Notes

Introduction

1 At the rate of publication of secondary literature on Wittgenstein no bibliography can be up• to-date. Still relevant, however, are Lapointe, : A Comprehensive Bib• liography, 1980; V.A. Shanker and S.G. Shanker, A Wittgenstein Bibliography, 1986; Gabel, Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Comprehensive Bibliography of International Theses and Dissertations, 1988; Frongia and McGuinness, Wittgenstein: A Bibliographical Guide, 1990; Philipp, Bibliographie zur Wittgenstein-Literatur, 1996. 2 Such quantitative research must, of course, be well defined in the terminology of research methods. For example, the adage "on Wittgenstein" should be clarified. Does any text that mentions Wittgenstein merit inclusion in the research? Or does Wittgenstein have to be the obvious object and focus of the text? And what about chapters in books, footnotes that re• fer to Wittgenstein, or use of Wittgensteinian catchwords ("language-games," "form of life," "language as use")? These difficulties must be addressed before one can begin to sum up the on-Wittgenstein oeuvre. 3 The two outstanding anthologies are Shanker, Ludwig Wittgenstein: Critical Assessments, Vol. 1-5, and Canfield, The Philosophy ofWittgenstein, Vol. 1-15. 4 E.g., Copi and Beard, eds., Essays on Wittgenstein's Tractatus; Arrington and Glock, eds., Wittgenstein and Quine; Pitcher, ed., Wittgenstein, The Philosophical Investigations: A Collection of Critical Essays. 5 E.g., Block, ed., Perspectives on the Philosophy ofWittgenstein; Griffiths, ed., Wittgenstein: Centenary Essays; Vesey, ed., Understanding Wittgenstein; Winch, ed., Studies in the Phi• losophy ofWittgenstein. 6 I will have more to say on the question of interpretation in general and "legitimate interpre• tation" in particular in Part I. 7 The term "story," with the concomitant threesome (plot, hero, time), is taken from the study of narrative. See especially Paul Ricouer's analysis of narrative, as propounded in Time and Narrative.

199 200 NOTES

8 Hacker, Wittgenstein's Place in Twentieth-century , p. ix, x. 9 The doing of interpretation does, sometimes, rare times, involve a certain recounting of past doings, but this is rarely a story of interpretation; at most it may be a chapter in the story. Such are, e.g., Williamson, "Recent Canadian Work on Wittgenstein: 1980-1989," and Stem, "Review Essay: Recent Work on Wittgenstein, 1980-1990," which are this side of storytelling, as opposed to purely bibliographical listings and reportage. 10 See, especially Canfield, The Philosophy of Wittgenstein, Vol. 9, The Private Language Argument. 11 A very partial story does subsist in Stem's "Review Essay: Recent Work on Wittgenstein, 1980-1990," in Section 2: Recent Work on Rule-Following. 12 And I do not here engage in the explicit historical game of finding the real origin, Le., of looking into the question of whether Wittgenstein was the first, really the first, to use the word, or phrase, or expression. When I say "Wittgensteinian in origin" I speak of a con• sensual recognition of the Wittgensteinian use as being at a crucial, first junction. 13 In Part I, I will address the issues of interpretation: what is interpretation as differentiated from analysis and application, what are the limits of interpretation, what is legitimate in• terpretation, and what is, most emphatically, overinterpretation. 14 Nevertheless, two philosophers that compete with Wittgenstein in their "vulnerability" to extremes of inconsistent interpretations are Rousseau and Nietzsche. 15 Mundle puts it sharply, when referring to only one instance of such inconsistency, Pitcher's anthology (Wittgenstein, The Philosophical Investigations): " If, in some future age, a phi• losopher should come across Pitcher's anthology but not Wittgenstein's book, he would .. .infer that if the authors of these essays are discussing a single book called 'The Philosophical Investigations', they must be referring to different editions involving radical revisions." A Critique of Linguistic Philosophy, p. 4. 16 Von Wright, "A Biographical Sketch," in Malcolm, Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir, p. 20. 17 Letter from Alfred Kazin to his son Michael Kazin, in 1984, quoted in Dissent magazine, Fa111998. 18 I do not intend to go into the nuances and intricacies of hyper-exact labels of the philoso• phical and cultural milieus we inhabit - especially in academia. That there are now philosophical schools espousing post-postmodemism, or that postmodernism is now con• sidered passe by some pedants, is not relevant to my intentionally broad labeling.

Chapter 1

1 I say "a" story rather than "the" story for the very express reason that this is not the only possible story. Indeed, we should welcome the telling of several such stories, each high• lighting a different plot and thereby illuminating a different meaning to Wittgenstein interpretation. I only hope that it is, in its way, a unique story. 2 The list of books addressing the construct of interpretation (rather than engaging in the activ• ity of interpretation) in the past two decades runs to the hundreds. This may be seen as a modem, or even postmodem, reincarnation of the classical interest in hermeneutics leaning on the theoretical rebirth of the subject in the nineteenth century with Schleiermacher. Suf• fice it, for us, to adopt the phrase "the interpretive tum" in order to characterize the present focus on ways of reading. See Hiley, Bohman, Shusterman, eds., The Interpretive Tum: Philosophy, Science, Culture. 3 Hintikka, "An Impatient Man and His Papers". NOTES 201

4 See, e.g., Nyiri, "Ludwig Wittgenstein as a Conservative Philosopher"; Schulte, "Wittgen• stein and Conservatism". 5 Beyond psychology and philosophy there is, of course, the classical (and post-classical) debate concerning the issue of authorial intent, and authorial authority, in literary studies, which is both too deep and too wide to merely touch upon here, while we still adopt a clear stand: "But the text is there, and the empirical author has to remain silent" (Eco, "Between Author and Text"). 6 These conundrums, concerning the relations between personal circumstances, affinities, and traits and a philosopher's philosophy, are recently, and admirably, addressed in Klagge, ed., Wittgenstein: Biography and Philosophy. Asking these questions explicitly are think• ers such as Monk ("Philosophical Biography: The Very Idea"), who sees biography as a genre specifically suited to achieving Wittgensteinian understanding, and Conant ("Phi• losophy and Biography"), who, while showing that philosophical biography (as "a mode of representation of the life of an individual philosopher that aspires to facilitate the under• standing of that individual qua philosopher") is possible, ends his article with the irony that "[t]here are however, may worthwhile ways to spend your time other than reading phi• losophical biography" (p. 42). Other articles in that volume may provide a refutation of, or, at the least, raise misgivings about our ability to delimit "philosophical" interpretation. 7 This is somewhat reminiscent of the Hegelian threesome, art, religion and philosophy as being different paths to the same goal of understanding, taken to a multiplicity more in keeping with the signs of current times. 8 For a different perspective on the relevance of Wittgenstein' s own comments on reading for reading Wittgenstein, see Nordmann, "The Sleepy Philosopher: How to Read Wittgen• stein's Diaries". Nordmann points out that Wittgenstein could have been taken to lead us to his diaries (and notebooks, and correspondence) as evidence for understanding his phi• losophy; on the other hand, he should be taken seriously as telling us that his philosophical remarks are clear as they stand, with no demands for interpretively unearthing philosophi• cal doctrines. 9 Eco, The Role of the Reader. 10 Rorty, "The Pragmatist's Progress". 11 Light can also be thrown on the connection between use and interpretation by mention of Wittgenstein's "influence" on a philosopher's thought. This aspect of Wittgenstein's re• ception in the philosophical community was canvassed in a special issue of Philosophical Investigations (vol. 24/2, 2001), on occasion of Wittgenstein's 50th Iahrzeit. Several Witt• gensteinian scholars (interpreters and users), including Cavell, Conant, Diamond, Dilman, Hacker, McGuinness, Palmer, Phillips, Rhees, Schulte, von Savigny, von Wright, and Winch, related their views of Wittgenstein' s influence on their work. 12 One outstanding hero in the interpretive-users crowd is Cavell. His interpretation of the later Wittgenstein will emerge as a definitive station in the story I tell about re-interpreting the Investigations, yet he takes his own interpretation so seriously as to implement it in his own style of doing philosophy. 13 Eco, "Overinterpreting Texts," p. 48. 14 In fact, the only place I can be blamed for a tum to that kind of overinterpretation is in my own project: I am, in a certain sense, interpreting the myriad of interpretations. But, in an• other sense, I have denied the label of interpretation and so can barely be thought of as overinterpreting. 202 NOTES

15 How novel this family is, whether at the end of the mainline standard families or providing a contrast to any standard, is one of the questions that will occupy us in the sequel. But see Crary's introduction to The New Wittgenstein, eds., Crary and Read. 16 "Standard" and "mainline" will be interchangeable throughout. 17 See especially Moyal-Sharrock, "The Third Wittgenstein, Skepticism and the Negation of the Doppelganger". 18 For a very different perspective on the affinity between content ("what is said"), style ("how it is said"), and medium ("in what it is said") see Pichler, "Wittgenstein's Later Manuscripts: Some Remarks on Style and Writing". 19 I will be calling this "school" of interpretation the CavelVDiamondlDreben school, but see Part II for elaboration. 20 But in this sense, also, another interpretive riddle arises: is reading the early Wittgenstein in light of the later Wittgenstein a legitimate interpretive stance? And even more blatantly - how would we have read the Tractatus ifWittgenstein had never returned to Cambridge? 21 This is the Ogden translation. PearslMcGuinness render this as "What we cannot speak about we must pass over in silence." Both translations will serve us in various, appropriate contexts. 22 Of the several commentaries on Wittgenstein on understanding in the Investigations, I adopt the reading offered by Goldfarb, "Wittgenstein on Understanding". 23 All, or most of, the above relates to the later Wittgenstein. Although the early Wittgenstein introduces the problematics of what can or cannot be said, there seems to be a (re )solution of the problem and therefore a point to interpretation: attempting to unearth the solution. That such a solution involves one in the tensions of the last part of the Tractatus still does not seem to belie the legitimacy of the attempt at interpretation.

Chapter 2

1 Questions of translation, not interpretation (though translation betrays a certain interpreta• tion), will beleaguer us from here on in. "Sachverhalte" is translated in the first, Ogden translation, as "atomic fact" and in the PearslMcGuinness translation as "state of affairs". We will have more to say about this shortly. 2 The Ogden translation puts ''unsinnig'' here as "senseless"; Pears/McGuinness are consistent and correct in translating "sinnloss" as "senseless" and "unsinnig" as "nonsensical". 3 In a letter to Russell Wittgenstein says, "I'm afraid you haven't got hold of my main con- tention ... " from Letters to Russell, Keynes and Moore, ed. von Wright, R. 37. 4 Ramsey, "Critical Notice of the Tractatus," p.465. 5 Black, "Some Problems Connected with Language." 6 Details of these (socially) ambiguous meetings can be ascertained in the biographies of Wittgenstein and in various memoirs. See also McGuinness's preface in Wittgenstein and the Circle. 7 But see subtle relations in Hintikka, "Ludwig's Apple Tree: On the Philosophical Relations between Wittgenstein and the ". 8 This can be said of Russell and Ramsey as well. 9 Camap, "Intellectual autobiography". 10 Hacker, Wittgenstein's Place, p. 52. 11 This is not inconsistent, however, with the related (contested) view that Wittgenstein did pass through a verificationist stage between the early, truth-conditional semantics of the Tractatus and his later meaning-as-use theory of meaning in the Investigations. NOTES 203

Chapter 3

1 But reading through Wittgensteinian texts the question of the (un)importance of bracketed remarks is tantalizing. 2 This is not to claim, of course, that translation is not, inherently, some form of interpretation. In fact, it is one of the interesting issues - translation vs. interpretation - that arise in the philosophy of language. An outstanding example of the complexities of the issue is the dif• ferentiated terminology of Quine (indeterminacy of translation) and Davidson (indeterminacy of interpretation). 3 This conundrum was not laid to rest by Pears and McGuinness. See the very current "Is the Pears-McGuinness Translation of the Tractatus' Really Superior to Ogden's and Ram• sey's?" by Nelson. 4 The notorious threesome: TLP 2.04 - 'The totality of existent atomic facts is the world," TLP 2.06 - 'The existence and non-existence of atomic facts is the reality," and TLP 2.063 - "The total reality is the world," is an exquisite object of interpretation. If the world con• sists of "existent" atomic facts, and reality consists of both "existent" and "non-existent" atomic facts, how can one (Wittgenstein) consistently amalgamate them into the final iden• tity between the "total reality" and the "world"? 5 Daitz, 'The picture theory of meaning". 6 Evans, ''Tractatus 3.1432". 7 Copi, "Objects, properties and relations in the 'Tractatus"'; also Evans, "About 'aRb"'. 8 See, e.g., Anscombe, An introduction to Wittgenstein's 'Tractatus'; Stenius, Wittgenstein's Tractatus; Pitcher, The Philosophy ofWittgenstein. 9 Black, A Companion to Wittgenstein's Tractatus and Griffin, Wittgenstein's Logical Atom- ism. 10 Keyt, "Wittgenstein's Notion of an Object". 11 Allaire, "The Tractatus: nominalistic or realistic?" 12 Shwayder, "Gegenstande and Other Matters"; Anscombe, "Retraction"; Stenius, "Miss Anscombe's retraction". 13 Keyt, "A New Interpretation of the Tractatus Examined". 14 See especially Hintikka, "An Anatomy ofWittgenstein's Picture Theory". 15 Malcolm, "Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations"; Strawson, "Critical notice of Wittgenstein's Philosophical investigations". 16 Strawson, "Critical notice," p. 99. 17 Concurrently with Malcolm and Strawson, for example, Rhees and Ayer conducted a sym- posium on the idea of private language; see "Can there be a private language?". 18 Feyerabend, "Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations". 19 White, "The uses of language: Ludwig Wittgenstein". 20 Anscombe, Intention. 21 Geach, Mental acts: their content and their objects. 22 Smart, "Language-games". 23 Malcolm, "Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations," p. 552. 24 Kripke, Wittgenstein on rules and private language. An elementary exposition. 204 NOTES

Chapter 4

1 Were we asked for the "canon" of the third station (canon including books only, not articles) we would submit the following. Baker and Hacker: Wittgenstein: Understanding and Meaning, Volume 1 of an Analytic Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations; Witt• genstein: Rules, Grammar and Necessity, Volume 2 of an Analytic Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations; Language, sense and nonsense; Skepticism, rules and lan• guage. Hacker: Wittgenstein: Meaning and Mind, Volume 3 of an Analytic Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations; Wittgenstein: Mind and Will, Volume 4 of an Analytic Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations; Insight and Illusion, (1972 and very re• vised edition 1986). Kenny: Wittgenstein. David Pears: The False Prison, vols. I and II. M.B. Hintikka and 1. Hintikka: Investigating Wittgenstein. 2 Pears, The False Prison, vol. I, p. 8. 3 And, currently, also Putnam's commonsense realism, which will get its due in the sequel. 4 These words, and subsequent quotes, from Ch. 5, 'The Basic Realism of the Tractatus," in Pears, The False Prison, vol. I, pp. 88-114. 5 This is 1987. We will arrive at the anti-realism (which leads to a new kind of anti• metaphysics) in the fourth station. 6 The first three quotations are from "An Anatomy of Wittgenstein' s Picture Theory;" the rest from, "Wittgenstein as a Philosopher of Immediate Experience". 7 See especially "Mysticism and Solipsism," in Anscombe, An Introduction to Wittgenstein's 'Tractatus'. 8 This is interesting, given the fourth station's attack on this extreme standardization of the third station interpreters. Here we see that (some) members of the third station were not so standard, nor so extreme. 9 All preceding quotes from Insight and Illusion, Preface to the revised edition, 1986, pp. vii• x. 10 But see Chapter 10, "Going Continental," for a different view of Schopenhauer (and Hacker). 11 Ch. IV, "Empirical Realism and Transcendental Solipsism," in Hacker, Insight and Illusion, 1986, pp. 81-107. 12 The ensuing discussion, and our quotes, from Ch. VIII, 'The Refutation of Solipsism," in Insight and Illusion, 1986, pp. 215-244. 13 "Notes for Lectures on 'Private Experience' and 'Sense Data'," in Wittgenstein: Philoso• phical Occasions, p. 300. 14 This discussion, and following quotes, from Ch. 3, "Close-up: The Later System," in The False Prison, vol. I, pp. 34-43. 15 Pears takes to task the "popular belief' of other interpreters (mostly of the second station) who continue to view Wittgenstein under the auspices of "regular" solipsism, i.e. as skep• ticism concerning our ability to transport ourselves beyond our sense-data and "establish the existence of the physical world or of other people inhabiting it," and who see Wittgen• stein as admitting "to being a solipsist" of that type. 16 Hintikka, "On Wittgenstein's 'Solipsism'''. 17 The question of Anscombe's acceptance of the mistranslation is curious and will occupy us in a later chapter when we address the sociological issues of the interpretive community. 18 Floyd, of the fourth and even fifth station, gives Hintikka credit for "insightfully pointing out back in 1958" subtleties that would take thirty years to mature on the interpretive stage ("The Uncaptive Eye: Solipsism in Wittgenstein's Tractatus"). NOTES 205

19 On Wittgenstein's (absolute or partial) idealism, see, e.g., Williams, "Wittgenstein and Idealism"; Bolton, "Life-form and Idealism"; Lear, ''The Disappearing 'We"'. 20 And we never forget Wittgenstein's strictures, in the Investigations, against any philosophi• cal theories; and the ensuing conundrum over his own words which are to be taken as theories - or not. 21 E.g., The (1933-35), 1958; Remarks on the Foundations of Mathe• matics, 1956; Moore, "Wittgenstein's lectures in 1930-33," 1954, 1955. 22 But see a counter-instance of this assessment in Diamond's "Does Bismarck have a beetle in his box? The private language argument in the Tractatus". 23 The impossibility of a private language does present itself as a philosophical consideration in the later, non-standard, discussions of social science, and even in the far-out interpreta• tions that talk of poetry or aesthetics (as dependent on a private language); we will, accordingly, mention it in later chapters. 24 Ayer, "Can There Be a Private Language?" p. 76. 25 Rhees, "Can There Be a Private Language?" p. 94. 26 Linsky, "Wittgenstein on Language and some Problems of Philosophy." On various "defi• nitions" of private language see, e.g., Tanbum, "Private Languages Again," for the many different ways of understanding the statement "There can't be private languages," and Henze and Saunders, The Private-language problem: A Philosophical Dialogue. 27 Garver, "Wittgenstein on Private Language". 28 See, e.g., Smerud, Can There Be a Private Language? 29 Hintikka, "Wittgenstein on Private Language: Some Sources of Misunderstanding". 30 Pitcher, The Philosophy ofWittgenstein; Cook, "Wittgenstein on Privacy". 31 Kripke, "Wittgenstein on rules and private language: an elementary exposition," and Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language: An Elementary Exposition. 32 "Kripke's reading of Wittgenstein ... has received far more attention than any other discus• sion ofWittgenstein in the 1980's" (D. Stem, "Recent Work on Wittgenstein, 1980-1990," p.424). 33 As early as 1965 we find skepticism linked to the argument in K. Stem, "Private Language and Skepticism". More tantalizing is the existence, and lack of awareness, not to mention (Kripkean) accreditation of, an interpretation which points to the "Skeptical Doubts and a Skeptical Solution to these Doubts," before Kripke; see Fogelin, Wittgenstein (1976) and see Fogelin's account of this lacuna in the 2nd edition, 1987. 34 The full quote: "It can be seen that there is a misunderstanding here from the mere fact that in the course of our argument we give one interpretation after another; as if each contented us at least for a moment, until we thought of yet another standing behind it. What this shews is that there is a way of grasping a rule which is not an interpretation, but which is exhibited in what we call "obeying the rule" and "going against it" in actual cases." 35 Winch, "Critical Study of Kripke (1982)"; McGinn, Wittgenstein on Meaning; Baker and Hacker, Skepticism, Rules and Language; Anscombe, "Critical Notice of Kripke (1982)"; Pears, The False Prison, Vol. II. It can be noted that even some readers sympathetic to Kripke's interpretation faulted him on this oversight. See, e.g., Malcolm, Nothing is Hid• den, pp. 154 ff. 36 Lear, "The Disappearing 'We'," (and Stroud's rejoinder, ''The Allure of Idealism: the Dis• appearing 'We"'). 37 Anscombe, "Review of Kripke (1982)"; Goldfarb, "Kripke on Wittgenstein on Rules". 38 Baker and Hacker, Wittgenstein: Rules, Grammar and Necessity; McGinn, Wittgenstein on Meaning. 206 NOTES

39 Fogelin, Wittgenstein; Blackburn, Spreading the Word. 40 E.g., Stroud, "Wittgenstein's 'Treatment' of the Quest for 'a language which describes my inner experiences and which only I myself can understand"'. 41 All in introductory remarks to "The Rule-Following Considerations," p. 507. 42 'The Rule-Following Considerations," p. 547.

Chapter 5

1 , 1969; Prototractatus, 1971; Letters to C. K. Ogden with Comments on the English Translation of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 1973; Letters to Russell, Keynes and Moore, 1974; Philosophical Grammar, 1974; , 1977; Lec• tures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology and Religious Belief, 1978; Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle: Conversations Recorded by , 1979; Wittgenstein's Lectures, Cambridge 1932-1935, 1979; , 1980; Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology vols. I + II, 1980; Wittgenstein's Lectures, Cambridge 1930-1932,1982; Last Writings on the Philosophy of Psychology, vol. I, 1983; Wittgenstein: Conversations, 1949-1951, 1986; Wittgenstein's Lectures on Philosophical Psychology 1946-47, 1988; Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics, 1989. 2 We refer here, mainly, to Crary and Read, eds., The New Wittgenstein. This group of inter• pretations, including Cavell and Diamond, along with Conant, Floyd, and others, belongs to our fourth station but we parse the members of the group somewhat differently. See also Mounce's review of this book ("Critical Notice of The New Wittgenstein") for a deep dis• agreement with the "newness" of the new Wittgenstein, both as regards the historical novelty in the positions ascribed to Wittgenstein (by the general consensus of the inter• preters in the volume) and the acuity of interpretation. 3 If the sociology of a community, and its statistics, were our focus we could note that since the first draft of these words was written the new Wittgenstein has become all the more "popular"; witness the Wittgenstein symposium in Austria in August 2001, where, ironi• cally, talk of the "new" Wittgenstein became the main issue of the plenary sessions. 4 Cavell, 'The availability ofWittgenstein's later philosophy". 5 Pole, The Later Philosophy ofWittgenstein. 6 By Crary, "Introduction," The New Wittgenstein. 7 Goldfarb, "Objects, Names, and Realism in the Tractatus". 8 Goldfarb, "Das Uberwinden: Anti-Metaphysical Readings of the Tractatus". 9 The following discussion and quotes from Ishiguro, "Use and Reference of Names," McGuinness, ""The So-called Realism of Wittgenstein's Tractatus," and Goldfarb, "Ob• jects, Names and Realism in the Tractatus." 10 Another important name in this context is Burton Dreben; he will be a mainstay of the fifth station. 11 We will not bring Frege into our story, but see, for the relevant issues and connections, Ricketts: "Frege, the Tractatus, and the Logocentric Predicament"; "Pictures, Logic, and the Limits of Sense in the Tractatus"; and Diamond: "Frege and Nonsense," and "What Nonsense Might Be". 12 This list, and the following argumentation, are from Hacker's "Was He Trying to Whistle It?". 13 Ishiguro, "Use and Reference of Names," p. 21. NOTES 207

14 Cavell, "The availability of Wittgenstein' s later philosophy"; Pole, The Later Philosophy of Wittgenstein. 15 Floyd, "Number and Ascriptions of Number in the Tractatus". 16 Goldfarb, ''''Objects, Names and Realism in the Tractatus". 17 See below, Chapter 7, on Mathematics. 18 For this kind of working out see some examples: Hylton, "Functions, Operations, and Sense in Wittgenstein's 'Tractatus"'; Ricketts, "Pictures, logic, and the limits of sense in Witt• genstein's Tractatus"; Minar, "Wittgenstein on the Metaphysics of the Self: The Dialectic of Solipsism in Philosophical Investigations". See also the account of Floyd's interpreta• tion of Wittgenstein on mathematics, Chapter 7 below. 19 First coined by Ricketts, "The Theory of Types and the Limits of Sense," 1992. 20 Goldfarb's comments on Diamond and on the resolute reading from, "Das Uberwinden: Anti-Metaphysical Readings of the Tractatus".

Chapter 6

1 Quoted in Monk, The Duty of Genius, p. 178. 2 See the "Catholic" discussion: Anscombe, "Misinformation: What Wittgenstein Really Said"; Colombo, "Letter to Tablet"; Gregory, "Mere Words? Wittgenstein and the Care of Language"; Smiley, "Importance of Wittgenstein"; Trethowan, "Importance of Wittgen• stein"; Daly, "Miss Anscombe and 'misinformation'''; and others. See also the parallelisms with (with or without the Catholic connection) in Blanshard, 'The New Subjectivism in Ethics"; Daly, "Logical Positivism, Metaphysics and Ethics;" and others. 3 See, for example, Anscombe, "Mysticism and Solipsism"; Black, A Companion to Wittgen• stein's Tractatus; McGuinness, 'The Mysticism of the Tractatus". 4 A very early example - chronologically more in keeping with the second station, but funda• mentally aware of the nuances of the third - is Zemach, "Wittgenstein's Philosophy of the Mystical." Later: Moran, Towards the World and Wisdom of Wittgenstein's Tractatus; Cavalier, Ludwig Wittgenstein's 'Tractatus logico-philosophicus': A Transcendental Cri• tique of Ethics; Edwards, Ethics Without Philosophy. Wittgenstein and the Moral Life; Lurie, "Wittgenstein on the Meaning of Life"; and others. 5 Not easily situated within our stations of interpretation is Janik and Toulmin, Wittgenstein's Vienna. Janik and Toulmin explicitly address the balance between logic and ethics, hoping to change the geographical and cultural divides (between the English-language and Vien• nese intellectual circles) that are tilted to one or the other extremes of reading Wittgenstein. On their contextual reading of Wittgenstein see Chapter 11. 6 E.g., John, "Wittgenstein's 'Wonderful Life'''; Shields, Logic and Sin in the Writings of Ludwig Wittgenstein. 7 See Martin, From Nietzsche to Wittgenstein: The Problem of Truth and Nihilism in the Mod• em World; Edwards, The Authority of Language: Heidegger, Wittgenstein, and the Threat of Philosophical Nihilism. 8 This philosophical-pedagogical "ideology" has been strongly advocated by Dreben. 9 Ostrow, Wittgenstein's Tractatus: A Dialectical Interpretation, p. 133. See Kremer, "The Purpose of 'Tractarian' Nonsense". 10 Ostrow, Wittgenstein's Tractatus, p. 17. 11 And is owed to Ricketts and Goldfarb. 12 Goldfarb, "Das Uberwinden: Anti-Metaphysical Readings of the Tractatus". 208 NOTES

13 See especially Bouveresse, Le My the de L'interiorite. Experience, Signification et Langage Prive chez Wittgenstein; Malcolm, Nothing Is Hidden: Wittgenstein's Criticism of his Early Thought and "Wittgenstein's 'Skepticism' in On Certainty". 14 See the bibliographies for several studies of the Moore-Wittgenstein connection. Early no• tice (e.g., Nagel, "Impressions and Appraisals of Analytic Philosophy in Europe,") evolves into continual investigation (e.g., King-Farlow, "'Common sense' and 'Certainty': Earlier Moore, Later Moore, and Later Wittgenstein"; Hanfling, "On the Meaning and Use of 'I know"'), now attracting renewed interest (Wolgast, "Whether Certainty is a Form of Life"; McGinn, Sense and Certainty: A Dissolution of Skepticism; Stroll, Moore and Wittgenstein on Certainty; and others). 15 This is not to be confused with the "new" Wittgenstein of Crary and Read's New Wittgen• stein, which is, in almost all senses, identical with our fourth-and-fifth-stations• Wittgenstein. 16 Coined by Moyal-Sharrock, "The Third Wittgenstein, Skepticism and the Negation of the Doppelganger" . 17 In a recent conference on Kripke, at Haifa University (June 1999) several speakers alluded to the fact that Kripke's "skeptical problem" of the Investigations, when acquiesced to as Wittgenstein's problem as well, is provided with a "solution" in Wittgenstein's later (than later) writings. 18 McGinn, "Between Metaphysics and Nonsense: Elucidation in Wittgenstein's Tractatus"; Crary, in the Introduction, The New Wittgenstein. 19 See especially his Words and Life. Differently, yet again, from metaphysical or scientific realism, and from his internal realism, we will see Putnam using this reading of Wittgen• stein in the sequel, both about mathematics and about religion.

Chapter 7

1 See above, Chapter 2, on Ramsey's disagreement with Russell about the language (ordinary or logically perfect) which is the object of Wittgenstein's thought (Ramsey, "Critical no• tice of the Tractatus"). 2 " ••• Propositions like Russell's 'axiom of reducibility' are not logical propositions, and this explains our feeling that, if true, they can only be true by a happy chance. We can imagine a world in which the axiom of reducibility is not valid" (TLP 6.1232, 6.1232). 3 Ramsey, "The Foundations of Mathematics". 4 See Shanker's translation and note on the circumstances of the lecture in Waismann, "The Nature of Mathematics: Wittgenstein's Standpoint," in Ludwig Wittgenstein: Critical As• sessments, vol. 3, ed., Shanker. Also in Waismann, Lectures on the philosophy of mathematics. 5 Waismann, 'The Nature of Mathematics," p. 66. 6 Black, The Nature of Mathematics; A Companion to Wittgenstein' s Tractatus. 7 For example, just a few years before Black's Commentary, Benacerraf and Putnam were still arguing that "Wittgenstein maintained, following Russell and Frege, that mathematics was reducible to logic" (Benacerraf and Putnam, Philosophy of Mathematics, p. 14). 8 Most revealing is the article by Black ("Verificationism and Wittgenstein's Reflections on Mathematics"), which tries to make this somewhat artificial connection and, in the end, leaves the reader with a question mark. NOTES 209

9 We cannot here go into the proprietary fights over terms, but we take notice that for Dum• mett "Realism about the realm of mathematics is what we call platonism" ("Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Mathematics"). 10 Bemays, "Comments on Ludwig Wittgenstein's Remarks on the Foundations of Mathemat• ics"; Dummett, "Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Mathematics". 11 We will shortly assess his deeper rejoinders from a more positive angle. 12 And they reject the picture "quite independent of any considerations about the non• objective character of mathematical proof and the motley of mathematics." This moves Dummett on to the even more convoluted stricture; "This is of course intended only as a picture; but its point is to break what seems to me the false dichotomy between the plato• nist and the constructivist pictures which surreptitiously dominates our thinking about the philosophy of mathematics." Sadly we cannot here investigate this tantalizing (after-) thought. 13 Chihara, "Mathematical Discovery and Concept Formation". 14 Stroud, "Wittgenstein and Logical Necessity". 15 Fogelin, "Wittgenstein and Intuitionism". 16 Engel, "Wittgenstein's 'Foundations' and its Reception". 17 Dummett, "Wittgenstein' s Philosophy of Mathematics". 18 See, for example, the very mathematically "strict" analysis by Marion, "Wittgenstein and Finitism". 19 Harward, "Wittgenstein and the Character of Mathematical Propositions". 20 Wrigley, "Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Mathematics". 21 Especially in Baker and Hacker, Wittgenstein: Rules, Grammar and Necessity. 22 Floyd, "Prose versus Proof: Wittgenstein on GOdel, Tarski and Truth," portions of which appear in "Wittgenstein sur GOdel et les MatMmatiques," in MatMmatiques chez Wittgen• stein, ed., Rigal. 23 Kreisel, "Wittgenstein' s Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics". 24 Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle, p. 119. 25 Shanker, Wittgenstein and the Turning-Point in the Philosophy of Mathematics. It must be mentioned, again, that Shanker's work (in 1987) rests on Baker and Hacker's general read• ings (of 1985), as Shanker is quick to point out. 26 Shanker, p. 338. 27 Floyd, "Prose versus Proof: Wittgenstein on Godel, Tarski and Truth". 28 Floyd puts Wittgenstein on the other side of the fence vs. Godel, Frege, and Russell who answer "Yes". 29 This is viewed in parallel to Wittgenstein's treatment ofthe trisection result. 30 For a different, but like-minded perspective, see Wang, "To and from Philosophy - Discus• sions with GOdel and Wittgenstein," where Wang addresses issues in the philosophy of mathematics that are intimately related to general philosophical issues, via Wittgenstein and/vs. GOdel. See also Sayward, "On Some Much Maligned Remarks of Wittgenstein on GOdel". 31 Steiner, "Wittgenstein As His Own Worst Enemy: The Case of GOdel's Theorem". 32 See Benacerrafs almost-tongue-in-cheek review of the history of the philosophy of mathematics in "What Mathematical Truth Could Not Be - I". 33 Appropriate also in the very local sense of being after, and with, Floyd. See their joint, very recent, thoughts in "A Note on Wittgenstein's 'Notorious Paragraph' about the GOdel Theorem". 34 Putnam, "Elementary Logic and Foundations of Set Theory". 210 NOTES

35 The explanation for the removal is given as straightforward: "In a number of cases (most notably the Wittgenstein material and 'Two Dogmas of Empiricism') the (present) avail• ability of most of the material enabled us to omit it with less of a sense of loss" (Preface to the second edition of Benacerraf and Putnam, Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Read• ings). 36 Putnam, "Rethinking Mathematical Necessity". 37 Putnam, "On Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Mathematics".

Chapter 8

1 Malcolm, Wittgenstein: A Religious Point of View? 2 But see Hacker, Wittgenstein's Place in Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy, for an erstwhile example of such travels between interpretation and use. 3 Hudson, "The Light Wittgenstein Sheds on Religion". Hudson, as opposed to our project, goes on to explain that "it is ... more important to answer the latter than the former of the two questions, for a thinker may shed more light upon a subject by his general insights than his expressed opinions on that particular subject reflect" (p. 275). 4 I do not touch on those commentaries of Wittgenstein that obviously, and exclusively, use Wittgenstein (even where they include interpretation). See D'Hert, Wittgenstein's rele• vance for theology; Incandela, 'The appropriation of Wittgenstein' s work by philosophers of religion. Towards a re-evaluation and an end"; Kerr, Theology after Wittgenstein. For a comprehensive analysis of both interpretation and use of Wittgenstein on religion see Clack, An Introduction to Wittgenstein' s Philosophy of Religion. 5 See Cranston, "Ludwig Wittgenstein"; Anscombe, "Wittgenstein," letter to World Review, Jan. 1952; Smiley, "Importance of Wittgenstein"; Anscombe, "Misinformation: What Wittgenstein Really Said". 6 Camap, "Intellectual autobiography". 7 Cook, "Wittgenstein and Religious Belief," p. 442. 8 The bibliographical list is daunting - but some seminal writings include: Winch, "Under• standing a Primitive Society"; Geach, "Nominalism"; Cavell, "Existentialism and Analytic Philosophy"; Malcolm, "Is It a Religious Belief That 'God Exists'?"; Rhees, "Wittgenstein on Language and Ritual"; Phillips, "Religious Beliefs and Language Games". 9 Nielsen, "Wittgensteinian ". 10 Cook, "Wittgenstein and Religious Belief'. 11 Notice how similar these characteristics to the general thrust of Nielsen's eight points. 12 Phillips, "Religious Beliefs and Language-Games". 13 Coughlan, "Wittgenstein, Language and Religious Belief'. 14 Hudson, "The Light Wittgenstein Sheds on Religion". 15 An outstanding "representative" of such comprehensive interpretations of Wittgenstein on religion is to be found in Barrett's Wittgenstein on Ethics and Religious Belief, where the agenda is "to show that (a) what Wittgenstein has to say on ethics and religious belief was for him of the utmost importance, if not of sole importance; (b) his views on these subjects did not radically alter throughout his life, appearances to the contrary notwithstanding; and (c) what Wittgenstein said about ethics was intimately interwoven with what he said about religious belief' (xiv). 16 Hudson, p. 282. 17 Hudson is not the only interpreter looking to On Certainty for religious illumination. See also Martin, '''On Certainty' and religious belief," "God and Objects: Beginning with Ex- NOTES 211

istence"; High, "On thinking more crazily than philosophers: Wittgenstein, knowledge and religious beliefs". 18 The question of understanding by association - with other philosophers - will be brought up in Chapter 10, with the question of Wittgenstein as a "continental" philosopher. Con• cerning the religious association, other relevant associations are Tolstoy and James. 19 Waismann, "Notes on Talks with Wittgenstein," p. 13. 20 Cavell, "Existentialism and Analytic Philosophy". 21 But see Bell and Hustwit, eds., Essays on Kierkegaard and Wittgenstein, where few of the articles do comparative work; also Hustwit, "Understanding a suggestion of Professor Cavell's: Kierkegaard's Religious State as a Wittgensteinian 'form of life"'; Goodman, "How a Thing is Said and Heard: Wittgenstein and Kierkegaard". 22 Cavell has been heard to insist on his lack of capability to "understand" the Tractatus, thence his constant focus on the later Wittgenstein. 23 And, indeed, there are explications of the Kierkegaard-Wittgenstein connection that do not accept the automatic coupling via "nonsense"; see Lippitt and Hutto, " Making Sense of Nonsense: Kierkegaard and Wittgenstein". 24 Conant, "Must We Show What We Cannot Say?". 25 Conant, "Putting Two and Two Together: Kierkegaard, Wittgenstein and the Point of View for Their Work as Authors". 26 This is doubly interesting. First, Conant is one of the interpreters (of the fourth station) who has worked on the continuity of the two Wittgensteins. In this article he qualifies the con• tinuity, saying "We can ... find in his later practice a significant continuity in aim along with an equally significant discontinuity in the form of the investigation through which this aim is prosecuted." Secondly, though it may seem that Conant is taking Cavell to dif• ferent destinations, I make note of his last sentence: "For later Wittgenstein ... the business of philosophical elucidation is thus no longer directed only to a certain kind of reader, and it is no longer merely a preliminary to the business of the moral or the religious life; be• cause its business is never finished." Compare with Cavell's early last sentence: "Wittgenstein does not mean the answer he gives .... What is the aim of philosophy? To re• spond to the particular question asked, and to get satisfying answers. And satisfaction is not had, and philosophy is not done, once for all." 27 Malcolm, Wittgenstein: A Religious Point of View? is edited, with a response, by Winch (posthumously). 28 Quoted by Rhees, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Personal Recollections, p. 211. 29 Russell, Autobiography, p. 330. 30 Putnam, "Wittgenstein on Religious Belief'. 31 Putnam, "Wittgenstein on Reference and Relativism".

Chapter 9

1 Hudson, "The Light Wittgenstein Sheds on Religion". 2 Drury, The Danger of Words, p. x. 3 Phillips, "Wittgenstein's Full Stop," p. 196. 4 But some major players are: Voegelin, The New Science of Politics; Wolin, Politics and Vision; Louch, Explanation and Human Action; Taylor, The Explanation of Behaviour. 5 It is interesting to note that Winch, in 1958, cannot conceive of science itself, that is, natural science, as being anything other than the positivistic, logical, empirical edifice bequeathed by modernity. It took another ten years, Thomas Kuhn's work, and a general skeptical 212 NOTES

awakening around the basics of the natural sciences to bring the academic community around to a more "Wittgensteinian" (or is it postmodem?) view of these sciences as well. 6 Winch, The Idea of a Social Science, pp. 102-103. 7 The Idea, p. 114. 8 The Idea, p. 136. 9 A few obvious exceptions to the aridity, some of which are, as we have pointed out, more focused on the specific questions about a "primitive society" than about the general issue of sociology/anthropology, are Saran, "A Wittgensteinian sociology?"; Habermas, "Zur Logick der Sozialwissenschaften"; Rudich and Stassen, "Wittgenstein's implied anthro• pology: remarks on Wittgenstein's notes on Frazer"; Mounce, "Understanding a primitive society". 10 Gellner, "A Wittgensteinian Philosophy of (or against) the Social Sciences". 11 Louch, Explanation and Human Action, p. viii. 12 Famously, and sarcastically, Gellner plots the disastrous course of Oxford analytic philoso• phy in Words and Things, 1959. 13 Gellner, "A Wittgensteinian Philosophy," p. 177. 14 This does not include some several articles that do engage with Winch specifically: Al• mond, "Winch and Wittgenstein"; Clammer, ''Wittgensteinianism and the social sciences"; Abelson, "Can social science provide causal explanations?"; Henderson, "Winch and the constraints on interpretation: versions of the principle of charity". 15 Pitkin, Wittgenstein and Justice: On the Significance of Ludwig Wittgenstein for Social and Political Thought, 1972. 16 Pitkin, Wittgenstein and Justice, p. 22. 17 Pitkin, Wittgenstein and Justice, p. 23. Notice that this use of "dialectical" is different from that used by the mainline interpreters of the fourth station. Pitkin is not the only inter• preter/user of Wittgenstein who has noticed this "bridging" of "contradictions" that is given to us by a certain reading. See, e.g., Rubinstein, in the sequel. 18 Pitkin, Wittgenstein and Justice, p. 115. 19 Pitkin, Wittgenstein and Justice, p. 340. 20 Schatzki, ''The Prescription is Description: Wittgenstein's View of the Human Sciences". 21 E.g., Porpora, "On the post-Wittgensteinian critique of the concept of action in sociology"; Anderson, Hughes, and Sharrock, "Wittgenstein and Comparative Sociology"; Sayers, "Wittgenstein, relativism and the strong thesis in sociology". 22 E.g., Apel, "Wittgenstein and the problem of hermeneutic understanding"; Hekman, "From epistemology to ontology: Gadamer's hermeneutics and Wittgensteinian Social Science". 23 E.g., Rubinstein, Marx and Wittgenstein: Social Praxis and Social Explanation; Easton, Humanist Marxism and Wittgensteinian Social Philosophy; Cook, "Hegel, Marx and Witt• genstein". 24 Mouffe, The Democratic Paradox. 25 Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures, p. 12. 26 Geertz, Local Knowledge, p. 24. 27 Geertz does, in fact, evoke Wittgenstein's detours, road and city, comparing them to the province of anthropological investigation (Local Knowledge, p. 73, 92). 28 Geertz, Available Light, p. xi. NOTES 213

Chapter 10

IWeb-page, Centre for Post-analytic Philosophy, Southampton University (Feb. 28, 2001). 2 But see interesting variations on this reply, beginning with Janik and Toulmin's Wittgen• stein's Vienna. 3 Culture and Value, p. 19. 4 Excluding Cavell's earlier work in his doctoral dissertation (1961) and in his Must We Mean What We Say? and Apel's "Die Entgaltung der 'sprachanalytischen' Philosophie und das Problem der Geisteswissenschaften". 5 Von Wright, "A Biographical Sketch". 6 Not to mention, of course, the analytic Fregean distinction between philosophy and psychol• ogy which serves as the wellspring from which come denials of psychological influences as having any bearing on philosophical positions. See above, Ch. 1 (On Interpretation), and below, Ch. 11 (Going Diverse) and Ch. 12 (Idolatry and Fashion), on the status of psychological elements in interpretation. 7 As early as 1959 Anscombe addresses both the influence of and the difference from Schopenhauer, in the diversity of philosophical problems, in her Introduction to Wittgen• stein's Tractatus. 8 Gardiner, Schopenhauer, p. 278. 9 Hacker, Insight and Illusion (2nd ed., 1986) p. 81. 10 Hacker, Insight and Illusion, p. 93. 11 Hacker, Insight and Illusion, p. 2. 12 Hacker, Insight and Illusion, p. 89. 13 Weiner, Genius and Talent: Schopenhauer's Influence on Wittgenstein's Early Philosophy. 14 McGuinness, "Freud and Wittgenstein". 15 Cioffi, "Wittgenstein's Freud," and Wittgenstein on Freud and Frazer. 16 Lazerowitz, The Language of Philosophy: Freud and Wittgenstein. 17 Bouveresse, Wittgenstein Reads Freud. 18 Lock, "Analytic Philosophy, Psycho-Analytic Theory and Formalism," recalls Malcolm on Wittgenstein saying that psychoanalysis has done harm (p. 160), while Peterman, Philoso• phy as Therapy, has Wittgenstein thinking that "Freud was quite adept at the therapy he practiced" (p.78). 19 Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology and Religious Belief, p.41. 20 Lock, "Analytic Philosophy," p. 176. 21 Lectures, Cambridge 1932-1935, pp. 39-40. 22 Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology and Religious Belief, p. 25. 23 Cavell, Must We Mean What We Say? p.57. 24 Guignon, "Pragmatism or Hermeneutics? Epistemology after Foundationalism," p. 81. 25 Heidegger, Existence and Being, p. 277. 26 Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle, p. 68. 27 Derrida, "Signature, Event, Context"; Searle, "Reiterating the Differences: A Reply to Der• rida," "The Word Turned Upside Down". 28 An instructive volume addressing precisely these double-camps is European Philosophy and the American Academy, ed. Smith (1994), in which Derrida and Heidegger figure prominently (but not exclusively - Foucault, Nietzsche, and Kierkegaard making an al• most secondary appearance). See especially Detmer's article, "Obstacles to Fruitful Discussion in the American Academy," p. 55. 214 NOTES

29 Grene, Philosophy In and Out of Europe, p. 153. 30 Garver and Lee, Derrida & Wittgenstein, p. x. 31 Garver and Lee, Derrida & Wittgenstein, p. 9. 32 For example, Margolis says: "The largest, perhaps the most comprehensive, difference (actually more than a difference, a genuine opposition) between Wittgenstein and Derrida is this: Derrida insists on the radically metaphorical nature of language, in the Nietzschean sense, and Wittgenstein insists on natural languages as socially viable forms ... that, in ef• fect preclude the subversive possibilities of the Nietzschean notion. In this sense, Derrida is the arch-skeptic ... and Wittgenstein the arch-foe of the arch-skeptic." "Vs. (Derrida, Wittgenstein)," p. 131. 33 Stone, "Wittgenstein on Deconstruction," pp. 83-117. 34 Big Typescript 88 (in Philosophical Occasions: 1912-1951). 35 For more of the Derridean connection see also Sasidharan, "Derridean Overtures of Witt• genstein Critique"; Mulhall, "Wittgenstein and Deconstruction," and Derrida, "Response to Mulhall"; Wheeler, Deconstruction as Analytic Philosophy. 36 Biletzki, "Wittgenstein: analytic philosopher?". 37 Ample elaboration of this extremely one-sided view of the Wittgensteinian bridge is sup• plied in the web-page of the Centre for Post-analytic Philosophy: "Among the founder members of the Centre there is unanimous agreement that the later work of Wittgenstein is represented incorrectly when described as 'analytic'. Wittgenstein's work presents, rather, in our view, a systematic dismantling of many of the central tenets of analytic philosophy: it destroys, for example, the notion of 'logical form' that plays a central role in the think• ing of the Frege/Russell tradition; it undermines the search for a 'theory of meaning', a search that the analytic tradition regards as the chief task of philosophy; and it repudiates the ahistorical perception of philosophical problems that is characteristic of the analytic method. These consequences of Wittgenstein's later work, though increasingly recognized in the secondary literature, have been ignored in the mainstream of the analytic tradition, from which Wittgenstein's work has accordingly been sidelined. In our view, this neglect of Wittgenstein's later work has left the analytic tradition ploughing a narrow and infertile furrow, as exemplified by its continuing marginalization of central areas of philosophy such as ethics, aesthetics and political philosophy." (Feb. 28,2001). 38 See also Toulmin, "The Unappeased skeptic," (review of Brian McGuinness, Wittgenstein: A Life, TLS, Sept. 1988) for a similar, but still, to my mind, overly-simplistic divide: "Wittgenstein's philosophical aims and achievements are open to two distinct lines of in• terpretations ... Anglocentric ... [and] ... Austrocentric." 39 In fact, when I wrote of the early Wittgenstein as being analytic I opposed this to my view of the later as being romantic, poetic, etc., but not as being continental. 40 See especially Peters and Marshall, Wittgenstein: Philosophy, Postmodemism, Pedagogy.

Chapter 11

1 Cornish, The Jew of Linz : Wittgenstein, Hitler and their secret battle for the mind. 2 Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: the Duty of Genius; Brian McGuinness, Wittgenstein, a Life: Young Wittgenstein ( 1889-1929). 3 Malcolm, Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir (with a Biographical Sketch by G. H. von Wright; with Wittgenstein's letters to Malcolm); Rhees, ed., Ludwig Wittgenstein: Personal Recol• lections. NOTES 215

4 See also Bartley, "Wittgenstein and Homosexuality"; Hargrove, "Wittgenstein, Bartley, and the Glockel School Reform"; introduction, reply by Bartley and response by Hargrove, to Hausmann, "Wittgenstein in Austria as an Elementary-School Teacher"; Wunsche, Der Volksschullehrer Ludwig Wittgenstein, mit neuen Dokumenten und Briefen aus den lahren 1919-1926. 5 It is interesting to note, however, that in Carl Schorske's monumental, and definitive, Fin• de-Siecle Vienna: Politics and Culture (1961) no mention is made of Wittgenstein. 6 Nyiri, "Wittgenstein's New Traditionalism," "Wittgenstein's Later Work in relation to Con• servatism," "Ludwig Wittgenstein as a Conservative Philosopher". 7 See also Szabados, "Was Wittgenstein An Anti-Semite? The Significance of Anti-Semitism for Wittgenstein's Philosophy," and D. Stem, "The Significance of lewishness for Witt• genstein's Philosophy". 8 Schulte tries to unravel this dilemma (between "wrong" and "illegitimate") in "Wittgenstein and Conservatism," by distinguishing a conservative philosopher, from a conservative thinker, from a conservative man. He then says that Wittgenstein was not a conservative thinker, because he was not a thinker at all (in the sense of addressing general questions of life, politics and son on). He talked of extra-philosophical matters as a man, not as a pro• fessional thinker. "Wittgenstein's philosophical work and his person were entirely separate things ... he did not consider the position of a 'thinker' - of a man who tries to argue in a general way for certain ethical, political, or aesthetic beliefs - as a possible one; at any rate, it was not possible for himself. As a man he may have been a conservative; his phi• losophy shows no sign of it." 9More contributions to understanding Wittgenstein's philosophy by a tum to his un• philosophical, but somehow still philosophically pertinent, thoughts or ways of thinking can be found in Von Wright, "Wittgenstein and the Twentieth Century"; Hintikka, "An Impatient Man and His Papers"; Bouveresse, "'The Darkness of This Time': Wittgenstein and the Modem World". 10 Such studies can be found in the recent anthology edited by Klagge, Wittgenstein: Biogra• phy and Philosophy. And see also Ch. 1 above, "Interpretation and Overinterpretation". 11 I owe this insight, and many other subtleties in this quagmire of "relevance," to Floyd's review of Klagge, Wittgenstein: Biography and Philosophy.

Chapter 12

1 Russell, My Philosophical Development, p.216. 2 Hacker, Wittgenstein's Place in Twentieth-century Analytic Philosophy, p. 3. 3 See, e.g., on the "positive" side, Findlay, Wittgenstein: A Critique and Von Wright, Wittgen• stein; on the "negative" side, Kenny, The Legacy of Wittgenstein; and estimating the estimates, see Grayling, "Wittgenstein's Influence: Meaning, Mind and Method". 4 Rubinstein, "Wittgenstein and Social Science". 5 Quoted in the Introduction by Craft and Hustwit to Bouwsma, Wittgenstein: Conversations - 1949-1951. 6 "Vignettes" are always at risk of being gossip, and academic gossip is no less trite than other versions. Gossip has no external point to it. These stories are meant to serve as evidence in the issue of idolatry, thus (hopefully) escaping the status of gossip. 7 The Wittgenstein Symposia began in 1976 and has taken place annually ever since. In 1990 and 1991 the symposium was cancelled because of the problematic, invited speaker, Peter Singer. The Austrian authorities (church, etc.) refused to support the Austrian Ludwig 216 NOTES

Wittgenstein Society in its invitation and the leaders of the organization became involved in an acrimonious debate that resulted in cancellation of the symposium in 1990 and the almost-disintegration of the Society, with resignations and changes of personnel. The symposium was re-instated in 1992. 8 See Ch. 5, "The Fourth Station: Taking Nonsense Seriously". 9 See Ch. 4, "The Third Station: Reasonable Meta-readings". 10 See the historical notes of the fourth and fifth stations of mainline interpretations. 11 See White, The Age ofAnalysis: Twentieth Century Philosophers. 12 Benacerraf, "Paul Ziff, 1958-1960: A Reminiscence". 13 During course on "Interpreting Wittgenstein," autumn, 1999. 14 Stem, 'The Availability of Wittgenstein's Philosophy". See also Stem, "New Evidence Concerning the Construction II the Troubled History II of Part I of the Investigations". 15 See the journalistic report, available to a wide public, by Evelyn Toynton in The Atlantic Monthly, June 1997, "The Wittgenstein Controversy". See also the very scathing accusa• tions against Anscombe and Rhees in Hintikka's "The Curious case of the Trinity Scrolls". "Scholarly editing might not at first sight seem to be a school for scandal," he says, and then goes on to elaborate on the scandals, surmising that explanations can be found in "the career of Professors Anscombe and Rhees". Among other stories, we encounter the sad tale of (mis)translation, and consequent misinterpretation, of "the only language I under• stand" into "the language only I understand" in the discussion of solipsism (its point being Anscombe's omission of credit to Hintikka's correct translation). See above, Chapter 4, "The Third Station: Reasonable Meta-Readings". 16 But see, still well within the discipline, Goldstein's "Wittgenstein's Ph. D Viva• A Re-Creation," wherein is enacted the scene of Wittgenstein's viva with sub• mission of the Tractatus as a PhD dissertation. The context - being a prestigious disciplinary journal - paradoxically allows for such "wayward" philosophical discussion. 17 Eagleton, "Wittgenstein's Friends," and "My Wittgenstein". See also Peters and Marshall, ": Wittgenstein as Philosophical Modernist (and Postmodernist)". 18 Terry Eagleton and , Wittgenstein: The Terry Eagleton Script, The Derek Jarman Film. 19 But see, e.g., Bowell, "Making Manifest: Viewing Wittgenstein's Philosophy through Derek Jarman's Lens," who sees the movie as a Wittgensteinian movie in its use of the saying/showing distinction. 20 And, indeed, we do not indulge here in the raging debate within Women's Studies, Gay Studies, Gender Studies, and Philosophy departments over the pertinence of sexual orien• tation to philosophical interpretation. 21 Cowan and Dale, eds., Gay Men and Women Who Enriched the World. 22 E. g., Lee-Lampshire, "Spilling AllOver the 'Wide Fields of Our Passions': Frye, Butler, Wittgenstein and the Context(s) of Attention, Intention, and Identity (Or: From Arm Wres• tling Duck to Abject Being to Lesbian Feminist)". 23 E. g., Lee-Lampshire, "The Sound of Little Hummingbird Wings: A Wittgensteinian Inves• tigation of Forms of Life as Forms of Power"; Garavaso, 'The QuinelWittgenstein Controversy: Any Role for Feminist Empiricism in ItT'; Scheman, ed., Re-Reading the Canon: Feminist Interpretations of Wittgenstein. 24 See Green, "Wittgenstein's Influence on Philosophy of Education". 25 For a different, call it more positive, attitude to Wittgenstein on machine consciousness, see Nyiri, "Wittgenstein and the Problem of Machine Consciousness". NOTES 217

26 E.g., Rest, "Uber Wittgensteins Worterbuch fur Volksschulen"; Bartley, "Theory of Lan• guage and Philosophy of Science as Instruments of Educational Reform; Wittgenstein and Popper as Austrian Schoolteachers". 27 E.g., Prange, "Konnen, Uben, Wissen. Zur Problematik des Lernens in der Sprachphiloso• phie Ludwig Wittgensteins"; Michel, Eine Grundlegung der Padagogik in der Fruhphilosophie Ludwig Wittgensteins; Brose, Sprachspiel und Kindersprache. Studien zu Wittgensteins 'Philosophische Untersuchungen'; Marshall, "Wittgenstein on Rules: Impli• cations for Authority and Discipline in Education"; Stenhouse, Active Philosophy in Education: Paradigms and Language Games; Brose, Wittgenstein als Sprachphilosoph und Padagoge. Grundlagen zu einer Philosophie der Kindersprache; Okshevsky, "Witt• genstein and Siegel on Rationality and Criticalness"; Smeyers, "Some Radical Consequences for Educational Research from a Wittgensteinian Point of View, or Does Almost Anything Go?"; Katz, "Wittgenstein, Smeyers, and Educational Research". 28 See Chapman and Dixon, eds., Meaning and the Growth of Understanding. Wittgenstein' s Significance for Developmental Psychology; Brose, Wittgenstein als Sprachphilosoph und Padagoge. 29 Sass, The Paradoxes of Delusion: Wittgenstein, Schreber, and the Schizophrenic Mind. Sass is aware of his use of Wittgenstein and proceeds, in a more recent article, to "take Wittgenstein and his thought as the object of analysis," i.e., as an object of psychiatric in• terpretation ("Deep Disquietudes: Reflections on Wittgenstein as Antiphilosopher"). 30 See Brill, Wittgenstein and Critical Theory. Also Perloff, Wittgenstein's Ladder: Poetic Language and the Strangeness of the Ordinary. 31 See, e.g., the chapter on Cindy Sherman in Shaviro, The Doom Patrols: A Theoretical Fic• tion About Postmodemism (The Serpent's Tail, 1997). A philosophical use which travels beyond "standard" interpretation by independently interpreting Wittgenstein on and for aesthetics is to be found in Hagberg, Art as Language. And see also Allen and Turvey, eds., Wittgenstein, Theory and the Arts. 32 George Coates's production of "Wittgenstein: On Mars" is a theatrical, multimedia piece produced with the aim of "bringing Wittgenstein's ideas to life onstage"; in that sense it is not far removed from Jarman's project in the film "Wittgenstein" but, in another sense, it uses Wittgenstein (and the idea of bacterial life on Mars) to promote Coates's innovative work. 33 Wertz, "Is Sport Unique? A Question of Definability". 34 Elton, Wittgenstein's Trousers: Poems; Markson, Wittgenstein's Mistress; Bernhard, Witt• genstein's Nephew. 35 The literary and journalistic talents that make philosophers into culture heroes outside the philosophical community is evidenced in Edmonds and Eidinow, Wittgenstein's Poker: The story of a IO-minute argument between two great philosophers. 36 Halbertal and Margalit, Idolatry, p. 246. 37 Of particular poignancy to the author of this book is Putnam's "Let's Stop Using the Notion of 'Idolatry' ," where, in a dissimilar context, Putnam provides a Wittgensteinian (as in Wittgensteinian style and way of presentation) diatribe against the very current use of the term 'idolatry"'. 38 The constant appearance of new books, all involved in gathering additional articles, serves as testimony to this "natural" proclivity for still more interpretation. This phenomenon shows no sign of abating. See, e.g., some forthcoming titles such as Post-Analytic Trac• tatus (ed., Stocker), The Third Wittgenstein (ed., Moyal-Sharrock), Wittgenstein on Ethics and Religion (ed., Phillips), Wittgenstein and Skepticism (ed., McManus). 218 NOTES

39 Wittgenstein' s Nachlass: The Bergen Electronic Edition, Vol. 1-4. 40 I use "traditional" and "modern" here as opposed to postmodern denials of criteria for judgment and interpretation. 41 This strikes us as faintly parallel to Garver's argument in " Form of Life in Wittgenstein's Later Work" - that the concept 'form of life' has been overinterpreted (in our sense), made too much of, to the point of becoming an essentialistic concept with (unwarranted) phi• losophical implications leading to relativism. 42 See, e.g., Von Savigny, Wittgensteins "Philosophische Untersuchungen ". Ein Kommentar for Leser, for an illustration of such reading/commentary. 43 lowe this insight, and this somewhat positive turn, to Lugg's important project of reread• ing, yet again, sections 1-133 of the Investigations, and to his (unintentionally ironic) comment that "the Investigations has to be appreciated in the spirit of Wittgenstein him• self, and we must resist the temptation to overinterpret and overstructure his remarks," exactly while doing so much interpretation. Lugg, Wittgenstein's Investigations 1-133: A Guide and Interpretation. 44 The exponential development of digital transcription, encoding, and distribution of Witt• gensteinian "texts" is a phenomenon to be reckoned with in future (and perhaps already current) interpretive projects. Our story stops on the brink of this culturaUacademic unfold• ing with the realization that it may house conceptual implications for the very meaning of "interpretation," for the very activity we have been trying to understand. For preliminary acquaintance with the proliferation of electronic resources see especially the website of the Wittgenstein Archives at the University of Bergen (http://heimer.hit.uib.no/wabD, with its comprehensive Wittgenstein Portal (http://w_~w.wittgenstein-portal.com!); or the elec• tronic editions of Wittgenstein's Nachlass: The Bergen Electronic Edition (Oxford University Press) and the Wittgenstein titles in the Past Masters series published by In• teLex. References

A comprehensive list of secondary texts on Wittgenstein runs to the thousands. The following includes only, and all, items used and mentioned in the book.

WITTGENSTEIN'S "WRITINGS"

The Blue and Brown Books. Oxford: Blackwell, 1958. Culture and Value. Oxford: Blackwell, 1980. Last Writings on the Philosophy of Psychology, vol. I. Oxford: Blackwell, 1982. "A Lecture on Ethics." The Philosophical Review 74 (1965): 3-12. Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology and Religious Belief Oxford: Blackwell, 1966. Letters to c.K. Ogden with Comments on the English Translation of the Tractatus Logico• Philosophicus. Oxford: Blackwell,1973. Letters to Russell, Keynes and Moore. Oxford: Blackwell, 1974. Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle: Conversations Recorded by Friedrich Waismann. Oxford: Blackwell, 1979. Notebooks 1914-1916 (NB). Oxford: Blackwell, 1961. On Certainty. Oxford: Blackwell, 1969. Philosophical Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell, 1974. Philosophical Investigations (PI). Oxford: Blackwell, 1953. Prototractatus -An Early Version of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1971. Remarks on Colour. Oxford: Blackwell, 1977. "Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough." The Human World 3 (1971): 18-41 Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics (RFM). Oxford: Blackwell, 1956. Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology, vols. I + II. Oxford: Blackwell, 1980. The Published Works of Ludwig Wittgenstein. Clayton, Ga: Intelex, 1993. Part of the Past Masters electronic text database series.

219 220 REFERENCES

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (TLP), tr. by c.K. Ogden. London: Kegan Paul, 1922. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (TLP), tr. by D.F. Pears and B.F. McGuinness. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961. Wittgenstein: Conversations, 1949-1951. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1986. Wittgenstein: Philosophical Occasions, 1912-1951. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1993. Wittgenstein's Lectures, Cambridge 1930-1932. Oxford: Blackwell, 1980. Wittgenstein's Lectures, Cambridge 1932-1935. Oxford: Blackwell, 1979. Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics: Cambridge, 1939. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1976. Wittgenstein's Lectures on Philosophical Psychology 1946-47. : Harvester, 1988. Wittgenstein's Nachlass: The Bergen Electronic Edition, Vol. 1-4. Bergen and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997-2000. Zettel (Z). Oxford: Blackwell, 1967.

"SECONDARY" WRITINGS

Abelson, R. "Can social science provide causal explanations?" Philosophy in Context 6 (1977): 43-53. Allaire, E.B. "The Tractatus: nominalistic or realistic?" In Essays in Ontology, ed. E.B. Allaire, 148-165. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1963. Allen, Richard and Malcolm Turvey, eds. Wittgenstein, Theory and the Arts. London: Routledge, 2001. Almond, P.c. "Winch and Wittgenstein." Religious Studies 12 (1976): 473-482. Anderson, R.J., J.A. Hughes, and W.W. Sharrock. "Wittgenstein and Comparative Sociology." Inquiry 27 (1984): 268-276. Anscombe, G.E.M. "Wittgenstein." Letter to World Review, Jan. 1952. --- "Misinformation: What Wittgenstein Really Said." Tablet (1954): 374. --- Intention. Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1957. ---An introduction to Wittgenstein's 'Tractatus'. London: Hutchinson, 1959. --- "Mysticism and Solipsism." In An Introduction to Wittgenstein's 'Tractatus'. London: Hutchinston, 1959. --- "Retraction." Analysis 26 (1965): 33-36. --- "Critical Notice of Kripke (1982)." Canadian lournal of Philosophy 15 (1985): 103-109 . --- "Review of Kripke (1982)." Ethics 95 (1985): 342-352. Apel, Karl-Otto. "Die Entgaltung der 'sprachanalytischen' Philosophie und das Problem der Geisteswissenschaften." Philosophisches lahrbuch 72 (1965): 239-89. --- "Wittgenstein and the problem of hermeneutic understanding." In Towards a Transformation of Philosophy, 1-45. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980. Arrington, R.L., and H.-J. Glock, eds. Wittgenstein and Quine. London: Routledge, 1998. Baker, Gordon and Peter M.S. Hacker. Wittgenstein: Understanding and Meaning, Volume 1 of an Analytical Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations. Oxford: Blackwell, 1980. --- Language, sense and nonsense. Oxford: Blackwell, 1984. --- Skepticism, rules and language. Oxford: Blackwell, 1984. --- Wittgenstein: Rules, Grammar and Necessity, Volume 2 of an Analytical Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations. Oxford: Blackwell, 1985. Barrett, Cyril. Wittgenstein on Ethics and Religious Belief Oxford: Blackwell, 1991. Bartley, W.W. III. Wittgenstein. New York: J.B. Lippincott, 1973. REFERENCES 221

--- 'Theory of Language and Philosophy of Science as Instruments of Educational Reform; Wittgenstein and Popper as Austrian Schoolteachers." In Methodological and Historical Essay in the Natural and Social Sciences, eds. RS. Cohen et aI., 307-37. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1974. --- "Wittgenstein and Homosexuality." TLS 4011 (1980). Bell, RH. and R.E. Hustwit, eds. Essays on Kierkegaard and Wittgenstein. Wooster, Ohio: College of Wooster, 1978. Benacerraf, Paul. "Paul Ziff, 1958-1960: A Reminiscence." In Language, Mind and Art, ed. D. Jamieson, 1-7. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994. --- "What Mathematical Truth Could Not Be -I." In The Philosophy of Mathematics Today, ed. M. Schirn, 33-75. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998. Benacerraf, Paul and Hilary Putnam. Philosophy of Mathematics. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice• Hall, 1964, 2nd edition 1983. Bernays, P. "Comments on Ludwig Wittgenstein's Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics." Ratio 2 (1959). Bernhard, Thomas. Wittgenstein's Nephew, tr. by David McLintock. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. Biletzki, Anat. "Wittgenstein: analytic philosopher?" In The Story ofAnalytic Philosophy: Plot and Heroes, eds. A. Biletzki and A. Matar. London: Routledge, 1998. Black, Max. The Nature of Mathematics. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1933. --- "Some Problems Connected with Language." Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 39 (1938): 43-68. --- "Verificationism and Wittgenstein's Reflections on Mathematics." Revue Intemationale de Philosophie 23 (1965): 284-94. --- A Companion to Wittgenstein's Tractatus. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967. Blackburn, Simon. Spreading the Word. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984. Blanshard, B. 'The New Subjectivism in Ethics." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 9 (1948-9): 504-511. Block, Ned, ed. Perspectives on the Philosophy ofWittgenstein. Oxford: Blackwell, 1981. Bloor, D. A Social Theory of Knowledge. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983. Boghossian, P. "The Rule-Following Considerations." Mind 98 (1989): 507-549. Bolton, Derek. "Life-form and Idealism." In Idealism: Past and Present, ed. G. Vesey, 269- 82. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Botwinick, A. Wittgenstein, Scepticism and Political Participation: An essay in the epistemology of democratic theory. Lanham: University Press of America, 1985. Bouveresse, Jacques. Le My the de L'interiorite. Experience, Signification et Langage Prive chez Wittgenstein. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit, 1976. --- "'The Darkness of This Time': Wittgenstein and the Modem World." Philosophy (1990): 11-39. --- Wittgenstein Reads Freud. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995. Bowell, Tracy. "Making Manifest: Viewing Wittgenstein's Philosophy through Derek Jarman's Lens." Teaching Philosophy 24/2 (2001):133-142. Brill, Susan. Witfgenstein and Critical Theory. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1994. Brose, K. Sprachspiel und Kindersprache. Studien zu Wittgensteins 'Philosophische Untersuchungen'. Frankfurt: Campus-Verlag, 1985. ---- Wittgenstein als Sprachphilosoph und Padagoge. Grundlagen zu einer Philosophie der Kindersprache. Frankfurt: Campus-Verlag, 1987. Canfield, John V. The Philosophy ofWittgenstein, Vol. 1-15. New York: Garland Pub., 1986. Carnap, R "Intellectual autobiography." In The Philosophy ofRudolph Camap, edited by P. Schilpp. La Salle, Ill.: Open Court, 1963. 222 REFERENCES

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Bloom, Harold, 169 Abelson, R., 212 Bohman, James F., 200 Allaire, E.B., 203 Bolton, Derek, 205 Allen, Richard, 217 Boltzmann, Ludwig, 167 Almond, P.e., 212 Bouveresse, Jacques, 170,208 Ambrose, Alice, 72, 114, 167 213,215 ' Anderson, R.J., 212 Bowell, Tracy, 216 Anscombe, G.E.M., 18,33,51, Braithwaite, R., 167 57, 71, 72, 78, 167, 190, 194, Brill, Susan, 217 203,204,205,206,207 210 Brose, K., 217 213,216 " Ape1, Karl-Otto, 212 213 Aristotle 16,51,190' Canfield, John V., 199,200 Arrington, R.L., 199 Carnap, R., 18,32,43,44, 131 Ayer, AJ., 75,150,203,205 167,202,210 ' Cavalier, RJ., 207 Cavell, Stanley, 26, 83, 89, 101, Baker, Gordon, 60, 67, 78, 122, 132,139,140,141,158,172, 197,204,205,206,209 191,201,202,206,207 210 Bartley, W.W. ill, 180, 192 194 211,213 " 215,217 ' , Chapman, M., 217 Beard, R.W., 199 Chihara, Charles S., 117, 209 Bell, R.H., 211 Cioffi, Frank, 170,213 Benacerraf, Paul, 126, 190,208 Clack, Brian R., 210 209,210,216 ' Clammer, J., 212 Bernays, P., 115, 209 Coates, George, 217 Bernhard, Thomas 217 Collins, Randall, 185, 186 Biletzki, A., 214 ' Colombo, G.e.M., 207 Black, Max, 42, 44, 51, 112 202 Conant, James, 141, 189 201 203,207,208 " 206,211 " Blackburn, Simon, 79, 206 Cook, D.J., 212 Blanshard, B., 207 Cook, J., 76, 205 Block, Ned, 199,205

233 234 INDEX

Cook, John W., 132, 133, 134, Frazer, Sir James George, 131, 210 136,146,148,149,159,212, Copi, I.M., 51, 199,203 213 Cornish, K., 183,214 Frege, G., 73, 86, 109, 110, 111, Coughlan, M.J., 136,210 112, 117, 120, 139, 166, 177, Cowan, Tom, 216 181,182,185,188,206,208, Craft, J.L., 215 209,214 Cranston, M., 210 Freud,S. 19, 166, 167, 169, 170, Crary, Alice, 202, 206, 208 171, 172, 170-72, 183, 192, 213 D'Hert, I., 210 Frongia, G., 199 Daitz, E., 203 Dale, Thomas, 216 Gabel, G., 199 Daly, C.B., 207 Gadamer, H-G., 212 Davidson, Donald, 203 Garavaso, P., 216 Derrida, Jacques, 166, 167, 174, Gardiner, Patrick, 213 175,174-76,181,183,213, Garver, Newton, 176,205,214, 214 218 Descartes, Rene 6, 76, 103 Geach, Peter, 57, 132,203,210 Detmer, David, 214 Geertz, Clifford, 10, 18, 159,212 Dewey, John, 174 Gellner, Ernest,152, 153, 154, Diamond, Cora, 18, 22, 26, 82, 160,212 86,87,88,92,95,98,99,101, Glock, Hans-Johann, 199 178,189,194,201,202,205, Godel, Kurt, 123, 124, 125, 209 206 Goldfarb, Warren, 18, 79, 82, 83, Dilman, llham, 201 87,91,92,100,101,103,115, Dixon, R.A., 217 189,202,206,208 Dreben, Burton, 26, 87, 99,101, Goldstein, Laurence, 216 189,196,202,206,207 Goodman, R.B., 211 Drury, M. O'C., 142, 149,211 Grayling, A.C., 215 Dummett, Michael, 115, 117,209 Green, J.L., 217 Gregory, T.S., 207 Eagleton, Terry, 191,216 Grene, Marjorie, 214 Easton, S.M., 212 Griffin, J., 51, 203 Eco, Umberto, 17,20,21,201 Griffiths, A.P., 199,215 Edmonds, David, 217 Guignon, Charles B., 213 Edwards, J.C., 207 Eidinow, John, 217 Habermas, J., 212 Elton, William R., 217 Hacker, Peter M.S., 4, 18,44,60, Engel, S. Morris, 119, 209 65,67,68,69,78,87,89,103, Epstein, Klaus, 183 104, 122, 126, 168, 187, 189, Evans, E., 203 194,197,200,201,202,204, 205,206,207,209,210,213, Feyerabend,Paul, 57,203 215 Findlay, J., 215 Hagberg, G.L., 217 Floyd, Juliet, 87, 91, 101, 110, Halbertal, M., 217 123,125,189,205,206,207, Hanfling, 0., 208 209,215 Hargrove, E.C., 215 Fogelin, R.J., 118,205,206,209 Harward, Donald W., 121,209 Foucault, Michel, 213 Hausmann, L., 215 INDEX 235

Hegel, G.W.P', 212 Heidegger, Martin, 98, 99, 166, Lapointe, F., 199 167,172,173,174,172-74, Lazerowitz, Morris, 170,213 175, 183,207,213 Lear, Jonathan, 205 Hekman, S., 212 Lee-Hampshire, W., 216 Henderson, D.K., 212 Linsky, L., 205 Henze, D.P., 205 Lippitt, J., 211 Hertz, Heinrich, 167 Lock, Grahame, 171,213 High, D.M., 211 Loos, Alfred, 167 Hiley, David R., 200 Louch, A.R., 152, 153, 155,211, Hintikka, Jaakko, 18,33,60,65, 212 67,70,189,200,202,203, Lugg, Andrew, 218 204,205,215,216 Lurie, Y., 207 Hintikka, M.B., 60, 204 Hobbes, Thomas, 6 Mach, Ernst, 182 Hudson, W.D., 130, 137, 138, Malcolm, Norman, 33, 56, 57, 72, 148,210, 211 75, 83, 130, 132, 134, 142, Hughes, J.A., 212 167,180,190,200,203,205, Hume, David, 6 208,210,211,213,215 Hustwit, R.E., 211, 215 Margalit, A., 217 Hutto, D., 211 Margolis, Joseph, 214 Hylton, Peter, 189, 207 Markson, David, 217 Marshall, J.D., 193,214,216,217 Incandela, J.M., 210 Martin D., 210 Ishiguro, Hide, 82, 83, 115, 207 Martin, Glen T., 207 Marx, K. 159,212 James, William, 211 Mauthner, Fritz, 182 Janik, Allan, 181, 183,207,213 McGinn, Marie, 78, 79,90,205, Jarman, Derek, 191,216,217 206,208 John, Peter c., 207 McGuinness, Brian F., 49, 60, 82, 83,86,115,170,180,199, Kant, Immanuel 6, 16, 190 201,202,203,207,213,214 Katz, M.S., 217 McManus, Denis, 218 Kazin, Alfred and Michael, 200 Michel, N., 217 Kenny, Anthony, 60, 194,204, Minar, E., 207 215 Monk,Ray, 180,201,207,214 Kerr, F., 210 Moore, G.E., 103, 167, 186,202, Keyt, D., 203 205,206,208 Kierkegaard, Ss.;;ren, 139, 140, Moran, J., 207 141, 144,211,213 Mouffe, Chantal, 212 King-Farlow, J., 208 Mounce, H.O., 206, 212 Klagge, James c., 201,215 Moyal-Sharrock, D., 202, 208, Klimt, Gustav, 182 218 Kraus, Karl, 167, 182 Mulhall, Stephen, 214 Kreisel, G., 116, 123,209 MundIe, C.W.K., 200 Kremer, Michael, 207 Musil, Robert, 182 Kripke, Saul, 18,57, 74, 77, 78, 79,103,176,203,205,206, Nagel, E., 208 208 Nelson, John 0., 203 Kuhn, Thomas, 211 236 INDEX

Nielsen, Kai, 132, 133, 134, 149, Rorty, Richard, 17, 18,76,157, 210 158,173,201 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 98, 99, 200, Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 200 207,213 Rubinstein, David, 159, 160, 187, Nordmann, Alfred, 201 212,215 Nyiri, J.C., 183,201,215,217 Rudich, N., 212 Russell, Bertrand, 2, 15, 18,22, Offenbach, Jacques, 182 31,32,38,39,40,41,42,43, Ogden, C.K., 49, 202, 203,206 45,46,63,69,73,87,109, Okshevsky, Walter c., 217 110, 111, 112, 117, 120, 139, Ostrow, Matthew, 100,207 143, 166, 177, 181, 185, 186, 187,188,202,206,208,209, Palmer, D., 201 211,214,215 Pears, David F., 49, 60, 63, 64, 65,67,69,71,78,189,202, Saran, A.K., 212 203,204,205 Sasidharan, P.K., 214 Perloff, Marjorie, 217 Sass, L.A., 217 Peterman, James, 213 Saunders, J.T., 205 Peters, M., 193,214,216 Sayers, B., 212 Philipp, Peter, 199 Sayward, Charles, 209 Phillips, D.L., 155 Schatzki, Theodore R., 159, 212 Phillips, D.Z., 132, 133, 134, 135, Scheman, N., 216 149,201,210,211,218 Schleiermacher, F., 200 Pichler, Alois, 202 Schlick, Morris, 43, 167, 186 Pitcher, G., 51, 76, 199,200,203, Schopenhauer, Arthur, 98,166, 205 167,168, 169, 170, 167-70, Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel, 18, 156, 171,177,181,183,204,213 157,159,212 Schorske, Carl, 215 Plato 6, 16,51, 190 Schulte, Joachim, 201, 215 Pole, David, 83, 89, 206, 207 Searle, John, 174, 213 Porpora, D.V., 212 Shanker, Stuart, 18, 123, 124, Prange, K., 217 130,193,199,208,209 Putnam, Hilary, 18, 101, 104, Sharrock, W.W., 212 123,126,143,189,190,204, Shaviro, Steven, 217 208,209,210,211,217 Shields, Philip, 207 Shusterman, Richard, 200 Quine, W.V.O., 126, 187,207, Shwayder, D.S., 203 199,203,216 Smart, Harold R., 57, 203 Ramsey, Frank P., 15,32,40,41, Smerud, W.B., 205 42, 43, 46, 73, 88, 111, 167, Smeyers, P., 217 181,202,203,208 Smiley, P.O., 207, 210 Read, Rupert, 201, 202, 206, 208 Smith, Barry, 213 Rest, W., 38, 217 Spengler, 0., 167 Rhees, Rush, 75,132,134,167, Sraffa, P., 167 180,190,194,201,203,205, Stassen, M., 212 210,211,215,216 Steiner, Mark, 123, 125,209 Ricketts, Thomas, 87,189,206, Stenhouse, D., 217 207,208 Stenius, E., 51, 203 Ricouer, Paul, 199 Stern, David, 191,200,205,215, 216 INDEX 237

Stem, K, 205 Waismann, Friedrich, 43, 112, Stocker, Barry, 218 113,139,158,206,208,211 Stone, Martin, 176,214 Wang, Hao, 116,209 Stroll, A vrum, 208 Weiner, David Avraham, 169, Stroud, Barry, 117,205,206,209 192,213 Szabados, B., 215 Weininger, Otto, 167 Wertz, S.K., 217 Tanburn, N.P., 205 West, Cornel, 189 Tarski, A., 209 Wheeler, Samuel C. III, 214 Taylor, Charles, 173, 211 White, Morton, 57, 203, 216 Tolstoy, Leo, 192,211 Williams, Bernard, 205 Toulmin, Stephen, 18, 181, 183, Williamson, George, 200 207,213,214 Winch,P. 78,132,134,143,149, Toynton, Evelin, 216 152,153,155,157,158,207 Trethowan, I., 207 Wisdom, J., 139, 167,207 Turvey, Malcolm, 217 Wolgast, E., 208 Wolin, Sheldon, 211 Vesey, G. 199 Wrigley, Michael, 121, 122,209 Voegelin, Eric, 211 Wunsche, K., 215 Von Savigny, Eike, 201, 218 Von Wright, G.H., 7, 72,190, Zemach, E., 207 194,200,215 SYNTHESE LIBRARY

1. J. M. BocMnski, A Precis of Mathematical Logic. Translated from French and German by O. Bird. 1959 ISBN 90-277-0073-7 2. P. Guiraud, Problemes et methodes de la statistique linguistique. 1959 ISBN 90-277-0025-7 3. H. Freudenthal (ed.), The Concept and the Role ofthe Model in Mathematics and Natural and Social Sciences. 1961 ISBN 90-277-0017-6 4. E. W. Beth, Formal Methods. An Introduction to Symbolic Logic and to the Study of Effective Operations in Arithmetic and Logic. 1962 ISBN 90-277-0069-9 5. B. H. Kazemier and D. Vuysje (eds.), Logic and Language. Studies dedicated to Professor on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday. 1962 ISBN 90-277-0019-2 6. M. W. Wartofsky (ed.), Proceedings of the Boston Colloquiumfor the Philosophy of Science, 1961-1962. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. I] 1963 ISBN 90-277-0021-4 7. A. A. Zinov'ev, Philosophical Problems of Many-valued Logic. A revised edition, edited and translated (from Russian) by G. Kiing and D.D. Corney. 1963 ISBN 90-277-0091-5 8. G. Gurvitch, The Spectrum ofSocial Time. Translated from French and edited by M. Korenbaum and P. Bosserman. 1964 ISBN 90-277-0006-0 9. P. Lorenzen, Formal Logic. Translated from German by EJ. Crosson. 1965 ISBN 90-277-0080-X 10. R. S. Cohen and M. W. Wartofsky (eds.), Proceedings of the Boston Colloquiumfor the Philo• sophy of Science, 1962-1964. In Honor of Philipp Frank. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. II] 1965 ISBN 90-277-9004-0 11. E. W. Beth, Mathematical Thought. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mathematics. 1965 ISBN 90-277-0070-2 12. E. W. Beth and J. Piaget, Mathematical Epistemology and Psychology. Translated from French by W. Mays. 1966 ISBN 90-277-0071-0 13. G. Kiing, Ontology and the Logistic Analysis ofLanguage. An Enquiry into the Contemporary Views on Universals. Revised ed., translated from German. 1967 ISBN 90-277-0028-1 14. R. S. Cohen and M. W. Wartofsky (eds.), Proceedings of the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Sciences, 1964-1966. In Memory of Norwood Russell Hanson. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. III] 1967 ISBN 90-277-0013-3 15. C. D. Broad, Induction, Probability, and Causation. Selected Papers. 1968 ISBN 90-277-0012-5 16. G. Patzig, Aristotle's Theory of the Syllogism. A Logical-philosophical Study of Book A of the Prior Analytics. Translated from German by J. Barnes. 1968 ISBN 90-277-0030-3 17. N. Rescher, Topics in Philosophical Logic. 1968 ISBN 90-277-0084-2 18. R. S. Cohen and M. W. Wartofsky (eds.), Proceedings of the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science, 1966-1968, Part I. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. IV] 1969 ISBN 90-277-0014-1 19. R. S. Cohen and M. W. Wartofsky (eds.), Proceedings of the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science, 1966-1968, Part II. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. V] 1969 ISBN 90-277-0015-X 20. J. W. Davis, D. J. Hockney and W. K. Wilson (eds.), Philosophical Logic. 1969 ISBN 90-277-0075-3 21. D. Davidson and J. Hintikka (eds.), Words and Objections. Essays on the Work ofW. V. Quine. 1969, rev. ed. 1975 ISBN 90-277-0074-5; Pb 90-277-0602-6 22. P. Suppes, Studies in the Methodology and Foundations of Science. Selected Papers from 1951 to 1969. 1969 ISBN 90-277-0020-6 23. J. Hintikka, Models for Modalities. Selected Essays. 1969 ISBN 90-277-0078-8; Pb 90-277-0598-4 SYNTHESE LIBRARY

24. N. Rescher etal. (eds.), Essays in Honor of Carl G. Hempel. A Tribute on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. 1969 ISBN 90-277-0085-0 25. P. V. Tavanec (ed.), Problems of the Logic of Scientific Knowledge. Translated from Russian. 1970 ISBN 90-277-0087-7 26. M. Swain (ed.), Induction, Acceptance, and Rational Belief 1970 ISBN 90-277-0086-9 27. R. S. Cohen and R. J. Seeger (eds.), Ernst Mach: Physicist and Philosopher. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. VI]. 1970 ISBN 90-277-0016-8 28. J. Hintikka and P. Suppes, Infonnation and Inference. 1970 ISBN 90-277-0155-5 29. K. Lambert, Philosophical Problems in Logic. Some Recent Developments. 1970 ISBN 90-277-0079-6 30. R. A. Eberle, Nominalistic Systems. 1970 ISBN 90-277-0161-X 31. P. Weingartner and G. Zecha (eds.),lnduction, Physics, and Ethics. 1970 ISBN 90-277-0 158-X 32. E. W. Beth, Aspects of Modem Logic. Translated from Dutch. 1970 ISBN 90-277-0173-3 33. R. Hilpinen (ed.), Deontic Logic. Introductory and Systematic Readings. 1971 See also No. 152. ISBN Pb (1981 rev.) 90-277-1302-2 34. J.-L. Krivine, Introduction to Axiomatic Set Theory. Translated from French. 1971 ISBN 90-277-0169-5; Pb 90-277-0411-2 35. J. D. Sneed, The Logical Structure of Mathematical Physics. 2nd rev. ed., 1979 ISBN 90-277-1056-2; Pb 90-277-1059-7 36. C. R. Kordig, The Justification of Scientific Change. 1971 ISBN 90-277-0181-4; Pb 90-277-0475-9 37. M. Capek, Bergson and Modem Physics. A Reinterpretation and Re-evaluation. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. VII] 1971 ISBN 90-277-0186-5 38. N. R. Hanson, What I Do Not Believe, and Other Essays. Ed. by S. Toulrnin and H. Woolf. 1971 ISBN 90-277-0191-1 39. R. C. Buck and R. S. Cohen (eds.), PSA 1970. Proceedings of the Second Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, Boston, Fall 1970. In Memory of Rudolf Camap. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. VIII] 1971 ISBN 90-277-0187-3; Pb 90-277-0309-4 40. D. Davidson and G. Harman (eds.), Semantics ofNatural Language. 1972 ISBN 90-277-0304-3; Pb 90-277-0310-8 41. Y. Bar-Hillel (ed.), Pragmatics ofNatural Languages. 1971 ISBN 90-277-0194-6; Pb 90-277-0599-2 42. S. Stenlund, Combinators, 'Y Terms and Proof Theory. 1972 ISBN 90-277-0305-1 43. M. Strauss, Modem Physics and Its Philosophy. Selected Paper in the Logic, History, and Philosophy of Science. 1972 ISBN 90-277-0230-6 44. M. Bunge, Method, Model and Matter. 1973 ISBN 90-277-0252-7 45. M. Bunge, Philosophy of Physics. 1973 ISBN 90-277-0253-5 46. A. A. Zinov' ev, Foundations of the Logical Theory of Scientific Knowledge (Complex Logic). Revised and enlarged English edition with an appendix by G. A. Smimov, E. A. Sidorenka, A. M. Fedina and L. A. Bobrova. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. IX] 1973 ISBN 90-277-0193-8; Pb 90-277-0324-8 47. L. Tondl, Scientific Procedures. A Contribution concerning the Methodological Problems of Scientific Concepts and Scientific Explanation. Translated from Czech by D. Short. Edited by R.S. Cohen and M.W. Wartofsky. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. X] 1973 ISBN 90-277-0147-4; Pb 90-277-0323-X 48. N. R. Hanson, Constellations and Conjectures. 1973 ISBN 90-277-0192-X SYNTHESE LIBRARY

49. K. J. J. Hintikka, J. M. E. Moravcsik and P. Suppes (eds.), Approaches to Natural Language. 1973 ISBN 90-277-0220-9; Pb 90-277-0233-0 50. M. Bunge (ed.), Exact Philosophy. Problems, Tools and Goals. 1973 ISBN 90-277-0251-9 51. R. J. Bogdan and I. Niiniluoto (eds.), Logic, Language and Probability. 1973 ISBN 90-277-0312-4 52. G. Pearce and P. Maynard (eds.), Conceptual Change. 1973 ISBN 90-277-0287-X; Pb 90-277-0339-6 53. I. Niiniluoto and R. Tuomela, Theoretical Concepts and Hypothetico-inductive Inference. 1973 ISBN 90-277-0343-4 54. R. Fraisse, Course of Mathematical Logic - Volume 1: Relation and Logical Formula. Trans- lated from French. 1973 ISBN 90-277-0268-3; Pb 90-277-0403-1 (For Volume 2 see under No. 69). 55. A. Griinbaum, Philosophical Problems of Space and Time. Edited by R.S. Cohen and M.W. Wartofsky. 2nd enlarged ed. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XII] 1973 ISBN 90-277-0357-4; Pb 90-277-0358-2 56. P. Suppes (ed.), Space, Time and Geometry. 1973 ISBN 90-277-0386-8; Pb 90-277-0442-2 57. H. Kelsen, Essays in Legal and Moral Philosophy. Selected and introduced by O. Weinberger. Translated from German by P. Heath. 1973 ISBN 90-277-0388-4 58. R. J. Seeger and R. S. Cohen (eds.), Philosophical Foundations of Science. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XI] 1974 ISBN 90-277-0390-6; Pb 90-277-0376-0 59. R. S. Cohen and M. W. Wartofsky (eds.), Logical and Epistemological Studies in Contemporary Physics. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XIII] 1973 ISBN 90-277-0391-4; Pb 90-277-0377-9 60. R. S. Cohen and M. W. Wartofsky (eds.), Methodological and Historical Essays in the Natural and Social Sciences. Proceedings of the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science, 1969-1972. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XIV] 1974 ISBN 90-277-0392-2; Pb 90-277-0378-7 61. R. S. Cohen, J. J. Stachel and M. W. Wartofsky (eds.), For Dirk Struik. Scientific, Historical and Political Essays. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XV] 1974 ISBN 90-277-0393-0; Pb 90-277-0379-5 62. K. Ajdukiewicz, Pragmatic Logic. Translated from Polish by O. Wojtasiewicz. 1974 ISBN 90-277-0326-4 63. S. Stenlund (ed.), Logical Theory and Semantic Analysis. Essays dedicated to Stig Kanger on His 50th Birthday. 1974 ISBN 90-277-0438-4 64. K. F. Schaffner and R. S. Cohen (eds.), PSA 1972. Proceedings ofthe Third Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XX] 1974 ISBN 90-277-0408-2; Pb 90-277-0409-0 65. H. E. Kyburg, Jr., The Logical Foundations of Statistical Inference. 1974 ISBN 90-277-0330-2; Pb 90-277-0430-9 66. M. Grene, The Understanding ofNature. Essays in the Philosophy of Biology. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XXIII] 1974 ISBN 90-277-0462-7; Pb 90-277-0463-5 67. J. M. Broekman, Structuralism: Moscow, Prague, Paris. Translated from German. 1974 ISBN 90-277-0478-3 68. N. Geschwind, Selected Papers on Language and the Brain. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XVI] 1974 ISBN 90-277-0262-4; Pb 90-277-0263-2 69. R. Fraisse, Course of Mathematical Logic - Volume 2: Model Theory. Translated from French. 1974 ISBN 90-277-0269-1; Pb 90-277-0510-0 (For Volume 1 see under No. 54) SYNTHESE LIBRARY

70. A. Grzegorczyk,An Outline ofMathematical Logic. Fundamental Results and Notions explained with all Details. Translated from Polish. 1974 ISBN 90-277-0359-0; Pb 90-277-0447-3 71. F. von Kutschera, Philosophy of Language. 1975 ISBN 90-277-0591-7 72. 1. Manninen and R. Tuomela (eds.), Essays on Explanation and Understanding. Studies in the Foundations of Humanities and Social Sciences. 1976 ISBN 90-277-0592-5 73. 1. Hintikka (ed.), Rudo/fCarnap, Logical Empiricist. Materials and Perspectives. 1975 ISBN 90-277-0583-6 74. M. Capek (ed.), The Concepts of Space and Time. Their Structure and Their Development. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XXII] 1976 ISBN 90-277-0355-8; Pb 90-277-0375-2 75. 1. Hintikka and U. Remes, The Method of Analysis. Its Geometrical Origin and Its General Significance. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XXV] 1974 ISBN 90-277-0532-1; Pb 90-277-0543-7 76. 1. E. Murdoch and E. D. Sylla (eds.), The Cultural Context of Medieval Learning. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XXVI] 1975 ISBN 90-277-0560-7; Pb 90-277-0587-9 77. S. Amsterdamski, Between Experience and Metaphysics. Philosophical Problems ofthe Evol• ution of Science. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XXXV] 1975 ISBN 90-277-0568-2; Pb 90-277-0580-1 78. P. Suppes (ed.), Logic and Probability in Quantum Mechanics. 1976 ISBN 90-277-0570-4; Pb 90-277-1200-X 79. H. von Helmholtz: Epistemological Writings. The Paul Hertz / Centenary Edition of 1921 with Notes and Commentary by the Editors. Newly translated from German by M. F. Lowe. Edited, with an Introduction and Bibliography, by R. S. Cohen and Y. Elkana. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XXXVII] 1975 ISBN 90-277-0290-X; Pb 90-277-0582-8 80. 1. Agassi, Science in Flux. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XXVIII] 1975 ISBN 90-277-0584-4; Pb 90-277-0612-2 81. S. G. Harding (ed.), Can Theories Be Refuted? Essays on the Duhem-Quine Thesis. 1976 ISBN 90-277-0629-8; Pb 90-277-0630-1 82. S. Nowak, Methodology of Sociological Research. General Problems. 1977 ISBN 90-277-0486-4 83. 1. Piaget, I.-B. Grize, A. Szeminsska and V. Bang, Epistemology and Psychology of Functions. Translated from French. 1977 ISBN 90-277-0804-5 84. M. Grene and E. Mendelsohn (eds.), Topics in the Philosophy of Biology. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XXVII] 1976 ISBN 90-277-0595-X; Pb 90-277-0596-8 85. E. Fischbein, The Intuitive Sources of Probabilistic Thinking in Children. 1975 ISBN 90-277-0626-3; Pb 90-277-1190-9 86. E. W. Adams, The Logic of Conditionals. An Application of Probability to Deductive Logic. 1975 ISBN 90-277-0631-X 87. M. Przete~ki and R. W6jcicki (eds.), Twenty-Five Years of Logical Methodology in Poland. Translated from Polish. 1976 ISBN 90-277-0601-8 88. 1. Topolski, The Methodology of History. Translated from Polish by o. Wojtasiewicz. 1976 ISBN 90-277-0550-X 89. A. Kasher (ed.), Language in Focus: Foundations, Methods and Systems. Essays dedicated to Yehoshua Bar-Hillel. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XLIII] 1976 ISBN 90-277-0644-1; Pb 90-277-0645-X SYNTHESE LIBRARY

90. J. Hintikka, The Intentions of Intentionality and Other New Models for Modalities. 1975 ISBN 90-277-0633-6; Pb 90-277-0634-4 91. W. Stegmiiller, Collected Papers on Epistemology, Philosophy of Science and History of Philosophy. 2 Volumes. 1977 Set ISBN 90-277-0767-7 92. D. M. Gabbay, Investigations in Modal and Tense Logics with Applications to Problems in Philosophy and Linguistics. 1976 ISBN 90-277-0656-5 93. R. J. Bogdan, Local Induction. 1976 ISBN 90-277-0649-2 94. S. Nowak, Understanding and Prediction. Essays in the Methodology of Social and Behavioral Theories. 1976 ISBN 90-277-0558-5; Pb 90-277-1199-2 95. P. Mittelstaedt, Philosophical Problems ofModem Physics. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XVIII] 1976 ISBN 90-277-0285-3; Pb 90-277-0506-2 96. G. Holton and W. A. Blanpied (eds.), Science and Its Public: The Changing Relationship. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XXXIII] 1976 ISBN 90-277-0657-3; Pb 90-277-0658-1 97. M. Brand and D. Walton (eds.), Action Theory. 1976 ISBN 90-277-0671-9 98. P. Gochet, Outline ofa Nominalist Theory ofPropositions. An Essay in the Theory of Meaning and in the Philosophy of Logic. 1980 ISBN 90-277-1031-7 99. R. S. Cohen, P. K. Feyerabend, and M. W. Wartofsky (eds.), Essays in Memory ofImre Lakatos. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XXXIX] 1976 ISBN 90-277-0654-9; Pb 90-277-0655-7 100. R. S. Cohen and J. J. Stachel (eds.), Selected Papers of Leon Rosenfield. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XXI] 1979 ISBN 90-277-0651-4; Pb 90-277-0652-2 101. R. S. Cohen, C. A. Hooker, A. C. Michalos and J. W. van Evra (eds.), PSA 1974. Proceedings of the 1974 Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XXXII] 1976 ISBN 90-277-0647-6; Pb 90-277-0648-4 102. Y. Fried and J. Agassi, Paranoia. A Study in Diagnosis. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. L] 1976 ISBN 90-277-0704-9; Pb 90-277-0705-7 103. M. Przeiel(ki, K. Szaniawski and R. Wojcicki (eds.), Formal Methods in the Methodology of Empirical Sciences. 1976 ISBN 90-277-0698-0 104. J. M. Vickers, Belief and Probability. 1976 ISBN 90-277-0744-8 105. K. H. Wolff, Surrender and Catch. Experience and Inquiry Today. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. LI] 1976 ISBN 90-277-0758-8; Pb 90-277-0765-0 106. K. Kosik, Dialectics ofthe Concrete. A Study on Problems of Man and World. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. LII] 1976 ISBN 90-277-0761-8; Pb 90-277-0764-2 107. N. Goodman, The Structure of Appearance. 3rd ed. with an Introduction by G. Hellman. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. LIII] 1977 ISBN 90-277-0773-1; Pb 90-277-0774-X 108. K. Ajdukiewicz, The ScifJntific World-Perspective and Other Essays, 1931-1963. Translated from Polish. Edited and with an Introduction by J. Giedyrnin. 1978 ISBN 90-277-0527-5 109. R. L. Causey, Unity of Science. 1977 ISBN 90-277-0779-0 110. R. E. Grandy, Advanced Logic for Applications. 1977 ISBN 90-277-0781-2 111. R. P. McArthur, Tense Logic. 1976 ISBN 90-277-0697-2 112. L. Lindahl, Position and Change. A Study in Law and Logic. Translated from Swedish by P. Needham. 1977 ISBN 90-277-0787-1 113. R. Thomela, Dispositions. 1978 ISBN 90-277-081O-X 114. H. A. Simon, Models ofDiscovery and Other Topics in the Methods ofScience. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. LIV] 1977 ISBN 90-277-0812-6; Pb 90-277-0858-4 SYNTIIESE LIBRARY

115. R. D. Rosenkrantz, Inference, Method and Decision. Towards a Bayesian Philosophy of Sci- ence.1977 ISBN 90-277-0817-7; Pb 90-277-0818-5 116. R. Tuomela, Human Action and Its Explanation. A Study on the Philosophical Foundations of Psychology. 1977 ISBN 90-277-0824-X 117. M. Lazerowitz, The Language of Philosophy. Freud and Wittgenstein. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. LV] 1977 ISBN 90-277-0826-6; Pb 90-277-0862-2 118. Not published 119. J. Pelc (ed.), Semiotics in Poland, 1894-1969. Translated from Polish. 1979 ISBN 90-277-0811-8 120. I. Porn, Action Theory and Social Science. Some Formal Models. 1977 ISBN 90-277-0846-0 121. J. Margolis, Persons and Mind. The Prospects of Nonreductive Materialism. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. LVII] 1977 ISBN 90-277-0854-1; Pb 90-277-0863-0 122. J. Hintikka, I. Niiniluoto, and E. Saarinen (eds.), Essays on Mathematical and Philosophical Logic. 1979 ISBN 90-277-0879-7 123. T. A. F. Kuipers, Studies in Inductive Probability and Rational Expectation. 1978 ISBN 90-277-0882-7 124. E. Saarinen, R. Hilpinen, I. Niiniluoto and M. P. Hintikka (eds.), Essays in Honour of Jaaklw Hintikka on the Occasion of His 50th Birthday. 1979 ISBN 90-277-0916-5 125. G. Radnitzky and G. Andersson (eds.), Progress and Rationality in Science. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. LVIII] 1978 ISBN 90-277-0921-1; Pb 90-277-0922-X 126. P. Mittelstaedt, Quantum Logic. 1978 ISBN 90-277-0925-4 127. K. A. Bowen, Model Theory for Modal Logic. Kripke Models for Modal Predicate Calculi. 1979 ISBN 90-277-0929-7 128. H. A. Bursen, Dismantling the Memory Machine. A Philosophical Investigation of Machine Theories of Memory. 1978 ISBN 90-277-0933-5 129. M. W. Wartofsky, Models. Representation and the Scientific Understanding. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XLVIII] 1979 ISBN 90-277-0736-7; Pb 90-277-0947-5 130. D. Ihde, Technics and Praxis. A Philosophy of Technology. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XXIV] 1979 ISBN 90-277-0953-X; Pb 90-277-0954-8 131. J. J. Wiatr (ed.), Polish Essays in the Methodology of the Social Sciences. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XXIX] 1979 ISBN 90-277-0723-5; Pb 90-277-0956-4 132. W. C. Salmon (ed.), Hans Reichenbach: Logical Empiricist. 1979 ISBN 90-277-0958-0 133. P. Bieri, R.-P. Horstmann and L. Kriiger (eds.), Transcendental Arguments in Science. Essays in Epistemology. 1979 ISBN 90-277-0963-7; Pb 90-277-0964-5 134. M. Markovic and G. Petrovic (eds.), Praxis. Yugoslav Essays in the Philosophy and Methodo• logy of the Social Sciences. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XXXVI] 1979 ISBN 90-277-0727-8; Pb 90-277-0968-8 135. R. Wojcicki, Topics in the Formal Methodology ofEmpirical Sciences. Translated from Polish. 1979 ISBN 90-277-1004-X 136. G. Radnitzky and G. Andersson (eds.), The Structure and Development of Science. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. LIX] 1979 ISBN 90-277-0994-7; Pb 90-277-0995-5 137. J. C. Webb, Mechanism, Mentalism and Metamathematics. An Essay on Finitism. 1980 ISBN 90-277-1046-5 138. D. F. Gustafson and B. L. Tapscott (eds.), Body, Mind and Method. Essays in Honor of Virgil C. Aldrich. 1979 ISBN 90-277-1013-9 139. L. Nowak, The Structure of Idealization. Towards a Systematic Interpretation of the Marxian Idea of Science. 1980 ISBN 90-277-1014-7 SYNTHESE LIBRARY

140. C. Perelman, The New Rhetoric and the Humanities. Essays on Rhetoric and Its Applications. Translated from French and German. With an Introduction by H. Zyskind. 1979 ISBN 90-277-1018-X; Pb 90-277-1019-8 141. W. Rabinowicz, Universalizability. A Study in Morals and Metaphysics. 1979 ISBN 90-277-1020-2 142. C. Perelman, Justice, Law and Argument. Essays on Moral and Legal Reasoning. Translated from French and German. With an Introduction by H.J. Berman. 1980 ISBN 90-277-1089-9; Pb 90-277-1090-2 143. S. Kanger and S. Ohman (eds.), Philosophy and Grammar. Papers on the Occasion of the Quincentennial of Uppsala University. 1981 ISBN 90-277-1091-0 144. T. Pawlowski, Concept Formation in the Humanities and the Social Sciences. 1980 ISBN 90-277-1096-1 145. J. Hintikka, D. Gruender and E. Agazzi (eds.), Theory Change, Ancient Axiomatics and Galileo's Methodology. Proceedings of the 1978 Pisa Conference on the History and Philosophy of Science, Volume I. 1981 ISBN 90-277-1126-7 146. J. Hintikka, D. Gruender and E. Agazzi (eds.), Probabilistic Thinking, Thermodynamics, and the Interaction of the History and Philosophy of Science. Proceedings of the 1978 Pisa Conference on the History and Philosophy of Science, Volume 11.1981 ISBN 90-277-1127-5 147. U. Monnich (ed.), Aspects of Philosophical Logic. Some Logical Forays into Central Notions of Linguistics and Philosophy. 1981 ISBN 90-277-1201-8 148. D. M. Gabbay, Semanticallnvestigations in Heyting's Intuitionistic Logic. 1981 ISBN 90-277-1202-6 149. E. Agazzi (ed.), Modem Logic - A Survey. Historical, Philosophical, and Mathematical Aspects of Modern Logic and Its Applications. 1981 ISBN 90-277-1137-2 150. A. F. Parker-Rhodes, The Theory of Indistinguishables. A Search for Explanatory Principles below the Level of Physics. 1981 ISBN 90-277-1214-X 151. J. C. Pitt, Pictures, Images, and Conceptual Change. An Analysis of Wilfrid Sellars' Philosophy of Science. 1981 ISBN 90-277-1276-X; Pb 90-277-1277-8 152. R. Hilpinen (ed.), New Studies in Deontic Logic. Norms, Actions, and the Foundations of Ethics. 1981 ISBN 90-277-1278-6; Pb 90-277-l346-4 153. C. Dilworth, Scientific Progress. A Study Concerning the Nature of the Relation between Successive Scientific Theories. 3rd rev. ed., 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2487-0; Pb 0-7923-2488-9 154. D. Woodruff Smith and R. McIntyre, Husserl and Intentionality. A Study of Mind, Meaning, and Language. 1982 ISBN 90-277-l392-8; Pb 90-277-1730-3 155. R. J. Nelson, The Logic of Mind. 2nd. ed., 1989 ISBN 90-277-2819-4; Pb 90-277-2822-4 156. J. F. A. K. van Benthem, The Logic of Time. A Model-Theoretic Investigation into the Varieties of Temporal Ontology, and Temporal Discourse. 1983; 2nd ed., 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1081-0 157. R. Swinburne (ed.), Space, Time and Causality. 1983 ISBN 90-277-1437-1 158. E. T. Jaynes, Papers on Probability, Statistics and Statistical Physics. Ed. by R. D. Rozenkrantz. 1983 ISBN 90-277-1448-7; Pb (1989) 0-7923-02l3-3 159. T. Chapman, Time: A Philosophical Analysis. 1982 ISBN 90-277-1465-7 160. E. N. Zalta, Abstract Objects. An Introduction to Axiomatic Metaphysics. 1983 ISBN 90-277-1474-6 161. S. Harding and M. B. Hintikka (eds.), Discovering Reality. Feminist Perspectives on Epistem• ology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science. 1983 ISBN 90-277-1496-7; Pb 90-277-1538-6 162. M. A. Stewart (ed.), Law, Morality and Rights. 1983 ISBN 90-277-1519-X SYNTHESE LIBRARY

163. D. Mayr and G. Siissmann (eds.), Space, Time, and Mechanics. Basic Structures of a Physical Theory. 1983 ISBN 90-277-1525-4 164. D. Gabbay and F. Guenthner (eds.), Handbook of Philosophical Logic. Vol. I: Elements of Classical Logic. 1983 ISBN 90-277-1542-4 165. D. Gabbay and F. Guenthner (eds.), Handbook of Philosophical Logic. Vol. II: Extensions of Classical Logic. 1984 ISBN 90-277-1604-8 166. D. Gabbay and F. Guenthner (eds.), Handbook of Philosophical Logic. Vol. III: Alternative to Classical Logic. 1986 ISBN 90-277-1605-6 167. D. Gabbay and F. Guenthner (eds.), Handbook of Philosophical Logic. Vol. IV: Topics in the Philosophy of Language. 1989 ISBN 90-277-1606-4 168. A. J. I. Jones, Communication and Meaning. An Essay in Applied Modal Logic. 1983 ISBN 90-277-1543-2 169. M. Fitting, Proof Methods for Modal and Intuitionistic Logics. 1983 ISBN 90-277-1573-4 170. J. Margolis, Culture and Cultural Entities. Toward a New Unity of Science. 1984 ISBN 90-277-1574-2 171. R. Tuomela, A Theory of Social Action. 1984 ISBN 90-277-1703-6 172. J. J. E. Gracia, E. Rabossi, E. Villanueva and M. Dascal (eds.), Philosophical Analysis in Latin America. 1984 ISBN 90-277-1749-4 173. P. Ziff, Epistemic Analysis. A Coherence Theory of Knowledge. 1984 ISBN 90-277-1751-7 174. P. Ziff, Antiaesthetics. An Appreciation of the Cow with the Subtile Nose. 1984 ISBN 90-277-1773-7 175. W. Balzer, D. A. Pearce, and H.-I. Schmidt (eds.), Reduction in Science. Structure, Examples, Philosophical Problems. 1984 ISBN 90-277-1811-3 176. A. Peczenik, L. Lindahl and B. van Roermund (eds.), Theory of Legal Science. Proceedings of the Conference on Legal Theory and Philosophy of Science (Lund, Sweden, December 1983). 1984 ISBN 90-277-1834-2 177. I. Niiniluoto, Is Science Progressive? 1984 ISBN 90-277-1835-0 178. B. K. MatHal and I. L. Shaw (eds.), Analytical Philosophy in Comparative Perspective. Explor• atory Essays in Current Theories and Classical Indian Theories of Meaning and Reference. 1985 ISBN 90-277-1870-9 179. P. Kroes, Time: Its Structure and Role in Physical Theories. 1985 ISBN 90-277-1894-6 180. I. H. Fetzer, Sociobiology and Epistemology. 1985 ISBN 90-277-2005-3; Pb 90-277-2006-1 181. L. Haaparanta and I. Hintikka (eds.), Frege Synthesized. Essays on the Philosophical and Foundational Work of Gottlob Frege. 1986 ISBN 90-277-2126-2 182. M. Detlefsen, Hilbert's Program. An Essay on Mathematical Instrumentalism. 1986 ISBN 90-277-2151-3 183. I. L. Golden and J. J. Pilotta (eds.), Practical Reasoning in Human Affairs. Studies in Honor of Chaim Perelman. 1986 ISBN 90-277-2255-2 184. H. Zandvoort, Models ofScientific Development and the Case ofNuclear Magnetic Resonance. 1986 ISBN 90-277-2351-6 185. I. Niiniluoto, Truthlikeness. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2354-0 186. W. Balzer, C. U. Moulines and I. D. Sneed, An Architectonic for Science. The Structuralist Program. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2403-2 187. D. Pearce, Roads to Commensurability. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2414-8 188. L. M. Vaina (ed.), Matters of Intelligence. Conceptual Structures in Cognitive Neuroscience. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2460-1 SYNTHESE LIBRARY

189. H. Siegel, Relativism Refuted. A Critique of Contemporary Epistemological Relativism. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2469-5 190. W. Callebaut and R Pinxten, Evolutionary Epistemology. A Multiparadigm Program, with a Complete Evolutionary Epistemology Bibliograph. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2582-9 191. J. Krnita, Problems in Historical Epistemology. 1988 ISBN 90-277-2199-8 192. J. H. Fetzer (ed.), Probability and Causality. Essays in Honor of Wesley C. Salmon, with an Annotated Bibliography. 1988 ISBN 90-277-2607-8; Pb 1-5560-8052-2 193. A. Donovan, L. Laudan and R Laudan (eds.), Scrutinizing Science. Empirical Studies of Scientific Change. 1988 ISBN 90-277-2608-6 194. H.R. Otto and J.A. Tuedio (eds.), Perspectives on Mind. 1988 ISBN 90-277-2640-X 195. D. Batens and J.P. van Bendegem (eds.), Theory and Experiment. Recent Insights and New Perspectives on Their Relation. 1988 ISBN 90-277-2645-0 196. J. Osterberg, Self and Others. A Study of Ethical Egoism. 1988 ISBN 90-277-2648-5 197. D.H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning. Perspectives of Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Science, and Philosophy. 1988 ISBN 90-277-2711-2 198. J. Wolenski, Logic and Philosophy in the Lvov-Warsaw School. 1989 ISBN 90-277-2749-X 199. R. W6jcicki, Theory of Logical Calculi. Basic Theory of Consequence Operations. 1988 ISBN 90-277-2785-6 200. J. Hintikka and M.B. Hintikka, The Logic of Epistemology and the Epistemology of Logic. Selected Essays. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0040-8; Pb 0-7923-0041-6 201. E. Agazzi (ed.), Probability in the Sciences. 1988 ISBN 90-277-2808-9 202. M. Meyer (ed.), From Metaphysics to Rhetoric. 1989 ISBN 90-277-2814-3 203. RL. Tieszen, Mathematical Intuition. Phenomenology and Mathematical Knowledge. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0131-5 204. A. Melnick, Space, Time, and Thought in Kant. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0135-8 205. D. W. Smith, The Circle ofAcquaintance. Perception, Consciousness, and Empathy. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0252-4 206. M.H. Salmon (ed.), The Philosophy of Logical Mechanism. Essays in Honor of Arthur W. Burks. With his Responses, and with a Bibliography of Burk's Work. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0325-3 207. M. Kusch, Language as Calculus vs. Language as Universal Medium. A Study in Hussed, Heidegger, and Gadamer. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0333-4 208. T.C. Meyering, Historical Roots of Cognitive Science. The Rise of a Cognitive Theory of Perception from Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0349-0 209. P. Kosso, Observability and Observation in Physical Science. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0389-X 210. J. Kmita, Essays on the Theory of Scientific Cognition. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0441-1 211. W. Sieg (ed.), Acting and Reflecting. The Interdisciplinary Tum in Philosophy. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0512-4 212. J. Karpinski, Causality in Sociological Research. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0546-9 213. H.A. Lewis (ed.), : Philosophical Encounters. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-0823-9 214. M. Ter Hark, Beyond the Inner and the Outer. Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Psychology. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0850-6 215. M. Gosselin, Nominalism and Contemporary Nominalism. Ontological and Epistemological Implications of the Work ofW.V.O. Quine and ofN. Goodman. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0904-9 216. J.H. Fetzer, D. Shatz and G. Schlesinger (eds.), Definitions and Definability. Philosophical Perspectives. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1046-2 217. E. Agazzi and A. Cordero (eds.), Philosophy and the Origin and Evolution of the Universe. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1322-4 SYNTHESE LIBRARY

218. M. Kusch, Foucault's Strata and Fields. An Investigation into Archaeological and Genealogical Science Studies. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1462-X 219. e.J. Posy, Kant's Philosophy of Mathematics. Modem Essays. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1495-6 220. G. Van de Vijver, New Perspectives on Cybernetics. Self-Organization, Autonomy and Con- nectionism.1992 ISBN 0-7923-1519-7 221. J.e. Nyfri, Tradition and Individuality. Essays. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1566-9 222. R. Howell, Kant's Transcendental Deduction. An Analysis of Main Themes in His Critical Philosophy. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1571-5 223. A. Garda de la Sienra, The Logical Foundations of the Marxian Theory of Value. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1778-5 224. D.S. Shwayder, Statement and Referent. An Inquiry into the Foundations of Our Conceptual Order. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1803-X 225. M. Rosen, Problems of the Hegelian Dialectic. Dialectic Reconstructed as a Logic of Human Reality. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2047-6 226. P. Suppes, Models and Methods in the Philosophy of Science: Selected Essays. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2211-8 227. R. M. Dancy (ed.), Kant and Critique: New Essays in Honor ofW H. Werkmeister. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2244-4 228. J. Wolenski (ed.), Philosophical Logic in Poland. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2293-2 229. M. De Rijke (ed.), Diamonds and Defaults. Studies in Pure and Applied Intensional Logic. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2342-4 230. B.K. Matilal and A. Chakrabarti (eds.), Knowingfrom Words. Western and Indian Philosophical Analysis of Understanding and Testimony. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2345-9 231. S.A. Kleiner, The Logic ofDiscovery. A Theory of the Rationality of Scientific Research. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2371-8 232. R. Festa, Optimum Inductive Methods. A Study in Inductive Probability, Bayesian Statistics, and Verisimilitude. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2460-9 233. P. Humphreys (ed.), Patrick Suppes: Scientific Philosopher. Vol. 1: Probability and Probabilistic Causality. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2552-4 234. P. Humphreys (ed.), Patrick Suppes: Scientific Philosopher. Vol. 2: Philosophy of Physics, Theory Structure, and Measurement Theory. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2553-2 235. P. Humphreys (ed.), Patrick Suppes: Scientific Philosopher. Vol. 3: Language, Logic, and Psychology. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2862-0 Set ISBN (Vols 233-235) 0-7923-2554-0 236. D. Prawitz and D. Westerstahl (eds.), Logic and Philosophy of Science in Uppsala. Papers from the 9th International Congress of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2702-0 237. L. Haaparanta (ed.), Mind, Meaning and Mathematics. Essays on the Philosophical Views of Husserl and Frege. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2703-9 238. J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2786-1 239. B. McGuinness and G. Oliveri (eds.), The Philosophy ofMichael Dummett. With Replies from Michael Dummett. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2804-3 240. D. Jamieson (ed.), Language, Mind, and Art. Essays in Appreciation and Analysis, In Honor of Paul Ziff. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2810-8 241. G. Preyer, F. Siebelt and A. Ulfig (eds.), Language, Mind and Epistemology. On Donald Davidson's Philosophy. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2811-6 242. P. Ehrlich (ed.), Real Numbers, Generalizations of the Reals, and Theories of Continua. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2689-X SYNTHESE LIBRARY

243. G. Debrock and M. Hulswit (eds.), Living Doubt. Essays concerning the epistemology of Charles Sanders Peirce. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2898-1 244. J. Srzednicki, To Know or Not to Know. Beyond Realism and Anti-Realism. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2909-0 245. R. Egidi (ed.), Wittgenstein: Mind and Language. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3171-0 246. A. Hyslop, Other Minds. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3245-8 247. L. P610s and M. Masuch (eds.), Applied Logic: How, What and Why. Logical Approaches to Natural Language. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3432-9 248. M. Krynicki, M. Mostowski and L.M. Szczerba (eds.), Quantifiers: Logics, Models and Com- putation. Volume One: Surveys. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3448-5 249. M. Krynicki, M. Mostowski and L.M. Szczerba (eds.), Quantifiers: Logics, Models and Com- putation. Volume Two: Contributions. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3449-3 Set ISBN (Vols 248 + 249) 0-7923-3450-7 250. R.A. Watson, Representational Ideasfrom Plato to Patricia Churchland. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3453-1 251. J. Hintikka (ed.), From Dedekind to Godel. Essays on the Development of the Foundations of Mathematics. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3484-1 252. A. Wisniewski, The Posing of Questions. Logical Foundations of Erotetic Inferences. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3637-2 253. J. Peregrin, Doing Worlds with Words. Formal Semantics without Formal Metaphysics. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3742-5 254. LA. Kieseppa, Truthlikeness for Multidimensional, Quantitative Cognitive Problems. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4005-1 255. P. Hugly and C. Sayward: Intensionality and Truth. An Essay on the Philosophy of A.N. Prior. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4119-8 256. L. Hankinson Nelson and J. Nelson (eds.): Feminism, Science, and the Philosophy of Science. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4162-7 257. P.1. Bystrov and V.N. Sadovsky (eds.): Philosophical Logic and Logical Philosophy. Essays in Honour of Vladimir A. Smirnov. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4270-4 258. A.E. Andersson and N-E. Sahlin (eds.): The Complexity of Creativity. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4346-8 259. M.L. Dalla Chiara, K. Doets, D. Mundici and J. van Benthem (eds.): Logic and Scientific Meth• ods. Volume One of the Tenth International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Florence, August 1995. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4383-2 260. M.L. Dalla Chiara, K. Doets, D. Mundici and J. van Benthem (eds.): Structures and Norms in Science. Volume Two of the Tenth International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Florence, August 1995. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4384-0 Set ISBN (Vols 259 + 260) 0-7923-4385-9 261. A. Chakrabarti: Denying Existence. The Logic, Epistemology and Pragmatics of Negative Existentials and Fictional Discourse. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4388-3 262. A. Biletzki: Talking Wolves. Thomas Hobbes on the Language of Politics and the Politics of Language. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4425-1 263. D. Nute (ed.): Defeasible Deontic Logic. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4630-0 264. U. Meixner: Axiomatic Formal Ontology. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4747-X 265. I. Brinck: The Indexical '1'. The First Person in Thought and Language. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4741-2 266. G. Holmstrom-Hintikka and R. Thomela (eds.): Contemporary Action Theory. Volume 1: Individual Action. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4753-6; Set: 0-7923-4754-4 SYNTHESE LIBRARY

267. G. Holmstrom-Hintikka and R Tuomela (eds.): Contemporary Action Theory. Volume 2: Social Action. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4752-8; Set: 0-7923-4754-4 268. B.-C. Park: Phenomenological Aspects of Wittgenstein's Philosophy. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-4813-3 269. J. Pasniczek: The Logic ofIntentional Objects. A Meinongian Version of Classical Logic. 1998 Hb ISBN 0-7923-4880-X; Pb ISBN 0-7923-5578-4 270. P.W. Humphreys and J.H. Fetzer (eds.): The New Theory of Reference. Kripke, Marcus, and Its Origins. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-4898-2 271. K. Szaniawski, A Chmielewski and J. Wolenski (eds.): On Science, Inference, Information and Decision Making. Selected Essays in the Philosophy of Science. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-4922-9 272. G.H. von Wright: In the Shadow of Descartes. Essays in the Philosophy of Mind. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-4992-X 273. K. Kijania-Placek and J. Wolenski (eds.): The Lvov-Warsaw School and Contemporary Philo- sophy. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-5105-3 274. D. Dedrick: Naming the Rainbow. Colour Language, Colour Science, and Culture. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-5239-4 275. L. Albertazzi (ed.): Shapes of Forms. From Gestalt Psychology and Phenomenology to Onto- logy and Mathematics. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5246-7 276. P. Fletcher: Truth, Proof and Infinity. A Theory of Constructions and Constructive Reasoning. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-5262-9 277. M. Fitting and RL. Mendelsohn (eds.): First-Order Modal Logic. 1998 Hb ISBN 0-7923-5334-X; Pb ISBN 0-7923-5335-8 278. J.N. Mohanty: Logic, Truth and the Modalitiesfrom a Phenomenological Perspective. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5550-4 279. T. Placek: Mathematical Intiutionism and Intersubjectivity. A Critical Exposition of Arguments for Intuitionism. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5630-6 280. A Cantini, E. Casari and P. Minari (eds.): Logic and Foundations of Mathematics. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5659-4 set ISBN 0-7923-5867-8 281. M.L. Dalla Chiara, R Giuntini and F. Laudisa (eds.): Language, Quantum, Music. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5727-2; set ISBN 0-7923-5867-8 282. R Egidi (ed.): In Search of a New Humanism. The Philosophy of Georg Hendrik von Wright. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5810-4 283. F. Vollmer: Agent Causality. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5848-1 284. J. Peregrin (ed.): Truth and Its Nature (if Any). 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5865-1 285. M. De Caro (ed.): Interpretations and Causes. New Perspectives on Donald Davidson's Philo- sophy. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5869-4 286. R Murawski: Recursive Functions and Metamathematics. Problems of Completeness and Decidability, Godel's Theorems. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5904-6 287. T.AF. Kuipers: From Instrumentalism to Constructive Realism. On Some Relations between Confirmation, Empirical Progress, and Truth Approximation. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6086-9 288. G. Holmstrom-Hintikka (ed.): Medieval Philosophy and Modem Times. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6102-4 289. E. Grosholz and H. Breger (eds.): The Growth of Mathematical Knowledge. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6151-2 SYNTHESE LIBRARY

290. G. Sornmaruga: History and Philosophy of Constructive Type Theory. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6180-6 291. J. Gasser (ed.): A Boole Anthology. Recent and Classical Studies in the Logic of George Boole. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6380-9 292. V.F. Hendricks, S.A. Pedersen and K.F. Jj1Irgensen (eds.): Proof Theory. History and Philo- sophical Significance. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6544-5 293. W.L. Craig: The Tensed Theory of Time. A Critical Examination. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6634-4 294. W.L. Craig: The Tenseless Theory of Time. A Critical Examination. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6635-2 295. L. Albertazzi (ed.): The Dawn of Cognitive Science. Early European Contributors. 2001 ISBN 0-7923-6799-5 296. G. Forrai: Reference, Truth and Conceptual Schemes. A Defense ofIntemal Realism. 2001 ISBN 0-7923-6885-1 297. V.F. Hendricks, S.A. Pedersen and K.F. Jj1Irgensen (eds.): Probability Theory. Philosophy, Recent History and Relations to Science. 2001 ISBN 0-7923-6952-1 298. M. Esfeld: Holism in Philosophy of Mind and Philosophy of Physics. 2001 ISBN 0-7923-7003-1 299. E.C. Steinhart: The Logic of Metaphor. Analogous Parts of Possible Worlds. 2001 ISBN 0-7923-7004-X 300. To be published. 301. T.A.F. Kuipers: Structures in Science Heuristic Patterns Based on Cognitive Structures. An Advanced Textbook in Neo-Classical Philosophy of Science. 2001 ISBN 0-7923-7117-8 302. G. Hon and S.S. Rakover (eds.): Explanation. Theoretical Approaches and Applications. 2001 ISBN 1-4020-0017-0 303. G. Holmstrom-Hintikka, S. Lindstrom and R. Sliwinski (eds.): Collected Papers ofStig Kanger with Essays on his Life and Work. Vol. I. 2001 ISBN 1-4020-0021-9; Pb ISBN 1-4020-0022-7 304. G. Holmstrom-Hintikka, S. Lindstrom and R. Sliwinski (eds.): Collected Papers ofStig Kanger with Essays on his Life and Work. Vol. II. 2001 ISBN 1-4020-0111-8; PbISBN 1-4020-0112-6 305. C.A. Anderson and M. Zeleny (eds.): Logic, Meaning and Computation. Essays in Memory of Alonzo Church. 2001 ISBN 1-4020-0141-X 306. P. Schuster, U. Berger and H. Osswald (eds.): Reuniting the Antipodes - Constructive and Nonstandard Views of the Continuum. 2001 ISBN 1-4020-0152-5 307. S.D. Zwart: Refined Verisimilitude. 2001 ISBN 1-4020-0268-8 308. A.-S. Maurin: /fTropes. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0656-X 309. H. Eilstein (ed.): A Collection of Polish Works on Philosophical Problems of Time and Space- time. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0670-5 310. Y. Gauthier: Internal Logic. Foundations of Mathematics from Kronecker to Hilbert. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0689-6 311. E. Ruttkamp: A Model-Theoretic Realist Interpretation of Science. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0729-9 312. V. Rantala: Explanatory Translation. Beyond the Kuhnian Model of Conceptual Change. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0827-9 313. L. Decock: Trading Ontology for Ideology. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0865-1 SYNTHESE LIBRARY

314. O. Ezra: The Withdrawal of Rights. Rights from a Different Perspective. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0886-4 315. P. Giirdenfors, J. Wolenski and K. Kijania-Placek: In the Scope of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. Volume One of the 11 th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Cracow, August 1999. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0929-1; Pb 1-4020-0931-3 316. P. Giirdenfors, J. Wolenski and K. Kijania-Placek: In the Scope of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. Volume Two of the 11 th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Cracow, August 1999. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0930-5; Pb 1-4020-0931-3 317. M.A. Changizi: The Brain from 25,000 Feet. High Level Explorations of Brain Complexity, Perception, Induction and Vagueness. 2003 ISBN 1-4020-1176-8 318. D.O. Dahlstrom (ed.): Russert's Logical Investigations. 2003 ISBN 1-4020-1325-6 319. A. Biletzki: (Over)Interpreting Wittgenstein. 2003 ISBN Hb 1-4020-1326-4; Pb 1-4020-1327-2

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