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Linguistics and English Languages Teaching Studies Page 36 Volume 1 (1) 2020 ISSN P : Xxxx-Xxxx E: Xxxx-Xxxx Communication ISSN P : xxxx-xxxx E: xxxx-xxxx AN ANALYSIS OF PHATIC EXPRESSION IN SASAK SPEECH COMMUNITY Rospin Hidayatia aUNWMataram, [email protected] Ofi Imtihanul Wardia bUNWmataram, [email protected] Abstract The function of language in society is not only as a means of communication with the arrangement of words, sentences, structure and figurative language, but also including the term of concept in any norm in society, which created through the agreement and conventional community. This study concerns with finding out phatic expression in Sasak speech community and its underlyng factors. Data were collected through audio recording, observation and interview. The study found the pathic expressions used by society into various need and goals based on the target which will be achieved in community. Meanwhile, the factors which underline the use of Sasak Pathic expression may come up from internal and external factors. The internal factors include equal willing and understanding in using language phenomena, and the external factors deal the background of similar social culture and habit to apply Pathic expression. Pathic expression is interactional language which is used as a means of communication in daily life to all kinds of activities at informal situation. The use of pathic expression may appear to all social class, such as; children conversation, young and old people in the society. Keywords: Phatic expression, Sasak, and speech community INTRODUCTION and the role of language society. As it is stated by Sapir and Lee Whorf, in Yunus Human being can not life individually (1981; 38) that: Ianguage not only instrument for because they are social being. As social communications in life, but infact to define life of being, they should life within a society under itself. With Ianguage, we are not merely specific rules and norms. They need good comprehendingworld but also form world reality. interpersonal–interactions since without it. Kridalaksana (1988: 9) says that, Ianguage Individuals are gradually isolated and they used by society to explain culture and way think of are not be able to socialize. One of the society no culture without Ianguage and [there] no manner is conducting a social interaction Ianguage without culture. Generally, the society through a communicative interrelationship. use many language. So, language phenomena It means that people communicate with each is an important topic in sociolinguistics others using a language. The statement study, in which need to be investigated and describes the meaning of the importance find out the group limitation in society function of language and language use related to the role, which has any relevance necessary to be observed to get some of the form in selecting language of information about the position, function, Linguistics and English Languages Teaching Studies Page 36 Volume 1 (1) 2020 ISSN P : xxxx-xxxx E: xxxx-xxxx communication. Every language community of discourse of text. The “A” represent act has their own ways in using language for sequences, points the form and massage social interaction, depending on the contents which will be sent in discourse of agreement and society convention. text. The “K” means the word keys, that is This study conclude on pathic tone and expression in stressing of any expression. All language have pathic conversation. The “I” refers to instruments expression, but each language has different which is used in communication, such as: ways and social situation .Those the telephone, letter and others. The “N” refers differences ways of language and social to norm of interaction and interpretation situation language may be in context of and the “G” means genre, it refers to any meaning, situation, or the way in expressing form of society use the language in the pathic expression process. At the time of process of interaction. speaking, there are two factors influencing and determining the use of language as the The components are characteristics of Mother Tongue or the First Language in language which is arbitrary (does not Lombok has four dialects, they are bounded with any substances) should be menomene,ngeno-ngene, meriak- comprehended in communication process. meriku, ketok-ketek. In comprehending the language, society Furthermore, the researcher would like should mastery any specification of terms. to study pathic expression in dialect at Culture and habit which are commonly seen Kotaraja village in East Lombok in in bsociety. As it is explained by thedialect of ngeno-ngeneis used for their Summaatmaja (1986: 13 – 14) that, practically communication process usually use pathic Ianguage in life of society not only as words network, expression. The writer would like to analyze sentence formation, Ianguage style and structure, but the pathic expression used by the include; cover also expression, conceptassess and community pertaining to the aspect of the setlement of norm which life in society of so it is language, such as in what way it is used, for called societyIanguage. Practically, the function what situation, condition, and social of language in society is not only as a means context of those pathic expressions is used. of communication with the arrangement of Because, about pathic expression not all of words, structure, and figurative language, but language has the same function in using also including the term of concept in any pathic expression, it depends on culture, norm in society, which created through the costume, habitual, and agreement. So, the agreement and conventional community. writer explains all about Pathic with the symbols according to experts. LITERATURE REVIEW Soeseno in Muhammad (1999: 22) states Language, Culture and Society that there are few things influencing the There are a lot of definition of interaction process: The famous theory with language which some expects define. Some acronym speaking. Letter “S” symbolizes of them defined it, the same of defined it setting and scene, including the time, different to others. It happened because they condition, places, etc. The “P” represents language in different perspective. However, the word participants (speakers, listeners, they have a big thing in comment. addresser, writers, readers, and audiences). According to Longman dictionary of Then, the “E” the ends, indicating the goal contemporary English (1987: 6) language is Linguistics and English Languages Teaching Studies Page 37 Volume 1 (1) 2020 ISSN P : xxxx-xxxx E: xxxx-xxxx defined system of sound used by who to information. So, the term "phatic express their though and feeling. In edition, communion" was coined by anthropologist Bram (2005: 12) defined language as a Bronisław Malinowski in his essay "The structure system of arbitrary vocal symbol by Problem of Meaning in Primitive means of which of social group interest. Languages," which appeared in 1923 in The Language is a system of arbitrary, vocal, Meaning of by C.K. Ogden and I.A. symbol,which permits all people in a culture Richards. The term comes from the Greek to communicate in other people who have "phatos" (spoken, that may be spoken), and lernerd the system of culture to from "phanai" (to speak, say). communicate or to interact Besides speech, in the digital world (Finnochiraro1970 : 7 in Suryani : 2007). The phatic expression can also covers digital word “linguistic” is devired from Latin interactions. For example, liking someone's “lingua” and Roman “language” it means social media post can communicate social language (there is the language which come approval and as a consequence build from Latin) the similar word with “lingua” rapport. While phatic markers and still exist, there are langue in English has interjection by Leech (1990) mentioned as relation with the word “linguistique” related pragmatic particles, on the other hand with language (Verhaar : 1999 : 3). Schachter (1985) states as politeness markers Related to the language there are some basic so, it is very important in communication. concepts exposed by do censure. Those Furthermore, Malinowski, (1923) concepts are (1) synchonyc and diachronic scrutinizes that the utterance of a phatic (2) Ia language, parda and end Ialanguage : expression is a kind of speech act. significant and signify ; and (3) sintagmatic Malinowski adds even such apparently and paradigmatic. Language has a social "purposeless" communication as polite small effect in fulfilling human‟s need daily. talk, like "how are you?" or "have a nice Baskaran (2005:1) Communication is a wide day," even though its content may trivial or ranging term, but the context which we are irrelevant to the situation, performs the referring to is the context of human important function of establishing, communication. Human communication has maintaining, and managing bonds of many variables. Thus, language used as the sociality between participants. tool of communication has aim to make Besides, Kevin (2009) explains about intimacy among speaker and hearer. Roman Jakobson's work that 'Phatic' Suharyo(2013) states that it is to maintain communication is defined differently, and interaction among speakers and hearers have concerns the channel of communication, for significances when language used to open instance when one says "I can't hear you, communication in intimacy among speakers you're breaking up" in the middle of a cell and hearers, this condition can be phone conversation. This usage appears, for mentioned as phatic communication. instance, in research on online communities While Kridalaksana (2007: 14) states
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