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Home , George Troup, William Few

GSE SS8H4 Westward Expansion in GSE SS8H4

Explain significant factors that affected westward expansion in Georgia between 1789 and 1840. GSE SS8H4.a

Explain reasons for the establishment of the , and for the westward movement of Georgia’s capitals. Lesson Preview

• During this time period, Georgia established the FIRST state supported public University ever! • At the same time, Georgia was involved in one of the most infamous examples of government corruption in history UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA • Established on January 27, 1785 • Georgia’s General Assembly approved the charter. • UGA is America’s FIRST public university

• - Georgia’s Governor • Improved Education - Growth of the State • Granted land to create university Governor Lyman Hall

• • Allocated land for UGA • • Wrote the University’s charter • First president of the University Abraham Baldwin Founder of the University of Georgia Franklin College/Old College One of UGA’s first buildings UGA Campus Tour • After the Civil War, the University was designated as a “land grant institution” • Land is set aside by the federal government to create a university Famous UGA Alumni

• •Former U.S. Senator Famous UGA Alumni LINK TO GA STORY • Crawford W. Long

• First to use ether as an anesthetic for surgery Famous UGA Alumni

• Henry W. Grady

• First editor of AJC

• Grady Hospital is named for him Famous UGA Alumni

• Nathaniel Harris • Founder of Georgia Tech GEORGIA’S CAPITALS Savannah, GA

• GA’s 1st capital • Savannah was named after the Savannah River Savannah, GA Augusta, GA

• GA’s 2nd capital • Oglethorpe named Augusta in honor of Princess Augusta, wife of Frederick, Prince of Wales. Augusta, GA Louisville, GA

• GA’s 3rd capital • Named for French King Louis XVI for his support during the Louisville, GA The Capitals

• Continued moving westward

• Where the people moved, the capitals followed

• Eventually, Atlanta will become the capital of Georgia What was the first public university to receive a charter in the ?

A. Emory University B. Harvard University C. The University of Georgia D. The University of Why was UGA established?

A. Georgia needed a university to match other states education programs B. Land grants made it possible to provide public education opportunities C. To compete against Georgia Tech D. Without it, Athens would have died. What was the sole purpose of the changing of location for the state capital?

A. The people kept moving west, and so went the capital with the people. B. It needed to be moved away from the ocean in case of an attack. C. The citizens wanted it to be Atlanta and needed to slowly move the capital closer. D. To hide it from our enemies. GSE SS8H4.b

Evaluate the impact of land policies pursued by Georgia; include the headright system, land lotteries, and the Yazoo Land Fraud. Land Policies: The Headright System, Land Lotteries, and the Yazoo Land Fraud

• After the War, Georgia gained access to a large amount of land • Land came from American Indians who sided with the British. • Land stretched all the way to the Mississippi River. Land Policies: The Headright System, Land Lotteries, and the Yazoo Land Fraud

• War veterans and others believed they had the right to new land

• What was the best way to distribute land to the people of the state? HEADRIGHT SYSTEM Headright System

• Heads of households = up to 200 acres of FREE land • Men who had families or slaves received even more. • 50 Acres per servant or family member • Soldiers could receive more land Headright System

• White men over the age of 21 OR • Soldiers who had fought during the Revolution

We have a problem!

• Too many claimants • Not enough land to offer Headright System Y E E A A H H Headright System V. Land Lottery LAND LOTTERY Land Lottery

• Land lottery systems • From 1805-1833, Georgia had 8 land lotteries • Almost anyone could buy chances to “get” land Land Lottery Land Lottery

• Gave average Georgians opportunity to gain large amounts of land Land Lottery

• Eligible names sent to the state • Participants paid for ticket • Participants’ names were placed in one drum • The lots bearing a number would be placed in a second drum. Land Lottery Drawing Land Lottery Drawing Land Lottery

People could buy more tickets based on: • Age • Marital status • War service • Orphans and widows eligible Land Lottery Land Lottery YAZOO LAND FRAUD Yazoo Land Fraud Yazoo Land Fraud

• GA government weakened by Revolution • Not strong enough to defend western GA (Miss./AL) Yazoo Land Fraud

Land is sold to companies for unbelievably low prices.

Governor and General Assembly had been bribed Yazoo Land Fraud

The Yazoo Act (1795) • Much of the land that would become and Mississippi was sold to: Four land companies for $500,000. Yazoo Land Fraud

• General Assembly passed a bill • 4 land companies bought 35-50 million acres • One and half cents per acre Yazoo Land Fraud

• Gov. signed the Yazoo Act into law • Georgians protested the sale

“Something was not right…” Yazoo Land Fraud

• Land companies = BRIBED the GA General Assembly and the governor • Bribing the General Assembly is ILLEGAL Yazoo Land Fraud George Mathews Governor of Georgia Took Bribes as the Governor Yazoo Land Fraud

William Few Part of the Bribed Legislators? Yazoo Land Fraud

• The bribed legislators chose to continue with the sale • James Jackson, a US Senator was contacted • Outraged, he resigned and returned to GA James Jackson Georgia senator who stops the Yazoo Land Fraud Yazoo Land Fraud

•Jackson got elected to the General Assembly •He and his political allies took control Yazoo Land Fraud

• General Assembly NULLIFIED (Refused to Enforce) the Yazoo Act. • “Known” as the Yazoo Land Fraud • Federal (U.S.) gov’t got involved Yazoo Land Fraud • 1802 - Georgia CEDED (gave away) the disputed land to the U.S. gov’t (AL and Miss.) • GA got 1.25 million dollars • GA was promised the U.S. would remove ALL American Indians from Georgia Burning of the Yazoo Land Act

Symbolic Burning of the Illegal Document “Holy Fire from Heaven” Burning the Yazoo Land Act “Holy Fire from Heaven” What was the purpose of the headright system in Georgia?

A. Distributed Indian lands to new settlers B. Administered voting and election districts C. Established a method of counting population D. Provided an organized system of collecting taxes Events in which Georgians had the chance to win the right to buy land from the state were known as

A. Yazoo deals B. land lotteries C. freedom fighters D. headright systems The Yazoo Land Fraud occurred because land companies

A. claimed land that had been acquired illegally B. took land from the Native Americans by force C. made illegal treaties with the Native Americans D. bribed legislators so they could buy land cheaply GSE SS8H4.c

Explain how technological developments, including the cotton gin and railroads, had an impact on Georgia’s growth. The U.S. Grows

• 1789 - elected 1st President • Begins U.S. expansion period (1789-1840) George Washington Portrait Saved by Dolley Madison when the British burned the White House in the

The U.S. Grows

• American Indians CEDED (Voluntarily gives up) land to the U.S. • American Indians given plots of land in the West (reservations) The U.S. Grows

• 1803- from France • U.S. gained 10 current U.S. states • LA, AR, MO, IA, MN, ND, SD, NE, MT, WY Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase, 1803 3rd President Authorized Louisiana Purchase The U.S. Grows

• Farmers now had access to Miss. River • Opened new land for farming THE COTTON GIN The Cotton Gin

• Tobacco had destroyed the soil • Georgia was looking for ways to make growing cotton profitable The Cotton Gin The Cotton Gin The Cotton Gin

• Cotton had to be “deseeded” by hand. • This process took too long • Most farmers could not produce more than one pound of cotton a day. The Cotton Gin

• Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 • Cotton gin could remove the seeds from 50 pounds of cotton a day. • Cotton became profitable in Georgia and the rest of the South. Eli Whitney Inventor of the Cotton Gin The Cotton Gin, 1793 The Cotton Gin, 1793

The Cotton Gin

• Farmers began to seek out land to grow cotton • The South grew a large majority of the world’s cotton by 1800 The Cotton Gin

POSITIVE EFFECT Invention of the Cotton gin = • better economy/ more growth The Cotton Gin

NEGATIVE EFFECTS • dependent on one crop • more slaves in GA, & the south The Cotton Gin

• Increase in cotton = Need for more slaves • Led to the South’s dependence on • Later one of the causes of the Civil War The Cotton Gin RAILROADS Railroads

• Railroads help create many GA cities • Created as a better way to transport cotton & people Railroads

• Atlanta - Named for the Western and Atlantic Railroad • Originally called Terminus (End of the Line) • Grew so much, it became the HUB (Center) of the railroads in the South Western and Atlantic Railroad Western and Atlantic Railroad

Railroads What impact did cotton have on Georgia’s economy during the 1800s?

A. It decreased in importance as more textile mills opened B. It decreased the need for slaves because the state had less rice plantations C. It became the most important crop to the state’s economy and ensured that the state remained dependent on slavery D. It led to the state’s increased dependence on trade as Georgia imported most of their supply of cotton from other states and overseas Increased markets, more efficient trade, and the rise of Atlanta can all be attributed to

A. the Yazoo Land Fraud B. Sherman’s “march to the sea” C. the establishment of the railroads in the 1800s D. conflicts between Georgians and American Indians GSE SS8H4.d

Describe the role of William McIntosh in the removal of the Creek from Georgia. THE CREEKS The Creeks

•Largest nation of Indians in GA •Tomochichi’s Yamacraw were a part of Creek Nation •Occupied the most land in GA Tomochichi The Creeks

• Creeks got along with GA colonists • Creeks did not like slavery either • Great Trading Partners

What changed? The Creeks

•The Creek sided with Britain during the Revolution •Hurt relationships with many Georgians •End of deer trade & Overhunting The Creeks

• Georgians became jealous of Creek land • Wanted them gone • Several major Creek land

CESSIONS - “Willingly” gave up their land The Creeks

•1813 - civil war starts between the Creek Indians. •Red Stick War •Named for Creeks who wanted to fight the White settlers The Creeks

•Red Sticks said whites were trespassing •White Sticks said to leave the whites alone

•United States Army gets involved Red Stick War The Creeks

•Creek defeated by U.S. troops •Led by General •Battle of Horseshoe Bend •Creeks forced to give up 22 million acres of land General Andrew Jackson Red Sticks Surrender to General Andrew Jackson General Andrew Jackson War of 1812 “Hero”

Battle of New Orleans Creek land ceded to the U.S. CHIEF WILLIAM MCINTOSH Chief William McIntosh

• Creek chief • Scottish father and Creek mother • Cousin to Georgia governor • Related to several high ranking Georgia families William McIntosh Creek Chief Governor George Troup Cousin of William McIntosh

Co-Signed Final Treaty with U.S. Government Chief William McIntosh

•Angered fellow Creeks •Constantly sided with U. S. •Creek suffered through a terrible famine •McIntosh became friends with a U.S. Indian agent Chief William McIntosh

•Friendship allowed Creek to gain food and supplies •Smoothed over bad opinions for awhile •Wanted Creek to conform to white society Chief William McIntosh

•McIntosh owned 2 plantations •Owned Slaves •Creeks were unhappy with him Chief William McIntosh

•Creek chief could not make decisions by himself •Must consult counsel, especially if it involved land Chief William McIntosh

1825 •Second Treaty of Indian Springs •Signed by McIntosh and six other chiefs Chief William McIntosh

•All Creek land in Georgia was sold to the U.S. for $200,000. •McIntosh received extra cash (bribe) •Creek council ordered execution of McIntosh Chief William McIntosh

•200 Creek warriors assassinated the Chief, William McIntosh •U.S. still enforced the illegal treaty •Creek nation was now gone from GA Murder of McIntosh Chief William McIntosh Who was William McIntosh? A. The inventor of the McIntosh computer B. Chief of the Indians who traded away all their land C. Chief of the Creek Indians who sold away all their land D. The BEST of all the Chief’s of the Creek Indians Why did Chief William McIntosh die? A. He fought bravely in a battle with another American Indian tribe. B. He was very old, as Chiefs are. C. He did not look before falling into a Creek. D. He sold the Creek land without tribal permission. GSE SS8H4.e Analyze how key people (John Ross, John Marshall, and Andrew Jackson) and events (Dahlonega Gold Rush and Worcester v. Georgia) led to the removal of the from Georgia known as the . CHIEF JOHN ROSS John Ross

•Principal chief of the Cherokee Nation. •Mixed heritage •Spoke English and practiced many European customs John Ross

•Sold goods to the U.S. Government in Chattanooga •Used the profits to buy a plantation •Created a ferry business John Ross

• Used his wealth and connections to win several governmental positions • Became principal chief in 1827 • White Georgians were lobbying to remove the Cherokee from the state John Ross Last Chief of the Cherokee in Georgia DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH Dahlonega Gold Rush

1828 - Dahlonega, GA • America’s first gold rush began • This discovery did not bode well for the Cherokee. Dahlonega Gold Rush Dahlonega Gold Rush

•Thousands of miners fought for Cherokee land •Began to settle there without permission •Cherokee called it “The Great Intrusion” Dahlonega Gold Rush

•Many whites wanted land in the area •Georgia held a land lottery in 1832 •The Cherokee still lived on the land Dahlonega Gold Rush

•whites demanded removal of Cherokee •wanted their gold Dahlonega Gold Rush

• General Assembly passed laws concerning Cherokee land • If gold was discovered, then the land belonged to the state • Cherokee law was declared invalid Dahlonega Gold Rush

• Cherokee could not speak against whites in court • Whites could hurt or kill Cherokee • Cherokee had no right to any land that contained gold Dahlonega Gold Rush

•Gold Rush lasted 20 years •U.S. government set up a mint •Produced almost 1.5 million gold coins Dahlonega Gold Rush

• Gold became much more difficult to mine • 1849 - California Gold Rush began • Thousands of Americans moved out west to find their fortunes WORCESTER VS. GEORGIA Worcester vs. Georgia Cherokee Nation vs. GA Worcester vs. Georgia

•1832 - a landmark Supreme Court case •Should have protected the Cherokee from removal Worcester vs. Georgia

Law: Whites cannot live on Cherokee land without signing oath of allegiance to the governor • 11 missionaries refused to sign • Postmaster: Samuel Worcester Worcester vs. Georgia

• Everyone who refused to sign was thrown in jail • Sentenced to a hard labor work detail • Chained and had to walk 80 miles to courthouse in Lawrenceville Samuel Worcester Challenged Pledge of Allegiance to Governor Worcester vs. Georgia

Samuel Worcester •Northern Missionary that lived with the Cherokee •Arrested (several times) for living amongst the tribe without Georgia’s permission Worcester vs. Georgia

•State prosecuted Worcester and other missionaries •Sentenced them to four years of hard labor in Milledgeville •Cherokee hired lawyers to appeal their sentence George Gilmer Governor who fought Cherokee missionaries Worcester vs. Georgia

•Supreme Court ruled in the Cherokee’s favor •Chief Justice John Marshall condemned legislators Worcester vs. Georgia

•It declared the Cherokee Nation was SOVEREIGN

(Subject to their own laws)

•State of GA could not interfere in their affairs Worcester vs. Georgia

•Ruled that Cherokee Nation was a legal country •Georgia law DID NOT APPLY to the Cherokee John Marshall Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court

Decided Georgia Law did NOT apply to the Cherokee Worcester vs. Georgia

•Missionaries remained in prison •GA continued to push the federal government for removal •Governor pardoned the missionaries Worcester vs. Georgia

• Marshall freed the two non-signers • Marshall ordered the Cherokee to be left alone • Governor Wilson Lumpkin refused to enforce Marshall’s decision Wilson Lumpkin Georgia Governor

Refused to enforce John Marshall’s decision in Worcester vs. GA Worcester vs. Georgia

•President Andrew Jackson is asked to enforce Marshall’s decision •President Jackson refused

“States should be in charge of Indian affairs” Worcester vs. Georgia

Jackson’s famous quote: “John Marshall has rendered his decision, now let him enforce it!” Cherokee’s time is running out Worcester vs. Georgia STORY TIME The Cherokee leadership hoped the decision would persuade the federal government to intervene against Georgia and end the talk of removal. Georgia ignored the Supreme Court's ruling, refused to release the missionaries, and continued to press the federal government to remove the Cherokees. President Jackson did not enforce the decision against the state and instead called on the Cherokees to relocate or fall under Georgia's jurisdiction. (Although Jackson is widely quoted as saying, "John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it," his actual words to Brigadier General John Coffee were: "The decision of the supreme court has fell still born, and they find that it cannot coerce Georgia to yield to its mandate.") Worcester vs. Georgia PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON President Andrew Jackson

1830 - Act •All Native Americans were to be moved to the western territories •GA senators and reps. pushed hard for this bill to be passed President Andrew Jackson

•Act allows GA to remove Indians •Act allows president to negotiate with Indians as to how they would be removed President Andrew Jackson

•Bill only passed by 14 votes •Jackson signed the bill into law •Congress authorized $500,000 to enforce the removal Andrew Jackson 7th President of the United States

Signed the Indian Removal Act of 1828 TRAIL OF TEARS Trail of Tears Trail of Tears

• 1835 - All Cherokee tribes told to come to New Echota • Treaty would be signed • Would CEDE (Give Up) all land to the US Trail of Tears

• If you did not show up.... • It meant you agreed with the treaty • Only 500 of the 17,000 Cherokee were present Trail of Tears

• Treaty of New Echota • 1835-ALL Cherokee land ceded to U.S. • Major Ridge and son, John signed treaty Major Ridge Cherokee Chief John Ridge Cherokee Leader Trail of Tears

• President Martin Van Buren sent in troops • Troops led by General Winfield Scott • 2,000 Cherokee left willingly Trail of Tears Martin Van Buren 8th President of the U.S.

Actually Enforced the Removal of the Cherokee General Winfield Scott Led Military in Removal of the Cherokee Trail of Tears

• 7,000 troops sent in • American Indians forced to move from Georgia to Oklahoma • 4,000 Cherokee died • Fever, dysentery, and cholera Trail of Tears

• Cherokee actually felt fear, despair, & hurt • Called it “the trail where they cried” • We now refer to the move from GA to Oklahoma as the “Trail of Tears”

Trail of Tears What did John Ross demand?

A. The US to give back all lands taken. B. The US to honor treaties and protect all American Indians. C. The US to leave the New World. D. The US to call them “American Indians.” What did John Marshall decide? A. That Georgia law did not apply to the American Cherokee Indians. B. All American Cherokee Indians could remain in Georgia. C. All American Cherokee Indians could not remain in Georgia. D. Chocolate ice-cream is better than vanilla ice-cream. What did Andrew Jackson sign?

A. The Indian relocation act. B. The Indian protection act. C. The Indian removal act. D. The Indian Holiday act. The Dahlonega Gold Rush provided

A. gold and land to white settlers. B. gold to white settlers. C. land to white settlers. D. gold, god, and glory to white settlers. What did Worcester v. Georgia declare? A. Cherokee Nation had to leave Georgia. B. Cherokee Nation was sovereign. C. Cherokee Nation was allowed to stay. D. Cherokee Nation had to start the Trail of Tears. What was the Trail of Tears? A. Propaganda by the American Indians to fight removal from Georgia. B. A trail in which many clothes were torn. C. A trail in which one could track the movements of the American Indians. D. The forced removal of American Indians. THE END