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Creating and Marketing Nations: Visibility and Invisibilty of Race in Haiti and the Dominican Republic

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Creating and Marketing Nations: Visibility and Invisibilty of Race in Haiti and the Dominican Republic CREATING AND MARKETING NATIONS: VISIBILITY AND INVISIBILTY OF RACE IN HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC By NADIA RILEY RODRIGUEZ A dissertation submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Communication, Information and Library Studies Written under the direction of Dr. Susan Keith And approved by _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey MAY 2019 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Creating and Marketing Nations: Visibility and Invisibility of Race in Haiti and the Dominican Republic by Nadia Riley Rodriguez Dissertation Director Dr. Susan Keith The goal for the research in this dissertation is to shed light on race construction and its connection to national identity construction during the formative years of Haiti and the Dominican Republic following their independences. I argue that though these two 21st century nation brands are so different and their early formations a century apart, the similarities in their histories are striking. Through the analysis of documents related to the independence of each side of Hispaniola; efforts to recruit immigrants to bolster and develop their different population goals; and evidence of Western influence and reception of these nations during their early image developments, I illuminate the significant role that the strategic use of visibility and invisibility in the nation image developments had in the development of two vastly different nations and nation brands in the 21st century; and contribute to the ongoing research on race in Hispaniola. This research also presents some of the connections between past nation image constructions, modern nation brands, and the long-standing persistent racial tensions between Haiti and the Dominican Republic as an attempt to lay a foundation for understanding how racial tension between the two neighbors contributed to the state of strategic representation and brand formation in the 21st century as well as the immigration tension, racism, and violence that erupted in the wake of the 2015 deadline for repatriating immigrants in the Dominican Republic. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It was a long journey that ended with this completed dissertation. There were many people with me when I started and many I picked up along the way. I’ve since lost contact with some but they were important parts of this and my story, and for that I thank them. I could not have done this without the support of my chair Susan Keith who has been with me from the beginning, supported me throughout, and always told me she could picture me at my graduation. My committee, Melisa Aronczyk, David Greenberg, and Kathy Lopez, thank you for your patience, your guidance, and your support. My SC&I family, my cohort, my friends, especially Jessa Lingel, Camille Reyes, Bryce Renninger, Nathan Graham, Aaron Trammell, and Emily Knox, thank you. Thank you to my parents Patricia and Hugh Riley, my sister Dana, my grandmothers Islene Riley and Dolores Wood; and my extended family, especially Iris Bukvic. My first tier, my best friends, especially Calvin Rogers, Andrew Allston, Aubrey Dover, Kahlil Brown, and Tewodros “Teddy” Misganaw, there isn’t much I can do without you. Thank you all for your unwavering faith in me through this journey. I owe the most gratitude to my husband, Ian Rodriguez. Ian, I met you in Haiti in 2012 in the middle of this journey. You encouraged me to stick with it while giving me my greatest motivators and distractions, our two beautiful children, Keira and Aidan. Ian, you are amazing. I love you. Keira, Aidan, you are amazing. I love you. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION…………………………………………….ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………..iii LIST OF TABLES AND IMAGES……………………………………………..vii INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………….…1 I. The Walls around Hispaniola……………………………………………..2 II. “Repatriating”…………………………………………………………......3 III. Invisible Similarities………………………………………………………8 IV. Research question 1 ………………………………………………….….10 V. Research Question 2 ………………………………………………….…10 VI. Research Question 3……………………………………………………..11 VII. Research Question 4……………………………………………………..11 VIII. Research Question 5……………………………………………………..11 IX. Neighboring Diasporas…………………………………………………..12 X. Positioning……………………………………………………………….15 XI. Race……………………………………………………………………...16 XII. Difference and racism……………………………………………………23 XIII. Slavery and Race in the Dominican Republic and Haiti………………...27 XIV. Scope of Research……………………………………………………….31 XV. Connecting the past and the present …………………………………….35 CHAPTER 1: PROMOTING THE COLOR OF HAITI……………………39 I. What are the Haitian Papers?....................................................................43 II. Timing and audiences…………………………………………………...45 III. Code Henri……………………………………………………………....50 IV. Creating a Haiti before creating the image……………………………...56 V. Creating the image of Haiti in the shadow of colonialism………………60 VI. Redefining the French Connection……………………………………....61 VII. Christophe’s image……………………………………………………....63 VIII. Christophe’s Vision for Haiti … in English……………………………..64 IX. Nation pride and image under the weight of European standard and approval………………………………………………………………….66 X. Our Brethren, the Spanish Haitians……………………………………...67 CHAPTER 2: TRUJILLO’S DR: PROMOTING THE COLOR OF THE LAND COLUMBUS LOVED MOST…………………………………………70 I. Rafael Trujillo and his era……………………………………………….71 II. Christopher Columbus: A beacon for the Americas……………………..76 III. Commemorating Columbus and Anacaona……………………………...78 Remembering Anacaona, Facts and Fiction……………………………..82 IV. The Dominican Republic at the 1939 New York World’s Fair……….85 iv CHAPTER 3: PROMOTING RACE AND RECRUITING IN HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC…………….………………………………….………98 I. Recruiting race in Haiti……………………………………………………..98 II. Recruiting Race in the Dominican Republic………………………………..120 III. Jewish Refugees in Haiti……………………………………………………135 IV. Hiding Race and Publicizing Nation on Hispaniola………………………..137 CHAPTER 4: RECEIVING THE MESSAGE: PERCEPTIONS OF NATION……………………………………………………139 I. The Press……………………………………………………………………142 II. Consequences of a bad image: What was there to lose?................................145 III. Haiti in the Press…………………………………………………………….146 IV. Debunking Misconceptions…………………………………………………147 V. Emigration: Haiti for Freedom……………………………………………...150 VI. Haiti’s Independence………………………………………………………..155 VII. Haiti’s Dominican Republic………………………………………………...156 VIII. Racial inequality in Haiti: Safety for all, Equality for Some……………….157 IX. The Dominican Republic in The New York Times………………………….160 X. Trujillo’s Presidency/Rule………………………………………………….161 XI. Opposition…………………………………………………………………..163 XII. Trujillo and Hitler …………………………………………………………..165 XIII. Dominican Republic and Haiti……………………………………………...168 XIV. Misdirection: Welcoming Refugees and other Philanthropic Stunts……….173 XV. Uses for Haiti and the Dominican Republic: Shaping press coverage……..181 CHAPTER 5: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC AND HAITI BRANDS IN MODERN TOURISM ……………………………………….……184 I. Tourism today……………………………………………………………....184 II. Tourist Profiles: Dominican Republic……………………………………...186 III. Tourist Profiles: Haiti………………………………………………………187 IV. Dominican Republic History with Tourism………………………………..189 V. History of Tourism in Haiti………………………………………………...192 VI. Problems with Aid………………………………………………………….197 VII. History, Nation Image, and Nation Brand………………………………….197 VIII. Image is not everything ……………………………………………………199 IX. Destination Representation on the Dominican and Haitian Websites……...201 X. First Impressions…………………………………………………………...204 XI. Tourist Arrivals by Main Market…………………………………………..205 XII. Homepages………………………………………………………………....206 XIII. About Hispaniola ………………………………………………………… 208 XIV. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)………………………………………211 XV. Is it safe? …………………………………………………………………...213 XVI. Why Haiti? ……………………………………………………………….. 216 XVII. Why the Dominican Republic?.....................................................................218 XVIII. Past vs Present in Hispaniola brands………………………………………219 v CHAPTER 6: CONNECTING THE PAST AND THE PRESENT…………...221 I. Arriving at the Inquiry………………………………………………….….221 II. Writing Histories…………………………………………………………..226 III. Race in Hispaniola………………………………………………………....228 IV. Future Research……………………………………………………………230 V. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………231 APPENDIX A……………………………………………………………………..235 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………..……..242 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1: Picture of Dominican Republic 1941 stamp………………………………..78 Figure 2: Chart denoting immigrant allocation……………………………………….118 Figure 3: Letter from Salomon Friedman…………………………………………….136 Figure 4: Purpose of visit categories used by CTO…………………………………...186 Figure 5: Dominican Republic tourism website destinations menu…………………..202 Figure 6: Haiti tourism website itineraries page………………………………………203 Figure 7: Dominican Republic tourism website language options……………………204 Figure 8: 2016 Main market breakdowns for Haiti and the Dominican Republic……205 Figure 9: Dominican Republic tourism website homepage…………………………..206 Figure 10: Haiti tourism website homepage………………………………………….207 Figure 11: Haiti tourism website FAQs page…………………………………………212 Figure 12: Dominican Republic tourism website FAQs page………………………...212 vii 1 INTRODUCTION The Caribbean is a region that,
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