Il Ruolo Della Comunicazione Nel Processo Di Adozione E Diffusione Di Innovazioni Radicali

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Il Ruolo Della Comunicazione Nel Processo Di Adozione E Diffusione Di Innovazioni Radicali Corso di Laurea magistrale in Marketing e Comunicazione Tesi di Laurea Il ruolo della comunicazione nel processo di adozione e diffusione di innovazioni radicali. Il caso Apple Inc. Relatrice Ch.ma Prof.ssa Anna Cabigiosu Laureanda Vittoria Zanussi Matricola 867663 Anno Accademico 2018 / 2019 INDICE ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. 5 INTRODUZIONE ......................................................................................................................... 6 1. DEFINIZIONE INNOVAZIONE ................................................................................................. 9 1.1 LE FORME DELL’INNOVAZIONE ....................................................................................... 10 1.2 CURVE TECNOLOGICHE A S ............................................................................................. 13 1.3 MODELLO DI ROGERS ..................................................................................................... 16 1.4 CICLI TECNOLOGICI E DISEGNO DOMINANTE .................................................................. 19 1.5 DIMENSIONI DEL VALORE ............................................................................................... 22 2. DEFINIZIONE HIGH-TECH MARKET ...................................................................................... 26 2.1 CARATTERISTICHE COMUNI DELL’AMBIENTE HIGH-TECH ................................................ 27 2.2 CONDIZIONI DI DIFFUSIONE DI UN’INNOVAZIONE RADICALE .......................................... 31 2.3 ADOZIONE DI INNOVAZIONI RADICALI HIGH-TECH .......................................................... 34 2.3.1 Attributi percepiti dell’innovazione .......................................................................... 35 2.3.2 Categorie adottanti ................................................................................................. 37 3. STRATEGIE DI MARKETING PER L’INNOVAZIONE ................................................................ 45 3.1 SCELTE DI TIMING ........................................................................................................... 45 3.2 LICENSING E GRADO DI COMPATIBILITÀ.......................................................................... 46 3.3 SCELTE DI PREZZO........................................................................................................... 47 3.4 SCELTE DI DISTRIBUZIONE .............................................................................................. 48 3.5 COMUNICAZIONE ........................................................................................................... 48 3.5.1 Strumenti di comunicazione di marketing ................................................................ 49 3.5.2 L’impiego delle strategie di comunicazione per influenzare le percezioni e le aspettative ....................................................................................................................... 53 3.5.3 Considerazioni strategiche sulla comunicazione di marketing .................................. 55 3.5.4 L’adeguamento del piano di marketing alle categorie di adottanti .......................... 63 3.6 CONSIDERAZIONI FINALI ................................................................................................. 65 4. IL CASO APPLE INC. ............................................................................................................. 67 4.1 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................ 69 3 4.2 INGRESSO NEL MERCATO DEL TELEFONO CELLULARE ..................................................... 71 4.3 STRATEGIA MARKETING IPHONE .................................................................................... 74 4.3.1 Processo adozione e diffusione ................................................................................ 75 4.3.2 Marketing mix – 4P ................................................................................................. 77 4.3.3 Approfondimento sulla strategia di comunicazione ................................................. 85 4.3.4 Analisi della strategia comunicativa in relazione al modello di diffusione di Moore . 90 4.4 STRATEGIA MARKETING NEWTON .................................................................................. 93 4.4.1 Marketing mix – 4P ................................................................................................. 94 4.4.2 Analisi della strategia comunicativa in relazione al modello di diffusione di Moore . 98 CONCLUSIONI........................................................................................................................ 100 BIBLIOGRAFIA ....................................................................................................................... 104 4 ABSTRACT La tesi si pone l’obiettivo di analizzare come la comunicazione dell’innovazione possa influenzare i processi di diffusione e di adozione di prodotti tecnologici radicali. Una tecnologia dirompente introduce un’innovazione rivoluzionaria, una nuova concezione di prodotto che modifica le abitudini degli utilizzatori. In quanto radicale, e quindi diversa da quanto già esistente, porta con sé applicazioni nuove, sconosciute al mercato fino a quel momento. Ed è proprio qui che entra in gioco l’importanza di comunicare l’innovazione in modo adeguato. L’innovazione si misura infatti, non solo dalla sua novità tecnica, ma anche dall’impatto che ha sul mercato. La diffusione di nuovi prodotti è sempre legata alla capacità dei consumatori di comprenderne il valore d’uso e di acquisirne le logiche e le modalità di funzionamento. La comunicazione, pertanto, non è separabile dall’innovazione stessa, ma anzi ne rappresenta un aspetto assolutamente costitutivo. Il risultato della ricerca dimostra l’essenzialità della comunicazione nell’introdurre un’innovazione. Una strategia comunicativa efficace può ridurre il grado di incertezza legato al nuovo prodotto e accelerare i processi di diffusione e di adozione. Una strategia sbagliata, invece, può provocare l’insuccesso anche delle innovazioni tecnologiche più brillanti. Analizzando il caso Apple, oggetto di studio, si dimostra appunto come un’azienda leader di mercato, conosciuta per i suoi prodotti rivoluzionari, possa sia aver successo grazie a un’eccellente strategia comunicativa sia incorrere in un flop commerciale causato da un’errata comunicazione del prodotto innovativo. 5 INTRODUZIONE Il tema dell’innovazione ha un ruolo sempre più centrale per i mercati e per le imprese, sia in termini di prodotto che di processo, esacerbato dal continuo progresso tecnologico che evolve rapidamente condizionando lo sviluppo e il successo delle imprese. In un contesto competitivo sempre più globalizzato, in cui non è più possibile sopravvivere nel mercato senza apportare cambiamenti alla propria strategia di business, innovare è diventata una vera e propria necessità per ottenere un vantaggio competitivo e non rimanere tagliati fuori. Innovare però è tutt’altro che semplice e soprattutto richiede molti investimenti in ricerca e sviluppo, tempo e competenze che non tutte le imprese dispongono. Non basta infatti inventare e sviluppare il prodotto, occorre anche avere la capacità di lanciarlo sul mercato. Il lancio di un prodotto, specialmente se radicale, è molto complesso ed è dettato da numerose variabili che ne influenzano il suo successo. In questa sede ci limiteremo a trattare l’argomento analizzando il ruolo che ricopre la comunicazione nel processo di diffusione e adozione di prodotti tecnologici radicali. È stato scelto di trattare la tematica della comunicazione associata all’introduzione di prodotti radicali per due motivi. In primo luogo risulta essere poco approfondita dai ricercatori, soprattutto per quanto riguarda le innovazioni tecnologiche radicali: gli studi in questo ambito indagano principalmente le caratteristiche dell’innovazione in generale che ne determinano il suo successo o fallimento, le barriere dei consumatori che incidono sulla resistenza all’adozione, i fattori ambientali che possono ostacolare l’introduzione dell’innovazione ecc. Manca una chiara comprensione delle strategie comunicative che possono favorire la diffusione di un’innovazione radicale in ambito high-tech. In secondo luogo perché un prodotto radicale introduce un’innovazione rivoluzionaria, una nuova concezione di prodotto che modifica le abitudini degli utilizzatori; in quanto radicale, quindi diversa da quanto già esistente, porta con sé applicazioni nuove, sconosciute al mercato fino a quel momento. Ed è proprio qui che entra in gioco l’importanza di comunicare l’innovazione in modo adeguato. “L’innovazione si misura infatti, non solo dalla sua novità tecnica, ma anche dall’impatto che ha sul mercato. La diffusione di nuovi prodotti è sempre legata alla capacità dei consumatori di comprenderne il valore d’uso e di acquisirne le logiche e le modalità di funzionamento. La comunicazione, pertanto, non è 6 separabile dall’innovazione stessa, ma anzi ne rappresenta un aspetto assolutamente costitutivo.” (Granelli, 2005). Per comprendere le complesse dinamiche che caratterizzano l’innovazione, il primo capitolo definisce le forme di innovazione tecnologica, classificate in diverse tipologie in relazione al criterio utilizzato: natura dell’innovazione, intensità e grado di ampiezza, effetto esercitato sulle competenze possedute
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