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Trabajo FOTOVOLTAICA Máster en Eficiencia energética y Sostenibilidad en Plantas Industriales y Edificación SIH007 Fotovoltaica INSTALACIONES FOTOVOLTAICAS: LA TECNOLOGÍA EN LA PRÁCTICA Estela Rodríguez Alba Bellido Manuel Pastor Miguel Angel soria Sheila Peñarroja Raquel Cuesta 1 Máster en Eficiencia energética y Sostenibilidad en Plantas Industriales y Edificación SIH007 Fotovoltaica ÍNDICE 1. INTRODUCCION Y FABRICACIÓN 2. MERCADO DE LA INDUSTRIA FOTOVOLTAICA 3. COMPARATIVA PRECIOS ACTUALES DE LOS COMPONENTES 3.1 PANELES 3.2 INVERSOR 3.3 ESTRUCTRA 3.4 MATERIAL ELÉCTRICO 4. ANTECEDENTES Y COMPARATIVA DE PRECIOS SEGÚN BASES DATOS PREOC 5. ESTUDIOS COMBINADOS DE INSTALACIONES. 6. NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍAS 7. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 2 Máster en Eficiencia energética y Sostenibilidad en Plantas Industriales y Edificación SIH007 Fotovoltaica 1. INTRODUCCIÓN Y FABRICACIÓN La instalación fotovoltaica de conexión a red responde al sencillo esquema de la Figura 1 . El generador fotovoltaico está formado por una serie de módulos del mismo modelo conectados eléctricamente entre sí, y se encarga de transformar la energía del sol en energía eléctrica, generando una corriente continua proporcional a la irradiancia solar que incide sobre ellos. Sin embargo, no es posible inyectar directamente la energía del generador fotovoltaico en la red eléctrica precisando ser transformada en corriente alterna para acoplarse a la misma. Matriz de paneles Inversor Red eléctrica Figura 1 Esta corriente se conduce al inversor que, utilizando la tecnología de potencia, la convierte en corriente alterna a la misma frecuencia y tensión que la red eléctrica y de este modo queda disponible para cualquier usuario. La energía generada, medida por su correspondiente contador de salida, se venderá a la empresa distribuidora tal y como marca el Real Decreto 1578/2008, de 26 de septiembre en su adjudicación de la Convocatoria a la que se Prerregistra la instalación. Asimismo, la instalación cuenta con un contador de entrada para descontar posibles consumos de la instalación (stand-by nocturno del inversor, principalmente) De esta forma, la instalación de conexión a red se plantea como una inversión, facturándose la energía de la instalación fotovoltaica de forma independiente a la factura de consumo de la nave, por lo que es falsa la creencia de que sólo se vende a la compañía eléctrica el excedente de producción. 3 Máster en Eficiencia energética y Sostenibilidad en Plantas Industriales y Edificación SIH007 Fotovoltaica MATERIA PRIMA La materia prima para la fabricación de la células fotovoltaicas más utilizadas actualmente es el silicio.El silicio es el material más abndante en la Tierra, después del oxígeno, dado que la combinación de ambos formas el 60% de la corteza terrestre. El slicio utilizado actualmente en la fabricación de las células que componen los máodulos fotovoltaicos se presenta en trs formas diferentes. - Silicio monocristalino.Un único cristal.Igual red cristalina en todo el material y muy pocas imperfecciones.complicado y costoso. Mayor eficiencia de conversión de luz en energía eléctrica. - Silicio policristalino, la red cristalina no es la misma en todo el material. Proceso más barato con rendimientos ligeramente inferiores. - Silicio amorfo, no hay red cristalina y se obtiene un rendimiento inferior a la composición cristalina, pero además de su bajo coste, es muy absorvente por lo que basta una fina capa para captar la luz solar. Rendimientos actuales de las diferentes tecnologías de módulos solares en fase de comercialización. 4 Máster en Eficiencia energética y Sostenibilidad en Plantas Industriales y Edificación SIH007 Fotovoltaica TIPO DE SILICIO EFICIENCIA Monocristalino 14-18% Policristalino 12-14% Amorfo <10% Actuamente existen otras trecnologías o procesos de aceptable rendimiento no todas basadas en el silicio, que se encuentran en fase de desarrollo en laboratorio o iniciando su fabricación en pequeñas plantas. Es el caso del Teluro de cadmio, Arsenio de galio, células bifaciales El sector fotovoltaico se caracteriza por una larga cadena de actividades desde la extracción de la materia prima (silicio) hasta la explotación de la instalación de producción. Existen distintos procesos productivos , basados tanto en el polisilicio como en otros materiales. El proceso más común (ASIF 2008) Cadena de valor de la industria solar fotovoltaica. ASIF 5 Máster en Eficiencia energética y Sostenibilidad en Plantas Industriales y Edificación SIH007 Fotovoltaica Fabricacion de un lingote Fabricacion de un lingote El proceso se inicia con la extracción del silicio metalúrgico desde su matera prima, la harina de sílice.Este material se purifica para producir un silicio metálico con propiedades semiconductoras.El proceso continua con la producción de lingotes que se cortan en capas finas u obleas. El precio de los lingotes puede rondar los 97 euros por kilo. El proceso (monocristalino o policristalino) y el tamaño del lingote son factores críticos para determinar la cantidad de energía pproducida por cada oblea una vez trasnformada en célula. Las obleas son sometidas a varios tratamientos químicos e impresión para trasnformarlas en células. Un módulo está compuesto de células. Una instalación solar fotovoltaica se compone de muchos otros elementos además de los módulos. Estos elementos pueden constituir un 40% de los costes totales de la instalación.. 2. MERCADO DE LA INDUSTRIA FOTOVOLTAICA La industria solar es una industria global. Actualmente el negocio de fabricación de polisilicio está controlado, en su mayor medida por grandes grupos empresariales que además de suministrar al sector fotovoltaico, también proveen al sector de los semiconductores. La escala mínima eficiente para este negocio se sitúa entre 125 y 250 MWp equivalentes de polisilicio, lo que ha resultado que la industria de fabricación haya estado desconectada de la producción de polisilicio. 6 Máster en Eficiencia energética y Sostenibilidad en Plantas Industriales y Edificación SIH007 Fotovoltaica Según avanzamos por la cadena de valor, la industria del polisilicio se va fragmentando progresivamente. La estructura del mercado de lingotes y obleas está transformándose rápidamente con el crecimiento de las dimensiones de las células. La tendencia hacia células de mayor tamaño y menor espesor implica una creciente necesidad de inversión para adptar el proceso productivo y así consolidad del sector. El sector de la fabricación de células , tiende a diversificarse, ya que la escala óptima para la fabricación de células se ha mantenido estable al mismo tiempo que se producía un crecimiento significativo de la demanda. Las instalaciones más avanzadas tiene capacidades de producción que se sitúan entre 40 y 60 MWp/año, pero el negocio de fabricación de módulos ha tenido una escala óptima muy inferior entre 3 y 10 MWp/año.(datos referidos por ASIF 2008) La base industrial local española se ha centrado en la fabricación de células y módulos, a excepción de Isofotón, empresa que también está activa en lña fabricasción de obleas. La industria española, está inmersa en un proceso de integración verticalcompleta, para poder reducir la depedencia del exterior a través de proyectos empresariales en la producción de silicio. Esta integración dará mayor estabilidad de las compañías españolas ante posibles escenarios futuros de precios de polisilicio. Actividad empresarial desarrollada en España según ASIF 2009 7 Máster en Eficiencia energética y Sostenibilidad en Plantas Industriales y Edificación SIH007 Fotovoltaica En España el apoyo normativo ha permitido dar un salto cualitativo durante los últimos años, en 2008 se pusieron 2661 MW, más los 692 MW en años anteriores (datos ASIF) Este crecimiento ha posibilitado el desarrollo sostenido de la industria nacional. 8 Máster en Eficiencia energética y Sostenibilidad en Plantas Industriales y Edificación SIH007 Fotovoltaica • DEMANDA DE POLISILICIO En el 2003, debido a la demanda del mercado alemán, los precios de este material, básico para los generadores solares experimentaron na fuerte subida. Esto propició a que entraran nuevos empresas decidieran entrar el sector , así como las existentes incrementaron su capacidad de fabricación. Entonces se abastecía del polisilicio que sobraba después que se hubiera cubierto la demanda de la industria electrónica, en el 2008 la mayor parte de la materia prima se destinó a la producción de paneles solares. Distribución de la demanda global de polisilicio 2008 ( Photon internacional) Y este segmento, sigue estando concentrado por los cinco primeros fabricantes, que controlan más de un 50%, de la producción global. 9 Máster en Eficiencia energética y Sostenibilidad en Plantas Industriales y Edificación SIH007 Fotovoltaica Mercado mundial de polisilicio según datos 2010 ASIF. La bajada del polisilicio, obliga a la industria a a renegociación de contratos de suministro del polisilicio a lrga plazo, ya que sus precios eran superiores a los de contado y por tato no eran competitivos. Hasta el 2008, los precios se multilicaron por cuatro, en contratos de suministro a largo plazo y por diez en el mercado de pago al contado. A finales del 2008, hay un descenso progresivo. 10 Máster en Eficiencia energética y Sostenibilidad en Plantas Industriales y Edificación SIH007 Fotovoltaica Evolucion del precio del polisilico en el mercado al contado. La caída del precio, debido al incremento de la oferta y a la bajada de la demanda, tras la temporada de verano del 2008, esto spone un descenso gande de preciosen toda la cadena de valor industrial solar. Otros factores
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