of Pragmatics Manual” commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 10
edited by Jef Verschueren, Jan-Ola Ostman, and Jan Blommaert) also states that
Macro-Sociolonguistics takes society as its starting point and deals with language
as a pivotal factor in the organization of communities. In addition, Sumarsono
(2008:14-16) stated that Macro-Sociolinguistics aims at big and large problems.
He also stated that macro-sociolinguistics is close attentions with communication
inter group in a language society even until in the nation level in the country. It is
also close attentions to language contact between majority group and minority
group and other things which related to the speaker in large amount.
Micro-Sociolinguistics
Spolsky (1998:124) explains that micro-sociolinguistics is the area of
sociolinguistics study which concentrates on linguistics variables and their
significance. Sumarsono (2008:14-16) also added that micro-sociolinguistics aims
at small and narrow problems. Some people said that micro-sociolinguistics talks
about who is talking, in what language, to which the speaker talks, about who or
what the speaker talking, in what situation, in what means, and so on. In addition,
Rogert Bell (1976, in Sumarsono 2008:14-16) states that micro-sociolinguistics is
more concerned on the language interaction inter speaker in one intergroup.
B. Pragmatics
The field study of Pragmatics is concerned on how utterance is uttered by
the speaker (or writer). Yule (1996:4) states that Pragmatics is the study of the
relationships between linguistics form and the users of those forms. Yule defined
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1. Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning
Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a
speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It has,
consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their
utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by
themselves.
2. Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning
This type of study necessarily involves the interpretation of what people
mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said. It
requires a consideration of how speaker organize what they want to say in
accordance with who they are talking to, where, when, and under what
circumstances.
3. Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said
This approach also necessarily explores how listeners can make inferences
about what is said in order to arrive at an interpretation of the speaker‟s
intended meaning. This type of study explores how a great deal of what is
unsaid is recognized as part of what is communicated.
4. Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance
This perspective then raises the question of what determines the choice
between the said and the unsaid. The basic answer is tied to the notion of
distance. Closeness, whether it is physical, social, or conceptual, implies
shared experience. On the assumption of how close or distant the listener is,
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C. Socio-Pragmatics
The definition of Socio-Pragmatics is stated by Trosborg (1994:37) that
Socio-Pragmatics is concerned with the analysis of significant patterns of
interaction in particular social situations and/or in particular social systems. For
example, speech act may be realized differently in different social contexts and
situations as well as in different social groups within a speech community.
Trosborg (1994:39) also stated that Socio-Pragmatics involves an analysis of the
use of speech acts in relation to social situations, and the social functions of
language seem to motivate much linguistics detail.
From the definitions above, it can be concluded that Socio-Pragmatics is
related to two branches of knowledge in linguistics that is Sociolinguistics and
Pragmatics. This research applies a Socio-Pragmatics approach since the term
Phatic Communion is employed in different contexts and situations in the
dialogue of the novel.
D. Ethnography of Communication
Definition of Ethnography of Communication
The definition of Ethnography of Speaking or generally called the
Ethnography of Communication is the approach to the Sociolinguistics of
language in which the use of language in general is related to social and cultural
values (Fasold, 1990:39).
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Hymes in Fasold, 1990:39, states that the Ethnography of Speaking is
concerned with the situations and uses, the patterns and functions, of speaking as
an activity in its own right. From those definitions what Fasold and Hymes said
about the Ethnography of Communication, it can be concluded that the
Ethnography of Speaking or the Ethnography of Communication is the study of
how language is used in society related with social and cultural values in that
society. The Ethnography of Communication itself concerns to the situation and
the uses of language in society and also concerns to the patterns and the functions
of language as a communication way.
Fasold (1990:40) also states that to understand the ethnography of
communication is all about, it is necessary to understand some fundamental
concepts of ethnography of communication. He defined the fundamental concepts
of ethnography of communication into four concepts:
1. Speech Community
Spolsky (1998:24) states that speech community is all the people who
speak a single language (like English or France or Amharic) and so share
notions of what is same or different in phonology or grammar. He also added
that speech community include any group of people, wherever they might be,
and however remote might be the possibility of their ever wanting or being
able to communicate with each other, all using the same language.
While Fasold (1990:41) mentiones that a speech community must at least
share rules for speaking. Hymes in Fasold (1990:41) also mentiones that all
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members of a speech community share not only the same rules for speaking,
but at least one linguistic variety as well.
From those definitions above, it can be concluded that a speech
community is one group of people that live in one area or society, then they
speak one language each other.
2. Speech Situation
Hymes in Fasold (1990:42) describes speech situations as situations
associated with (or marked by the absence of) speech. He gives the example of
speech situations such as ceremonies, fights, hunts, or lovemaking. Hymes
sees that speech situations are not purely communicative; it may be composed
of both communicative and other kinds of events. He also states that speech
situations are not themselves subject to rules of speaking, but can be referred
to by rules of speaking as context.
3. Speech Event
Fasold (1990:42) states that speech events are both communicative and
governed by rules for the use of speech. A speech event takes place within a
speech situation and is composed of one or more speech acts. For example, a
joke might be a speech act that is part of conversation (a speech event) which
takes place at a party (a speech situation).
In conversation, the speaker normally expects that his or her
communicative intention will be recognized by the hearer. Both speaker and
hearer are usually helped in this process by the circumstances surrounding the
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utterance. These circumstances, including other utterances, are called the
speech event (Yule, 1996:47).
4. Speech Act
Yule (1996:47) states that speech act is the actions performed via
utterances. People shows their perform actions via those utterances. Speech
act focuses on how people doing something by saying a word. Austin
(1960:52) in Thomas (1995:51) also states that the term „speech act‟ refers to
an utterance and the total situation in which the utterance is issued.
Moreover, Yule (1995:48) also adds that there are three related acts when
the speaker performs an action by producing an utterance.
a. Locutionary act
It is the basic act of utterance or producing a meaningful linguistics
expression.
b. Illocutionary act
It is the purpose of an utterance. This act shows the speaker utter the
utterance with some kind of functions.
c. Perlocutionary act
It is the effect of the illocutionary act. It is the response of the hearer
whether related to the feelings, thoughts, or even action.
E. Language Function
People communicate each other by language. To deliver information to
other people it uses language. Aitchison (1996:16) explains that to many people, commit to user 17 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
language is used for the transfer of useful facts, such as „Dinner will be served at
eight o‟clock‟, „Peter‟s uncle has twisted his ankle‟, and „Kangaroos live in
Australia‟. While Trudgill (1995:1) states that language is not simply a means of
communicating information – about the weather or any other subject. It is also a
very important means of establishing and maintaining relationships with other
people.
Aitchison (1996:17) also adds that language today is used for so many
purposes, among others are for:
1. Providing information
2. Giving commands
3. Expressing feelings
4. Social talking
5. Word play and poetry
6. Talking about language
In addition, Aitchison (1996) states that language is bad at handling spatial
information whether for tying knots, following routes or learning about the
circulation of blood. Language is also poor at conveying information about
sensation or emotion. However, language is particularly good in social roles at
maintaining social ties and influencing other. Holmes (1992:286) categorizes the
functions of speech as follows:
1. Expressive utterances
This utterance expresses the speaker‟s feelings, e.g. I’m feeling great today.
2. Directive utterances commit to user 18 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
This utterance attempt to get someone to do something, e.g. Clear the table.
3. Referential utterances
This utterance provide information, e.g. At the third stroke it will be three
o’clock precisely.
4. Metalinguistics utterances
This utterance comment on language itself, e.g. ‘Hegemony’ is not a common
word.
5. Poetic utterances
This utterance focus on aesthetic features of language, e.g. a poem, an ear-
catching motto, a rhyme: Peter Piper picked a peck of packled peopers.
6. Phatic utterances
This utterance expresses solidarity and empathy with others, e.g. Hi, how are
you, lovely day isn’t it!.
The first three functions are recognized by many linguists to be a very
fundamental function of language, perhaps because they derive from the basic
components of any interactions – the speaker (expressive), the addressee
(directive), and the message (referential). The last function, phatic function, is
equally important from Sociolinguistic perspective because it conveys an affective
or social message rather than a referential one (Janet Holmes, 1992:287).
Moreover Wallwork (1969:12) defines that language is used for:
1. Phatic communion (i.e. as a social regulator)
2. For ceremonial purposes
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4. To keep records
5. To convey orders and information
6. To influence people
7. To enable self-expression
8. To embody or enable thought
From the definitions above, it can be concluded that Phatic
Communication is included to the language function. Language functions are not
only for deliver information or as a communication way but it is also used to keep
social contact each other people.
F. Phatic Communion
Being in one place with people that are not acquainted and not speak to
them is quite embarrassing. If no conversation takes place, the atmosphere can
become rather strained, because “for many Europeans and Americans silence with
another indicates hostility and social malpractice” (Chaika, 1994:171). To break
the silence someone should start a conversation. Talking about some neutral
topics like the weather is possible to strike up a relationship with them without
having to say very much.
In Indonesia, the utterance “Maaf, sekarang jam berapa ya?” is an
example of common utterance which is used by Indonesian people to break the
silence. While in Western, the utterance “Hello”, “How are you?”, or even “Nice
day, isn‟t it?” are the common utterance that used by Western people to keep their
social relationship or to keep a contact still happen (Jumanto, 2008:3). Jumanto commit to user 20 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
(2008:3) states that the utterance “Mau pergi kemana?” in Indonesian or “Hello,
How are you?” in English are a verbal communication phenomenon which is
called Phatic Communion (Malinowski, 1923) or Phatic Function (Jakobson,
1960). Richards et al., 1992:214 (Jumanto, 2008:3) defines that Komuni Fatis
adalah komunikasi yang tidak dimaksudkan untuk mencari atau mengirimkan
informasi, tetapi komunikasi yang memiliki fungsi sosial uuntuk memantapkan
atau mempertahankan kontak sosial. Phatic communion (often relabeled phatic
communication or phatic speech) refers to a form of relationship communication
(as opposed to content communication) which opens the channels of
communication. Its purpose is to communicate openness for communication,
rather than, about content, say finances, the last movie you saw, or anything
external to the relationship between you and the other person (taken from
http://tcbdevito.blogspot.com/2007/11/abcd-phatic-communion.html, accessed on
18 June 2011 at 08.50 PM).
Phatic Communion, it is firstly coined by Malinowski. He argues that the
false conception of language as a means of transfusing ideas from the head of the
speaker to that of the listener. He stresses the social importance of talking for the
sake of talking which he calls Phatic Communion. Phatic Communion is very
important in our daily life like what Trudgill conveys that language is not only a
means of communicating information – about the wheater or any other subject. It
is also a very important means of establishing and maintaining relationship with
other people (1995:1).
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 21
The word Phatic Communion is derived from Greek verb meaning „to
speak‟ and communion (the creation of „ties of union). Malinowski (1923:315)
defined Phatic Communion as „A type of speech in which ties of union are created
by a mere exchange of words. Phatic Communion can occur in many parts of
conversation in our daily life.
1. The Form of Phatic Communion
According to Aitchison (1996:22), the form of Phatic Communion is
divided into four, there are:
a. Ritual words that are exchange when people meet
Ritual words that are exchange when people meet or what is
commonly called „greeting‟ are one kind of Phatic Communion. Hudson
(1996:132) suggested that „a greeting is needed to show that the relation
who existed at the end of the last encounter is still unchanged, in spite of
the separation‟. Chaika (1996:85) states that greetings are an excellent
example of style as communication. The examples of greetings such as
„Good morning‟, „Hi, there!‟, and „Hello again!‟. (Chaika, 1996:22).
b. Standard topics of conversation
Standard topic of conversation is a topic of conversation that is too
standard and not specific. Talking about weather is an easy topic to be
developed to strike up a relationship between unacquainted people. The
other standard topic of conversation is about the health of the relatives or
gives a comment of something. This topic is usually for people who are
already acquainted each other. commit to user 22 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
Chaika (1996:22) gives the example of standard topics of conversation,
in Britain this is traditionally the weather, as the eighteenth-century
lexicographer Samuel Johnson noted: „When two Englishmen meet, their
first talk is of the weather‟. In other cultures, it may be the health of
relatives, as in the following exchange between a villager and a city-bred
young man who has just returned to his home village in Karnataka, South
India:
Young man : How are you? Villager : By the grace of God, all are fine. My son is employed now. Many people have come to offer their daughters to him already. My daughter attained puberty recently. She is sent to her husband‟s place if that Lord Venka Teshwara or Tirupathi opens his eyes. I will be a grandfather soon. (Chaika, 1996:22)
c. Supportive chat
Supportive chat is conversation between participants that does not
deliver say new information but full of empathy and solidarity.
Conversational interaction between friends often supplies a minimum of
information, but a maximum supportive chat (Chaika, 1996:22). This often
takes the form of repetition, both self repetition, and other repetition, as in
the following conversation:
Marge : Can I have one of the Tabs?
Do you want to split it?
Do you wantcommit to split to usera Tab? perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 23
Kate : Do you want to split MY Tab?
Vivian : No.
Marge : Kate, do you want to split my tab?
Kate : No, I don‟t want to split your tab.
(Chaika, 1996:22)
d. Meaningless words or misunderstood words
Meaningless words or even misunderstood words can keep a
conversation. The example of meaningless words or misunderstood words
as Chaika states; a point often satirized by Alan Bennett in his play:
Les : He‟s had a stroke. What is a stroke? Marjorie : Why? Les : This old man had had one. Marjorie : What old man? Les : I‟m telling you. Marjorie : Les. Les : What? Marjorie : You‟re still not thinking about the army.
Les : No.
Marjorie : You‟ve not been getting yourself vaccinated?
Les : No. I want to tell you about this couple. Listen to me
about this couple. This husband and wife.
Marjorie : I‟m not interested in husbands and wives.
(Chaika, 1996:22-23)
2. The Function of Phatic Communion
As Richards et al., 1992:214 (Jumanto, 2008:3) states that Komuni Fatis
adalah komunikasi yang tidak dimaksudkan untuk mencari atau mengirimkan
informasi, tetapi komunikasi yang memiliki fungsi sosial untuk memantapkan
atau mempertahankan kontakcommit sosial to user, meanwhile Jumanto (2008:55) perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 24
mentioned that he found twelve functions of Phatic Communion in English
native speaker, there are:
a. To break silence
Jumanto (2008:56) states that an English native speaker uses Phatic
Communion to break silence when meet or separate to someone with
superior or subordinate. He also adds that an English native speaker break
a silence by:
a. Saying meet greetings
„Hello!‟ „Hello! How are you today?‟
„Hey, gorgeous!‟ „Good morning!‟
„Good day!‟ „Hey, how are you going?‟
b. Saying name, title, or title and name
„Doctor!‟ „Sir!‟ „Mr. Langford!‟
„Mike!‟ „Doctor Langford!‟
c. Saying leave taking greetings
„See you later!‟ „Oh, good to see you. Take care!‟
„Till then again!‟ „Have a nice day!‟
„Bye!‟ „Have a nice day!‟
„Good bye!‟ „See you soon!‟
d. Giving a comment of something that is clear
„Oh, look at the rain, pouring down really hard!‟
„Hi, you‟re busy!‟
„What are you working on?‟ commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 25
„Have a nice weather! Did you see the news last night?‟
b. To begin a conversation
The explanation of function „to begin a conversation‟ includes the
communicative functions such as saying meet greetings, saying name, title
or title and name, saying separate greetings, giving a comment of
something that is clear, interrupt, and apologize. The examples of saying
meet greetings, saying name, title or title and name, saying separate
greetings, and giving a comment of something that is clear has been stated
above. These are the examples of interrupt and apologize:
a. Interrupt
„Excuse me! Can I borrow your time for a minute?‟
„Excuse me. Do you have a minute?‟
„Hold on minute!‟
„I‟m sorry‟
„Sorry, for interrupting‟
„Hey, can I ask you something?‟
b. Apologize to start a conversation
„I‟m sorry, could you….?‟
„I‟m sorry for being late…‟
„I must apologize‟
„Oh, I‟m sorry…‟
„Sorry. Do you have a minute?‟
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 26
c. To do courteous talk
Jumanto (2008:58-59) defines that the function of Phatic Communion „to
do courteous talk‟ is divided into three parts; opening courteous talk, content
courteous talk, and closing courteous talk.
a. Opening courteous talk
„Hey, how is it going?‟
„How is your day going?‟
„How are you?‟
„It‟s a nice day, isn‟t it?‟
The utterances to open the courteous talk are same with the utterance of
meet greetings, asking the conditions, giving a comment of something that
is clear, or other utterance.
b. Content courteous talk
„Did you hear what happened to me?‟
„How is it going?‟
„How is work?‟
„Did you see the game last night?‟
c. Closing courteous talk
„I‟m sorry. I have to go now.‟
„I‟ll talk to you more later.‟
„Hey. See you. I have got to get back to work. I got to go do
something else.‟
„Excuse me. Sorry, I have something else to do.‟ commit to user 27 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
d. To do gossip
Jumanto (2008:60-61) states that English native speaker uses Phatic
Communion to do gossip only to their intimate in informal situation. To start
gossip, the English native speaker usually gives a question, a statement, or a
question and a statement, for example:
„Hey, what is it inside here about….?‟
„Oh, I met so and so last week…..‟, „Did you hear about so and so…?‟
„Last night, I saw so and so on television. This has done this….‟
„Have they broken up yet? Is she pregnant?‟
Jumanto also states that in English the content of gossip is the entire topics
that can be developed from the statement or the question when to ask a
question or a statement. Meanwhile, to end gossip the English native speaker
usually gives a reason or change to another topic, for example:
„Okay, I have something to do‟
„So, how is school these days?‟
„Oh, I‟ve got to go. I‟ve got to do this.‟
„I‟m really hungry. I haven‟t had lunch.‟
e. To keep a conversation continue happening
The explanation of function „to keep a conversation continue happening‟
includes the communicative functions such as interrupting, avoiding silence
while talking, changing the topic of conversation, and giving an expression as
a sign while listening. The example of interrupting has been stated before.
a. Avoiding silence while talking commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id28
„Ehm‟, „Let me think about it‟, „Wait a minute.‟
„I mean‟, „You see‟, „That‟s a bit difficult.‟
„Hmm‟, „Cck‟, „Oh, hang on‟, „Hang on a minute.‟
„‟What‟s his name?‟, „What‟s that thing?‟
b. Changing the topic of conversation
„By the way….‟
„What do you think about…?‟
„How about this…?‟
„Have you heard about this…?‟, „Have I told you about this?‟
c. Giving an expression as a sign while listening
„Ehm‟ „Come on!‟, „Oh, is that so?‟
„Ahm‟, „Aha‟ „I see‟
„Oh!‟ „Oh, yeah?‟, „Oh, that‟s terrible!‟
„Really?‟
f. To show solidarity
Jumanto (2008:63-66) states that the explanation of function „to show
solidarity‟ includes the communicative functions such as declaring hope or
expectation, giving prosperity or happiness, declaring agreement of
something, apologizing, declaring thank you, giving praise, criticizing
indirectly, saying bad words, mocking, and joking.
a. Declaring hope or expectation
„Good luck!‟, „Best luck!‟
„All the best!‟, „Break a leg!‟ commit to user 29 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
„I hope that goes well‟, „I wish you success.‟
„Have a good day!‟; „I hope that situation works out well‟
b. Giving prosperity or happiness
„Congratulations!‟
„Congratulations. That‟s great news!‟
„Congratulation for having production meet the quota for the
month‟
„Well done! I knew you could do it‟
c. Declaring agreement of something
„Yes, exactly!‟
„I think that‟s a good idea‟, „Yes, you are right‟
„Yeah, I think you are right‟, „I couldn‟t agree more.‟
„I agree totally or absolutely!‟
d. Apologizing
„I‟m sorry that you misunderstood me.‟
„I apologize that I was taking the wrong way, I said the wrong
thing.‟
„I‟m sorry. I‟m messed up.‟
„I‟m really sorry…‟, „I‟m sorry about…‟
e. Declaring thank you
„Oh, thanks!‟
„Thanks for your help!‟
„Thank you for… I appreciate it‟ commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 30
„Thank you. I really appreciate your doing that.‟
f. Giving praise
„Great job!‟, „Well done!‟
„I think you did the right thing.‟
„You look great today!‟
„I know you can do it‟, „You‟re really smart.‟
g. Criticizing indirectly
„I have seen examples elsewhere. That‟s like this!‟
„I‟m not too happy about this‟, „I think you should have….‟
„I don‟t agree with this. I want to change it.‟
„I think it would be better if we did this.‟
h. Saying swearing words
„Bleeding!‟
„Fuck!‟, „Fucking!‟
„Shit!‟, „Bloody!‟
„Bloody stupid!‟, „Bull shit!‟
i. Mocking
„Well, you look gorgeous!‟
„Oh, nice piece of driving! Michael Schumacher, yeah?‟
„Ah, you‟re so fat!‟, „Oh, you‟re so old!‟
„Ah, you never get the job! You are terrible!‟
j. Joking
„Is that an executive decision?‟ commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 31
„Why are you so happy today?‟
g. To create harmony
Jumanto (2008:67) states that the explanation of function „to create
harmony‟ includes the communicative functions such as declaring hope or
expectations, giving prosperity or happiness, declaring agreement of
something, apologizing, declaring thank you, giving praise, criticizing
indirectly, saying bad words, mocking, and joking. All the examples of the
communicative function have been stated before.
h. To create comfort
Jumanto (2008:68) states that the explanation of function „to create
comfort‟ includes the communicative functions such as declaring hope or
expectation, giving prosperity or happiness, declaring agreement of
something, apologizing, declaring thank you, giving praise, criticizing
indirectly, saying bad words, mocking, joking, calm someone down, and
giving spirit. The first ten examples of communicative function have been
stated before.
a. Calm someone down
„Take it easy!‟, „Don‟t worry!‟
„Try to calm down‟
„Don‟t worry about it!‟; „Don‟t worry too much!‟
„Don‟t be worried!‟, „Everything‟s gonna be fine!‟
b. Giving spirit
„Don‟t worry!‟, „Don‟t worry. You can do it.‟ commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
32
„Everything will be okay.‟
„You are amazing. You have done an amazing job here!‟
„You‟ll be fine‟, „You‟ll be alright‟, „You‟ll get through it!‟
i. To show empathy
Jumanto (2008:69) states that the explanation of function „to show
empathy‟ includes the communicative functions such as declaring hope or
expectation, giving prosperity or happiness, declaring agreement of
something, apologizing, declaring thank you, giving praise, criticizing
indirectly, saying bad words, mocking, joking, calm someone down, giving
spirit, and declaring sympathy. The first twelve examples of the
communicative function have been stated before.
a. Declaring sympathy
„I‟m sorry t hear about that‟
„You‟ll get better‟; „Things would get better.‟
„I‟m terrible sorry about your great loss.‟
„I‟m sorry to hear about your misfortune.‟
j. To show friendship
Jumanto (2008:71) states that the explanation of function „to show
empathy‟ includes the communicative functions such as declaring hope or
expectation, giving prosperity or happiness, declaring agreement of
something, apologizing, declaring thank you, giving praise, criticizing
indirectly, saying bad words, mocking, joking, calm someone down, giving
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 33
spirit, and declaring sympathy. All of the examples of the communicative
function have been stated before.
k. To show honor
Jumanto (2008:72) states that the explanation of function „to show honor‟
is as same as with the explanation of function „to show friendship‟. All of the
examples of the communicative function have also been stated before.
l. To show politeness
Jumanto (2008:73) states that the explanation of function „to show
politeness‟ including the first eleven of functions of Phatic Communion, there
are to break silence, to begin a conversation, to do courteous talk, to do
gossip, to keep a conversation continue happening, to show solidarity, to
create harmony, to create comfort, to show empathy, to show friendship, and
to show honor. All of the functions of Phatic Communion have been
explained above.
G. Context of Situation
Halliday (1985:5) states that the terms, CONTEXT and TEXT, put
together like this, serve as a reminder that these are aspects of the same process.
There is text and there is other text that accompanies it: text that is „with‟, namely
the con-text. The context goes beyond what is said and written. It includes other
non-verbal goings on – the total environment in which a text unfolds. Halliday
also states that the context serves to make a bridge between the text and the
situation in which texts actually occur. commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 34
The term context of situation is coined by Bronislaw Malinowski (1923).
In Halliday (1985:6) it stated that by context of situation, Malinowski meant the
environment of the text. Halliday (1985:46) explains that the context of situation
is the immediate environment in which a text is actually functioning. The context
of situation is used to explain why certain things have been said or written on this
particular occasion, and what else might have been said or written that was not.
From those definitions above, it can be concluded that it is important to
understand the context of situation when reading or listening to something. It is
necessary to learn the text by understanding the context of situation of text, so the
readers or the listeners can get the point or message of the text.
H. Synopsis The Novel
The novel entitled “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The
Case of The Disappearing Princess” tells about the twin detectives who loves the
mysteries is in the theater to see the premiere movie entitled „The Disappearing
Princess‟. This novel is written by Lisa Eisenberg and published in 1999.
The story began when Mary-Kate and Ashley were in the theater to watch
the premiere movie entitled “The Disappearing Princess”. They got the premiere
ticket because they won in writing essay about the movie. The twins were in the
lobby of the theater. There were many grownups and children wanted to watch the
movie. They were so surprise they could watch the premiere movie. They stood in
line to enter the theater. Then they entered the theater, looked for their seats, and
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 35
sat in their seats. While waiting the movie begins they decided to buy some snacks
outside of the studio.
They walked to the cafeteria of the theater to buy some snacks, but they
decided to look the Princess Anna‟s doll first in the display case near the cafeteria.
Then what they saw in the display case, the display case was empty. There was no
Princess Anna‟s doll inside the display case. The twins decided they had to find
the Princess Anna‟s doll because the doll was valuable and very expensive thing.
The twins looked for the clues to help them in finding the thief who stolen the
doll. Then they found the thief named Donald, a boy with his younger sister
named Jessica whom the twins met in the lobby of the theater. At first the twins
thought that the case was solved, but Ashley felt something different with the doll
that they found. And that was true, the doll that they found was not the original
doll, it was a fake doll. Ashley told to Mary-Kate about the doll and they decided
to look for the original doll.
While looking for the original doll, they investigated again near the
display case and they found something. They had to tell Ruska, the assistant of the
doll owner. They looked for Ruska but they trapped in the storage room. In the
storage room they talked about who has the key of the display case, it was Mr.
Gudov as the owner of the doll and Ruska, the assistant of Mr. Gudov. They
thought that Mr. Gudov was not the thief of the doll because he was the owner of
the doll and the only one possibility of the thief of the doll was Ruska, because
when the doll was gone the display case was not broken and the display case was
commit to user 36 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
locked. They had to find Ruska to proof it. They tried to find the way out of the
storage room, and then they found it.
The way out the street. On street they found Ruska bringing a suitcase.
The twins believed that the original doll might be in that suitcase. They tried to
chase Ruska but it was to far from her. But then the twins saw Ruska crashed into
Mr. Gudov and fell down. The twins came to them. Mary-Kate and Ashley tried to
explain what happened with the Princess Anna‟s doll and Ruska. At first, Mr.
Gudov did not believe it but he opened the suitcase and the twins was true. The
original doll was in the suitcase and also the plane ticket of Ruska. Mr. Gudov
was very angry to Ruska, because he trusted to her as his assistant.
The end of this story, Mr. Gudov called the police to bring Ruska to the
police station. He was very thankful to Mary-Kate and Ashley because of them he
knew that Ruska was a cruel person. Mr. Gudov gave the twins a present, the fake
doll that Ruska used to change the original doll in the display case for his thankful
to the twins‟ detectives.
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Type of Research
The type of this research is a qualitative research using descriptive
method. Bodgan and Taylor in Moleong (2000:3) defines that qualitative
methodology refers to the research procedure which results the descriptive data in
the form of written or spoken words and behavior available to be examined.
Surakhmad (1994:147) states that a descriptive method is a kind of
research method using technique of searching, collecting, classifying, analyzing,
interpreting and finally drawing a conclusion. Moreover, Subroto (1992:7) states
that the qualitative research have a characteristic of descriptive. He explains that it
belongs to descriptive because of the data of qualitative research in the form of
words, sentences, discourse, pictures, daily notes, memo, and video-type.
In this research, the data are in the form of words and sentences. This
research focuses on searching the forms and the functions of Phatic Communion
that employed in the dialogue of the novel, collecting the data, classifying the
data, analyzing the data, and drawing the conclusion.
B. Research Location
The location of this research is in the novel entitled “The New Adventures
of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case of the Disappearing Princess” which is written
by Lisa Eisenberg and published in 1999. The primary elements in this research commit to user
36 37 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
location: setting or place, actor or participant, and event (Spradley, 1980 in
Riyadi, 2010). The setting of this novel is in Hollywood. The characters are the
participants in the novel. The event of this story happened when Mary-Kate
&Ashley wants to see a movie about Princess Anna but her doll is missing from
the display case.
C. Data and Source of Data
Subroto (1992:7) explains that data can be in the form of discourse,
sentences, clauses, phrases, or words and from those data the researcher analyze
of each datum and make a conclusion.
While, Arikunto (2006:129) states that source of data refers to the subject
from which data are obtained. The source of data in this research is in the dialogue
of the novel “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case of the
Disappearing Princess”.
The data of this research consist of primary and secondary data. The
primary data of this research are all dialogue that contains the form and the
function of Phatic Communion. The secondary data in this research is the
supporting information about the novel.
D. Sample and Sampling
Sample is a part of representation of the data being observed and technique
of sampling is a technique of choosing samples of data (Arikunto, 1999:112).
Samples in qualitative research are related to the context. Each datum is treated commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 38
based on the context. Meanwhile, sampling technique is a technique that is used
by the researcher to select samples out of data (Hadi, 1982:75). The sample of this
research is taken from the dialogue in the novel entitled “The New Adventures of
Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case of the Disappearing Princes”.
E. Data Validity
This research employs source of data triangulation to check the
trustworthiness of data. According to Patton‟s term in Sutopo (2002:79) the
technique of data triangulation or source triangulation means in collecting the
data, the researcher should use many source of data to obtain the truthfulness of
the data. The source of data in this research taken from the novel entitled “The
New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case of The Disappearing
Princess” and the data consists of primary data and secondary data.
F. Data Analysis
In this research the data are analyzed based on Searle theory. Searle theory
uses the Spradely (1980) analyzed the domain, taxonomy, componential analysis,
and finding cultural value.
Domain Analysis, it is used to separate the utterances including the Phatic
Communion.
For example:
a. “There are movie stars everwhere!” I said to my twin sister, Ashley.
“Look! Here comes Brittany Barlow!” commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 39
(page 5)
b. “Brittany!” a little girl in front of us was jumping up and down and
waving at Brittany. “It’s me, Jessica. Don’t you remember me? I sent you
ten fan letters!”
(page 6)
The example of dialogue (a) happened when the twins, Mary-Kate &
Ashley arrived in the theater to watch the premiere movie of Princess Anna
entitled „The Disappearing Princess‟. In the theater they saw there are many
movie stars want to watch the Princess Anna‟s movie. Mary-Kate gave a
comment when they were in the theater by saying “There are movie stars
everywhere!” to Ashley. In this case the utterance that Mary-Kate said to Ashley
includes to the form of Phatic Communion „Standard Topic of Conversation‟.
The example of dialogue (b) happened when Jessica met Brittany Barlow,
she was the actress of the movie. Jessica tried to call her and hopefully the artist
will talk to her to say something but Brittany ignored her. From the context, it can
be concluded that the utterance that Jessica said Brittany is not included to the
form of Phatic Communion.
Taxonomy Analysis, it is used to classify each datum to the form of
Phatic Communion and analyze the function of Phatic Communion. In Domain
Analysis the utterance in the dialogue (a) includes to the form of Phatic
Communion „Standard Topic of Conversation‟.
“There are movie stars everywhere!” I said to my twin sister, Ashley.
“Look!” Here comes Brittany Barlow!” commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id40
(page 5)
The utterance “There are movie stars everywhere!” shows Mary-Kate
talks to Ashley and gives a comment when they are in the theater. The utterance
shows that it is included to the form „Standard Topic of Conversation‟ of Phatic
Communion. From the context, it is clear that Mary-Kate try to break silence
between her and Ashley by saying a comment. From 12 functions of Phatic
Communion, the utterance “There are movie stars everywhere!” includes to the
function „to break silence‟ by giving a comment of something that is clear.
Componential Analysis, it is the analysis of component that the
researcher looks for. In this research, the component that the researcher analyzes
is the form of Phatic Communion and the function of Phatic Communion. The
researcher uses Jean Aitchison‟s theory to analyze the form of Phatic Communion
and Jumanto‟s theory to analyze the function of Phatic Communion employed in
the dialogue of the novel. The researcher analyzes the interconnected of the form
and the function employed in each datum of the dialogues in the novel.
Finding cultural value, it is used for to see the form and the function of
Phatic Communion and also the context of situation in the novel.
For example:
“There are movie stars everywhere!” I said to my twin sister, Ashley.
“Look!” Here comes Brittany Barlow!”
(page 5)
Context of situation:
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 41
Those dialogues happened when Mary-Kate & Ashley were in the theater
to watch the premiere movie of “The Disappearing Princess”. The movie
stared by Brittany Barlow as Princess Anna in the movie. When the twins
arrived in the theater they saw many movie stars in the lobby of the theater
and Mary-Kate told to Ashley that she saw Brittany Barlow.
Data analysis:
The utterance “There are movie stars everywhere!” shows Mary-Kate talks
to Ashley and gives a comment when they are in the theater. The utterance
shows that it is included to the form „Standard Topic of Conversation‟ of
Phatic Communion. From the context, it is clear that Mary-Kate try to break
silence between her and Ashley by saying a comment. From 12 functions of
Phatic Communion, the utterance “There are movie stars everywhere!”
includes to the function „to break silence‟ by giving a comment of something
that is clear.
G. Data Coding
The data in this research are coded based on:
1. The number of data in numerical order.
For example: 1, 2, 3, n.
2. The abbreviation of the form of Phatic Communion.
Ritual Words that are exchange when people meet is abbreviated RW.
Standard Topic of Conversation is abbreviated STOC.
Supportive Chat is abbreviated SC. commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 42
Meaningless Words or Misunderstood Words is abbreviated MW.
3. The abbreviation of the function of Phatic Communion.
To Break Silence is abbreviated BS.
To Begin a Conversation is abbreviated BC.
To Do Courteous Talk is abbreviated DCT.
To Do Gossip is abbreviated DG.
To Keep a Conversation Continue Happening is abbreviated KCCH.
To Show Solidarity is abbreviated SS.
To Create Harmony is abbreviated CH.
To Create Comfort is abbreviated CC.
To Show Empathy is abbreviated SE.
To Show Friendship is abbreviated SF.
To Show Honor is abbreviated SH.
To Show Politeness is abbreviated SP.
The example of data code in this research as follows:
Datum 01/RW/BS
The data code means the datum number 1 from the novel “The New
Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley” belongs to the form of Phatic
Communion „Ritual Words that are exchange when people meet‟ and the
function of Phatic Communion „To Break Silence‟.
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H. Technique of Collecting Data
The data of this research are collected by complementing the following
steps:
a. Reading the novel entitled “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley:
The Case of the Disappearing Princess” written by Lisa Eisenberg.
b. Identifying the form of Phatic Communion in the dialogue.
c. Classifying the data based on Jean Aitchison‟s theory.
d. Identifying the function of Phatic Communion in the dialogue.
e. Classifying the data based on Jumanto‟s theory.
f. Giving a code of each datum.
I. Technique of Analyzing Data
The collected data are analyzed by conducting the following steps:
a. Describing the context of situation of each datum.
b. Analyzing the form of Phatic Communion based on Jean Aitchison‟s
theory.
c. Analyzing the function of Phatic Communion based on Jumanto‟s theory.
d. Drawing conclusion from the data analysis and giving suggestions.
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
A. Introduction
Chapter IV is called Data Analysis and Discussion. This chapter contains
three sub-chapter; Introduction, Data Analysis, and Discussion. Introduction is the
explanation of all content in the chapter IV. Data Analysis contains the data
analysis of the form, the function of Phatic Communion, and also the context of
situation that the researcher found in all dialogues of the novel. In the sub-chapter
data analysis, the researcher only analyzes several data that contains into the form
and the function of Phatic Communion. Each datum answers of the three research
question. All data that includes into the form and the function of Phatic
Communion will be mentioned in the appendices. The last sub-chapter discussion
explains or discusses the finding result that the researcher found in the novel.
In the novel “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case of
The Disappearing Princess” the researcher found 74 utterances employed the form
of Phatic Communion and 95 utterances employed the function of Phatic
Communion. The distributions are shown in the Table 4.1 and 4.2.
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44 45 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
Table 4.1.The distribution of the form of Phatic Communion employed in the novel “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case of the
Disappearing Princess”
The Form of Phatic Communion Total
Standard Topic of Conversation 10 data
Ritual Words that are exchanged when people meet 5 data
Supportive Chat 6 data Meaningless Word 53 data Total 74 data
Table 1.1 shows that the form „Meaningless Word‟ is the most employed
in the novel. There are 53 data employed the form „Meaningless Word‟. The
second form is „Standard Topic of Conversation‟ employed 10 data. The third is
„Supportive Chat‟ that employed 6 data. The last is „Ritual Words that are
exchange when people meet‟ employed 5 data.
Table 4.2.The distribution of the function of Phatic Communion employed in the novel “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case of the Disappearing Princess”
The Function of Phatic Communion Total
To Break Silence 13 data
To Begin a Conversation 18 data
To Do Courteous Talk 3 data
To Do Gossip 2 data
To Keep a Conversation Continue Happening 27 data
To Show Solidarity 27 data commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 46
To Create Harmony -
To Create Comfort 1 datum
To Show Empathy 2 data
To Show Friendship 1 datum
To Show Honor -
To Show Politeness 1 datum Total 95 data
Table 4.2 shows that the function „To Keep a Conversation Continue
Happening‟ and „To Show Solidarity‟ is the most employed in the novel. Each
function „To Keep a Conversation Continue Happening‟ and „To Show Solidarity‟
employed 27 data in the novel. There are 18 data employed the function „To
Begin a Conversation‟, 13 data employed the function „To Break Silence‟, 3 data
that employed the function „To Do Courteous Talk‟, 2 data employed the function
„To Do Gossip‟, 2 data employed the function „To Show Empathy‟, 1 datum
employed the function „To Create Comfort‟, 1 datum employed the function „To
Show Friendship, and 1 datum employed the function „To Show Politeness‟.
From the twelve functions of Phatic Communion, the researcher did not
find the utterances employed „To Create Harmony‟ and „To Show Honor‟ in the
novel “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case of the
Disappearing Princess”.
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47
B. Data analysis
1. The application of the form of Phatic Communion employed in the novel
“The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case of the
Disappearing Princess”:
a. Standard Topic of Conversation
Datum 01/STOC/BS-BC
“There are movie stars everywhere!” I said to my twin sister, Ashley.
“Look! Here comes Brittany Barlow!”
Context of situation:
The conversation happens when Mary-Kate and Ashley arrived in
the theater to watch the movie premiere “The Disappearing Princess”. The
twins won the premiere ticket by winning essay. In the lobby of the theater
they saw many movie stars who will watch the movie premiere. One of
movie stars that they saw was Brittany Barlow. She is the one of the
actresses in the movie “The Disappearing Princess”.
Data analysis:
The utterance “There are movie stars everywhere!” shows the
expression or the comment from Mary-Kate about what she saw in the
lobby of the theater to her twin, Ashley. The utterance shows that it is
included to the form “Standard Topic of Conversation” of Phatic
Communion. The utterance that Mary-Kate said to Ashley includes to a
standard topic in a conversation. Mary-Kate gives a comment what she
saw in the lobby of the theater. Those utterance shows a function as „to commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 48
break silence‟ by giving a comment of something that is clear. The
utterance also includes to the function as „to begin a conversation‟.
Datum 03/STOC/DG
Ashley frowned. “Boy, Brittany isn‟t very friendly.”
“You‟re right,” I agreed. “But I don‟t even care if she‟s snobby. I‟m too
excited about being here.”
“I still can‟t believe we won tickets to the premiere!” I added. “It‟s a good
thing I noticed that contest entry from on the back of the cereal box –“
Context of situation:
Ashley and Mary-Kate see Jessica trying to call Brittany to begin a
conversation with her, but Brittany ignored her. Brittany just glance to
Jessica then she pass by. Brittany stuck her nose in the air and walked into
the theater.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Boy, Brittany isn‟t very friendly.” is uttered by
Ashley to Mary-Kate. Ashley utters the utterance to Mary-Kate after she
saw Brittany ignore one of her fans. She gives a negative comment of
Brittany‟s attitude to Mary-Kate. The negative comment of Ashley to
Brittany Barlow is included as „Standard Topic of Conversation‟. This is
because Ashley wants to begin a conversation to Mary-Kate by giving a
negative comment to Brittany Barlow. The negative comment uttered by
Ashley has a function „to do gossip‟ by gives a statement of something. commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 49
Datum 27/STOC/BC
“It‟s a pink feather,” I said.
I picked the fluffy pink feather up and turned it over in my palm. Ashley
leaned over and stared it.
“I know I saw feathers like that somewhere tonight,” she said. “But
where?”
“I did, too” I said. “But I can‟t remember either.”
Context of situation:
When Mary-Kate and Ashley investigated around in the display
case, Mary-Kate found a pink feather near the display case. She told to
Ashley. Ashley and Mary-Kate saw the feather before but they forgot
where they saw the feather.
Data analysis:
The utterance “It‟s a pink feather” is uttered by Mary-Kate.
Mary-Kate found the feather near the display case. Mary-Kate uttered the
utterance to tell Ashley what she found while investigating near the
display case and also to break silence with Ashley. The utterance is
included to the form „Standard Topic of Conversation‟. The utterance has
a function as „to break silence‟ by giving a comment of something that is
clear.
commit to user 50 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
Datum 31/STOC/BC-KCCH-DCT
I opened my purse and took out the stack of tickets. “We found these in
the lobby,” I told Kristen. “By the doll‟s display case.”
“So?” Kristen asked, flipping another page in the comic book.
“Do you happen to know how they got there?” Ashley asked. “It‟s really
important.”
“I don‟t have a clue.” Kristen said. “And I couldn‟t care less, either.”
She put down her comic. “How come you two want to know anyway?
Why are you asking me all these dumb questions?”
“We‟re detectives, remember?” Ashley told her.
“We‟re working on an investigation.”
Context of situation:
After getting the attention of the ticket taker, Mary-Kate tried to
begin a conversation to her by took out the pink feather. Mary-Kate
explains to the ticket taker that they found the pink feather near the display
case of Princess Anna‟s doll. The ticket taker just gave respond by saying
“So?”. She looked not interested what the twins looking for. Ashley asked
several questions to get more information, but again the ticket taker did not
care what the effort of the twins to get the information.
Data analysis:
The utterance “We found these in the lobby” is uttered by Mary-
Kate. Mary-Kate tried to begin a conversation to the ticker taker by took
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 51
out the pink feather. The utterance has a function as „to begin a
conversation‟ by giving a comment of something that is clear.
The utterance “So?” is uttered by the ticket taker. She gave the
respond to the twins after hearing Mary-Kate explained what they found
near the display case. The utterance has a function as „to keep a
conversation continue happening‟ by giving an expression as a sign while
listening.
The utterance “How come you two want to know anyway? Why
are you asking me all these dumb questions?” is uttered by the ticket
taker. The ticket taker uttered the utterance because she was curious to the
twins why they want to know about what they found near the display case.
The utterance is included to the function as „to do courteous talk‟. Those
three utterances are included to the form „Standard Topic of
Conversation‟.
Datum 36/STOC/DG
“Do you think she‟s telling the truth?” I asked Ashley.
“She said she didn‟t leave the booth all night.”
“I don‟t know,” Ashley said. “She‟s mad that she didn‟t get to see the
movie. That could be we‟d better watch her,” I said. “We can‟t rule her out
yet.”
Context of situation:
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Mary-Kate and Ashley left the ticket taker. They got little
information from the ticket taker. Mary-Kate felt hesitate of the
information from the ticket taker. She felt hesitate the information from
the ticket taker was true or not. Ashley gave a respond that she did not
know exactly to the ticket taker. She said to Mary-Kate that they should be
better watch the ticket taker.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Do you think she‟s telling the truth?” is uttered
by Mary-Kate. She uttered the utterance because she felt hesitate of the
information from the ticket taker. That utterance shows Mary-Kate to do
gossip to Ashley by asking the question. The utterance has a function as
„to do gossip‟. The form of the utterance is „Standard Topic of
Conversation‟. It shows clearly that Mary-Kate tried to begin a
conversation by asking the question to Ashley.
Datum 41/STOC/KCCH
Ashley took out her detective notebook.
She added Brittany Barlow‟s name to our list of suspects.
“Let‟s head back inside,” I said. “We can look for back exits.”
Context of situation:
Seeing Brittany wore the boa the twins guessed that maybe
Brittany was the thief of Princess Anna‟s doll. Then, they wrote the name
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 53
Brittany as their list of suspect on Ashley‟s detective note book. Mary-
Kate told to Ashley to look for Brittany in the theater.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Let‟s head back inside” is uttered by Mary-Kate.
Mary-Kate tried to avoid silence with Ashley by telling Ashley to look for
Brittany in the theater. The utterance has a function as „to keep a
conversation continue happening‟ by saying the utterance avoiding silence
while talking. The utterance is included to the form „Standard Topic of
Conversation‟. It shows when Mary-Kate tried to avoid silence with
Ashley by opening a conversation with saying the utterance.
Datum 48/STOC/BS-KCCH
“Where is Brittany‟s seat?” Ashley whispered to me.
“I think she was in the front row of the VIP section,” I whispered back.
“Ashley, look! There‟s Gregory Dumont! He‟s the hottest move star in
Hollywood! And Linda Lawrence is right next to him. She plays the
Queen I n the Disappearing Princess!”
“Shhh!” Ashley ordered in a low voice.” Stop stargazing. Look for
Brittany Barlow.
Context of situation:
The conversation happens between Mary-Kate and Ashley. They
were looking for Brittany Barlow in the theater. In the theater, while
everyone was staring up at the movie screen, the twins were looking for commit to user the Brittany‟s seat. Mary-Kate thought that Brittany was in the row of the 54 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
VIP section. Suddenly, Mary-Kate was startled that she saw the hottest
movie star in Hollywood, Gregory Dumont. She also saw the actress Linda
Lawrence; she played the Queen in “The Disappearing Princess” movie.
Mary-Kate was very shocked that she saw the famous movie stars directly.
Hearing Mary-Kate talked about what she saw, Ashley said to Mary-Kate
to stop stare the famous movie stars and start to look for Brittany Barlow.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Ashley, look! There‟s Gregory Dumont! He‟s the
hottest move star in Hollywood! And Linda Lawrence is right next to
him. She plays the Queen I n the Disappearing Princess!” is uttered by
Mary-Kate. While looking for Brittany in the theater, Mary-Kate saw
several famous movie stars in the row of VIP section. Mary-Kate tried to
tell Ashley what she saw. The utterance has a function as „to break
silence‟. It is caused that the utterance is included as the utterance giving a
comment of something that is clear.
The utterance “Shhh!” is uttered by Ashley. Hearing Mary-Kate
talking about what she saw, Ashley tried to tell Mary-Kate that they were
looking for Brittany Barlow not other famous movie stars. The utterance
has a function as „to keep a conversation continue happening‟. This
happens because the utterance is included as the utterance changing the
topic of conversation. Those two utterances are included to the form
„Standard Topic of Conversation‟.
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 55
Datum 92/STOC/BS
“There‟s a trail of marks going into the theater,” Ashley said.
“And a second trail going to the concession stand. A third trail goes to the
chair across the hall.”
“And a fourth trail goes back out of the theater,” Ashley said.
“But there‟s no trail going to the display case!” I cried.
“The marble floor around it is absolutely white and clean!”
Context of situation:
Ashley found something around the display case. There were trails
of marks. Ashley and Mary-Kate saw the fourth trails of marks, but there
was no one going to the display case. It means that Donald did not take the
doll from the display case.
Data analysis:
The utterance “There‟s a trail of marks going into the theater”
is uttered by Ashley. She saw something that is clear. The utterance has a
function as „to break silence‟ by giving a comment of something that is
clear. The utterance is included to the form „Standard Topic of
Conversation‟. It shows that Ashley tried to open a conversation by saying
the utterance to Mary-Kate.
Datum 101/STOC/BS
“Wow,” Ashley said. “It‟s dark in there.”
“Ruska!” I called. “Are you in there? It‟s us – Mary-Kate and Ashley.” commit to user 56 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
“Maybe she‟s in the back and can‟t hear us,” Ashley said.
“We‟d better go hunt for her.”
“We can‟t hunt for anything if we can‟t see where we‟re going,” I said.
Context of situation:
Mary-Kate and Ashley are still waiting Ruska at the display case,
but she did not come back yet. They decided to find Ruska at the storage
room. In the storage room, Ashley said to Mary-Kate that it was dark
inside. Mary-Kate tried to call Ruska there, but there was no respond.
They tried to find Ruska in the back inside the storage room.
Data analysis:
The utterance “It‟s dark in there” is uttered by Ashley. When the
twins were inside the storage room, Ashley gave a comment. The utterance
has a function as „to break silence‟ by giving a comment of something that
is clear. The utterance is included to the form „Standard Topic of
Conversation‟. It shows clearly in the dialogue and the context of situation
that Ashley uttered the utterance to open a conversation with Mary-Kate.
The utterance “Right” is uttered by Mary-Kate. She uttered the
utterance as an agree expression to Ashley‟s statement. The utterance has a
function as „to show solidarity‟ by declaring agreement of something. The
utterance is included to the form „Meaningless Word‟ because the
utterance is used to keep a conversation.
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 57
Datum 103/STOC-MW/BS-SS
“Ugh! It‟s really creepy in here!” I cried.
“It sure is,” Ashley said. “And I just thought of something else that‟s
giving me the creeps.”
“What?” I asked.
“We know that someone took the real doll out of the case, right?” Ashley
asked.
“Right,” I agreed.
“And the case wasn‟t broken,” Ashley continued.
“So the thief has to be somebody who has a key!”
“That‟s true,” I said. “We know who has keys to the case. We asked Ruska
that question right away.”
“And Ruska told us that only two people have keys,” Ashley said.
“Ruska herself, and Mr. Gudov, the doll‟s owner.”
“Well, Mr. Gudov wouldn‟t steal the doll,” I said. “It‟s already his.”
I gasped. “But then, that means --”
Context of situation:
Inside the storage room, Mary-Kate said that it was really creepy.
Ashley agreed and she said that she just thought something else that giving
her creeps. Ashley told to Mary-Kate that someone took the doll out of the
display case and the display case was not broken. Mary-Kate agreed.
Ashley added the thief should have a key of the display case. Mary-Kate
agreed again. Mary-Kate and Ashley knew who has the key. Ashley tried commit to user 58 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
to remind Mary-Kate who has the key. It was Ruska and Mr. Gudov.
Mary-Kate thought that Mr. Gudov would not steal the doll because he
was the owner. The twins guessed that Ruska who stole the doll.
Data analysis:
The utterance “It‟s really creepy in here!” is uttered by Mary-
Kate. She uttered the utterance as a comment when she was in the storage
room. The utterance has a function as „to break silence‟ by giving a
comment of something that is clear. The utterance is included to the form
„Standard Topic of Conversation‟. It shows that when Mary-Kate was in
the storage room, she tried to open a conversation to Ashley by saying that
utterance.
b. Ritual Words that are exchanged when people meet
Datum 02/RW/BS-BC
“Brittany!” A little girl in front of us was jumping up and down and
waving at Brittany. “It‟s me, Jessica. Don‟t you remember me? I sent you
ten fan letters.”
Brittany glanced at the little girl as she passed by. Then she stuck her nose
in the air and walked into the theater.
Context of situation:
The conversation happens to Jessica, a little girl who admires
Brittany Barlow. She calls for Brittany Barlow to get the attention of
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 59
Brittany Barlow. Jessica tries to calls for Brittany as if Brittany knows her
and hopes Brittany talks to her.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Brittany!” is uttered by Jessica to call her idol,
Brittany Barlow. She calls name „Brittany‟ as a greeting when she meets
her idol in front of her. Thus, the utterance “Brittany!” includes to the
form “Ritual words that are exchange when people meet.” The utterance
has a function „to break silence‟. It shows that Jessica calls Brittany to get
the attention from Brittany Barlow but Brittany ignores her. Besides
having a function as „to break silence‟, the utterance also has a function as
„to begin a conversation‟. It shows that in the dialogue, Jessica tries to
begin a conversation by asking a question “Don‟t you remember me?”
followed by the supporting statement “I sent you ten fan letters!”
Datum 10/RW/BS-BC
“Donald!” the little girl, Jessica, whined again. “Everyone‟s taller than
me! I can‟t get a peek at the doll!” Donald ignored her.
“No one even believes that I‟m really here,” Jessica said.
“All my friends think I‟m lying about going to the premiere and getting to
see the doll!”
Donald rolled his eyes. “That‟s it! I can‟t take another minute of your
complaining. I‟m going to get some popcorn.” He stepped out of line.
When he turned sideways, he almost hit me in the face with his huge commit to user 60 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
backpack! And his big boots left a trail scuff marks on the shiny white
floor.
“What a mess!” Ashley whispered to me.
“Donald!” Jessica cried. “Come back! I just thought of how I can prove I
was really here!”
Context of situation:
The conversation happens when Donald and Jessica want to see
Princess Anna‟s doll. All the kids and everyone come to the display case
to see the Princess Anna‟s doll. Jessica whines again to Donald. She said
that she can not see the doll because it covers everyone that wants to see
the doll too. Jessica calls Donald and whines to him. She hopes that
Donald will carry her up to see the doll clearly.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Donald! Everyone „s taller than me! I can‟t get a
peek at the doll!” is uttered by Jessica. Jessica wants Donald to carry her
up to see the Princess Anna‟s doll on the display case. The utterance is
included to the form „Ritual Words that are exchanged when people meet‟.
It is caused that Jessica at first calls name her brother to get the attention
from him. Then, the utterance “Everyone‟s taller than me! I can‟t get a
peek at the doll!” has a function as „to break silence‟ and „to begin a
conversation‟. Jessica says the utterance to break silence with Donald. The
utterance is also as „to begin a conversation‟ because Jessica tries to begin
a conversation with Donald. commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 61
Datum 11/RW/BS
Ashley and I reached the glass display case that held Princess Anna‟s doll.
“Ohhh,” I breathed. “She‟s beautiful!”
I wished I could touch the beautiful doll. But she was safely locked inside
the glass display case.
“Good afternoon,” a short, bald man said to the crowd. “I am Mr. Gudov.
I am the owner of Princess Anna‟s doll.”
He pointed to a tall, blond woman next to him. “This is Ruska, my
assistant. The doll will be on display throughout the showing of the movie
and for one hour afterwards.”
Context of situation:
When Ashley and Mary-Kate is seeing the famous Princess Anna‟s
doll on the display case, suddenly a bald man come and introduce himself
to everyone who seeing the doll on the display case. A bald man is Mr.
Gudov, the owner of Princess Anna‟s doll. He introduces himself as the
owner of Princess Anna‟s doll and his assistant, Ruska, to people that
seeing the Princess Anna‟s doll.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Good afternoon” is uttered by Mr. Gudov, the
owner of the Princess Anna‟s doll. The utterance is included to the form
„Ritual Words that are exchange when people meet‟. That utterance is
called „Greeting‟. It is commonly used by people when meet someone. The
utterance has a function as „to break silence‟. It shows that when people commit to user 62 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
are enjoying see the Princess Anna‟s doll on the display case, Mr. Gudov
come and says the greeting “Good afternoon” to everyone that seeing the
doll. He tries to get the attention from people by introducing himself.
c. Supportive Chat
Datum 06/SC/BC
I stood on tiptoe and looked around. Sure enough, there was Patty, waving
at us. She wore a red dress with glittery sequins all over it. Her brown hair
was wrapped in a fancy bun. She was standing at the front of the line.
“Too bad you‟re way in the back of the line!” Patty shouted at us. “Hope
you brought binoculars to watch the movie!”
Context of situation:
When Mary-Kate and Ashley is waiting to enter the theater, Mary-
Kate looks around and get Patty see her and Ashley. Seeing Ashley and
Mary-Kate still in line to enter the theater, Patty tries to begin a
conversation. Patty gives a negative comment to Mary-Kate and Ashley
because they were in the back of the line. She also declares hope or
expectation but it seems like she is mocking Mary-Kate and Ashley
because they cannot watch the movie clearly.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Hope you brought binoculars to watch the
movie!” is uttered by Patty O‟Leary to Mary-Kate and Ashley. She saw
Mary-Kate and Ashley in the back of the line to get in the theater. Patty commit to user 63 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
expected the twins got the back seat in the theater so that they watch the
movie in the far way. The utterance is included to the form „Supportive
Chat‟ because it shows the empathy of Patty O‟Leary to Mary-Kate and
Ashley, even Patty says the utterance in the negative way. The function of
the utterance is „to begin a conversation‟. It shows that when Patty saw
Mary-Kate and Ashley in the back of the line to get in the theater, she tries
to begin a conversation to the twins by saying “Too bad you‟re way in
the back of the line! Hope you brought binoculars to watch the
movie!”
Datum 08/SC/SE
“I wish we could go faster,” Jessica whined to the teenage boy standing
next to her. Her curly red hair bobbed up and down as she bounced
impatiently.
“I want to see the doll now, Donald! Can‟t we go any faster?”
“Stop whining, Jessica!” Donald shouted at her. “It‟s bad enough I have
to take my kid sister to this dumb movie!”
Context of situation:
The conversation happens between Jessica and Donald. Jessica and
Donald are in the line to get in the theater. Jessica wants to watch the
movie as soon as possible, she whines to her brother, Donald, to go in the
theater faster. Hearing his little sister always whines to him to go in the
commit to user 64 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
theater, Donald tries to ignore his little sister‟s whine, but he can‟t. Then
he says a negative responds of Jessica‟s whine.
Data analysis:
The utterance “It‟s bad enough I have to take my kid sister to
this dumb movie!” is uttered by Donald. Donald says that utterance to
Jessica, his little sister, as a negative responds of Jessica‟s whine. This
utterance is included to the form „Supportive Chat‟. It shows that Donald
says the utterance as his negative empathy to his sister, Jessica, wants to
watch the movie with his little sister. The function of the utterance is „to
show empathy‟ by mocking of something.
Datum 13/SC/SS
“This is totally unfair!” someone said loudly in my ear.
I turned to my left – and there was Princess Patty!
“What‟s totally unfair, Patty?” I asked.
“I got this good seats because I was first in line! It‟s not fair that you
two got good seats, too!” She complained. “You were way in back.”
Context of situation:
The conversation happens between Mary-Kate and Patty O‟Leary.
When Mary-Kate and Ashley got their seats in the theater suddenly Patty
comments the twin‟s seats. Patty guessed that the twins will get the back
seat of Patty O‟Leary but in fact the twins get the seats next to Patty
O‟Leary. It makes Patty feel disappointed what she expected to the twins commit to user 65 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
was wrong. Patty complaints to Mary-Kate that the twins should got the
back seats.
Data analysis:
The utterance “I got this good seats because I was first in line!
It‟s not fair that you two got good seats, too!” is uttered by Patty
O‟Leary. She guessed the twins got the back seats because they were in
the back of the line, but the twins got the seats next to Patty. The utterance
is included to the form „Supportive Chat‟. The utterance has a function as
„to show solidarity‟ by mocking of something or someone.
Datum 17/SC/SE
Boris rushed over. “I left the doll for only five minutes!” he said.
“I had to use the bathroom.” Then he noticed the empty case. His face
turned very pale.
“The doll! It is gone! I‟m sorry!”
Context of situation:
The conversation happens when Mary-Kate, Ashley, and Ruska
realized that the Princess Anna‟s doll was not in the display case. They
were shocked. The display case should be guarded by the guard man
named Boris. Ruska looked for Boris. He should guard the display case of
Princess Anna‟s doll. Ruska was angry to Boris because he left the display
case. Not in longer time Boris came. He told to Ruska that he had to use
the bathroom just for five minutes. Boris did not expect that in five commit to user 66 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
minutes the Princess Anna‟s doll was not in the display case. He
apologized to Ruska.
Data analysis:
The utterance “I‟m sorry!” is uttered by Boris, the guard man. He
is the guard of the display case of Princess Anna‟s doll. He uttered the
utterance because he did not expect while he used the bathroom in five
minutes, the Princess Anna‟s doll was gone. He apologized to Ruska. The
utterance “I‟m sorry!” is included to the form „Supportive Chat‟. The
function of the utterance is „to show empathy‟. Boris shows his expression
toward the missing of Princess Anna‟s doll.
Datum 24/SC/CC-SS
Ashley and I exchanged glances. A million dollars was a lot of money.
This was serious!
“First of all, who has keys to the display case?” I asked Ruska.
“Besides Mr. Gudov, the doll‟s owner,” Ruska told us, “I am the only
other person who has a key.”
“Did you maybe lend your key to anyone?” Ashley asked.
“Of course not!” Ruska shapped. She looked shocked.
“Thanks for the information, Ruska.” I said.
“Ashley and I need to investigate around the display case. Try not to
worry.”
“I‟ll try,” Ruska said. She held out her hands to us. commit to user 67 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
“Thank you so much for helping me. I‟ll be in the back room doing
some paperwork – if I can even concentrate!” She and Boris walked away
in different directions.
Context of situation:
The conversation happens between Mary-Kate, Ashley, and Ruska.
Ruska told Mary-Kate and Ashley that the Princess Anna‟s doll is very
valuable. The Princess Anna‟s doll is worth a million dollars. Realizing
how the doll is very valuable, the twins finally help Ruska and Boris to
find the Princess Anna‟s doll. Mary-Kate and Ashley asked several
questions to Ruska to get the clue. Mary-Kate declaring thank you to
Ruska for the information and she tells to Ruska to investigate first. Mary-
Kate tells to Ruska to not to worry, she and Ashley will find the doll.
Ruska declaring thank you to the twins for their helps to find the Princess
Anna‟s doll.
Data analysis:
The first utterance “Thanks for the information, Ruska.” is
uttered by Mary-Kate. Mary-Kate declaring thank you to Ruska for giving
the information. The utterance has a function as „to show solidarity‟.
The second utterance “Ashley and I need to investigate around
the display case. Try not to worry.” is uttered by Mary-Kate to Ruska.
Mary-Kate tries to calm Ruska down. Thus, the utterance is included to the
function as „create comfort‟ by calm someone down.
commit to user 68 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
The third utterance “Thank you so much for helping me.” is
uttered by Ruska to Mary-Kate and Ashley. Ruska declaring thank you to
Mary-Kate and Ashley for their help wants to find the Princess Anna‟s
doll. The function of the utterance is as „to show solidarity‟ by declaring
thank you.
The three utterances above are included to the form „Supportive
Chat‟. It is caused that the three utterances shows the solidarity of Mary-
Kate and Ashley to help Ruska finding the Princess Anna‟s doll and the
respond of Ruska to the twin‟s help.
Datum 30/SC/BC-KCCH
The blond ticket taker was still sitting in her ticket booth. She was reading
a comic book and chewing bubble gum.
“Excuse me,” Ashley said to her. “Can we ask you a few questions?”
The girl didn‟t even look up. She blew a giant bubble. Then she turned
another page in her comic.
I cleared my throat loudly.
“Excuse me, could we ask you a few questions?”
The ticket taker sighed. She blew another huge bubble and popped it with
a long, green fingernail. “Yeah?” she said.
Context of situation:
Mary-Kate and Ashley went to the ticket booth where the ticket
taker was. She was reading a comic book and chewing the bubble gum commit to user 69 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
while Mary-Kate and Ashley arrived. Ashley started a question to get the
attention of the ticket taker. The ticket taker ignored Ashley‟s question.
She even did not look up the twins in front of her. Ashley tried the second
time and finally the ticket taker gave the respond of Ashley‟s question.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Excuse me, could we ask you a few questions?”
is uttered by Ashley. Ashley asked a question to the ticket taker to get the
attention from her. At the first time, the ticket taker ignored Ashley.
Ashley tried again and finally the ticket taker responded Ashley‟s
question. The utterance has a function as „to begin a conversation‟. The
utterance is included as apologize to start a conversation. Meanwhile, the
utterance “Yeah?” is uttered by the ticket taker. It is the respond of the
ticket taker from Ashley‟s question. The utterance has a function as „to
keep a conversation continue happening‟. The utterance is included as
giving an expression while listening.
The two utterances above are included to the form „Supportive
Chat‟. It is caused that the two utterances shows the solidarity.
d. Meaningless Word
Datum 04/MW/DCT
“Hey!” Ashley laughed. “Who wrote our winning essay: Why I Love the
Mystery of Princess Anna?”
“You did!” I said. “Thanks Ashley!” commit to user 70 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
Context of situation:
The conversation is uttered by Ashley and Mary-Kate. They were
surprised that they won in writing an essay about the movie “The
Disappearing Princess”.
Data analysis:
The conversation happens when Ashley asking a question to Mary-
Kate “Who wrote our winning essay: Why I Love the Mystery of Princess
Anna?”, she begin to call Ashley with utters “Hey!. This utterance is
included to open courteous talk to someone. Ashley tries to do courteous
talk to Mary-Kate just for to keep a conversation. The utterance include to
the form „Meaningless Word‟ because the utterance having no meaning.
Datum 07/MW/DCT
Finally the line started to move forward. Yes! It was the time for the
premiere!
“I can‟t wait to see Princess Anna‟s Doll,” Ashley said. “I heard it‟s
going to be on display in the lobby.”
“Wow!” I gasped. Princess Anna‟s doll – the one she left behind when
she disappeared. We were actually going to see it!
Context of situation:
Mary-Kate and Ashley finally get in the theater to watch the
movie. Ashley says what she feels about the Princess Anna‟s doll to
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 71
Mary-Kate. She also says other information how they can see the famous
Princess Anna‟s doll.
Data analysis:
The utterance “I heard it‟s going to be on display in the lobby. I
can‟t wait to see Princess Anna‟s Doll,” is uttered by Ashley. The
utterance is Ashley‟s feel about Princess Anna‟s doll and the information
how they can see the Princess Anna‟s doll. Then Mary-Kate gives a
respond “Wow!”. This utterance is included to the form „Meaningless
Word‟ because it does not have an important meaning. The function of
the utterance is „to do courteous talk‟. The utterance is included to the
function „to do courteous talk‟ because Mary-Kate expresses to get
attention from Ashley.
Datum 12/MW/BC-KCCH
“Ashley, look!” I said, pointing to the middle rows of seats. “There‟s the
roped-off section where all the movie stars sit!” I could see a lot of my
favorite celebrities!
“Wow!” Ashley said. “But we‟d better stop looking at them and start
finding seats before all the good ones are gone.”
Context of situation:
The conversation happens when Mary-Kate and Ashley walking
into the theater. Mary-Kate saw the roped-off section where all the movie
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 72
stars sit. She tells Ashley about that Ashley saw it and they were
surprised that they could see their favorite celebrities directly.
Data analysis:
The utterance “There‟s the roped-off section where all the
movie stars sit!” is uttered by Mary-Kate when they walking into the
theater. Mary-Kate sees that movie stars and tells to Ashley. The
utterance is included to the form „Meaningless Word‟. That utterance has
a function as „to begin a conversation‟ where Mary-Kate uttered the
utterance as giving a comment of something that is clear. Hearing Mary-
Kate uttered that utterance, Ashley gives a respond by saying “Wow!”
That utterance also includes to the form „Meaningless Word‟ and it has a
function as „to keep a conversation continue happening‟ by giving an
expression as a sign while listening.
Datum 14/MW/SF-SP
Ashley and I grinned at each other. Then Ashley glanced at her watch.
“The movie doesn‟t start for another five minutes. If we hurry, we
can still get popcorn. Patty, will you save our seats?”
“Oh, all right,” Patty grumbled.
“Do you want popcorn, too, Patty?” I asked her – just to be polite. She
shook her head. “And risk getting popcorn grease on this one-of-a-kind
designer gown? No way.”
Context of situation: commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 73
After Mary-Kate and Ashley got their seats, they sat for a while.
Ashley looked at her watch and asked Mary-Kate to buy popcorn. Mary-
Kate agreed with Ashley‟s idea. Ashley asked to Patty to save their seats
while buying popcorn and Patty willing to save the twins seats. As a good
friend, Mary-Kate offers Patty the popcorn just being polite to her but
Patty refuses it.
Data analysis:
The utterance “The movie doesn‟t start for another five
minutes. If we hurry, we can still get popcorn. Patty, will you save
our seats?” is uttered by Mary-Kate. She says the utterance “Patty, will
you save our seats?” shows the friendship. The utterance is uttered by
Mary-Kate to Patty. Mary-Kate trusts Patty to save their seats while
buying popcorn with Ashley. Therefore, that utterance is included to the
function „show friendship‟.
The utterance “Do you want popcorn, too, Patty?” is uttered by
Mary-Kate to Patty. She uttered the utterance to show politeness to Patty.
The twin wants to buy popcorn and they offer Patty. Then, the utterance
is included to the function „to show politenesses.
The two utterances above are included to the form „Meaningless
Word‟. It shows that Mary-Kate utters the utterance just for to keep a
conversation between her and Patty.
commit to user 74 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
Datum 15/MW/KCCH
“Hey,” I said. “Let‟s take one more look at the doll and then get our
popcorn! The display is just around the corner.”
Ashley‟s eyes lit up. We dashed toward the display case. I stopped short.
My mouth dropped open.
Ashley gasped.
“Oh, no!” I cried. “The Princess Anna‟s doll is gone!”
Context of situation:
When Mary-Kate and Ashley walking into the corner to buy
popcorn, Mary-Kate tells her idea to look the Princess Anna‟s doll at the
display case. Ashley agrees with Mary-Kate‟s idea. When they arrived at
the display case, they were shocked that the Princess Anna‟s doll was not
in the display case.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Let‟s take one more look at the doll and then
get our popcorn! The display is just around the corner.” is uttered by
Mary-Kate to Ashley. The utterance is included to the form „Meaningless
Word‟ because Mary-Kate uttered the utterance to keep a conversation
with Ashley. Thus, the utterance has a function as „to keep a conversation
continue happening‟ by avoiding silence while talking.
Datum 18/MW/KCCH
“Boy, is he in trouble!” I whispered to Ashley. commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 75
“Never mind your excuses!” Ruska screamed at him. “These children
stole Princess Anna‟s doll!”
“No!” I exclaimed.
“We didn‟t steal the doll! I promise!”
“That‟s right!” Ashley declared. “My sister is telling the truth.”
Context of situation:
Hearing the apologizing of Boris to Ruska, Mary-Kate whispered
to Ashley that Boris was in trouble. He can be fired by Mr. Gudov, the
owner of Princess Anna‟s doll, because the careless in guarding the
display case. Ruska do not care Boris‟s reason, she judges Mary-Kate and
Ashley as the thief of Princess Anna‟s doll. Mary-Kate and Ashley do not
accepted Ruska‟s judges. Mary-Kate denies the Ruska‟s statement.
Data analysis:
The utterance “That‟s right! My sister is telling the truth.” is
uttered by Ashley. Ashley uttered the utterance to support the statement
of Mary-Kate that they did not steal the Princess Anna‟s doll from the
display case. The utterance is included to the form „Meaningless Word‟
because Ashley uttered the utterance just for to support the statement of
Mary-Kate. The function of the utterance as „to keep a conversation
continue happening‟.
Datum 19/MW/KCCH
“Wait a minute,” Ruska said. commit to user 76 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
She stepped closer to us. “I recognize you two from a magazine I read.
You‟re those twin detectives, aren‟t you?”
Ashley nodded. “I‟m Ashley Olsen, and this is my sister, Mary-Kate.”
“Please say you will help me!” Ruska cried. “I need you to find Princess
Anna‟s doll – fast! Before my boss discovers she‟s missing.” She covered
her ayes with her hands. “Or he‟ll fire me – and the guard, too!” She
shrieked.
Context of situation:
After hearing the denying of Mary-Kate and Ashley, Ruska
realized something toward the twins. She stepped closer to the twins and
asked the twins, is it true they are twin detectives. Mary-Kate and Ashley
answered Ruska‟s question by introducing their self. Ruska needs Mary-
Kate and Ashley‟s help to find the Princess Anna‟s doll.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Wait a minute” is uttered by Ruska. She uttered
the utterance because she realized something toward the twins. The
utterance is included to the form „Meaningless Word‟ because the
utterance has not meaning, it just for to keep a conversation continue
happening. Thus, the function of the utterance is as „to keep a
conversation continue happening‟.
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 77
Datum 25/MW/SS-KCCH
I bent down to take a closer look at some bits of orange cardboard. They
lay in a heap on the floor.
“Ashley,” I whispered. “I found something!”
Ashley hurried over. She kneeled down.
“These are ticket stubs – to the movie premiere!” she said.
“This is our first clue,” I said.
“Who could have dropped these here?” Ashley asked.
“I know!” I exclaimed. “Only one person would have a whole stack of
ticket stubs. That grumpy ticket taker with the green nails!”
“You‟re right,” Ashley said.
“She probably dropped these tickets here by accident,” I said. “While she
was stealing the doll!”
“She‟s definitely our first suspect,” Ashley said. “We‟d better go talk to
her.”
Context of situation:
Mary-Kate and Ashley start their investigation in around the
display case. Mary-Kate found the ticket stubs near the display case. The
ticket stubs is their first clue. Ashley asked to Mary-Kate, who could have
dropped the ticket stubs near the display case. Mary-Kate thought that the
ticket taker who the only one person would have a whole stack of ticket
stubs. Ashley agrees the statement of Mary-Kate. They decided the ticket
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 78
taker as their first suspect. To prove their analysis, they should better to
talk to the ticket taker.
Data analysis:
The first utterance “I know!” is uttered by Mary-Kate. Mary-Kate
uttered the utterance to respond the question‟s Ashley. The utterance has
a function as „to keep a conversation continue happening‟ by avoiding
silence while talking.
The second utterance “You‟re right” is uttered by Ashley.
Ashley uttered the utterance as declaring agreement of the statement‟s
Mary-Kate that the ticket taker who the only one person having the ticket
stubs. The utterance has a function as „to show solidarity‟ by declaring
agreement of something.
The two utterances above are included to the form „Meaningless
Word‟. The two utterances are used to keep a conversation.
Datum 29/MW/KCCH-SS
Ashley opened her purse and dropped the feather inside.
“Okay,” she said. “First, let‟s talk to that ticket taker. Then, let‟s try to
remember where we saw pink feather like that tonight.”
“Good idea,” I said. We sent back outside the theater.
Context of situation:
The pink feather founded by Mary-Kate near the display case was
their first clue. Ashley wrote down the name „pink feather‟ in her note commit to user 79 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
and put the feather into her purse. Their next step was talk to the ticket
taker to get the information from the ticket taker. Ashley asked to Mary-
Kate to talk to the ticket taker first. Mary-Kate agreed with Ashley‟s idea.
Then, they went to the ticket taker.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Okay” is uttered by Ashley. She uttered the
utterance to avoid silence with Mary-Kate after they found a pink feather
near the display case. The utterance has a function as „to keep a
conversation continue happening‟ by saying the utterance avoiding
silence while talking.
The utterance “Good idea” is uttered by Mary-Kate. Ashley told
to Mary-Kate to talk to the ticket taker first after they found a pink
feather. Then, Mary-Kate agreed with Ashley‟s idea. The utterance has a
function as „to show solidarity‟ by saying the utterance declaring
agreement of something.
The two utterances above are included to the form „Meaningless
Word‟. It is caused that the two utterances are used to keep a conversation
and it does not have a meaning.
Datum 37/MW/KCCH-SS
Ashley tapped her pencil on the note book.
“She also said she didn‟t see or hear anyone leave the theater.”
“That means whoever stole the doll is still inside,” I replied. commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 80
“Then the doll is definitely still in the theater, too!” Ashley responded.
“Right!” I agreed. “Wait a minute,” I added.
“Kristen told us she didn‟t know if there‟s another exit. Maybe the thief
slipped out a back door.”
“True,” Ashley agreed.
“Let‟s check out the theater. Then we‟ll investigate the pink feather we
found. Maybe it will lead us to another suspect. If only we could figure
out where it came from!”
She frowned and tapped her fingers on her notebook.
Context of situation:
Mary-Kate and Ashley were still talking about the ticket taker.
They felt distrustful to the ticket taker. Mary-Kate commented what they
got the information from the ticket taker. Mary-Kate said that the ticket
taker did not see anyone left the theater; that means the thief was still in
the theater. Ashley had same argument to Mary-Kate. Ashley gave her
argument that the thief maybe left in another exit. Mary-Kate agreed what
Ashley‟s said. Then, they checked out the theater.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Right!” is uttered by Mary-Kate. Mary-Kate
declared agreement of what Ashley‟s said. The utterance has a function as
„to show solidarity‟ by declaring agreement of something.
The utterance “Wait a minute” is also uttered by Mary-Kate. She
uttered the utterance to avoid the silence with Ashley and as a sign that commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 81
she had another argument about the thief. The utterance has a function as
„to keep a conversation continue happening‟.
The utterance “True” is uttered by Ashley. Ashley gave a respond
of Mary-Kate‟s argument. She declared agree of Mary-Kate‟s argument.
The utterance has a function as „to keep a conversation continue
happening‟ by saying the utterance giving an expression as a sign while
listening.
The three utterances above are included to the form „Meaningless
Word‟ because those utterances are used to keep a conversation.
Datum 39/MW/SS
“Where?” Shley asked, jumping up from the bench.
“Look at this poster of Brittany Barlow,” I told her. “You‟ll see.”
Ashley took one look at the poster and let out a shriek.
“The boa! The pink boa she‟s wearing around her shoulder! It‟s made out
of pink feathers.”
Ashley pulled the feather out of her purse and held it up next to the
poster.
“It looks like the same kind,” she said.
“Brittany was wearing that same boa when she arrived at the theater
tonight!”
I exclaimed. “The feather we found by the display case had to come from
her boa!” commit to user 82 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
“I think you‟re right,” Ashley agreed.
“We checked out the whole crowd while waiting on line. And no one else
had motive be?”
“I don‟t know,” I admitted. “But even if we don‟t know her motive, she‟s
still a suspect. The feather is a big clue!”
“You‟re right. We should question her right away,” Ashley said. “But
she‟s watching the premiere – of her own movie!”
Context of situation:
The utterance “I think you‟re right” is uttered by Ashley. Ashley
agreed what Mary-Kate‟s said about the pink feather wore by Brittany.
The utterance has a function as „to show solidarity‟ by declaring
agreement of something. The utterance is included to the form
„Meaningless Word‟.
Datum 43/MW/KCCH-SS
Ruska sounded as if she were ready to cry.
“It‟s okay,” I told her. I patted her hand. “We‟ll try to speed things up.”
Ruska gave Ashley and me a small smile.
Then she rushed away.
Context of situation:
Ruska told to Mary-Kate and Ashley that Mr. Gudov will come
after the movie ends, but the Princess Anna‟s doll was still not founded
yet. Ruska scared that she and Boris will get fired by Mr. Gudov. Mary- commit to user 83 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
Kate tried to calm Ruska down. She said to Ruska that she and Ashley
will try to find the doll soon.
Data analysis:
The utterance “It‟s okay” is uttered by Mary-Kate. She uttered
the utterance to give an expression after hearing Ruska‟s statement. The
utterance has a function as „to keep a conversation continue happening‟
by giving an expression as a sign while listening.
The utterance “We‟ll try to speed things up.” is uttered by
Mary-Kate to Ruska. She uttered the utterance to calm Ruska down.
Ruska was panic because after the movie ends Mr. Gudov will come, but
the Princess Anna‟s doll did not found yet. The utterance has a function
as „to show solidarity‟ by declaring hope or expectation. The two
utterances are included to the form „Meaningless Word‟.
Datum 52/MW/SS
“You‟re right,” Ashley said. “I heard that Brittany has her own dressing
room night here in the theater. Let‟s find it. Maybe she‟s in there.”
“And remember,” I said. “Even if she doesn‟t have the doll, that doesn‟t
mean she‟s not the thief. She could have hidden it somewhere in the
theater.”
“Good point,” Ashley. “Come on – we have a movie star to track down!”
Context of situation:
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 84
Mary-Kate and Ashley guessed that Brittany Barlow was a thief
of Princess Anna‟s doll. They had to find Brittany to investigate her.
Mary-Kate told to Ashley that Brittany was in the theater somewhere.
Mary-Kate remembered what the ticket taker said that no one left the
theater since the movie started. It means that Brittany should in one room
in the theater. Ashley agreed what Mary-Kate said. Ashley also told to
Mary-Kate that she heard Brittany has her own dressing room in the
theater. They tried to find Brittany Barlow in her dressing room. Mary-
Kate added that even if Brittany did not have the doll, it did not mean she
was not the thief. Mary-Kate guessed that Brittany could have hidden the
doll somewhere in the theater. That statement was agreed by Ashley.
Data analysis:
The utterance “You‟re right” is uttered by Ashley. Ashley
declared agreement of Mary-Kate‟s statement. The utterance has a
function as „to show solidarity‟ by saying the utterance declaring
agreement of something.
The utterance “Good point” is also included to the function „to
show solidarity‟ by saying the utterance declaring agreement of
something. That utterance is other example to declare agreement of
something.
Those two utterances above are included to the form „Meaningless
Word‟. The two utterances do not have a meaning. It is just an utterance
to keep a conversation. commit to user 85 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
Datum 54/MW/BC
“Excuse me,” Ashley said to the woman.
“Do you know where Brittany Barlow‟s dressing room is?”
“I‟d better know,” the woman said, smiling.
“I‟m her agent and manager, Ginger. You girls must be some of her little
fans. But I‟m afraid you‟re out of kick if you were hoping to meet her.
Brittany is not in a very good mood right now. Sorry.”
Context of situation:
Mary-Kate and Ashley tried to look for the Brittany‟s room. In the
corner, the twins crashed into a glamorous woman. Then, the twins asked
to the woman where the Brittany‟s room is. The woman, then, introduced
herself and told to the twins the Brittany‟s room. The woman was
Brittany‟s agent and manager.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Excuse me” is uttered by Ashley. The twins
crashed into a glamorous woman and Ashley tried to ask to the woman
where the Brittany‟s room. Ashley said the utterance to start a
conversation to the woman. The utterance has a function as „to begin a
conversation‟ by saying the utterance apologizing to start a conversation.
The utterance is included to the form „Meaningless Word‟ because the
utterance does not have meaning.
commit to user 86 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
Datum 56/MW/SS
Ginger frowned. “I guess so,” she said.
“She‟s having a neck rub now. Her dressing room is two doors down on
the left. But remember – she‟s in a bad mood. She might not feel like
signing autographs.”
“Why isn‟t she watching the movie?” I asked.
“Doesn‟t she want to see her own movie premiere?”
“She already saw it,” Ginger explained.
“The studio let her see an early screening. She was going to watch it
again tonight, but she got a horrible headache as soon as she entered the
theater.”
Context of situation:
Mary-Kate talked to Ginger, Brittany‟s agent and manager. They
told to Ginger that they were big fans of Brittany Barlow and looked for
Brittany to get her autograph. Ginger allowed the twins to meet Brittany
Barlow. Ginger also told to the twins that Brittany was in a bad mood, it
may be she did not like signing an autograph. Mary-Kate asked to Ginger
why Brittany did not watch the movie premiere, Ginger explained that
Brittany was already saw the movie in the studio.
Data analysis:
The utterance “I guess so” is uttered by Ginger. She uttered the
utterance to allow the twins to meet Brittany Barlow. The utterance has a
function as „to show solidarity‟ by declaring agreement of something. The commit to user 87 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
utterance is included to the form „Meaningless Word‟. The utterance does
not have meaning, it is used to keep a conversation.
Datum 57/MW/BS
Ginger pulled out a small mirror and lipstick.
“Brittany‟s head was pounding so badly that she didn‟t even stop to look
at the doll. She just came straight here. She‟s been getting a neck rub ever
since!”
Ginger carefully applied red lipstick. Then she blotted her lips.
“Please excuse me, girls,” she said. “I have to go meet with some
reporters. They want to interview me about Brittany‟s career.”
Context of situation:
Ginger was explaining why Brittany did not watch her own movie
premiere in the theater. Ginger said that Brittany‟s head was pounding so
badly and it caused she got a horrible headache. Then, Ginger said to the
twins that she had to go to meet the reporters.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Please excuse me, girls. I have to go meet with
some reporters. They want to interview me about Brittany‟s career.”
is uttered by Ginger. Ginger took leave to the twins to meet the reporters.
The utterance has a function as „to break silence‟ by saying separate
greetings. The utterance is included to the form „Meaningless Word‟.
commit to user 88 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
Datum 58/MW/KCCH
“Wow,” I said. “If she‟s telling the truth, Brittany didn‟t steal the doll.”
“That‟s right,” Ashley said. “Because she went straight into her dressing
room and has could be lying to protect her!”
“We‟d better question Brittany,” Ashley responded.
Context of situation:
After hearing Ginger and got some information about Brittany, the
twins talked about Brittany. Mary-Kate said that if Brittany was telling
the truth, it means that she did not steal the doll. Ashley gave a respond of
Mary-Kate‟s statement as a sign to avoid silence with Mary-Kate. Ashley
also added that they should better ask Brittany first.
Data analysis:
The utterance “That‟s right” is uttered by Ashley. Ashley uttered
the utterance as an expression to avoid silence with Mary-Kate. The
utterance is included to the function as „to keep a conversation continue
happening‟ by avoiding silence while talking. The form of the utterance is
included as „Meaningless Word‟. The utterance is used as a sign to keep a
conversation.
Datum 62/MW/KCCH-SS
“Wait a minute,” Ashley said, frowning. “There‟s something I don‟t get.
Ginger said Brittany didn‟t even stop to look at the doll.” commit to user 89 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
“Right,” I prompted.
“So how did that pink feather end up by the doll‟s display case?” Ashley
asked.
Hmmm. “Good question,” I said. “And if Kristen never left the ticket
booth all night, how did those ticket stubs end up there, too?”
“We have a lot more investigating to do,” Ashley said. “This case just
doesn‟t make any sense.”
Then I thought of something. I snapped my fingers. “Wait a minute!” I
said.
“I know who did it! I know who took Princess Anna‟s doll!”
Context of situation:
Mary-Kate and Ashley got other information about Brittany from
Ingrid, who cares for Brittany. The twins guessed that Brittany was nit the
thief of Princess Anna‟s doll. They crossed the name Brittany as their lists
of suspect. Ashley thought something then she told to Mary-Kate. Ashley
told that she did not get something from Brittany. Ashley remembered
that Ginger said Brittany did not even stop to look at the doll. Mary-Kate
agreed what Ashley said. Ashley asked to Mary-Kate how the pink
feathered end up by the display case. Mary-Kate told that Ashley‟s
question was good. Ashley decided to investigate more, but suddenly
Mary-Kate told something. Mary-Kate looked like she know who did
steal the Princess Anna‟s doll.
Data analysis: commit to user 90 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
The utterance “Wait a minute” is uttered by Ashley. She thought
something. Then, she told to Mary-Kate. The utterance is included to the
function as „to keep a conversation continue happening‟ by avoiding
silence while talking.
The utterance “Right” is uttered by Mary-Kate. She gave a
respond to Ashley what she told about Brittany. Mary-Kate gave an
expression as a sign while talking to Ashley. The utterance has a function
as „to keep a conversation continue happening‟ by giving an expression as
a sign while talking.
The utterance “Good question” is uttered by Mary-Kate. The
utterance shows that Mary-Kate agreed with Ashley‟s question. The
utterance has a function as „to show solidarity‟ by declaring agreement of
something.
The utterance “Wait a minute!” is uttered by Mary-Kate. Mary-
Kate told to Ashley that she knows who did steal the doll. The utterance
has a function as „to keep a conversation continue happening‟ by avoiding
silence while talking.
The four utterances above are included to the form „Meaningless
Word‟. It is caused that the four utterances is used to keep a conversation.
Datum 63/MW/KCCH
Ashley grabbed my arm. “Who, Mary-Kate?” she cried.
“Who took the doll?” commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 91
“Jessica did it!” I said excitedly. “That little red-haired girl who was in
front of us on line.”
“You mean the one who was whining?” Ashley asked. “The girl with her
teenage brother?”
“Yeah!” I said. “Remember what we heard her say? That her friends
would never believe she was at this premiere!”
“Right,” Ashley said. “So?”
Context of situation:
Ashley asked to Mary-Kate who did steal the Princess Anna‟s
doll. Mary-Kate told that Jessica was a thief of Princess Anna‟s doll.
Mary-Kate told that Jessica, a little red haired girl who was in front of
them on line, was a thief. Ashley tried to remember Jessica; she asked
that Jessica was a little girl who was whining with her teenage brother.
Mary-Kate agreed Ashley‟s question. Mary-Kate told to Ashley that
Jessica said her friends would never believe she was in the movie
premiere. Ashley agreed to Mary-Kate‟s statement.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Yeah!” is uttered by Mary-Kate. Mary-Kate
uttered the utterance as a sign to avoid silence with Ashley. The utterance
has a function as „to keep a conversation continue happening‟ by avoiding
silence while talking.
The utterance “Right” is uttered by Ashley. She gave an
expression while listening to what Mary-Kate told. The utterance has a commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 92
function as „to keep a conversation continue happening‟ by giving a n
expression as a sign while listening.
The two utterances above are included to the form „Meaningless
Word‟. It is caused that the two utterances are used in dialogue to keep a
conversation.
Datum 66/MW/SS
Ashley opened the detective notebook and added Jessica‟s name to our
suspect list.
“We have to question Jessica,” I said. “Let‟s go into the theater and find
her.”
“We‟ll never find her in the dark, Mary-Kate,” Ashley pointed out.
“She‟s not in the VIP section like Brittany Barlow.”
“You‟re right,” I said. I frowned.
“I guess we have to wait until the movie ends. Ruska will have to
understand.”
“We have just under an hour. We can use the time to check out the rest of
the theater,” Ashley said. “Because if Jessica did steal the doll, she might
have hidden it somewhere.”
“Yeah,” I agreed. “And she‟s probably planning to take it when she
leaves.”
“Okay,” Ashley said. “We‟ll check out the theater, then we‟ll wait by the
doors for Jessica and Donald to come out.” commit to user 93 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
“Let‟s start searching!” I said.
Context of situation:
Mary-Kate and Ashley added the name Jessica to their suspect
list. Mary-Kate told to Ashley that they had to look for Jessica in the
theater. Ashley said that they could not find Jessica in the theater because
it was dark inside. They could not see anything in the dark. Mary-Kate
agreed to Ashley‟s statement. Mary-Kate guessed that they had to wait
until the movie ends. Ashley told they could use the time to check out the
rest of the theater. She also added if Jessica did steal the doll, she might
have hidden the doll somewhere. Mary-Kate agreed what Ashley‟s said.
They planned to check out the theater and then waited Jessica at the exit
door.
Data analysis:
The utterance “You‟re right” is uttered by Mary-Kate She
declared agreement to Ashley‟s statement. The utterance has a function as
„to show solidarity‟ by declaring agreement of something. Other
examples utterance of declaring agreement of something is “Yeah” is
uttered by Mary-Kate. She agreed to the idea of Ashley. The utterance is
also has a function as „to show solidarity‟. The two utterances are
included to the form „Meaningless Word‟. The two utterances are used to
keep a conversation.
commit to user 94 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
Datum 76/MW/KCCH
“Oh, all right!” he said.
“I took the stupid doll. But I wasn‟t going to keep it. I was just going to
take a picture of Jessica holding it. Then I was going to put it back. I
figured she‟d stop whining then.”
“How do we know you were going to put the doll back?” Patty
demanded.
“Patty!” I whispered. “Would you mind leaving the questioning to us?”
“Why?” she whispered back. “I‟m doing a better job!”
Context of situation:
When Mary-Kate and Ashley tried to check the backpack of
Donald, they found something. The twins found the Princess Anna‟s doll
in the Donald‟s backpack. Jessica looked shock what she saw. She never
believed that the doll was in Donald‟s backpack. Donald, finally,
admitted that he took the doll. He explained that he took the doll to take a
picture with Jessica and he put it back. He did that to stop Jessica‟s
whining. Patty asked to Donald how they know that he would put the doll
back. Hearing Patty asked a question, Mary-Kate complained to Patty.
That question should be asked by Mary-Kate and Ashley, but Patty gave a
respond that she was doing a better job to ask that question.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Oh, all right!” is uttered by Donald. He uttered
the utterance as an expression while he was listening Jessica and the commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 95
twins knew that doll was in his backpack. The utterance has a function as
„to keep a conversation continue happening‟ by giving an expression as a
sign while listening. The utterance is included to the form „Meaningless
Word‟ because the utterance is used to keep a conversation.
Datum 77/MW/KCCH
“You just have to believe me!” Donald said. “What would I want with a
doll, anyway?”
“Donald,” Ashley said, frowning. “There‟s something I don‟t get. How in
the world did you get the doll out of the display case?”
“Yeah,” I said. “The case was locked. And the glass wasn‟t broken.”
Donald looked confused. “Display case?” I don‟t know what you‟re
talking about. I didn‟t take the doll out of the display case. It wasn‟t in the
display case!”
Context of situation:
Donald tried to convince Mary-Kate, Ashley, and Patty that he
would put the doll back. Ashley asked to Donald how he gets the doll out
of the display case while the display case was locked. Donald looked
confused what Ashley asked to him. Donald said that he did not take the
doll from the display case.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Yeah” is uttered by Mary-Kate. Mary-Kate uttered
the utterance as an expression while listening to Ashley talked to Donald. commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 96
The utterance has a function as „to keep a conversation continue
happening‟ by giving an expression as a sign while listening. The
utterance is included to the form „Meaningless Word‟.
Datum 86/MW/SS-KCCH
“Thank you all so much,” Ruska said. “I never could have found the doll
on my own.”
“I want to thank you, too,” Boris added.
Ruska shook a finger at him. “Boris,” she said. “I am very angry with
you. Mr. Gudov will be here any minutes. I will guard the doll until he
arrives. You may go now.”
Boris hung his head and left the theater.
Then Ruska turned to us. “Girls,” she began, “will you guard the doll for
me just a few minutes? I need to get something out of the storage room.
I‟ll be right back.”
“Sure, Ruska,” I said. “We‟d love to look at her some more!”
“Right!” Ashley said. “No problem at all.”
Context of situation:
The Princess Anna‟s doll was found. Ruska thanked to Mary-
Kate, Ashley, and also Patty. Boris also thanked to them. Ruska and Boris
felt thankful that the Princess Anna‟s doll was found. Ruska told to Boris
that she was angry to him because Boris was careless to guard the doll.
Ruska also told that he may go and she will guard the doll. Ruska told to commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 97
Mary-Kate and Ashley to guard the doll just a few minutes. Ruska had to
the storage room to get something. Mary-Kate and Ashley looked happy
when Ruska offered them to guard the doll.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Thank you all so much” is uttered by Ruska.
Ruska thanked to Ashley, Mary-Kate, and Patty because they found the
doll. The utterance has a function as „to show solidarity‟ by declaring
thank you.
The utterance “Right!” is uttered by Ashley. She uttered the
utterance as an expression while listening to Mary-Kate accepting the
Ruska‟s offer to guard the doll. The utterance has a function as „to keep a
conversation continue happening‟ by giving an expression as a sign while
listening. The two utterances are included to the form „Meaningless
Word‟.
Datum 93/MW/SS
“This doesn‟t make any sense at all,” she said.
“Donald didn‟t even go near the display case. He found the doll lying on
a chair in the hall. But what was it doing there?”
“Yeah,” I said. “Good question.”
Context of situation:
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 98
Seeing the trails of marks around the display case, Ashley told to
Mary-Kate that what Donald was doing around the display case. Mary-
Kate agreed to Ashley‟s statement.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Yeah. Good question” is uttered by Mary-Kate.
She uttered the utterance as a sign agreeing of Ashley‟s statement. The
utterance has a function as „to show solidarity‟ by declaring agreement of
something. The utterance shows other examples of utterance in declaring
agreement of something. The utterance is included to the form
„Meaningless Word‟.
Datum 95/MW/KCCH
We both thought hard.
“Let‟s ask Ruska if she has any ideas when she gets back,” Ashley
said.
“She said she‟d be back in a few minutes.”
Context of situation:
Ashley and Mary-Kate still were curious who was opened the display
case if not Donald. The twins thought hard it. Then, Ashley told to Mary-
Kate to ask to Ruska when she had been back from the storage room.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Let‟s ask Ruska if she has any ideas when she
gets back” is uttered by Ashley. Ashley tried to avoid silence with Mary- commit to user 99 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
Kate while they were thinking who was opened the display case. The
utterance has a function as „to keep a conversation continue happening‟
by avoiding silence while talking. The utterance is included to the form
„Meaningless Word‟. It is caused that the utterance is used to keep a
conversation.
Datum 99/MW/SS-BS
Ashley stepped up close and stared at the doll in the display case.
“Mary-Kate, there‟s no crack above this doll‟s eyebrows,” she
declared.
“That‟s what I‟m trying to tell you!” I said.
“That‟s how I know it‟s not the real doll!”
“When we saw the doll before the movie started,” Ashley said. “did you
notice the crack was there?”
“Yes!” I exclaimed.
“I definitely remember seeing the crack. I was thinking that the doll was
still perfect to me, even though the crack was there.”
“Good work, Mary-Kate!” Ashley said.
“You have great powers of observati!on!”
I grinned. “Thanks,” I said.
Context of situation:
Ashley was staring at the doll in the display case. She said to
Mary-Kate that there was no crack above the doll‟s eyebrow. Mary-Kate commit to user 100 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
said that was she trying to tell Ashley before, but Ashley did not realize
that until she knew it herself. Mary-Kate told to Ashley that she noticed
the crack when she saw the doll before the movie started. Mary-Kate
added that she remembered the crack. Ashley gave praise to Mary-Kate
as her observations of the Princess Anna‟s doll. Mary-Kate thanked to
Ashley.
Data analysis:
The utterance “there‟s no crack above this doll‟s eyebrows” is
uttered by Ashley when she was staring the doll in the display case. The
utterance has a function as „to break silence‟ by giving a comment of
something that is clear.
The utterance “Good work, Mary-Kate! You have great powers
of observation!” is uttered by Ashley. Ashley gave praise to Mary-Kate
as her good observation of Princess Anna‟s doll. The utterance has a
function as „to show solidarity‟ by giving praise.
The utterance “Thanks” is uttered by Mary-Kate. She thanked to
Ashley as her praise. The utterance has a function as „to show solidarity‟
by declaring thank you.
The three utterances above are included to the form „Meaningless
Word‟. It shows that the utterances are used to keep a conversation.
Datum 103/STOC-MW/BS-SS
“Ugh! It‟s really creepy in here!” I cried. commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 101
“It sure is,” Ashley said. “And I just thought of something else that‟s
giving me the creeps.”
“What?” I asked.
“We know that someone took the real doll out of the case, right?” Ashley
asked.
“Right,” I agreed.
“And the case wasn‟t broken,” Ashley continued.
“So the thief has to be somebody who has a key!”
“That‟s true,” I said. “We know who has keys to the case. We asked
Ruska that question right away.”
“And Ruska told us that only two people have keys,” Ashley said.
“Ruska herself, and Mr. Gudov, the doll‟s owner.”
“Well, Mr. Gudov wouldn‟t steal the doll,” I said. “It‟s already his.”
I gasped. “But then, that means --”
Context of situation:
Inside the storage room, Mary-Kate said that it was really creepy.
Ashley agreed and she said that she just thought something else that
giving her creeps. Ashley told to Mary-Kate that someone took the doll
out of the display case and the display case was not broken. Mary-Kate
agreed. Ashley added the thief should have a key of the display case.
Mary-Kate agreed again. Mary-Kate and Ashley knew who has the key.
Ashley tried to remind Mary-Kate who has the key. It was Ruska and Mr.
Gudov. Mary-Kate thought that Mr. Gudov would not steal the doll commit to user 102 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
because he was the owner. The twins guessed that Ruska who stole the
doll.
Data analysis:
The utterance “It‟s really creepy in here!” is uttered by Mary-
Kate. She uttered the utterance as a comment when she was in the storage
room. The utterance has a function as „to break silence‟ by giving a
comment of something that is clear. The utterance is included to the form
„Standard Topic of Conversation‟. It shows that when Mary-Kate was in
the storage room, she tried to open a conversation to Ashley by saying
that utterance.
The utterance “Right” is uttered by Mary-Kate. She uttered the
utterance as an agree expression to Ashley‟s statement. The utterance has
a function as „to show solidarity‟ by declaring agreement of something.
The utterance is included to the form „Meaningless Word‟ because the
utterance is used to keep a conversation.
Datum 106/MW/KCCH
“I think I get it,” Ashley said.
“Ruska must have been planning this for a while. She didn‟t want anyone
to notice that the doll was missing. So she had to get a fake one to put in
its place. She was going to switch the dolls during the movie.”
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 103
“Oh, I see!” I said. “But after she took the real out of the case, she
accidentally left the fake doll lying on that chair in the lobby. And it got
stolen!”
“So she hired us to find it,” Ashley said.
“When we did, she put the fake doll into the display case.”
“And by the time anyone noticed it was a fake,” I said.
“Ruska would be long gone – with the real doll!”
“No wonder she wanted us to find the doll before Mr. Gudov discovered
it was missing,” Ashley said.
“He would have noticed the fake right away!”
Context of situation:
Still in the storage room, Mary-Kate and Ashley tried to analyze
Ruska‟s motive to steal the doll from the display case. Ashley guessed
that Ruska planned it before; she did not want anyone to notice the doll
was missing so she had to get a fake doll to put in the display case. She
was going to switch the doll during the movie. Mary-Kate and Ashley
tried to analyze step by step Ruska running her plan.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Oh, I see!” is uttered by Mary-Kate. She uttered
the utterance as her expression while listening Ashley explained Ruska‟s
plan. The utterance has a function as „to keep a conversation continue
happening‟ by giving an expression as a sign while listening. The
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 104
utterance is included to the form „Meaningless Word‟ because the
utterance is used to keep a conversation.
Datum 110/MW/KCCH
“Uh-oh! I hit a dead end,” I said.
“Maybe not,” Ashley said. “Turn the corner and follow the new wall.
Let‟s see where we end up.”
“Ow! What‟s wrong?” I asked.
“I heard something!” Ashley cried.
“Behind us?” I whispered.
“No! In front of us,” Ashley told me.
“It sounded as if someone shoved something against the wall!”
“Maybe it was Ruska shoving something against a back door!” I cried.
Context of situation:
Mary-Kate and Ashley tried to exit from the storage room. Ashley
gave an instruction to Mary-Kate to exit from the storage room.
Suddenly, Ashley told to Mary-Kate that she heard someone shoved
something against the wall. Mary-Kate guessed that Ruska did it.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Let‟s see where we end up” is uttered by Ashley.
She uttered the utterance to avoid silence with Mary-Kate when they tried
to exit from the storage room. The utterance has a function as „to keep a
commit to user 105 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
conversation continue happening‟ by avoiding silence while talking. The
utterance is included to the form „Meaningless Word‟.
Datum 111/MW/SS
My hands suddenly felt something different.
“There‟s another corner here!” I cried. “And a back hallway.”
Ashley pointed over my shoulder. “Look! There‟s a crack of light up
there. There is back door!”
“I hope it isn‟t locked!” I said.
Context of situation:
Mary-Kate found another way to exit from the storage room.
Ashley looked there was a crack of light in the corner. They found a back
door. Mary-Kate hoped that the door was not locked.
Data analysis:
The utterance “I hope it isn‟t locked!” is uttered by Mary-Kate.
Mary-Kate uttered the utterance as her hope that they could exit from the
storage room. The utterance has a function as „to show solidarity‟ by
declaring hope or expectation. The utterance is included to the form
„Meaningless Word‟ because the utterance is used to keep a conversation.
Datum 112/MW/KCCH
“Let‟s both push hard,” I said. “I think Ruska put something heavy in
front of the door so we couldn‟t get out.” commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 106
“Where are we?” I asked.
“It looks like a back alley,” Ashley replied.
Context of situation:
The twins tried to open the door, but the door was difficult to
open. Mary-Kate thought that Ruska put something heavy in front of the
door so they did not get out from the storage room. Then, she finally
could get out from the storage room. They were in a back alley.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Let‟s both push hard” is uttered by Mary-Kate.
She tried to avoid silence with Ashley while trying to open the door. The
utterance has a function as „to keep a conversation continue happening‟
by avoiding silence while talking. The utterance is included to the form
„Meaningless Word‟. It shows that Mary-Kate uttered the utterance to
keep a conversation with Ashley.
Datum 114/MW/SS
”Ruska!” I screamed. “Wait!”
“You‟ll never get away with it!” Ashley shouted.
“Hurry, Mary-Kate!” Ahsley screamed.
“She‟s getting away!”
Context of situation:
commit to user 107 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
Mary-Kate and Ashley succeed exit from the storage room. They
saw Ruska was trying to run away. Mary-Kate and Ashley tried to chase
Ruska.
Data analysis:
The utterance “You‟ll never get away with it!” is uttered by
Ashley. She uttered the utterance while she saw Ruska running away. The
utterance is included to the function as „to show solidarity‟ by mocking.
The utterance is included to the form „Meaningless Word‟. It shows
clearly that the utterance does not have a meaning.
Datum 128/MW/SS
“What is going on?” Patty demanded.
Mr. Gudov came back. “The police are on their way,” he said.
Then he reached into his pocket and pullet out a tiny key.
He opened up the glass case.
“Now I‟ll return Princess Anna‟s real doll to her rightful place.”
He took out the fake doll and studied it for a minute.
“This is an excellent copy,” he said. “Even I would have been fooled
from a distance. But up close, you can see there is no crack above the
fake doll‟s eyebrow.”
He put the real doll into the display case.
“There you are,” he said to the doll. “Back where you belong.”
He turned to Ashley and me. “Thank you so much, girls,” he said. commit to user 108 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
Context of situation:
Mr. Gudov had known that Ruska was the thief of Princess
Anna‟s doll. Mr. Gudov said that the police were on the way to catch
Ruska. Then, Mr. Gudov brought the Princess Anna‟s doll to put in the
display case. He changed the fake doll with the Princess Anna‟s real doll.
Mr. Gudov gave the fake doll to Mary-Kate and Ashley as his thanked
because the twins helped to catch Ruska.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Thank you so much, girls” is uttered by Mr.
Gudov. He thanked to Mary-Kate and Ashley because they helped to find
the Princess Anna‟s real doll and catch Ruska. The utterance has a
function as „to show solidarity‟ by declaring thank you. The utterance is
included to the form „Meaningless Word‟/
Datum 130/MW/KCCH
“Yeah,” Ashley said.
“I believe him, too. We should let them know what happened.”
“We can get her address from the invitation list,” I said.
“Let‟s find them tomorrow.”
“And I know what we should do after that,” I said.
“What?” Ashley asked.
“Since we missed the premiere of the “Disappearing Princess” –” I began.
“We‟ll go see it tomorrow!” Ashley finished. commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 109
Context of situation:
Mary-Kate told to Ashley that was true Donald stole the doll even
if it was a fake doll. Ashley agreed to Mary-Kate. Mary-Kate told to
Ashley that they should find Donald and Jessica to know what happened
to Princess Anna‟s doll. After finding Donald and Jessica, Mary-Kate told
to Ashley that they will go to see the movie tomorrow.
Data analysis:
The utterance “Yeah” is uttered by Ashley. She uttered the
utterance as a sign to avoid silence with Mary-Kate. The utterance has a
function as „to keep a conversation continue happening‟ by avoiding
silence while talking.
The utterance “Let‟s find them tomorrow” is uttered by Mary-
Kate. The utterance is other examples of the function „to keep a
conversation continue happening‟ by avoiding silence while talking. Both
utterances are included to the form „Meaningless Word‟.
C. Discussion
In the previous research of Phatic Communion by Deny Purwanti entitled
An Analysis of Phatic Communion in Erin Brockovich Movie (a Socio-Pragmatics
Study), she found 33 dialogues containing the form of Phatic Communion. The 33
data were divided into 12 data of ritual words that are exchanged when people
meet, 12 data of supportive chat, 8 data of standard topic of conversation, and 1
datum of meaningless word. She analyzed the form of Phatic Communion based commit to user 110 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
on Jean Aitchison‟s theory. The context of situation where Phatic Communion
occurs in the movie is divided into 4 domains. The term of domain refers to a kind
of a place where certain communication takes place in a specific occasion and
combined with social and situational context. The four domains the researcher
found are employment domain, residence domain, neighborhood domain, and
public place domain.
While, in the previous research of Phatic Communion by Natalia Dany
Parastika entitled An Analysis of Phatic Communion Employed by the Characters
in The Movie Entitled Juno (Based on a Socio-Pragmatics Approach), she found
28 dialogues containing the form of Phatic Communion. There are 8 data of ritual
words that are exchanged when people meet, 5 data of standard topic of
conversation, 10 data of supportive chat, and 5 data of meaningless word. She also
analyzed the form of Phatic Communion based on Jean Aitchison‟s theory.
In this research, the researcher found 74 data containing the form of Phatic
Communion and 95 data containing the function of Phatic Communion. The
explanation of findings in this research is explained below.
1. The forms and the functions of Phatic Communion in the novel “The New
Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case of the Disappearing
Princess”
Based on the data analysis, there are four forms of Phatic Communion
employed in the novel “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The
Case of the Disappearing Princess”. The forms of Phatic Communion are
based on Jean Aitchison‟s theory. The forms are Standard Topic of commit to user 111 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
Conversation, Ritual Words that are exchanged when people meet, Supportive
Chat, and Meaningless Word.
In the novel “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case
of the Disappearing Princess”, the researcher found there are 74 data that
employed the forms of Phatic Communion.
The researcher found the form „Standard Topic of Conversation‟
employed 10 data in the novel. It can be seen in the data number 01, 03, 27,
31, 36, 41, 48, 92, 101, and 103.
The form „Ritual Words that are exchanged when people meet‟
employed 5 data in the novel. It can be seen in the data number 02, 05, 10, 11,
and 42.
The form „Supportive Chat‟ employed 6 data in the novel. It can be
seen in the data number 06, 08, 13, 17, 24, and 30.
The form „Meaningless Word‟ employed the most data in the novel,
there are 53 data. it can be seen in the data number 04, 07, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19,
20, 25, 26, 29, 37, 39, 43, 45, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68,
76, 77, 80, 82, 84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 99, 100, 103, 106, 109, 110, 111,
112, 114, 116, 126, 128, 129, and 130.
Based on the data analysis, there are ten functions of Phatic
Communion that employed in the novel “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate
& Ashley: The Case of the Disappearing Princess”. The functions of Phatic
Communion are based on Jumanto‟s theory. Jumanto (2008:55) mentioned
that there are twelve functions of Phatic Communion. There are to break commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 112
silence, to begin a conversation, to do courteous talk, to do gossip, to keep a
conversation continue happening, to show solidarity, to create harmony, to
show empathy, to show friendship, to show honor, and to show politeness. In
the novel “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The Case of the
Disappearing Princess”, the researcher found ten functions. The researcher did
not found the function „to create harmony‟ and „to show honor‟ employed in
the novel.
The function „To Break Silence‟ employed 13 data in the novel. It can
be seen in the data number 01, 02, 10, 11, 26, 27, 48, 57, 89, 92, 99, 101, and
103.
The function „To Begin a Conversation‟ employed 18 data in the
novel. It can be seen in the data number 01, 05, 06, 10, 12, 30, 31, 42, 51, 54,
59, 60, 68, 80, 82, 84, 116, and 126.
The function „To Do Courteous Talk‟ employed 3 data in the novel. It
can be seen in the data number 04, 07, and 31.
The function „To Do Gossip‟ employed 2 data in the novel. It can be
seen in the data number 03 and 36.
The function „To Keep a Conversation Continue Happening‟ employed
27 data in the novel. It can be seen in the data number 12, 15, 18, 19, 20, 25,
26, 29, 30, 31, 37, 41, 43, 48, 58, 62, 63, 76, 77, 86, 95, 100, 106, 110, 112,
129, and 130.
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The function „To Show Solidarity‟ employed 27 data in the novel. It
can be seen in the data number 13, 24, 25, 26, 37, 39, 43, 45, 51, 52, 56, 62,
64, 66, 84, 86, 87, 91, 93, 99, 103, 109, 111, 114, 128, and 129.
The function „To Create Harmony‟ employed 1 datum in the novel. It
can be seen in the data number 24.
The function „To Show Empathy‟ employed 2 data in the novel. It can
be seen in the data number 08 and 17.
The function „To Show Friendship‟ employed 1 datum in the novel. It
can be seen in the data number 14.
The function „To Show Politeness‟ employed 1 datum in the novel. It
can be seen in the data number 14.
2. The context of situation in the novel “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate
& Ashley: The Case of the Disappearing Princess”
The story of the novel “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley:
The Case of the Disappearing Princess” is easy to understand. The reader who
read this novel can understand the story. It is caused the writer wrote this
novel by using easy words to understand. The writer addressed this novel to
children. To get the context of situation of each datum, the researcher did not
found any difficulties.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusion
1. The form of Phatic Communion
Based on the data analysis, there are four forms of Phatic Communion
employed in the novel “The New Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley: The
Case of the Disappearing Princess”. The forms of Phatic Communion are
based on Jean Aitchison‟s theory. There are Standard Topic of Conversation,
Ritual Words that are exchanged when people meet, Supportive Chat, and
Meaningless Word. In the novel, there are 74 data that employed the forms of
Phatic Communion. From the 74 data, 53 data of them are included to the
form Meaningless Word. This form is the most data employed in the novel.
There are 10 data that employed the form Standard Topic of Conversation in
the novel. While, there are 6 data that employed the form Supportive Chat and
only 5 data that employed the form Ritual Words that are exchanged when
people meet.
From all data in the novel, the most form used is the form „Meaningless
Word‟. The form „Meaningless Word‟ is a term to the utterances that do not
have a meaning but it can keep a conversation. For example, the utterances
“Wait a minute!”, “Good idea”, “It‟s okay”, “Good point” are the examples of
Meaningless Word that the researcher found in the novel.
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The second form used in the novel is „Standard Topic of Conversation‟.
The form „Standard Topic of Conversation‟ is a topic of conversation that is
too standard and not specific. Giving a statement of something, giving a
comment of something that is clear or even doing gossip are the one of the
examples to be a topic of conversation. In the novel, the researcher found the
utterances “It‟s a pink feather”, “There are movie stars everywhere!”, “It‟s
dark in there” are the examples utterance that included to the form Standard
Topic of Conversation.
The third form used in the novel is „Supportive Chat‟. It is refers to the
conversation that does not deliver new information but full of empathy and
solidarity. Supportive Chat can be the utterance that can support in a
conversation. In the novel, the researcher found the utterances “Hope you
brought binoculars to watch the movie!”, “Ashley and I need to investigate
around the display case. Try not to worry.” are the one of the examples
utterance that included to the form Supportive Chat.
The last form used in the novel is Ritual Words that are exchanged when
people meet. The form „Ritual Words that are exchanged when people meet‟ is
the utterance when people meet. It is commonly called „Greeting‟. In the
novel, the researcher found the utterances “Good afternoon”, “Brittany!”,
Ashley! Mary-Kate!” that is included to the form „Ritual Words that are
exchanged when people meet‟. Saying meet greetings and saying name are the
examples of the form „Ritual Words that are exchanged when people meet‟.
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2. The function of Phatic Communion
The researcher used Jumanto‟s theory to analyze the function of Phatic
Communion that employed in the dialogue. Jumanto (2008:55) mentioned
there are twelve functions of Phatic Communion. There are „to break silence‟,
„to begin a conversation‟, „to do courteous talk‟, „to do gossip‟, „to keep a
conversation continue happening‟, „to show solidarity‟, „to create harmony‟,
„to create comfort‟, „to show empathy‟, „to show friendship‟, „to show honor‟,
and „to show politeness‟.
From the twelve functions of Phatic Communion, the researcher found
only ten functions that employed in the novel. There are two functions of
Phatic Communion that did not find by the researcher in the novel. There are
„to create harmony‟ and „to show honor‟.
The researcher found 95 data that are included to the ten functions of
Phatic Communion. The function „to keep a conversation continue happening‟
and „to show solidarity‟ are the most functions used in the novel. Each
function has 27 data employed in the novel.
The researcher found 18 data that employed to the function „to begin a
conversation‟, 13 data that employed to the function „to break silence‟, 3 data
that employed to the function „to do courteous talk‟, 2 data that employed to
the function „to do gossip‟, 2 data that employed to the function „to show
empathy‟, 1 datum that employed to the function „to create comfort‟, 1 datum
that employed to the function „to show friendship‟, and 1 datum that
employed to the function „to show politeness‟. commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 117
B. Suggestions
For other researchers who are interested in the Phatic expression, it is
suggested to analyze the Phatic expression in other approach, such as Pragmatics.
Since there is no one doing the research of Phatic expression using Pragmatics
approach yet. The researcher can understand more deeply about Phatic
Communion importance in a conversation. It is better to other researcher to find
other theory of the form of Phatic Communion, since this research still used Jean
Aitchison‟s theory to analyze the form of Phatic Communion.
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