ESTTA800156 02/08/2017 in the UNITED STATES PATENT and TRADEMARK OFFICE BEFORE the TRADEMARK TRIAL and APPEAL BOARD Proceeding 9

Home , Asus Memo Pad 8, Calculator watch, Cell phone novel, Flipboard, Fossil Wrist PDA, Handheld PC

Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Electronic Filing System. http://estta.uspto.gov ESTTA Tracking number: ESTTA800156 Filing date: 02/08/2017 IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE BEFORE THE TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD Proceeding 91220591 Party Plaintiff TCT Mobile International Limited Correspondence SUSAN M NATLAND Address KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP 2040 MAIN STREET , 14TH FLOOR IRVINE, CA 92614 UNITED STATES [email protected], [email protected] Submission Motion to Amend Pleading/Amended Pleading Filer's Name Jonathan A. Hyman Filer's e-mail [email protected], [email protected] Signature /jhh/ Date 02/08/2017 Attachments TCLC.004M-Opposer's Motion for Leave to Amend Notice of Opp and Motion to Suspend.pdf(1563803 bytes ) TCLC.004M-AmendNoticeofOpposition.pdf(1599537 bytes ) TCLC.004M-NoticeofOppositionExhibits.pdf(2003482 bytes )

EXHIBIT A 2/11/2015 Moving Definition and More from the Free MerriamWebster Dictionary

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moving

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moving move moving average moving cluster movingcoil movingiron meter moving pictureSponsored Links Advertise Here moving sidewalkKnow Where You Stand moving staircaseMonitor your credit. Manage your future. Equifax Complete™ Premier. fastmovingwww.equifax.com selfmoving slowmoving Word of the Day 1 move in move FEBRUARY 11, 2015 verb \ˈmüv\ Share Tweet poignant Affecting one painfully or deeply : to cause (something or someone) to go from one place or position to another Get the Word of the Day direct to your : to go from one place or position to another inbox — subscribe today!

: to cause (your body or a part of your body) to go from one position to [email protected] another

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moved mov·ing

Full Definition of MOVE True or False?

intransitive verb Commonly Misspelled 1 a (1) : to go or pass to another place or in a certain direction with a Words continuous motion (2) : to proceed toward a certain state or condition (3) : to become transferred during play (4) : to keep pace

b : to start away from some point or place : depart

c : to change one's residence or location

2 : to carry on one's life or activities in a specified environment

3 : to change position or posture : stir

4 : to take action : act

5 a : to begin operating or functioning or working in a usual way http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/moving?show=1 1/6 2/11/2015 Moving Definition and More from the Free MerriamWebster Dictionary

b : to show marked activity Words at Play c : to move a piece (as in chess or checkers) during one's turn Some of Our Favorite 6 : to make a formal request, application, or appeal Quotations About Love 7 : to change hands by being sold or rented

8 of the bowels : evacuate Top 10 Charming Words for Nasty transitive verb People 1 a (1) : to change the place or position of (2) : to dislodge or displace from a fixed position : budge Trend Watch b : to transfer (as a piece in chess) from one position to another Comprise 2 a (1) : to cause to go or pass from one place to another with a continuous ‘Comprised of' or 'composed motion (2) : to cause to advance of'? One man has an answer ... b : to cause to operate or function : actuate

c : to put into activity or rouse up from inactivity

3 : to cause to change position or posture

4 : to prompt or rouse to the doing of something : persuade

5 a : to stir the emotions, feelings, or passions of

b : to affect in such a way as to lead to an indicated show of emotion

6 a obsolete : beg

b : to make a formal application to

7 : to propose formally in a deliberative assembly

8 : to cause (the bowels) to void

9 : to cause to change hands through sale or rent

— move house British : to change one's residence

See move defined for Englishlanguage learners 

See move defined for kids 

Examples of MOVE

He moved the chair closer to the table.

It may be necessary to move the patient to intensive care.

The breeze moved the branches of the trees.

The branches moved gently in the breeze.

She was unable to move her legs.

She was so frightened that she could hardly move.

I moved over so that she could sit next to me.

We moved into the shade.

The police were moving through the crowd telling people to move toward the exit.

We could hear someone moving around upstairs. http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/moving?show=1 2/6 2/11/2015 Moving Definition and More from the Free MerriamWebster Dictionary

Origin of MOVE

Middle English, from AngloFrench mover, moveir, from Latin movēre; probably akin to Sanskrit mīvati he moves, pushes First Known Use: 13th century

Related to MOVE

Synonyms budge, dislocate, displace, disturb, relocate, remove, reposition, shift, transfer, transpose

Antonyms freeze, still

[+] more

Synonym Discussion of MOVE

move, actuate, drive, impel mean to set or keep in motion. move is very general and implies no more than the fact of changing position . actuate stresses transmission of power so as to work or set in motion . drive implies imparting forward and continuous motion and often stresses the effect rather than the impetus . impel is usually figurative and suggests a great motivating impetus .

: an act of moving your body or a part of your body

: an action

: the act of moving to a different place

Full Definition of MOVE

1 a : the act of moving a piece (as in chess)

b : the turn of a player to move

2 a : a step taken especially to gain an objective : maneuver

b : the action of moving from a motionless position

c : one of a pattern of dance steps

d : a change of residence or location

e : an agile or deceptive action especially in sports

— on the move 1 : in a state of moving about from place to place 2 : in a state of moving ahead or making progress

See move defined for Englishlanguage learners 

http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/moving?show=1 3/6 2/11/2015 Moving Definition and More from the Free MerriamWebster Dictionary

Examples of MOVE

He made a sudden move that scared away the squirrel.

an athlete who has some good moves

The policeman warned him not to make any false moves.

He was afraid to make a move.

No one is sure what his next move will be.

He's preparing for his move to California.

First Known Use of MOVE

1656

Related to MOVE

Synonyms expedient, means, measure, shift, step

Antonyms motionlessness

[+] more

move

verb \ˈmüv\ (Medical Dictionary)

moved mov·ing

Medical Definition of MOVE

intransitive verb 1 : to go or pass from one place to another

2 of the bowels : to eject fecal matter : evacuate

transitive verb 1 : to change the place or position of

2 : to cause (the bowels) to void

Learn More About MOVE

Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for "move" Spanish Central: Spanish translation of "move"

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http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/moving?show=1 4/6 2/11/2015 move definition of move by The Free Dictionary move definition of move by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/move

move Also found in: Medical, Legal, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.

move (mo͞ ov) v. moved, mov·ing, moves v.intr. 1. a. To change in position from one point to another: moved away from the window. b. To follow a specified course: Earth moves around the sun. c. To change posture or position; stir: too scared to move. d. To start off; depart: After waiting for an hour, we decided it was time to move. e. Games To change position on a board in a board game. f. To go from one residence or location to another; relocate: We moved to a new apartment. g. Linguistics To be copied or moved by means of a movement transformation to a new position in syntactic structure. 2. a. To progress in sequence; go forward: a novel that moves slowly. b. To progress toward a particular state or condition: moving up in the company; move on to a new subject. 3. To be disposed of by sale: Woolens move slowly in the summer. 4. To be put in motion or to turn according to a prescribed motion. Used of machinery. 5. a. To exhibit great activity or energy: Things were really moving backstage. b. To initiate an action; act: It's time to make a decision and move. c. To be active in a particular environment: moves in diplomatic circles. 6. To stir the emotions: words that have the power to move. 7. To make a formal motion in parliamentary procedure: move for an adjournment. 8. To evacuate. Used of the bowels. v.tr. 1. a. To change the place or position of: moved the chair into the corner; could not move his arm. b. To cause to go from one place to another: moved the crowd away. c. Games To change (a piece) from one position to another in a board game: moved a pawn. 2. a. To change the course of: moved the discussion to other matters. b. To cause to progress or advance: moved the research into new thinking. 3. a. To dislodge from a fixed point of view, as by persuasion: "Speak to him, ladies, see moven in Indo European roots.] Synonyms: move, affect1, touch These verbs mean to stir the emotions of a person or group. Move suggests a strong or deep emotional impact that is often expressed openly: a performer who moved the audience to laughter and tears; scenes of famine that moved us to pity. Affect can suggest a quieter but more persistent emotional http://www.thefreedictionary.com/move 1/26 2/11/2015 move definition of move by The Free Dictionary state, as of grief, awe, or sorrow: "Roosevelt was deeply affected by his loss. One by one, the President's closest companions had fallen away" (Geoffrey C. Ward). Touch implies a personal and often inspirational experience, as of sympathy, admiration, or tenderness: "Mr. Micawber pressed my hand, and groaned, and afterwards shed tears. I was greatly touched" (Charles Dickens).

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2011 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

move (muːv) vb 1. to go or take from one place to another; change in location or position 2. (usually intr) to change (one's dwelling, place of business, etc) 3. to be or cause to be in motion; stir 4. (General Engineering) (intr) (of machines, etc) to work or operate 5. (tr) to cause (to do something); prompt 6. (intr) to begin to act: move soon or we'll lose the order. 7. (Sociology) (intr) to associate oneself with a specified social circle: to move in exalted spheres. 8. (intr) to make progress 9. (tr) to arouse affection, pity, or compassion in; touch 10. (Games, other than specified) (in board games) to change the position of (a piece) or (of a piece) to change position 11. (Commerce) (intr) (of merchandise) to be disposed of by being bought 12. (Parliamentary Procedure) (when: tr, often takes a clause as object; when intr, often foll by for) to suggest (a proposal) formally, as in debating or parliamentary procedure 13. (intr; usually foll by on or along) to go away or to another place; leave 14. (Physiology) to cause (the bowels) to evacuate or (of the bowels) to be evacuated 15. (intr) to be exciting or active: the party started moving at twelve. 16. move heaven and earth to take every step possible (to achieve something) n 17. the act of moving; movement 18. one of a sequence of actions, usually part of a plan; manoeuvre 19. the act of moving one's residence, place of business, etc 20. (Games, other than specified) (in board games) a. a player's turn to move his piece or take other permitted action b. a permitted manoeuvre of a piece 21. get a move on a. to get started b. to hurry up 22. make a move (usually used with a negative) to take even the slightest action: don't make a move without phoning me. 23. make one's move to commit oneself to a position or course of action 24. on the move a. travelling from place to place b. advancing; succeeding c. very active; busy

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/move 2/26 2/11/2015 move definition of move by The Free Dictionary [C13: from AngloFrench mover, from Latin movēre]

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003

move (muv)

v. moved, mov•ing, n. v.i. 1. to pass from one place or position to another. 2. to change one's place of residence or business. 3. to advance or progress. 4. to have a regular motion, as an implement or a machine; turn; revolve. 5. to sell or be sold: That new model is moving well. 6. to start off or leave. 7. to transfer a piece in a game, as chess. 8. (of the bowels) to discharge the feces; evacuate. 9. to be active in a particular sphere: to move in society. 10. to take action; proceed. 11. to make a formal request, application, or proposal. v.t. 12. to change from one place or position to another. 13. to set or keep in motion. 14. to prompt, actuate, or impel to some action. 15. to arouse or excite the feelings or passions of (usu. fol. by to): to move him to anger. 16. to affect with compassionate emotion; touch. 17. to dispose of (goods) by sale. 18. to cause (the bowels) to evacuate. 19. to propose formally, as to a court or judge, or for consideration by a deliberative assembly. 20. to submit a formal request or proposal to (a court, a sovereign, etc.). 21. move in, to begin to occupy a residence or workplace, esp. by installing one's possessions. 22. move in on, to make aggressive advances toward, as to exploit, plunder, or possess. 23. move over, to shift to a nearby place, as to make room for another. 24. move up, to advance to a higher level. n. 25. an act or instance of moving; movement. 26. a change of location or residence. 27. an action toward an objective or goal; step. 28. (in chess, checkers, etc.) a player's turn to make a play. 29. a play or maneuver, as in a game or sport. Idioms: 1. get a move on, Informal. to hasten to act or proceed; hurry up. 2. on the move, a. busy; active. b. going from place to place. c. advancing; progressing.

[1200–50; Middle English moven < AngloFrench mover « Latin movēre] http://www.thefreedictionary.com/move 3/26

EXHIBIT B 2/10/2015 Mobile phone Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mobile phone From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone, hand phone, or simply a phone) is a phone that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private base station.

In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, shortrange wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming, and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones.

The first handheld cell phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell[1][2] and Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing around 4.4 pounds (2 kg).[3] In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be commercially available. From An evolution of mobile phones 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from zero to over 7 billion, penetrating 100% of the global population and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid.[4] In 2014, the top cell phone manufacturers were Samsung, Nokia, Apple, and LG.[5]

Contents

1 History 2 Features 2.1 Text messaging 2.2 SIM card 2.3 Multicard hybrid phones 2.4 Kosher phones 3 Mobile phone operators 4 Manufacturers 5 Use of mobile phones 5.1 In general 5.2 Smartphones 5.3 For distributing content https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone 1/16 2/10/2015 Mobile phone Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 5.4 While driving 5.5 Mobile banking and payments 5.6 Tracking and privacy 5.7 Thefts 6 Health effects 7 Future evolution 8 Environmental impact 9 Conflict minerals 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links

History

A handheld mobile radiotelephone is an old dream of radio engineering. One of the earliest descriptions can be found in the 1948 science fiction novel Space Cadet by Robert Heinlein. The protagonist, who has just traveled to Colorado from his home in Iowa, receives a call from his father on a telephone in his pocket. Before leaving for earth orbit, he decides to ship the telephone home "since it was limited by its short range to the neighborhood of an earthside [i.e. terrestrial] relay office." Ten years later, an essay by Arthur C. Clarke envisioned a "personal transceiver, so small and The Motorola compact that every man carries one." Clarke DynaTAC wrote: "the time will come when we will be 8000X from able to call a person anywhere on Earth merely Martin Cooper of Motorola made the 1984 (First by dialing a number." Such a device would first publicized handheld mobile handheld also, in Clarke's vision, include means for phone call on a prototype DynaTAC cellular mobile global positioning so that "no one need ever model on April 4, 1973. This is a phone which again be lost." Later, in Profiles of the Future, reenactment in 2007. was he predicted the advent of such a device taking commercially place in the mid1980s.[6] available) Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog radio communications from ships and trains. The race to create truly portable telephone devices began after World War II, with developments taking place in many countries. The advances in mobile telephony have been traced in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone 2/16 2/10/2015 Mobile phone Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia successive generations from the early "0G" (zeroth generation) services like the Bell System's Mobile Telephone Service and its successor, Improved Mobile Telephone Service. These "0G" systems were not cellular, supported few simultaneous calls, and were very expensive.

The first handheld mobile cell phone was demonstrated by Motorola in 1973. The first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979. In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.[7] Several other countries then followed in the early to mid1980s. These first generatiion ("1G") systems could support far more simultaneous calls, but still used analog technology.

In 1991, the second generation (2G) digital cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard, which sparked competition in the sector, as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators.

Ten years later, in 2001, the third generation (3G) was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard.[8] This was followed by 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on the highspeed packet access (HSPA) family, allowing UMTS networks to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity.

By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidthintensive applications like streaming media.[9] Consequently, the industry began looking to data optimized 4thgeneration technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U.S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera. Features

All mobile phones have a number of features in common, but manufacturers also try to differentiate their own products by implementing additional functions to make them more attractive to consumers. This has led to great innovation in mobile phone development over the past 20 years.

The common components found on all phones are:

A battery, providing the power source for the phone functions. An input mechanism to allow the user to interact with the phone. The most common input mechanism is a keypad, but touch screens are also found in most smartphones. A screen which echoes the user's typing, displays text messages, contacts and more. Basic mobile phone services to allow users to make calls and send text messages. All GSM phones use a SIM card to allow an account to be swapped among devices. Some CDMA devices also have a similar card called a RUIM. Individual GSM, WCDMA, iDEN and some satellite phone devices are uniquely identified by an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number.

Lowend mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones, and offer basic telephony. Handsets with more advanced computing ability through the use of native software applications became known as smartphones. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone 3/16 2/10/2015 Mobile phone Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Several phone series have been introduced to address a given market segment, such as the RIM BlackBerry focusing on enterprise/corporate customer email needs; the SonyEricsson 'Walkman' series of music/phones and 'Cybershot' series of camera/phones; the Nokia Nseries of multimedia phones, the Palm Pre the HTC Dream and the Apple iPhone.

Text messaging

The most commonly used data application on mobile phones is SMS text messaging. The first SMS text message was sent from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK, while the first persontoperson SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993.

The first mobile news service, delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland in 2000, and subsequently many organizations provided "ondemand" and "instant" news services by SMS.

SIM card

GSM feature phones require a small microchip called a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM card, to function. The SIM card is approximately the size of a small postage stamp and is usually placed underneath the battery in the rear of the unit. The SIM securely stores the servicesubscriber key (IMSI) and the Ki used to identify and authenticate the user of the mobile phone. The SIM card allows users to change phones by simply removing the SIM card from one mobile phone and inserting it into another mobile phone or broadband telephony device, provided that this is not prevented by a SIM lock.

The first SIM card was made in 1991 by Munich smart card maker Giesecke & Devrient for the Finnish wireless network operator Radiolinja.

Multicard hybrid phones Typical mobile phone SIM card A hybrid mobile phone can hold up to four SIM cards. SIM and RUIM cards may be mixed together to allow both GSM and CDMA networks to be accessed.[10][11]

From 2010 onwards they became popular in India and Indonesia and other emerging markets,[12] attributed to the desire to obtain the lowest onnet calling rate. In Q3 2011, Nokia shipped 18 million of its low cost dual SIM phone range in an attempt to make up lost ground in the higher end smartphone market.[13]

Kosher phones

There are Jewish orthodox religious restrictions which, by some interpretations, standard mobile telephones do not meet. To solve this issue, some rabbinical organizations have recommended that phones with text messaging capability not be used by children.[14] These restricted phones are known as kosher phones and have rabbinical approval for use in Israel and elsewhere by observant Orthodox Jews. Although these phones are intended to prevent immodesty, some vendors report good sales to adults who prefer the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone 4/16 2/10/2015 Mobile phone Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia simplicity of the devices. Some phones are even approved for use by essential workers (such as health, security and public services) on the sabbath, even though use of any electrical device is generally prohibited.[15] Mobile phone operators

The world's largest individual mobile operator by subscribers is China Mobile with over 500 million mobile phone subscribers.[16] Over 50 mobile operators have over 10 million subscribers each, and over 150 mobile operators had at least one million subscribers by the end of 2009.[17] In 2014, there were more than seven billion mobile phone subscribers worldwide, a number that is expected to keep growing. Growth in mobile phone subscribers per country from 1980 to 2009. Manufacturers

Prior to 2010, Nokia was the market leader. However, since then competition emerged in the Asia Pacific Quantity Market Shares by Gartner (New Sales) region with brands such as Micromax, Nexian, and i BRAND Percent Mobile and chipped away at Nokia's market share. Samsung 2012 22.0% Android powered smartphones also gained momentum Samsung 2013 24.6% across the region at the expense of Nokia. In India, their Nokia 2012 19.1% market share also dropped significantly to around 31 Nokia 2013 13.9% percent from 56 percent in the same period. Their share Apple 2012 7.5% was displaced by Chinese and Indian vendors of low Apple 2013 8.3% [18] end mobile phones. LG Electronics 2012 3.3% LG Electronics 2013 3.8% In Q1 2012, based on Strategy Analytics, Samsung ZTE 2012 3.9% surpassed Nokia, selling 93.5 million units and 82.7 ZTE 2013 3.3% million units, respectively. Standard & Poor's has also Others 2012 34.9% downgraded Nokia to 'junk' status at BB+/B with Others 2013 34.0% negative outlook due to high loss and still declined with Note: Others1 consist of Sony Ericsson, Motorola, ZTE, growth of Lumia smartphones was not sufficient to HTC and Huawei.(20092010) offset a rapid decline in revenue from Symbianbased smartphones over the next few quarters.[19]

In Q3 2014, the top 10 manufacturers were Samsung (20.6%), Nokia (9.5%), Apple Inc. (8.4%), LG (4.2%), Huawei (3.6%), TCL Communication (3.5), Xiaomi (3.5%), Lenovo (3.3%), ZTE (3.0%) and Micromax (2.2%).[20]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone 5/16 2/10/2015 Mobile phone Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Top Five Worldwide Total Mobile Phone Vendors, 2013 Rank Manufacturer Gartner[21] IDC[22] 1 Samsung 24.6% 24.5% 2 Nokia 13.9% 13.8% 3 Apple Inc. 8.3% 8.4% 4 LG 3.8% 3.8% 5 ZTE 3.3% 5 Huawei 3.0% Others 34.0% 46.4%

Note: Vendor shipments are branded shipments and exclude OEM sales for all vendors

Other manufacturers outside the top five include TCL Communication, Lenovo, Sony Mobile Communications, Motorola. Smaller current and past players include Karbonn Mobile, Audiovox (now UTStarcom), BenQSiemens, BlackBerry, Casio, CECT, Coolpad, Fujitsu, HTC, Just5, Kyocera, Lumigon, Micromax Mobile, Mitsubishi Electric, Modu, NEC, Neonode, Openmoko, Panasonic, Palm, Pantech Wireless Inc., Philips, Qualcomm Inc., Sagem, Sanyo, Sharp, Sierra Wireless, SK Teletech, Soutec, Trium, Toshiba, and Vidalco. Use of mobile phones

In general

Mobile phones are used for a variety of purposes, including keeping in touch with family members, conducting business, and having access to a telephone in the event of an emergency. Some people carry more than one cell phone for different purposes, such as for business and personal use. Multiple SIM cards may also be used to take advantage of the benefits of different calling plans—a particular plan might provide cheaper local calls, longdistance calls, international calls, or roaming. The mobile phone has also been used in a variety of diverse contexts in society, for example:

A study by Motorola found that one in ten cell Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants. 2014 figure is estimated. phone subscribers have a second phone that often is kept secret from other family members. These phones may be used to engage in activities including extramarital affairs or clandestine business dealings.[23] Some organizations assist victims of domestic violence by providing mobile phones for use in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone 6/16 2/10/2015 Mobile phone Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia emergencies. They are often refurbished phones.[24] The advent of widespread text messaging has resulted in the cell phone novel; the first literary genre to emerge from the cellular age via text messaging to a website that collects the novels as a whole.[25] Mobile telephony also facilitates activism and public journalism being explored by Reuters and Yahoo![26] and small independent news companies such as Jasmine News in Sri Lanka.

The United Nations reported that mobile phones have spread faster than any other technology and can improve the livelihood of the poorest people in developing countries by providing access to information in places where landlines or the Internet are not available, especially in the least developed countries. Use of mobile phones also spawns a wealth of microenterprises, by providing work, such as selling airtime on the streets and repairing or refurbishing handsets.[27] In Mali and other African countries, people used to travel from village to village to let friends and relatives know about weddings, births and other events, which are now avoided within mobile phone coverage areas, which is usually greater than land line penetration. The TV industry has recently started using mobile phones to drive live TV viewing through mobile apps, advertising, social tv, and mobile TV.[28] 86% of Americans use their mobile phone while watching TV. In parts of the world, mobile phone sharing is common. It is prevalent in urban India, as families and groups of friends often share one or more mobiles among their members. There are obvious economic benefits, but often familial customs and traditional gender roles play a part.[29] It is common for a village to have access to only one mobile phone, perhaps owned by a teacher or missionary, but available to all members of the village for necessary calls.[30]

Smartphones

Smartphones have a number of distinguishing features but the ITU measures those with internet connection which it calls Active MobileBroadband subscriptions (which includes tablets etc.) In the developed world these have now overtaken the usage of earlier mobile systems but in the developing world account for only 20%.

For distributing content

In 1998, one of the first examples of distributing and Active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 selling media content through the mobile phone was the inhabitants, from ITU (http://www.itu.int/en/ITU sale of ringtones by Radiolinja in Finland. Soon D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx) afterwards, other media content appeared such as news, video games, jokes, horoscopes, TV content and advertising. Most early content for mobile tended to be https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone 7/16 2/10/2015 Mobile phone Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia copies of legacy media, such as the banner advertisement or the TV news highlight video clip. Recently, unique content for mobile has been emerging, from the ringing tones and ringback tones in music to "mobisodes", video content that has been produced exclusively for mobile phones.

In 2006, the total value of mobilephonepaid media content exceeded Internetpaid media content and was worth 31 billion dollars.[31] The value of music on phones was worth 9.3 billion dollars in 2007 and gaming was worth over 5 billion dollars in 2007.[32]

While driving

Mobile phone use while driving is common but controversial. Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accidents. Because of this, many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore ban both handheld and handsfree use of a mobile phone; others —including the UK, France, and many U.S. states—ban handheld phone use only, allowing handsfree use.

Due to the increasing complexity of mobile phones, they are often more like mobile computers in their available uses. This has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials in distinguishing one usage from another as drivers use their devices. This is more apparent in those countries which ban both handheld and handsfree usage, rather than those who have A sign along Bellaire banned handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of Boulevard in Southside the mobile phone is being used simply by looking at the driver. This can Place, Texas (Greater lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally on a phone call Houston) states that using when, in fact, they were using the device for a legal purpose such as the mobile phones while driving phone's incorporated controls for car stereo or satnav. is prohibited from 7:30 AM to 9:30 AM and from 2:00 A recently published study has reviewed the incidence of mobile phone use PM to 4:15 PM while cycling and its effects on behaviour and safety.[33]

Mobile banking and payments

In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide mobile banking services, which may include the ability to transfer cash payments by secure SMS text message. Kenya's MPESA mobile banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator Safaricom to hold cash balances which are recorded on their SIM cards. Cash may be deposited or withdrawn from M PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets located throughout the country, and may be transferred electronically from person to person as well as used to pay bills to companies. Mobile payment system

Branchless banking has also been successful in South Africa and the Philippines. A pilot project in Bali was launched in 2011 by the International Finance Corporation and an Indonesian bank Bank Mandiri.[34] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone 8/16 2/10/2015 Mobile phone Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Another application of mobile banking technology is Zidisha, a USbased nonprofit microlending platform that allows residents of developing countries to raise small business loans from Web users worldwide. Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments, transferring funds from lenders in the United States to the borrowers in rural Africa using the Internet and mobile phones.[35]

Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two CocaCola vending machines in Espoo were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999 the Philippines launched the country's first commercial mobile payments systems on the mobile operators Globe and Smart.

Some mobile phone can make mobile payments via direct mobile billing schemes or through contactless payments if the phone and point of sale support near field communication (NFC).[36] This requires the co operation of manufacturers, network operators and retail merchants to enable contactless payments through NFCequipped mobile phones.[37][38][39]

Tracking and privacy

Mobile phones are also commonly used to collect location data. While the phone is turned on, the geographical location of a mobile phone can be determined easily (whether it is being used or not), using a technique known as multilateration to calculate the differences in time for a signal to travel from the cell phone to each of several cell towers near the owner of the phone.[40][41]

The movements of a mobile phone user can be tracked by their service provider and, if desired, by law enforcement agencies and their government. Both the SIM card and the handset can be tracked.[40]

China has proposed using this technology to track commuting patterns of Beijing city residents.[42] In the UK and US, law enforcement and intelligence services use mobiles to perform surveillance. They possess technology to activate the microphones in cell phones remotely in order to listen to conversations that take place near the phone.[43][44]

Thefts

According to the Federal Communications Commission, one out of three robberies involved the theft of a cellular phone. Police data in San Francisco showed that onehalf of all robberies in 2012 were thefts of cellular phones. An online petition on Change.org called Secure our Smartphones urged smartphone manufacturers to install kill switches in their devices to make them unusable in case of theft. The petition is part of a joint effort by New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman and San Francisco District Attorney George Gascón and was directed to the CEOs of the major smartphone manufacturers and telecommunication carriers.[45]

On Monday, 10 June 2013, Apple announced it would install a kill switch on its next iPhone operating system, due to debut in October 2013.[46] Health effects

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone 9/16 2/10/2015 Mobile phone Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The effect mobile phone radiation has on human health is the subject of recent interest and study, as a result of the enormous increase in mobile phone usage throughout the world. Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range, which some believe may be harmful to human health. A large body of research exists, both epidemiological and experimental, in nonhuman animals and in humans, of which the majority shows no definite causative relationship between exposure to mobile phones and harmful biological effects in humans. This is often paraphrased simply as the balance of evidence showing no harm to humans from mobile phones, although a significant number of individual studies do suggest such a relationship, or are inconclusive. Other digital wireless systems, such as data communication networks, produce similar radiation.

On 31 May 2011, the World Health Organization stated that mobile phone use may possibly represent a longterm health risk,[47][48] classifying mobile phone radiation as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" after a team of scientists reviewed studies on cell phone safety.[49] Mobile phones are in category 2B, which ranks it alongside coffee and other possibly carcinogenic substances.[50][51]

At least some recent studies have found an association between cell phone use and certain kinds of brain and salivary gland tumors. Lennart Hardell and other authors of a 2009 metaanalysis of 11 studies from peerreviewed journals concluded that cell phone usage for at least ten years "approximately doubles the risk of being diagnosed with a brain tumor on the same ('ipsilateral') side of the head as that preferred for cell phone use."[52]

One study of past cell phone use cited in the report showed a "40% increased risk for gliomas (brain cancer) in the highest category of heavy users (reported average: 30 minutes per day over a 10‐year period)."[53] This is a reversal from their prior position that cancer was unlikely to be caused by cellular phones or their base stations and that reviews had found no convincing evidence for other health effects.[48][54] Certain countries, including France, have warned against the use of cell phones especially by minors due to health risk uncertainties.[55] However, a study published 24 March 2012 in the British Medical Journal questioned these estimates, because the increase in brain cancers has not paralleled the increase in mobile phone use.[56] Future evolution

5G is a technology used in research papers and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile telecommunication standards beyond the 4G/IMTAdvanced standards. 5G is not officially used for any specification or official document yet made public by telecommunication companies or standardization bodies such as 3GPP, WiMAX Forum, or ITUR. New standard releases beyond 4G are in progress by standardization bodies, but are at this time not considered as new mobile generations but under the 4G umbrella.

Deloitte is predicting a collapse in wireless performance to come as soon as 2016, as more devices using more and more services compete for limited bandwidth.[57] Environmental impact

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone 10/16 2/10/2015 Mobile phone Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Studies have shown that around 4050% of the environmental impact of a mobile phone occurs during the manufacturing of the printed wiring boards and integrated circuits.[58] The average user replaces their mobile phone every 11 to 18 months.[59] The discarded phones then contribute to electronic waste.

Mobile phone manufacturers within Europe are subject to the WEEE directive. Australia introduced a mobile phone recycling scheme.[60]

A mobile phone repair kiosk in Hong Conflict minerals Kong

Demand for metals found in mobile phones and other electroncs fuelled the Second Congo War. The war claimed almost 5.5 million lives.[61] In a 2012 news story, The Guardian reported, "In unsafe mines deep underground in eastern Congo, children are working to extract minerals essential for the electronics industry. The profits from the minerals finance the bloodiest conflict since the second world war; the war has lasted nearly 20 years and has recently flared up again. ... For the last 15 years, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been a major source of natural resources for the mobile phone industry."[62]

FairPhone is an attempt to develop a mobile phone which does not contain conflict minerals. See also

Cellular frequencies Nomophobia Customer proprietary Optical headmounted network information display Field telephone OpenBTS List of countries by number Personal Handyphone of mobile phones in use System Mobile broadband Prepaid mobile phone Mobile Internet device Twoway radio (MID) Professional mobile Mobile phone accessories radio Mobile phone form factor Pushbutton telephone Rechargeable battery Surveillance Tethering VoIP phone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone 11/16 2/10/2015 Mobile phone Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia References

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"Cell Phone Tracking Can Locate Terrorists — But Only Where It's Legal" (http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/03/18/cellphonetrackingcanlocateterroristsbutonlywhereitlegal/). FOX News. Retrieved 4 February 2014. 42. ^ Cecilia Kang (3 March 2011). "China plans to track cellphone users, sparking human rights concerns" (http://voices.washingtonpost.com/posttech/2011/03/china_said_it_may_begin.html). The Washington Post. 43. ^ McCullagh, Declan; Anne Broache (1 December 2006). "FBI taps cell phone mic as eavesdropping tool" (http://news.cnet.com/FBItapscellphonemicaseavesdroppingtool/21001029_36140191.html). CNet News. Retrieved 14 March 2009. 44. ^ Odell, Mark (1 August 2005). "Use of mobile helped police keep tabs on suspect" (http://news.ft.com/cms/s/7166b8a202cb11da84e500000e2511c8.html). Financial Times. 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The Daily Telegraph. 27 September 2011. 62. ^ "Children of the Congo who risk their lives to supply our mobile phones" (http://www.theguardian.com/sustainablebusiness/blog/congochildlabourmobileminerals). The Guardian. 7 December 2012.

Further reading

Agar, Jon, Constant Touch: A Global History of the Mobile Phone, 2004 ISBN 1840465417 Ahonen, Tomi, mProfits: Making Money with 3G Services, 2002, ISBN 0470847751 Ahonen, Kasper and Melkko, 3G Marketing 2004, ISBN 0470851007 Fessenden, R. A. (1908). "Wireless Telephony" (http://books.google.com/?id=gtQWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161). Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution: 161–196. Retrieved 7 August 2009. Glotz, Peter & Bertsch, Stefan, eds. Thumb Culture: The Meaning of Mobile Phones for Society, 2005 Goggin, Gerard, Global Mobile Media (New York: Routledge, 2011), p. 176. ISBN 9780415469180 Jain, S. Lochlann. "Urban Errands: The Means of Mobility" (http://joc.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/2/3/385). Journal of Consumer Culture 2:3 (November 2002) 385–404. doi:10.1177/146954050200200305 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F146954050200200305). Katz, James E. & Aakhus, Mark, eds. Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk, Public Performance, 2002 Kavoori, Anandam & Arceneaux, Noah, eds. The Cell Phone Reader: Essays in Social Transformation, 2006 Kennedy, Pagan. Who Made That Cellphone? (http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/magazine/whomadethat cellphone.html?ref=technology), The New York Times, 15 March 2013, p. MM19 Kopomaa, Timo. The City in Your Pocket, Gaudeamus 2000 Levinson, Paul, Cellphone: The Story of the World's Most Mobile Medium, and How It Has Transformed Everything!, 2004 ISBN 1403960410 Ling, Rich, The Mobile Connection: the Cell Phone's Impact on Society, 2004 ISBN 1558609369 Ling, Rich and Pedersen, Per, eds. Mobile Communications: Renegotiation of the Social Sphere, 2005 ISBN 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone 15/16 2/10/2015 Mobile phone Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 852339314 Home page of Rich Ling (http://www.richardling.com/) Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. Mobile Communication: Essays on Cognition and Community, 2003 Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. Mobile Learning: Essays on Philosophy, Psychology and Education, 2003 Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. Mobile Democracy: Essays on Society, Self and Politics, 2003 Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. A Sense of Place: The Global and the Local in Mobile Communication, 2005 Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. Mobile Understanding: The Epistemology of Ubiquitous Communication, 2006 Plant, Dr. Sadie, on the mobile – the effects of mobile telephones on social and individual life (https://www.campussims.com/), 2001 Rheingold, Howard, Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution, 2002 ISBN 0738208612 Singh, Rohit (April 2009). Mobile phones for development and profit: a winwin scenario (http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odipublications/opinions/128mobilephonesbusinessdevelopmentprivate sector.pdf). Overseas Development Institute. p. 2.

External links

Media related to Mobile phones at Wikimedia Commons Look up mobile phone in How Cell Phones Work (http://www.howstuffworks.com/cell Wiktionary, the free dictionary. phone.htm) at HowStuffWorks "The Long Odyssey of the Cell Phone" (http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1636836_1389493,00.html), 15 photos with captions from Time magazine Cell Phone, the ring heard around the world (http://www.cbc.ca/doczone/episodes/cellphonearing heardaroundtheworld)—a video documentary by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone 16/16

EXHIBIT C 2/11/2015 mobile telephone Britannica Online Encyclopedia

mobile telephone

Cellular telephones

Cellular telephones, or simply cell phones, are portable devices that may be used in motor vehicles or by pedestrians. Communicating by radio waves, they permit a significant degree of mobility within a defined serving region that may range in area from a few city blocks to hundreds of square kilometres. The first mobile and portable subscriber units for cellular systems were large and heavy. With significant advances in component technology, though, the weight and size of portable transceivers have been significantly reduced. In this section, the concept of cell phones and the development of cellular systems are discussed.

Cellular communication All cellular telephone systems exhibit several fundamental characteristics, as summarized in the following:

1. The geographic area served by a cellular system is broken up into smaller geographic areas, or cells. Uniform hexagons most frequently are employed to represent these cells on maps and diagrams; in practice, though, radio waves do not confine themselves to hexagonal areas, so the actual cells have irregular shapes.

2. All communication with a mobile or portable instrument within a

Three students at the University of Cincinnati, Ohio, talking on cell phones given cell is made to a base station that serves the cell. between classes. Cell phones had almost completely replaced landline phones on college campuses by 2006. 3. Because of the low transmitting power of battery-operated AP portable instruments, specific sending and receiving frequencies assigned to a cell may be reused in other cells within the larger geographic area. Thus, the spectral efficiency of a cellular system (that is, the uses to which it can put its portion of the radio spectrum) is increased by a factor equal to the number of times a frequency may be reused within its service area.

4. As a mobile instrument proceeds from one cell to another during the course of a call, a central controller automatically reroutes the call from the old cell to the new cell without a noticeable interruption in the signal reception. This process is known as handoff. The central controller, or mobile telephone switching office (MTSO), thus acts as an intelligent central office switch that keeps track of the movement of the mobile subscriber.

5. As demand for the radio channels within a given cell increases beyond the capacity of that cell (as measured by the number of calls that may be supported simultaneously), the overloaded cell is “split” into smaller cells, each with its own base station and central controller. The radio-frequency allocations of the original cellular system are then rearranged to account for the greater number of smaller cells. Frequency reuse between discontiguous cells and the splitting of cells as demand increases are the concepts that distinguish cellular systems from other wireless telephone systems. They allow cellular providers to serve large metropolitan areas that may contain hundreds of thousands of customers.

Development of cellular systems In the United States, interconnection of mobile transmitters and receivers with the public switched telephone network (PSTN) began in 1946, with the introduction of mobile telephone service (MTS) by the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T). In the U.S. MTS system, a user who wished to place a call from a mobile phone had to search manually for an unused channel before placing the call. The user then spoke with a mobile operator, who actually dialed the call over the PSTN. The radio connection was simplex—i.e., only one party could speak at a time, the call direction being controlled by a push-to-talk switch in the mobile handset. In 1964 AT&T introduced the improved mobile telephone service (IMTS). This provided full duplex operation, automatic dialing, and automatic channel searching. Initially 11 channels were provided, but in 1969 an additional 12 channels were made available. Since only 11 (or 12) channels were available for all users of the system within a given geographic area (such as the metropolitan area around a large city), the IMTS system faced a high demand for a very limited channel resource. Moreover, each base-station antenna had to be located on a tall structure and had to transmit at high power in order to provide coverage throughout the entire service area. Because of these high power requirements, all subscriber units in the IMTS system were motor-vehicle-based instruments that carried large storage batteries. http://www.britannica.com/print/topic/1482373 1/5 2/11/2015 mobile telephone Britannica Online Encyclopedia During this time a truly cellular system, known as the advanced mobile phone system, or AMPS, was developed primarily by AT&T and Motorola, Inc. AMPS was based on 666 paired voice channels, spaced every 30 kilohertz in the 800- megahertz region. The system employed an analog modulation approach —frequency modulation, or FM—and was designed from the outset to support subscriber units for use both in automobiles and by pedestrians. It was publicly introduced in Chicago in 1983 and was a success from the beginning. At the end of the first year of service, there were a total of 200,000 AMPS subscribers throughout the United States; five years later there were more than 2,000,000. In response to expected service shortages, the American cellular industry proposed several methods for increasing capacity without requiring additional spectrum allocations. One analog FM approach, proposed by Motorola in 1991, was known as narrowband AMPS, or NAMPS. In NAMPS systems each existing 30-kilohertz voice channel was split into three 10- kilohertz channels. Thus, in place of the 832 channels available in AMPS systems, the NAMPS system offered 2,496 channels. A second approach, developed by a committee of the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) in 1988, employed digital modulation and digital voice compression in conjunction with a time-division multiple access (TDMA) method; this also permitted three new voice channels in place of one AMPS channel. Finally, in 1994 there surfaced a third approach, developed originally by Qualcomm, Inc., but also adopted as a standard by the TIA. This third approach used a form of spread spectrum multiple access known as code-division multiple access (CDMA)—a technique that, like the original TIA approach, combined digital Teenage girl using a laptop computer and a cellular voice compression with digital modulation. (For more information on the telephone, c. 2007. techniques of information compression, signal modulation, and multiple © Goodshoot/Jupiterimages access, see telecommunications.) The CDMA system offered 10 to 20 times the capacity of existing AMPS cellular techniques. All of these improved-capacity cellular systems were eventually deployed in the United States, but, since they were incompatible with one another, they supported rather than replaced the older AMPS standard. Although AMPS was the first cellular system to be developed, a Japanese system was the first cellular system to be deployed, in 1979. Other systems that preceded AMPS in operation include the Nordic mobile telephone (NMT) system, deployed in 1981 in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, and the total access communication system (TACS), deployed in the United Kingdom in 1983. A number of other cellular systems were developed and deployed in many more countries in the following years. All of them were incompatible with one another. In 1988 a From a specific location within a geographic area, or cell, a subscriber places a call using a mobile telephone. The call is relayed by the base station serving that cell to the mobile group of government-owned public telephone telephone switching office (MTSO). The MTSO in turn relays the call to another base station bodies within the European Community announced within the cellular system or to a central office in the public switched telephone network. When telephone traffic within a cell exceeds capacity, the cell is split into a number of smaller the digital global system for mobile communications, cells, each with its own base station. referred to as GSM, the first such system that would Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. permit any cellular user in one European country to operate in another European country with the same equipment. GSM soon became ubiquitous throughout Europe. The analog cellular systems of the 1980s are now referred to as “first-generation” (or 1G) systems, and the digital systems that began to appear in the late 1980s and early ’90s are known as the “second generation” (2G). Since the introduction of 2G cell phones, various enhancements have been made in order to provide data services and applications such as Internet browsing, two-way text messaging, still-image transmission, and mobile access by personal computers. One of the most successful applications of this kind is iMode, launched in 1999 in Japan by NTT DoCoMo, the mobile service division of the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation. Supporting Internet access to selected Web sites, interactive games, information retrieval, and text messaging, iMode became extremely successful; within three years of its introduction, more than 35 million users in Japan had iMode-enabled cell phones. Beginning in 1985, a study group of the Geneva-based International Telecommunication Union began to consider specifications for Future Public Land Mobile Telephone Systems (FPLMTS). These specifications eventually became the basis for a set of “third- generation” (3G) cellular standards, known collectively as IMT2000. The 3G standards are based loosely on several attributes: the use of CDMA technology; the ability eventually to support three classes of users (vehicle-based, pedestrian, and fixed); and the http://www.britannica.com/print/topic/1482373 2/5 2/11/2015 mobile telephone Britannica Online Encyclopedia ability to support voice, data, and multimedia services. The world’s first 3G service began in Japan in October 2001 with a system offered by NTT DoCoMo. Soon 3G service was being offered by a number of different carriers in Japan, South Korea, the United States, and other countries. Several new types of service compatible with the higher data rates of 3G systems have become commercially available, including full-motion video transmission, image transmission, location-aware services (through the use of global positioning system [GPS] technology), and high-rate data transmission.

Airborne cellular systems In addition to the terrestrial cellular phone systems described above, there also exist several systems that permit the placement of telephone calls to the PSTN by passengers on commercial aircraft. These in-flight telephones, known by the generic name aeronautical public correspondence (APC) systems, are of two types: terrestrial-based, in which telephone Motorola push-button car telephone, control unit, and handset mounted under the automobile calls are placed directly from an aircraft to an dashboard, 1959. en route ground station; and satellite-based, in © Motorola, Inc., Heritage Services & Archives which telephone calls are relayed via satellite to a ground station. In the United States the North American terrestrial system (NATS) was introduced by GTE Corporation in 1984. Within a decade the system was installed in more than 1,700 aircraft, with ground stations in the United States providing coverage over most of the United States and southern Canada. A second-generation system, GTE Airfone GenStar, employed digital modulation. In Europe the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) adopted a terrestrial APC system known as the terrestrial flight telephone system (TFTS) in 1992. This system employs digital modulation methods and operates in the 1,670– 1,675- and 1,800–1,805-megahertz bands. In order to cover most of Europe, the ground stations must be spaced every 50 to 700 km (30 to 435 miles).

Motorola improved mobile telephone service (IMTS) car telephone with push buttons and dial, control head with handset, and base unit, introduced in 1964.

http://www.britannica.com/print/topic/1482373 3/5 2/11/2015 mobile telephone Britannica Online Encyclopedia

The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, introduced in 1983, was the world’s first portable commercial handheld cellular phone.

Motorola’s MicroTAC flip cellular phone, introduced in 1989.

http://www.britannica.com/print/topic/1482373 4/5 2/11/2015 mobile telephone Britannica Online Encyclopedia

Cell phones became ubiquitous in classrooms around the world for exchanging images and text messages.

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A Nokia videophone showing MultiVu, a mobile video- delivery system, 2008.

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"mobile telephone". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 11 Feb. 2015 .

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(http://dictionary.reference.com/slideshows/loveslang#fancy) cellular phone Examples

noun

1. a mobile telephone system using lowpowered radio transmitters, with each transmitter covering a distinct geographical area (cell) and computer equipment to switch a call from one area to another, thus enabling largescale car or portable phone service.

2. mobile phone (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mobile phone).

Also called cell· phone· (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cell phone), cellular telephone.

Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2015. Cite This Source (http://dictionary.reference.com/cite.html?qh=cellular phone&ia=luna) Head over heels? Decode Examples from the web for cellular phone this love slang now. cellular phone service providers offer new models of these devices every few months.

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He scratched the label off a beer bottle and skittered his fingers over the buttons of a cellular phone without ever dialing.

In the car you drink coffee, listen to selfimprovement tapes, talk on the cellular phone and floss.

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Calculator Shen Yun Spelling cellular telephone Performing Checker Arts Place Finder or telecommunications system in which a portable cellular telephone cellular radio, Distance or mobile radio transmitter and receiver, or "cellphone," is linked via microwave radio 5000 years Calculator frequencies to base transmitter and receiver stations that connect the user to a civilization in 1 night. Periodic Table conventional telephone network. The geographic region served by a cellular system is An experience not to subdivided into areas called cells. Each cell has a central base station and two sets of miss. Buy now! Conversion Tool assigned transmission frequencies; one set is used by the base station, and the other Perpetual by cellphones. To prevent radio interference, each cell uses frequencies different from Calendar those used by its surrounding cells, but cells sufficiently distant from each other can Year by Year use the same frequencies. When a cellphone leaves one cell and enters another, the Fact telephone call is transferred from one base station and set of transmission frequencies Monster to the next using a computerized switching system.

A camera phone is a cellular phone that also has picture taking and often video recording capabilities; the pictures and videos may be sent to another cellular phone or to a computer. Most cellphones are now so equipped, and also 24 X 7 have the ability to send text messages. Further advances in digital technology and microelectronics have led to the Private Tutor development of socalled smartphones, which also may include email programs, Internet browsers, personal information managers, music and video players, alarm clocks, calculators, games, voice memo recorders, ebook readers, and many other specialized software applications. Such phones typically have touch screens for accessing data and content, and may be capable of accessing the Internet through a wireless networking connection as well as 24 x 7 Tutor through the cellular telephone system. Such features have allowed smartphones to replace personal digital Availability assistants, portable music players, and other portable electronic devices, and also supplant portable computers in Unlimited many uses. The software needed for smartphone programs, however, can make the devices vulnerable to software Online Tutoring viruses. 1on1 Tutoring

The first cellular telephone system began operation in Tokyo in 1979, and the first U.S. system began operation in Best Website for 1983 in Chicago. In many countries with inadequate wirebased telephone networks, cellular telephone systems have Science Help & provided a means of more quickly establishing a national telecommunications network. Chemistry Help Cellphones emit nonionizing radiation, and there have been concerns expressed about whether they might cause cancer. Studies on the subject that have found evidence of increased cancer rates have been criticized for having methodological flaws. Although a World Health Organization panel concluded in 2011 that cellular phones were "possibly carcinogenic," that finding was criticized by the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute and undermined by a large Danish study published in 2011.

More on cellular telephone from Infoplease: cell phone: meaning and definitions cell phone: Definition and Pronunciation cellular phone: meaning and definitions cellular phone: Definition and Pronunciation Martin R. HOKE Martin R. HOKE (1952Â ) HOKE, Martin R., a Representative from Ohio; born in Lakewood, ... identity theft identity theft identity theft, the use of one person's personal information by another to ... Carlos Slim Helú Slim Helú, Carlos Slim Helú, Carlos , 1940–, Mexican business executive. The ...

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EXHIBIT D 2/11/2015 Tablet computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Tablet computer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A tablet computer is a mobile computer with touchscreen display, circuitry and battery in a single unit. Tablets come equipped with sensors, including cameras, a microphone, an accelerometer and a touchscreen, with finger or stylus gestures substituting for the use of computer mouse and keyboard. Tablets may include physical buttons (for example: to control basic features such as speaker volume and power) and ports (for network communications and to charge the battery). They usually feature onscreen, popup virtual keyboards for typing. Tablets are typically larger than smart phones or personal digital assistants at 7 inches (18 cm) or larger, measured diagonally.[1][2][3][4] One can classify tablets into several categories according to the presence and physical appearance of keyboards. Slates and booklets do not have a physical keyboard and typically iPad (1st generation), a tablet feature text input performed through the use of a virtual keyboard computer projected on a touchscreenenabled display. Hybrids and convertibles do have physical keyboards, although these devices typically also make virtual keyboards available.

Conceptualized in the mid20th century[5] and prototyped and developed in the last two decades of that century, tablet devices became popular in 2010. In March 2012, PC Magazine reported that 31% of U.S. Internet users owned a tablet, used mainly for viewing published content such as video and news.[6] The topselling line of devices was Apple's iPad with 100 million sold between its release in April 2010 and midOctober 2012,[7] but iPad market share in 2013 (number of units) was down to 36% with Android tablets selling to 62%. Android tablet sales volume was 121 million devices, plus 52 million, in 2013 and 2012 respectively.[8] Individual brands of Android operating system devices or compatibles follow iPad with Amazon's Kindle Fire with 7 million, and Barnes & Noble's Nook with 5 million.[9][10][11] By May 2013, over 70% of mobile developers were targeting tablets (versus 93% for smartphones and 18% for feature phones).

Contents

1 History 1.1 Fictional and prototype tablets 1.2 Early devices 1.3 2010 and afterwards 2 Touch interface 2.1 Handwriting recognition 2.2 Touchscreen hardware 3 Features http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer 1/27 2/11/2015 Tablet computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 4 Types 4.1 Without physical keyboard 4.2 With physical keyboard 5 System architecture 6 Operating system 6.1 Android 6.2 iOS 6.3 Windows 6.4 Firefox OS 6.5 Linux 6.6 Hybrid OS operation 6.7 Discontinued tablets 7 Commercialization 7.1 Application markets and software walled gardens 7.2 Market share 7.3 Sales 8 Usage 8.1 Effects on Sleep 9 See also 10 References 11 External links

History

The tablet computer and its associated operating system began with the development of pen computing.[12] Electrical devices with data input and output on a flat information display existed as early as 1888 with the telautograph,[13] which used a sheet of paper as display and a pen attached to electromechanical actuators. Throughout the 20th century devices with these characteristics have been imagined and created whether as blueprints, prototypes, or commercial products. In addition to many academic and research systems, several companies released commercial products in the 1980s, with various input/output types tried out:

Fictional and prototype tablets

Tablet computers appeared in a number of works of science fiction in the second half of the 20th century, with the depiction of Arthur C. Clarke's NewsPad,[14] in Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey, the description of Calculator Pad in the 1951 novel Foundation by Isaac Asimov, the Opton in the 1961 novel Return from the Stars by Stanislaw Lem, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy in Douglas Adams's 1978 comedy of the same name, and the numerous devices depicted in Gene Roddenberry 1966

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer 2/27 2/11/2015 Tablet computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Star Trek series, all helping to promote and disseminate the concept to a wider audience.[15] A device more powerful than today's tablets appeared briefly in Jerry Pournelle and Larry Niven's 1974 The Mote in God's Eye.[16]

In 1968, computer scientist Alan Kay envisioned a KiddiComp, while a PhD candidate[17][18] he developed and described the concept as a Dynabook in his 1972 proposal: A personal computer for children of all ages,[19] the paper outlines the requirements for a conceptual portable educational device that would offer functionality similar to that supplied via a laptop computer or (in some of its other incarnations) a tablet or slate computer with the exception of the requirement for any Dynabook device offering near eternal battery life. Adults could also use a Dynabook, but the target audience was children.

The scifi TV series Star Trek The Next Generation featured tablet computers which were designated as "padds".[20]

In 1994, the European Union initiated the 'OMINewsPAD' project (EP9252), inspired by Clarke and Kubrick's fictional work.[21] Acorn Computers developed and delivered an ARMbased touch screen tablet computer for this program, branded the NewsPad. The Barcelonabased trial ended in 1997.[22]

During the November 2000 COMDEX, Microsoft used the term Tablet PC to describe a prototype handheld device they were demonstrating.[23][24][25]

In 2001, Ericsson Mobile Communications announced an experimental product named the DelphiPad which was developed in cooperation with the Centre for Wireless Communications in Singapore, with touchsensitive screen, Netscape Navigator as web browser and Linux as its operating system.[26][27]

Early devices 1888 telautograph patent schema Following their earlier tabletcomputer products such as the Pencept PenPad[28][29] and the CIC Handwriter,[30] in September 1989, GRiD Systems release the first commercially available tablettype portable computer, the GRiDPad.[31] All three products were based on extended versions of the MSDOS operating system.

In 1991, AT&T released their first EO Personal Communicator, this was one of the first commercially available tablets and ran the GO Wireless tablet device portrayed in Corporation's PenPoint OS on AT&T's own hardware, including the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey their own AT&T Hobbit CPU. (1968)

In 1992, Atari showed the Stylus, later renamed to STPad prototype to developers, this one was based on the TOS/GEM Atari ST Platform and included already an early handwriting recognition. Shiraz Shivji's company Momentus demonstrated in the same time a failed x86 MSDOS based Pen Computer with its own http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer 3/27 2/11/2015 Tablet computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia GUI.[32]

Apple Computers launched the Apple Newton personal digital assistant in 1993. It utilised Apple's own new Newton OS, initially running on hardware manufactured by Motorola and incorporating an ARM CPU, that Apple had specifically codeveloped with Acorn Computers. The operating system and platform design were later licensed to Sharp and Digital Ocean, who went on to manufacture their own variants.

In 1996, Palm, Inc. released the first of the Palm OS based PalmPilot touch and stylus based PDA, the touch based devices initially incorporating a Motorola Dragonball (68000) CPU.

Intel announced a StrongARM[33] processorbased touchscreen tablet computer in 1999, under the name WebPAD. It was later rebranded as the "Intel Web Tablet".[34]

In 2000, Norwegian company Screen Media AS and the German company Dosch & Amand Gmbh released the " FreePad".[35] It was based on Linux and used the Opera browser. The Internet access was provided by DECT DMAP, only available in Europe and provided up to 10Mbit/s wireless access. The device had 16 MB storage, 32 MB of RAM and x86 compatible 166 MHz "Geode"Microcontroller by National Semiconductor.[36] The screen was 10.4" or 12.1" and was touch sensitive. It had slots for SIM cards to enable support of television setup box. FreePad were sold in Norway and the Middle East; but the company was dissolved in 2003.

In April 2000, Microsoft launched the Pocket PC 2000, utilising their touch capable Windows CE 3.0 operating system.[37] The devices were manufactured by several manufacturers, based on a mix of: x86, MIPS, ARM, and SuperH hardware.

In 2002, Microsoft attempted to define the Microsoft Tablet PC[38] as a mobile computer for field work in business,[39] though their devices failed, mainly due to pricing and usability decisions that limited them to their original purpose such as the existing devices being too heavy to be held with one hand for extended periods, and having legacy applications created for desktop interfaces and not well adapted to the slate format.[40]

Nokia had plans for an internet tablet since before 2000. An early model was test manufactured in 2001, the Nokia M510, which was running on EPOC and featuring an Opera browser, speakers and a 10inch 800×600 screen, but it was not released because of fears that the market was not ready for it.[41] In 2005, Nokia finally released the first of its Internet Tablet range, the Nokia 770. These tablets now ran a Debian based Linux OS called Maemo. Nokia used the term internet tablet to refer to a portable information appliance that focused on Internet use and media consumption, in the range between a personal digital assistant (PDA) and an UltraMobile PC (UMPC). They made two mobile phones, the N900 that runs Maemo, and N9 that run Meego.[42]

Android was the first of today's dominating platforms for tablet computers to reach the market. In 2008, the first plans for Androidbased tablets appeared. The first products were released in 2009. Among them was the Archos 5, a pocketsized model with a 5inch touchscreen, that was first released with a proprietary operating system and later (in 2009) released with Android 1.4. The Camangi WebStation was released in Q2 2009. The first LTE Android tablet appeared late 2009 and was made by ICD for Verizon. This unit was

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer 4/27 2/11/2015 Tablet computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia called the Ultra, but a version called Vega was released around the same time. Ultra had a 7 inch display while Vega's was 15 inches. Many more products followed in 2010. Several manufacturers waited for Android Honeycomb, specifically adapted for use with tablets, which debuted in February 2011.

2010 and afterwards

Apple is often credited for defining a new class of consumer device with the iPad,[43] which shaped the commercial market for tablets in the following years,[44] and was the most successful tablet at the time of its release. iPads and competing devices have been tested by the US military.[45] Its debut in 2010 pushed tablets into the mainstream.[46][47] Samsung's Galaxy Tab and others followed, continuing the trends towards the features listed above.

In 2013, Samsung announced a tablet running Android and Windows 8 operating systems concurrently; switching from one operating system to the other and vice versa does not require restarting the device, and data can be synchronized between the two operating systems.[48] The device, named ATIV Q, was scheduled for release in late 2013 but its release has been indefinitely delayed.[49] Meanwhile, Asus released its Transformer Book Trio, a tablet that is also capable of running the operating systems Windows 8 and Android.[50]

In 2014, the era of customized tablets began. Many of these tablets are specific to a particular industry. The tablets come preloaded with software created or adapted for the specific industry they are meant for.[51] Often, these include custom client branding. Around 23% of B2B companies were said to have deployed tablets for salesrelated activities, according to a survey report by Corporate Visions.[52] Touch interface

A key component among tablet computers is touch input. This allows the user to navigate easily and type with a virtual keyboard on the screen. The first tablet to do this was the GRiDPad by GRiD Systems Corporation; the tablet featured both a stylus, a penlike tool to aid with precision in a touchscreen device as well as an on screen keyboard.[53]

The system must respond to touches rather than clicks of a keyboard or mouse, which allows integrated handeye operation, a natural use Samsung Galaxy Tab demonstrating [54][55][56] of the somatosensory system. This is even more true of the multitouch more recent multitouch interface, which often emulate the way objects behave.

Handwriting recognition

All version of the Windows OS since Vista have natively supported advanced handwriting recognition, including via a digital stylus.[57] Windows XP supported handwriting with optional downloads from MS. The Windows handwriting recognition routines constantly analyze the user's handwriting to improve performance. Handwriting recognition is also supported in many applications such as Microsoft OneNote, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer 5/27 2/11/2015 Tablet computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia and Windows Journal. Some ARM powered tablets, such as the Galaxy Note 10, also support a stylus and support handwriting recognition. Wacom and Ntrig digital pens provide approximately 2500 DPI resolution for handwriting,[58] exceeding the resolution of capacitive touch screens by more than a factor of 10. These pens also support pressure sensitivity, allowing for "variablewidth strokebased" characters, such as Chinese/Japanese/Korean writing, due to their builtin capability of "pressure sensing". Pressure is also used in digital art applications such as Autodesk Sketchbook.[59][60]

Touchscreen hardware

Touchscreens are usually one of two forms;

Resistive touchscreens are passive and respond to pressure on the screen. They allow a high level of precision, useful in emulating a pointer (as is common in tablet computers) but may require Chinese characters like this one calibration. Because of the high resolution, a stylus or fingernail meaning "person" can be written is often used. Stylusoriented systems are less suited to multi by handwriting recognition ( , touch. Mandarin: rén, Korean: in, Japanese: jin, nin; hito, Cantonese: Capacitive touchscreens tend to be less accurate, but more jan4). The character has two responsive than resistive devices. Because they require a strokes, the first shown here in conductive material, such as a finger tip, for input, they are not dark, and the second in red. The black area represents the starting common among stylusoriented devices, but are prominent on position of the writing instrument. consumer devices. Fingerdriven capacitive screens do not currently support pressure input.[61]

Some tablets can recognize individual palms, while some professionalgrade tablets use pressuresensitive films, such as those on graphics tablets. Some capacitive touchscreens can detect the size of the touched area and the pressure used.[62] Features

Today's tablets use capacitive touchscreens with multitouch, unlike earlier stylusdriven resistive touchscreen devices. After 2007 with the access to capacitive screens and the success of the iPhone, multi touch and other natural user interface features, as well as flash memory solid state storage and "instant on" warmbooting; external USB and Bluetooth keyboards defined tablets. Some have 3G mobile telephony applications.

Most tablets released since mid2010 use a version of an ARM processor for longer battery life. The ARM Cortex family is powerful enough for tasks such as internet browsing, light production work and mobile games.[63]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer 6/27 2/11/2015 Tablet computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia As with smartphones, most mobile tablet apps are supplied through online distribution, rather than boxed software or direct sales from software vendors. These sources, known as "app stores", provide centralized catalogues of software and allow "one click" ondevice software purchasing, installation and updates. The app store is often shared with smartphones that use the same operating system.[64]

Hardware

Highdefinition, antiglare display Wireless local area and internet connectivity (usually with WiFi standard and optional mobile broadband) Front and/or back facing camera(s) for photographs and video Lower weight and longer battery life than a comparablysized laptop Bluetooth for connecting peripherals and communicating with local devices Early devices had IR support and could work as a TV remote controller. Docking station: Keyboard and USB port(s)

Special hardware: The tablets can be equipped with special hardware to provide functionality, such as camera, GPS and local data storage.

Software

Mobile web browser Reader for digital books, periodicals and other content Downloadable apps such as games, education and utilities Portable media player function including video playback Email and social media Mobile phone functions (messaging, speakerphone, address book) Videoteleconferencing

Data storage

Onboard flash memory Ports for removable storage Various cloud storage services for backup and syncing data across devices Local storage on a LAN

Additional inputs

Besides a touchscreen and keyboard, some tablets can also use these input methods:

Accelerometer: Detects the physical movement and orientation of the tablet. This allows the touchscreen display to shift to either portrait or landscape mode. In addition, tilting the tablet may be

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer 7/27 2/11/2015 Tablet computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia used as an input (for instance to steer in a driving game) Ambient light and proximity sensors, to detect if the device is close to something, in particular, to your ear, etc., which help to distinguish between intentional and unintentional touches. Speech recognition Gesture recognition Character recognition to write text on the tablet, that can be stored as any other text in the intended storage, instead of using a keyboard. Near field communication with other compatible devices including ISO/IEC 14443 RFID tags.

Types

There are number of tablets, which can be loosely separated in several categories, by physical size and input/output technology.

Without physical keyboard

Tablets without dedicated keyboards were the first tablets which gained commercial success, and they contributed highly to the general public tablet image.

Slate The most recent crossover tablet device types: Microsoft Surface Pro 3 laplet, and Sony Xperia Z Slates are singlepiece devices without any rotating or Ultra phablet, as compared in size with a generic slideout parts. bluecolored lighter

Traditional slate tablet

A slate's size may vary, starting from 7 inches (approximately 18 cm).[65] Some models in the larger than 10inch category include the Samsung Galaxy Tab Pro 12.2 at 12.2 inches, the Toshiba Excite at 13.3 inches[66] and the Dell XPS 18 at 18.4 inches.[67] As of March 2013, the thinnest tablet on the market was the Sony Xperia Tablet Z at only 0.27 inches (6.9 mm) thick.[68] In October 2013, HP announced the HP Slate 21 Allin One (Hybrid) with 21.5" IPS display complete with keyboard and mouse. It runs on Writing slate Android, but has no internal battery.[69] with sponge (circa 1950). Mini tablet

Mini tablets are smaller and lighter than standard slates, with a typical screen size between 7 and 8 in. The first successful ones were introduced by Samsung (Galaxy Tab 7inch), Barnes & Noble (the Nook Tablet), Blackberry Playbook, and Amazon (the Kindle Fire) in 2011, and by Google (the Nexus 7) in 2012. Most of them work like the larger tablets.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer 8/27 2/11/2015 Tablet computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In October 2012, Apple released the iPad Mini. Its size is 7.9 inches, about 2 inches smaller than the regular size iPad, but was less powerful than the then current iPad 3.[70] In November 2013, Apple released the iPad Mini 2, it remains at 7.9 inches and it nearly matches the hardware of the iPad Air.

Amazon released an upgraded version of the Kindle Fire, called the Kindle Fire HD, on September 14, 2012, with higher resolution and more features compared than the original Kindle Fire, and it remains 7 inches.[71] Amazon further updated the Fire tablet with the Kindle Fire HDX in September 2013.

Google released an upgraded version of the Nexus 7 on July 24, 2013, with FHD display, dual cameras, stereo speakers, more color accuracy, performance improvement, builtin wireless charging, and a variant with 4G LTE support for Comparison of several mini tablet AT&T, TMobile, and Verizon. computers: Amazon Kindle Fire (left), iPad Mini (center) and Google Nexus 7 (right) Phablet

Since 2010, crossover touchscreen mobile phones with screens greater than 5inches have been released. That size is generally considered larger than a traditional smartphone, creating a hybrid category called a phablet by Forbes and Engadget. Phablet is a portmanteau of phone and tablet.[72] Examples of phablets are the LG Optimus Vu, Samsung Galaxy Note and Dell Streak. Samsung announced they had shipped a million units of the Galaxy Note within two months of introducing it.[73][74]

Booklet Samsung's Galaxy Note series were the first commercially successful Booklets are dualtouchscreen tablet computers with a clamshell phablet devices. design that folds like a laptop. Examples include the Sony Tablet P (which was considered a flop),[75] the Toshiba Libretto W100 and the aborted Microsoft Courier. Booklets were discontinued in 2010.[76]

With physical keyboard

Tablets with dedicated keyboards form the boundary between slate tablets and laptop computers.

Hybrid

Hybrids are tablets with a dedicated detachable keyboard, in some cases sold separately.

Traditional hybrid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer 9/27 2/11/2015 Tablet computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Hybrid tablets have a standard tablet base with a detachable keyboard that resembles a laptop keyboard. They are usually sold together as parts of the same product, unlike slates, whose keyboards are an optional accessory.

Laplet

Laplet is a portmanteau of the words laptop and tablet; it is a cross of these device types.[77] Being in general a hybrid, it is different from other hybrids in the following ways: laplets are to run an x86architecture CPU (typically low or ultralowvoltage model), such as Intel Core i5, run a fullfeatured OS like Windows 8.1, and have a number of typical laptop I/O ports, such as USB and Mini DisplayPort. Laplets are to be used not only as media consumption devices, but also as desktop or laptop replacements; laplets are designed to run desktop applications, such as Adobe Photoshop, and to connect A Microsoft Surface Pro 3 laplet peripheral devices, such as mouse, or keyboard, or a number of external displays.[78] Microsoft's Surface Pro series devices exemplify laplets.

Convertible

Convertible tablets have a slate tablet tophalf with a keyboard bottomhalf. They more closely resemble laptops, usually considered more as laptops than tablets, and are heavier and larger than slates. While some convertibles (such as the Asus Transformer series) run Android, the release of Windows 8 increased the prominence of this form factor among the laptop market. Typically, the base of a convertible attaches to the display at a single joint called a swivel hinge or rotating hinge. The joint allows the screen to rotate through 180° and lie A Lenovo X61 convertible tablet in slate mode against the back of the keyboard to provide a flat writing surface. This design, although the most common, creates a physical point of weakness. The Panasonic Toughbook 19, for example, is advertised as a more durable convertible notebook. The HP EliteBook 2760p convertible notebook uses a reinforced hinge that protrudes slightly from the rear of the unit. And the Acer TravelMate C210, has a sliding design in which the screen slides up from the slatelike position and locks into place to provide the laptop mode. The first tablet to have a sliding screen was the Samsung Sliding PC7 Series,[79] a tablet with Intel Atom processor and a sliding screen that allows it to be used as a laptop or slate tablet when the screen is locked in place covering the whole keyboard. It is intended to combine the virtues of tablet PCs with those of notebooks. The Inspiron Duo from Dell rotates the screen horizontally when opened. System architecture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer 10/27 2/11/2015 Tablet computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Two major architectures dominate the tablet market,[80] ARM Holdings' ARM architecture and Intel's and AMD's x86.

Intel's x86, including x8664 has powered the "IBM compatible" PC since 1981 and Apple's Macintosh computers since 2006. The CPUs have been incorporated into tablet PCs over the years and generally offer greater performance along with the ability to run full versions of Microsoft Windows, along with Windows desktop and enterprise applications. NonWindows based x86 tablets include the JooJoo. Intel announced plans to enter the tablet market with its Atom in 2010;[81][82] see the next section for Intel processors for the tablet market.

ARM has been the CPU architecture of choice for manufacturers of smartphones (95% ARM), PDAs, digital cameras (80% ARM), settop boxes, DSL routers, smart televisions (70% ARM), storage devices and tablet computers (95% ARM).[83] This dominance began with the release of the mobilefocused and comparatively powerefficient 32bit ARM610 processor originally designed for the Apple Newton and Acorn A4 in 1993. The chip was adopted by Psion, Palm and Nokia for PDAs and later smartphones, camera phones, cameras, etc. ARM's licensing model supported this success by allowing device manufacturers to licence, alter and fabricate custom SoC derivatives tailored to their own products. This has helped manufacturers extend battery life and shrink component count along with the size of devices.

The multiple licensees ensured that multiple fabricators could supply nearidentical products, while encouraging price competition. This forced unit prices down to a fraction of their x86 equivalents. The architecture has historically had limited support from Microsoft, with only Windows CE available, but with the 2012 release of Windows 8, Microsoft announced additional support for the architecture, shipping their own ARMbased tablet computer, branded the Microsoft Surface, as well as an x8664 Intel Core i5 variant branded as Microsoft Surface Pro.[84][85][86][87]

Intel tablet chip sales were 1 million units in 2012, and 12 million units in 2013.[88] Intel chairman Andy Bryant has stated that its 2014 goal is to quadruple its tablet chip sales to 40 million units by the end of that year,[89] as an investment for 2015.[90] Operating system

Tablets, like conventional PCs, run multiple operating systems (though dualbooting on tablets is relatively rare). These operating systems come in two classes, desktopbased and mobilebased ("phonelike") OS. Desktop OSbased tablets are currently thicker and heavier, require more storage, more cooling and give less battery life, but can run processorintensive applications such as Adobe Photoshop in addition to mobile apps and have more ports,[91] while mobilebased tablets are the reverse, only run mobile apps. Those that focus more so on mobile apps use battery life conservatively because the processor is significantly smaller. This allows the battery to last much longer than the common laptop.[92]

At the end of Q1 2013, GlobalWebIndex noted that in two years tablet usage increased by 282 percent, with 156 million Android tablet users and 122 million iPad users making up 75 percent.[93]

By yearend 2013, Gartner found that 121 million (plus 53M in 2012) Android tablets, 70 million (plus 61M in 2012) iOS tablets, and 4 million (plus 1M in 2012) Windows tablets had been sold to endusers (2013 and 2012 results).[94] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer 11/27 2/11/2015 Tablet computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Android

Android is a Linuxbased operating system that Google offers as open source under the Apache license. It is designed primarily for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Android supports lowcost ARM systems. Many such systems were announced in 2010.[95] However, much of Android's tablet initiative came from manufacturers, while Google primarily focused on smartphones and restricted the App Market from nonphone devices.[96]

Vendors such as Motorola[97] and Lenovo[98] delayed deployment of their tablets until after 2011, when Android was reworked to include more tablet features.[99] Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) and later versions support larger screen sizes, mainly tablets, and have access to the Google Play service. Android includes operating system, middleware and key applications.

Other vendors sell customized Android tablets such as Nook and Nexus 9, the latest Google Android Kindle Fire, which are used to consume mobile content and provide tablet PC their own app store, rather than using the larger Google Play system, thereby fragmenting the Android market.[100]

Google introduced the Nexus 7 and Nexus 10 tablets in 2012. Hardware makers that have shipped Android tablets include Acer, Asus, Samsung, Toshiba and Sony.[101]

iOS

The iPad runs iOS, which was created for the iPhone and iPod Touch. Although built on the same underlying Unix implementation as MacOS, its user interface is radically different. iOS is designed for fingers and has none of the features that required a stylus on earlier tablets. Apple introduced multitouch gestures, such as moving two fingers apart or together to zoom in or out, also known as "pinch to zoom".[102] iOS is built for the ARM architecture.[103]

Modbook The iPad in a case running the YouTube app. Previous to the iPad, Axiotron introduced[104] an aftermarket, heavily modified Apple MacBook called Modbook, a Mac OS X based tablet personal computer. The Modbook uses Apple's Inkwell for handwriting and gesture recognition, and uses digitization hardware from Wacom. To get Mac OS X to talk to the digitizer on the integrated tablet, the Modbook is supplied with a thirdparty driver called TabletMagic (http://www.thinkyhead.com/tabletmagic); Wacom does not provide driver support for this device. Another predecessor to the iPad was the Apple MessagePad introduced in 1993.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer 12/27 2/11/2015 Tablet computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Windows

Windows 3.1 to 7

Following Windows for Pen Computing for Windows 3.1 in 1991, Microsoft supported tablets running Windows XP under the Microsoft Tablet PC name.[105] According to Microsoft[106] in 2001, "Microsoft Tablet PCs" are penbased, fully functional x86 PCs with handwriting and voice recognition functionality. Tablet PCs used the same hardware as laptops but added support for pen input. Windows XP Tablet PC Edition provided pen support. Tablet support was added to both Home and Business versions of Windows Vista and Windows 7. Tablets running Windows could use the touchscreen for mouse input, hand writing recognition and gesture support. Following Tablet PC, Microsoft announced the Ultramobile PC initiative in 2006 which brought Windows tablets to a smaller, touchcentric form factor.[107][108] In 2008, Microsoft showed a prototype of a twoscreen tablet called Microsoft Courier, but cancelled the project. A model of the Asus Eee Pad shown in 2010 was to use Windows CE but switched to Android.[109]

Windows 8

In October 2012, Microsoft released Windows 8, which features significant changes to various aspects of the operating system's user interface and platform which are designed for touchbased devices such as tablets. The operating system also introduced an application store and a new style of application optimized primarily for use on tablets.[110][111] Microsoft also introduced Windows RT, an edition of Windows 8 for use on ARMbased devices.[112] The launch of Windows 8 and RT was accompanied by the release of devices with the two operating systems by various manufacturers (including Microsoft themselves, with the release of Surface), such as slate tablets, hybrids, and convertibles.[113] Windows RT is likely to be discontinued.[114] In the first half of 2014, Windows tablets have grown 33%.[115]

Surface and Surface Pro

On June 18, 2012, Microsoft launched the Microsoft Surface tablet (initially named Surface RT upon release), the first computer[116] in the company's history. Surface runs Windows RT and comes with a Tegra 3 SoC, one kickstand position, USB 2.0 port, microSD card slot to expand storage and onemegapixel cameras (front and back). It has been succeeded by Surface 2 in 2013, which was not restocked in the Microsoft online store as of January 22, 2015.[117]

On February 9, 2013 the Surface Pro have been launched, a laptop replacement in a tablet form factor. Two successors have been released since the release of the original device, Surface Pro 2 and Surface Pro 3. While maintaining a slightly bigger weight and size to Surface and Surface 2, the Surface Proseries devices run a fullfeatured Windows 8.1 Pro OS and include a lowpower Intel Core i3/i5/i7 CPU, USB 3.0 and Mini DisplayPort, capable of connect of up to three external displays.

Firefox OS

Firefox OS is an opensource operating system based on Linux and the Firefox web browser, targeting low end smartphones, tablet computers and smart TV devices. In 2013, the Mozilla Foundation started a prototype tablet model with Foxconn.[118] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer 13/27 2/11/2015 Tablet computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Linux

The ProGear by FrontPath was an early implementation of a Linux tablet that used a Transmeta chip and a resistive digitizer. The ProGear initially came with a version of Slackware Linux, and later with Windows 98. They can run many operating systems. However, the device is no longer for sale and FrontPath has ceased operations. Many touch screen subnotebook computers can run any of several Linux distributions with little customization.

X.org now supports screen rotation and tablet input through Wacom drivers, and handwriting recognition software from both the Qtbased Qtopia and GTK+based Internet Tablet OS provide open source systems. KDE's Plasma Active is a graphical environment for tablet.[119]

Linux open source note taking software includes Xournal (which supports PDF file annotation), Gournal (a Gnome based note taking application), and the Javabased Jarnal (which supports handwriting recognition as a builtin function). A standalone handwriting recognition program, CellWriter, requires users to write letters separately in a grid.

Many desktop distributions include tabletfriendly interfaces smaller devices. These open source libraries are freely available and can be run or ported to devices that conform to the tablet PC design. Maemo (rebranded MeeGo in 2010), a Debian Linux based user environment, was developed for the Nokia Internet Tablet devices (770, N800, N810 & N900). It is currently in generation 5, and has many applications. Ubuntu uses the Unity UI, and many other distributions (such as Fedora) use the Gnome shell (which also supports Ubuntu).

Canonical has hinted that Ubuntu will be available on tablets by 2014.[120]

TabletKiosk was the first to offer a hybrid digitizer / touch device running openSUSE Linux.

Nokia's use

Nokia entered the tablet space in May 2005 with the Nokia 770 running Maemo, a Debianbased Linux distribution custommade for their Internet tablet line. The product line continued with the N900, with phone capabilities. The user interface and application framework layer, named Hildon, was an early instance of a software platform for generic computing in a tablet device intended for internet consumption.[121] But Nokia didn't commit to it as their only platform for their future mobile devices and the project competed against other inhouse platforms and later replaced it with the Series 60.[122] The Nokia N800

Following the launch of the Ultramobile PC, Intel started the Mobile Internet Device initiative, which took the same hardware and combined it with a tabletized Linux configuration. Intel codeveloped the lightweight Moblin (mobile Linux) operating system following the successful launch of the Atom CPU series on netbooks.

Tizen http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer 14/27 2/11/2015 Tablet computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia MeeGo was a Linuxbased operating system developed by Intel and Nokia that supports netbooks, smartphones and tablet PCs. In 2010, Nokia and Intel combined the Maemo and Moblin projects to form MeeGo. The first tablet using MeeGo is the Neofonie WeTab launched September 2010 in Germany. The WeTab uses an extended version of the MeeGo operating system called WeTab OS. WeTab OS adds runtimes for Android and Adobe AIR and provides a proprietary user interface optimized for the WeTab device. On September 27, 2011 the Linux Foundation announced that MeeGo would be replaced in 2012 by Tizen.[123]

Hybrid OS operation

Several hardware companies have build hybrid devices with the possibility to work with both the Windows 8 and Android operating systems.[124]

In mid2014, Asus released a hybrid touchscreen Windows tablet/laptop with a detachable Android smartphone; when docked to the back of the tablet/laptop display, the Android phone is displayed within the Windows 8 screen, which is switchable to Android tablet and Android laptop.[125]

Discontinued tablets

Blackberry OS

The BlackBerry PlayBook is a tablet computer announced in September 2010 that runs the BlackBerry Tablet OS.[126] The OS is based on the QNX system that Research in Motion acquired in early 2010. Delivery to developers and enterprise customers was expected in October 2010. The BlackBerry PlayBook was officially released to US and Canadian consumers on April 19, 2011. As of 2014, Playbook is not available on sale on any Blackberry websites. The OS though continues on its smartphones.

WebOS

Hewlett Packard announced that the TouchPad, running WebOS 3.0 on a 1.2 GHz Snapdragon CPU, would be released in June 2011. On August 18, 2011, HP announced the discontinuation of the TouchPad, due to sluggish sales.[127] In February 2013, HP announced they had sold WebOS to LG Electronics.[128] Commercialization

Application markets and software walled gardens

Mobile device suppliers typically adopt a walled garden approach, wherein the supplier controls what applications are available. Software development kits are restricted to approved developers. This can be used to reduce the impact of malware, provide material with an approved content rating, control application quality and exclude competing vendors.[129]

Apple, Google, Amazon, Microsoft and Barnes & Noble all adopted the strategy. The latter originally allowed arbitrary apps to be installed,[130][131][132] but, in December 2011, excluded third parties.[133][134][135][136][137] Apple and IBM have agreed to cooperate in crossselling IBMdeveloped http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer 15/27 2/11/2015 Tablet computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia applications for iPads and iPhones in enterpriselevel accounts.[138]

Proponents of open source software say that it violates the spirit of personal control that traditional personal computers have always provided.[139][140][141]

Market share

As of October 2012, display screen shipments for tablets began surpassing shipments for laptop display screens.[142]

According to a survey conducted by the Online Publishers Association (OPA) in March 2012, 31% percent of Internet users in the United States owned a tablet, up from 12% in 2011. The survey also found that 72% of tablet owners had an iPad, while 32% had an Android tablet. By 2012, Android tablet adoption had increased. 52% of tablet owners owned an iPad, while 51% owned an Android Among tablets available in the powered tablet (percentages do not add up to 100% because some market, Apple's iPad (left) is the top [143] tablet owners own more than one type). By end of 2013, selling tablet with 170 million units [144] Android's market share rose to 61.9%, followed by iOS at 36%. sold by midOctober 2013, followed By late 2014, Android's market share rose to 72%, followed by iOS by Amazon's Kindle Fire (right) with at 22.3% and Windows at 5.7%.[145] an estimated 7 million sold as of May 2012. Tablet market share (in percent)[146][147] YearoverYear Vendor Q3 2013 Q3 2012 Increase/(decrease) Apple 29.7 40.2 (10.5) Samsung 22.2 12.4 9.8 Asus 7.4 6.6 0.8 Others 42.6 40.8 1.8

Note: Others consists of small vendors with market share about one percent or mostly less. In one year Apple market share dropped significantly and, on the other side, Android vendors' market share increased with Samsung dominating.

Sales

Unit Sales to Global Tablet Market 2010[148] 2011[149] 2012[94] 2013[94] 2014[150] Units (M) 17.6 60.0 116.3 195.4 216.0 Growth (pct.) 240.9 93.8 68.0 10.5

Research firms Gartner and IDC both predict that tablet sales will exceed traditional personal computer (desktops, notebooks) sales in 2015.[151][152] As per the report from ABI Research in 2014 December, globally the average selling price of Ultrabooks and tablets declined 7.8 percent in 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer 16/27 2/11/2015 Tablet computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Usage

Tablet use by businesses has jumped in the 2010s, as business have started to use them for conferences, events and trade shows.[153] In 2012, Intel reported that their tablet program improved productivity for about 19,000 of their employees by an average of 57 minutes a day.[154] In the US and Canada, it is estimated that 60% of online consumers will own a tablet by 2017 and in Europe, 42% of online consumers will own one.[155]

As of the beginning of 2013, 29% of US online consumers own tablet computers, a significant jump from 5% in 2011.[156] As of the beginning of 2014, 44% of US online consumers own tablets.[157] Tablet use has also become increasingly common amongst children. A 2014 survey found that touch screens were the most frequently used object for play amongst American children under the age of 12. Touch screen devices were used more often in play than game consoles, board games, puzzles, play vehicles, blocks and dolls/action figures. Despite this, the majority of parents said that a touch screen device was "never" or only "sometimes" a toy.[158] As of 2014, nearly twothirds of American 2to 10yearolds have access to a tablet or ereader.[159] The large use of tablets by adults is as a personal internetconnected TV.[160]

Effects on Sleep

The blue wavelength of light from backlit tablets may impact one's ability to fall asleep when reading at night, through the suppression of melatonin. Experts at Harvard Medical School suggest limiting tablets for reading use in the evening. Those who have a delayed body clock, such as teenagers, which makes them prone to stay up late in the evening and sleep later in the morning, may be at particular risk for increases in sleep deficiencies.[161] [162] See also

Active pen Augmentative and alternative communication Comparison of tablet computers Early tablet computers Ebook reader History of tablet computers Laplet Pen computing Smartbook Ultramobile PC

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Andy Rubin's demo of Motorola Honeycomb tablet (http://www.marketwatch.com/video/asset/digitsbest buystvbust20101214/FD6C213FD3204212BE7CFECD5B8FEA33?dist=afterbell#!88F98ADB 3F8749DFAD08385D66B0DDE8) 100. ^ Google has lost control of Android (http://betanews.com/2012/04/28/googlehaslostcontrolofandroid/) By Joe Wilcox Beta News, 2012 April 28 101. ^ "15 best Android tablets in the world" (http://www.techradar.com/us/news/mobilecomputing/tablets/15best androidtabletsintheworld905504). Cnet. Retrieved June 12, 2013. 102. ^ "Six Years Ago, Apple Made a Crowd Gasp With Pinch to Zoom and Swiping" (http://petapixel.com/2013/03/29/sixyearsagoapplemadeacrowdgaspwithpinchtozoomandswiping/). Retrieved June 12, 2013. 103. ^ "Apple tablet rumors redux: 10.7inch display, iPhone OS underneath" (http://www.engadget.com/2009/09/29/appletabletrumorsredux107inchdisplayiphoneosundernea/). Engadget. 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Retrieved November 25, 2013. 115. ^ Myerson, Terry (September 30, 2014). 06:44/39:28 "Windows 10: Enterprise Features & Core Experience for Businesses" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NfveyXCsiA8). 116. ^ "Microsoft Surface based Windows Tablet announced" (http://www.neowin.net/news/microsoftsurfacebased windowstabletannounced). 117. ^ Microsoft's online store runs out of Surface 2 tablets with Windows RT (http://www.pcworld.com/article/2874532/microsoftsonlinestorerunsoutofsurface2tabletswithwindows rt.html) No Windows 10 update for Surface RT (http://www.zdnet.com/article/nowindows10updateforsurface rt/) 118. ^ Palladino, Valentina. "Mozilla is testing the first Firefox OS tablet prototype" (http://www.theverge.com/2014/1/17/5320078/mozillafirstfirefoxostablet). The Verge. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer 24/27 2/11/2015 Tablet computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 119. ^ "Plasma Active" (http://plasmaactive.org/). 120. ^ "Ubuntu coming to tablets, phones and smart TVs by 2014" (http://www.engadget.com/2011/10/31/ubuntu comingtotabletsphonescarsandsmarttvsby2014/). 121. ^ Orlowski, Andrew. "Nokia's Great Lost Platform" (http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/11/21/nokia_hildon_the_great_lost_platform/). The Register. 122. ^ "Nokia's Great Lost Platform Page 4" (http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/11/21/nokia_hildon_the_great_lost_platform/page4.html). 123. ^ Sousou, Imad. "What's Next for MeeGo" (https://www.meego.com/community/blogs/imad/2011/whatsnext meego). meego.com. Retrieved September 28, 2011. 124. ^ "Scenes from the Sabu sentencing: "I’m not the same person you saw three years ago." Microsoft really is "all in" on the cloud, but is IT going to follow? 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Retrieved June 10, 2013. 129. ^ This "vicious cycle" (slow hardware development masking slow hardware, causing slow response, causing slow software development, causing sluggish performance at an unrealistic price, causing sluggish sales) serves only to impede further software investment. "HP reboots to confront Tablet Effect" Barron's, August 20, 2011 130. ^ Carr, Austin (December 17, 2011). "Kindle Fire Vs. Nook Tablet: "Choice" And Trash Talk" (http://www.fastcompany.com/1795503/barnesnoblenooktabletchoiceamazonkindlefire). fastcompany.com. Retrieved March 28, 2012. 131. ^ Mack, Eric (December 22, 2011). "How to root the Nook Tablet" (http://www.gizmag.com/rootnooktablet addandroidmarkethoneycomb/20926/). Gizmag.com. Retrieved March 28, 2012. 132. ^ Nita, Sorin (November 17, 2011). "Nook Tablet Can Sideload Android Apps without Needing Root" (http://news.softpedia.com/news/NookTabletCanSideloadAndroidAppswithoutNeedingRoot 235103.shtml). news.softpedia.com. 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"Apple and IBM Team Up to Push iOS in the Enterprise" (http://recode.net/2014/07/15/appleandibmteamuptopushiosintheenterprise/). Retrieved July 15, 2014. 139. ^ Brown, Peter iPad is iBad for freedom (http://www.fsf.org/news/ibad_launch), Free Software Foundation, 2010 140. ^ Cherry, Steven The iPad Is Not a Computer (http://spectrum.ieee.org/consumerelectronics/portable devices/theipadisnotacomputer), IEEE Spectrum, 2010 141. ^ Conlon, Tom "The iPad’s Closed System: Sometimes I Hate Being Right" (http://www.popsci.com/gadgets/article/201001/ipad%E2%80%99sclosedsystemsometimesihatebeing right), Popular Science, 2010 142. ^ October tablet display shipments exceed laptop display screen shipments (November 2012) (http://news.cnet.com/83011035_35755386894/tabletdisplayshipmentsjumptoplaptopsinoctober/) 143. ^ Angela Moscaritolo (20120618). 31 Percent of U.S. Internet Users Own Tablets "Survey: 31 Percent of U.S. Internet Users Own Tablets". PC Magazine. Retrieved 20121020. (http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2405972,00.asp) 144. ^ Android races past iOS to tablet number one, but there's no budging Apple from the top slot (http://www.zdnet.com/androidracespastiostotabletnumberonebuttheresnobudgingapplefromthetop slot7000026927/) 145. ^ Apple rules global tablet market with 22.3% share: Strategy Analytics (http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/applerulesglobaltabletmarketwith223sharestrategy analytics/articleshow/45147317.cms) 146. ^ "ASUS and Samsung gain wide swaths of tablet market share in Q3" (http://www.engadget.com/2013/10/30/idctabletshareq32013/). October 30, 2013. 147. ^ "iPad Market share analysis" (http://bgr.com/2013/10/31/ipadmarketshareanalysis/). October 31, 2013. 148. ^ "Gartner Says Apple Will Have a Free Run in Tablet Market Holiday Season as Competitors Continue to Lag" (http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/1800514). Gartner. September 22, 2011. 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External links

Annotated bibliography of references to handwriting Wikimedia Commons has recognition and pen computing media related to Tablet computers. (http://ruetersward.com/biblio.html)

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Events and Webinars Overview Motivation to Move: CEA Study Finds See More Digital Answer Man Tour Wearable Fitness Trackers Inspire More < FEBRUARY 2015 > News Releases Active Behavior Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Media Contacts Las Vegas, NV – 01/06/2015 – Almost nine in ten owners of wearable fitness activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 trackers (87 percent) agree their devices prompt more active behavior, according to a Publications 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 new study from the Consumer Electronics Association®. The report, Wearable Activity 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 CEO Speeches and Columns Trackers: Engaging Consumers to Monitor Their Health, also shows that almost two 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 thirds (63 percent) of those who own or use wearable fitness activity trackers CEA TV exercise vigorously three or more times a week, compared with only onethird (32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

percent) of the general population.

The results of the study were announced at CEA’s Research Summit at the 2015 International CES®, the global gathering place for all who thrive on the business of

consumer technology, running January 69. Among owners of wearable fitness

activity trackers, key health metrics are more frequently monitored, including distance Journalist?

exercised (90 percent), number of calories burned (86 percent) and amount of Receive customized RSS feeds physical activity (86 percent), all on a weekly basis. delivered straight to your inbox. Select the beats that interest you!

“We’re in the midst of a revolution in personal health, thanks in large part to Market Technology & Research Standards consumer’s enthusiasm for wearable fitness activity trackers,” said Shawn DuBravac, Policy Industry/Product Ph.D., chief economist, CEA and author of CEA’s soontobe released book Digital

Destiny: How the New Age of Data Will Transform the Way We Work, Live, and Events Association Communicate. “Our results show these devices are having a positive impact on

owners’ health by encouraging them to be more aware and active. As the designs Read More and sensor technology continue to advance – and as the data and feedback become

more and more valuable – we’ll see more novel solutions to health challenges

emerge.”

Common Uses In addition to prompting more active behavior, fitness activity trackers help the vast Digital Answer Man Tour majority of current owners achieve fitness goals (85 percent), increase awareness of CEA's Digital Answer Man Jim Barry their personal health (83 percent) and empower owners with useful data about their visits media outlets annually, activity levels (83 percent). The most common reasons owners use the devices are to educating consumers on new products and trends. CEA members monitor physical activity level (73 percent), help stay motivated (71 percent) and can add their products to the tour at monitor progress towards a fitness goal (63 percent). no charge!

Learn More Device Characteristics CEA’s study also found when consumers are purchasing a new fitness tracker, the Electronics Industry most important characteristics of the device are comfort (95 percent), quality (93 Business Directory percent), accuracy (93 percent), ease of use (93 percent) and battery life (92

percent). Durability, being waterproof and the user interface also ranked high in Find the products & services you need... http://www.ce.org/News/NewsReleases/PressReleases/2014/MotivationtoMoveCEAStudyFindsWearableFitnes.aspx 1/3 2/10/2015 Motivation to Move: CEA Study Finds Wearable Fitness Trackers Inspire More Active Behavior CEA

importance.

Fitness and Activity Tracker Market One in 10 (9 percent) online Americans indicate they own or use a wearable fitness

activity tracker. Eight in 10 (81 percent) owners of these burgeoning devices purchased or received their fitness tracker in the past 12 months. Price and a lack of

interest (“Don’t exercise on a regular basis” and “Not interested in the data provided”)

are common purchase barriers among nonowners.

CEA’s U.S. Consumer Electronics Sales and Forecast indicates these devices will

continue to catch on in 2015. Factory unit sales of fitness activity bands are projected

to increase 18 percent over 2014, reaching 15.5 million units this year and revenue

is expected to surpass $1.3 billion in 2015. Overall, CEA projects all health and fitness devices will reach $1.8 billion in revenue this year.

This week at the 2015 International CES, an everadvancing showcase of digital

health and fitness technology designed to make workouts more fun, safe and effective will be on display. The Fitness & Technology Marketplace alone has

expanded to 22,220 square feet for 2015, nearly double the total for 2014. For more

information, follow this Guide to Health, Fitness and Sports Technology Exhibits at the 2015 CES.

Wearable Activity Trackers: Engaging Consumers to Monitor Their Health was

designed and formulated by CEA Market Research, the most comprehensive source of sales data, forecasts, consumer research and historical trends for the consumer

electronics industry. Please cite any information to the Consumer Electronics

Association (CEA). The complete study is available at no cost to CEA member

companies at members.CE.org. Nonmembers may purchase the study at the CEA store.

About CEA The Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) is the technology trade association

representing the $211 billion U.S. consumer electronics industry. More than 2,000 companies enjoy the benefits of CEA membership, including legislative and

regulatory advocacy, market research, technical training and education, industry

promotion, standards development and the fostering of business and strategic

relationships. CEA also owns and produces the International CES – The Global Stage for Innovation. All profits from CES are reinvested into CEA’s industry

services. Find CEA online at www.CE.org, www.DeclareInnovation.com and through social media.

Press Contacts: Danielle Cassagnol 7039075253 [email protected]

Laura Hubbard 7039074326 [email protected]

Categories: Press Release — Tags: fitness, "research summit", wearables

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EXHIBIT F 2/10/2015 Wearable technology Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Wearable technology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wearable technology, wearables, fashionable technology, wearable devices, tech togs, or fashion electronics are clothing and accessories incorporating computer and advanced electronic technologies. The designs often incorporate practical functions and features, but may also have a purely critical or aesthetic agenda.[1]

Contents

1 History 2 Prototypes 3 Festivals and shows 4 Use 5 Modern Technologies 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

History

Wearable technology is related to both the field of ubiquitous computing and the history and development of wearable computers. With ubiquitous computing, wearable technology share the vision of interweaving technology into the everyday life, of making technology pervasive and interaction friction less. Through the history and development of wearable computing, this vision has been both contrasted and affirmed. Affirmed through the multiple projects directed at either enhancing or extending functionality of clothing, and as contrast, most notably through Steve Mann's concept of sousveillance. The history of wearable technology is influenced by both of these responses to the vision of ubiquitous computing.[2]

The calculator watch, introduced in the 1980s, was one original piece of widespread worn electronics.

Ilya Fridman designed a Bluetooth headset into a pair of earrings with a hidden microphone.[3][4] The Spy TIE includes a color video camera and USB Heating Gloves keep hands warm when plugged in.[3]

Twitter users can wear a "Pocket Tweet" using a Java application and cutting out and applying a Twitter text bubble to a person's shirt, one example of Doityourself wearable tech that was part of an art exhibit for the Wearable Technology AIR project in spring 2009.[5] ZEDphones stitch headphones into beanies and headbands allowing riders, snowboarders, Drivers and Runners to stay connected, handsfree, always.[6]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_technology 1/5 2/10/2015 Wearable technology Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Wearable technology has applications in monitoring and realtime feedback for athletes as well.[7] The decreasing cost of processing power and other components is encouraging widespread adoption and availability.[7]

Transitioning to night life and entertainment industries electroluminescent shirts have appeared in concerts such as Electric Daisy Carnival and Lollapalooza. Michael Graziano Clothing has worked with such artists as Deadmau5, Coldplay and Andy Moor they are appearing in the tourism industry.

According to ABI Research due to the relative ease of compatibility with smartphones and other electronic devices, the wearable technologies market will spike to 485 million annual device shipments by 2018.[8]

According to Forbes, 71% of 16to24 year olds want wearable tech.[9] Prototypes

Sony Ericsson teamed up with the London College of Fashion for a contest to design digital clothing, and the winner was a cocktail dress with Bluetooth technology making it light up when a call is received.[3] Zach "Hoeken Smith" of MakerBot fame made keyboard pants during a "Fashion Hacking" workshop at a New York City creative collective.[3] Graduate students from the Tisch School of Arts in New York designed a hoodie that sends preprogrammed text messages triggered by gesture movements.[10]

Prototypes for digital eyewear with heads up display (HUD) are being developed.[11] The US military employs headgear with displays for soldiers using a technology called holographic optics.[11] Festivals and shows

Amsterdam's 5 Days Off festival included a free show called "Wearable Technology: Powered Art and Fashion."[12] In 2014, the Fashion Law Institute held a panel discussion, which focused on patents, about wearable technology.[13]

FashioNXT 2014 Oct 811 in Portland, Oregon, US held a Wearable Technology Fashion Competition. http://www.fashionxt.net

WearableTechnology 2015 show on Mar 1011, 2015 in London, England, promises to be the biggest single gathering dedicated to wearables.[14] Use

Wearable Technology is on the rise in personal and business use. In healthcare, many examples exist to date. Google Glass is a much noted device, offering promising technology but to many, pricey and awkward in use. Smartwatches so far have not been deployed much, as limited functionality and clunky aesthetics may get in the way. Some other devices are already in use, others still on the horizon—that wearables could be useful in professional and patiënt settings. Medical Professionals such as Google Glass Surgeon (http://www.googleglasssurgeon.com/) have now organised themselves in WATCHSociety (http://www.watchsociety.com/) the Wearable Technology in Healthcare Society, in order to search for https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_technology 2/5 2/10/2015 Wearable technology Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia collaboration and valid use of wearable technology in healthcare. The Society is a notfor profit organisation and open to all envisioning cocreation, collaboration and scrutinization in order to help healthcare from multiple professional viewpoints. Modern Technologies

On April 16, 2013, Mountain View corporation Google allowed for those that preordered its wearable glasses at the 2012 Google I/O conference to pick up the device. This day marked the official launch of Google Glass, a device that brings rich text and notifications as well as other information straight to your eyes. The device also has a 5 MP camera and records 720p.[15] Its various functions are activated via voice command. The company also launched the Google Glass companion app, MyGlass, the day before the official launch on April 15.[16] The New York Times's Google Glass App is the first thirdparty Glass App and it reads articles and news's summaries.It is also the first media app for Google Glass.

The next wave of wearable devices expected to hit the market will be smartwatches. ABI Research forecasts 1.2 million smart watches will be shipped in 2013 due to high penetration of smartphones in many world markets, the wide availability and low cost of MEMS sensors, energy efficient connectivity technologies such as Bluetooth 4.0, and a flourishing app ecosystem.[17] On March 19, 2014, Motorola unveiled Moto 360 smart watch powered by Android Wear, a modified version of Android designed specifically for smart watches and other wearables.[18][19]

At CES 2014, wearable technology was a popular topic, and the event was coined the "The Wearables, Appliances, Cars, and Bendable TVs Show” by many industry influencers.[20] Several wearable products that were showcased include Smart watches, SmartBands, Smart Jewelry, glasses, and earbuds. See also

Etextiles Wearable computer Activity tracker Smartwatch Smartglasses GPS watch Mixed reality Computermediated reality Clothing technology Smart Shirt Healthcare Augmented Reality Smart, Connected Products

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_technology 3/5 2/10/2015 Wearable technology Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia References

1. ^ What is a Wearable Device? (http://www.wearabledevices.com/whatisawearabledevice/) WearableDevices.com. Retrieved 10292013 2. ^ "Wearable Computing: A First Step Toward Personal Imaging" (http://wearcam.org/ieeecomputer/). IEEE Computer 30 (2). 3. ^ a b c d Alexandra Le Tellier Tech Togs July 22, 2009 Technology Brand X/ LA Times 4. ^ And you thought the Jawbone Headset was stylish (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2009/07/andyou thoughtthejawboneheadsetwasstylish.html), LA Times blog 5. ^ Chris Davies Pocket Tweet app turns your shirt into a Twitter bubble (http://www.slashgear.com/pockettweet appturnsyourshirtintoatwitterbubble0148404/) July 1, 2009 SlashGear 6. ^ "ZEDphones" (http://ZEDphones.com). 7. ^ a b Duncan Smith The Rise of the Virtual Trainer (http://www.pddnet.com/newstheriseofthevirtualtrainer 071409/) July 13, 2009 Product Design and Development 8. ^ Wearable Computing Devices, Like Apple’s iWatch, Will Exceed 485 Million Annual Shipments by 2018 (http://www.abiresearch.com/press/wearablecomputingdeviceslikeapplesiwatchwill), ABI Research 9. ^ By Victor Lipman. Forbes."71% Of 16To24YearOlds Want 'Wearable Tech.' Why Don't I Even Want To Wear A Watch? (http://www.forbes.com/sites/victorlipman/2014/09/22/71of1624swantwearabletechwhy dontievenwanttowearawatch/)". September 22, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2014. 10. ^ Restauri, Denise. "The Brains Behind The Hoodie That Texts" (http://www.forbes.com/sites/deniserestauri/2014/08/14/thebrainsbehindthehoodiethattextsitsnotwhoyou think/). Forbes. Retrieved 14 August 2014. 11. ^ a b Anne Eisenberg Inside These Lenses, a Digital Dimension (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/26/business/26novel.html?_r=1) April 25, 2009 New York Times 12. ^ Joel Weickgenant Plenty of Spinning, but More Than Just the D.J. (http://globespotters.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/15/plentyofspinningbutmorethanjustthedj/) July 15, 2009 New York Times 13. ^ Clark, Evan (9 February 2014). "Patents in a Wearable Tech World" (http://www.wwd.com/retailnews/trends analysis/patentsinawearabletechworld7428274?src=nl/mornReport/20140211). WWD. Retrieved 11 February 2014. 14. ^ "Wearable Technology 2015 show" (http://www.wearabletechnologyshow.net/home). Retrieved 10 January 2015. 15. ^ "Tech specs" (http://support.google.com/glass/answer/3064128?hl=en&ref_topic=3063354). Google. Retrieved 20 April 2013. 16. ^ "Google Finally Reveals Glass Specifications, MyGlass App Now Live" (http://selfscreens.com/archives/1794/googlefinallyrevealsglassspecificationsmyglassappnowlive/). Self Screens. Retrieved 11 August 2013. 17. ^ More Than One Million Smart Watches will be Shipped in 2013 (http://www.abiresearch.com/press/morethan onemillionsmartwatcheswillbeshippe), ABI Research 18. ^ "Moto 360: It’s Time" (http://motorolablog.blogspot.in/2014/03/moto360itstime.html). The Official Motorola Blog. Retrieved 18 March 2014. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_technology 4/5 2/10/2015 Wearable technology Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 19. ^ "Sharing what’s up our sleeve: Android coming to wearables" (http://googleblog.blogspot.in/2014/03/sharing whatsupoursleeveandroid.html). Official Google Blog. Retrieved 18 March 2014. 20. ^ http://www.cnet.com/news/wearabletechatces2014manymanysmallsteps/

External links

Wear your heart on your sleeve (http://www.physics.org/featuredetail.asp?id=28) article from physics.org The Future of Wearable Technology (http://video.pbs.org/video/2365039733/) Video produced by Off Book (web series)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wearable_technology&oldid=646526117"

Categories: Fashion accessories Ambient intelligence Internet of Things Human–computer interaction Ubiquitous computing Wearable devices

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_technology 5/5 2/10/2015 Wearable computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Wearable computer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wearable computers, also known as bodyborne computers or wearables are miniature electronic devices that are worn by the bearer under, with or on top of clothing.[1] This class of wearable technology has been developed for general or special purpose information technologies and media development. Wearable computers are especially useful for applications that require more complex computational support than just hardware coded logics.

If one is asked to give a simple, yet modern, example for wearable technology, that will be the Nike+ system which allows you to track your time, distance, pace and calories via a sensor in the shoe. Another example can be Google Glass, which combine innovative displays with some novel gestural movements for interaction. The WIMM One, an Android One of the main features of a wearable computer is consistency. powered wearable computer. There is a constant interaction between the computer and user, i.e. there is no need to turn the device on or off. Another feature is the ability to multitask. It is not necessary to stop what you are doing to use the device; it is augmented into all other actions. These devices can be incorporated by the user to act like a prosthetic. It can therefore be an extension of the user’s mind and/or body.

Many issues are common to the wearables as with mobile computing, ambient intelligence and ubiquitous computing research communities, including power management and heat dissipation, software architectures, wireless and personal area networks.

Contents

1 Areas of applications 2 History 2.1 1600s 2.2 1800s 2.3 1960s and 1970s 2.4 1980s 2.5 19891999 2.6 2000s 2.7 2010s 3 Commercialization 4 Military use 5 See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_computer 1/12 2/10/2015 Wearable computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 6 References 7 External links

Areas of applications

In many applications, user's skin, hands, voice, eyes, arms as well as motion or attention are actively engaged as the physical environment.

Wearable computer items have been initially developed for and applied with e.g.

sensory integration, e.g. to help people see better (whether in taskspecific applications like camera based welding helmets,[2] or for everyday use like computerized "digital eyeglass") or to help people understand the world better,[1] behavioral modeling, health care monitoring systems, service management mobile phones smartphones electronic textiles fashion design

and other usage also.

Today still "wearable computing" is a topic of active research, with areas of study including user interface design, augmented reality, pattern recognition. The use of wearables for specific applications or for compensating disabilities as well as supporting elderly people steadily increases. The application of wearable computers into fashion design is evident through Microsoft's prototype of "The Printing Dress" at the International Symposium on Wearable Computers in June 2011.[3] History

Due to the varied definitions of "wearable" and "computer", the first wearable computer could be as early as the first abacus on a necklace, a 16thcentury abacus ring, the first wristwatch made by Breguet for the Queen of Naples in 1810, or the covert timing devices hidden in shoes to cheat at roulette by Thorp and Shannon in the 1960s and 1970s.[4]

A computer is not merely a timekeeping or calculating device, but rather a userprogrammable item for complex algorithms, interfacing, and data management. By this definition, the wearable computer was invented by Steve Mann, in the late 1970s:[5][6][7]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_computer 2/12 2/10/2015 Wearable computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Evolution of Steve Mann's WearComp wearable computer from backpack based systems of the 1980s to his current covert systems.

Steve Mann, a professor at the University of Toronto, was hailed as the father of the wearable computer and the ISSCC's first virtual panelist, by moderator Woodward Yang of Harvard University (Cambridge Mass.).

— IEEE ISSCC 8 Feb. 2000

The development of wearable items has taken several steps of miniaturization from discrete electronics over hybrid designs to fully integrated designs, where just one processor chip, a battery and some interface conditioning items make the whole unit.

1600s

The Qing Dynasty saw the introduction of a fully functional abacus on a ring, which could be used while it was being worn.[1][8]

1800s

The first wearable (http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/pocketwatchwasworldsfirstwearable techgamechanger180951435/) timepiece was made by watchmaker Breguet for the Queen of Naples in 1810. It was a small ladies' pocket watch on a bracelet chain.[9] Again, a wristwatch is a "wearable computer" in the sense that it can be worn, and that it also computes time. But it is not a generalpurpose computer in the sense of the modern word.

Military use of wearables: In GirardPerregaux made wristwatches for the German Imperial Navy after an artillery officer complained that it was not convenient to use both hands to operate a pocket watch while timing his bombardments. The officer had strapped a pocket watch onto his wrist and his superiors liked his solution, and thus asked La ChauxdeFonds to travel to Berlin to begin production of small pocket watches attached to wrist bracelets.[9]

Early acceptance of wristlets by men serving in the military was not widespread, though: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_computer 3/12 2/10/2015 Wearable computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wristlets, as they were called, were reserved for women, and considered more of a passing fad than a serious timepiece. In fact, they were held in such disdain that many a gentlemen were actually quoted to say they "would sooner wear a skirt as wear a wristwatch".

— International Watch Magazine[10]

1960s and 1970s

In 1961 mathematicians Edward O. Thorp, and Claude Shannon built some computerized timing devices to help them cheat at the game of roulette. One such timer was concealed in a shoe, another in a pack of cigarettes. Various versions of this apparatus were built in the 1960s and 1970s. Detailed pictures of a shoe based timing device can be viewed at www.eyetap.org (http://www.eyetap.org/wearcam/eudaemonic/).

Thorp refers to himself as the inventor of the first "wearable computer"[11] In other variations, the system was a concealed cigarettepack sized analog computer designed to predict the motion of roulette wheels. A datataker would use microswitches hidden in his shoes to indicate the speed of the roulette wheel, and the computer would indicate an octant of the roulette wheel to bet on by sending musical tones via radio to a miniature speaker hidden in a collaborator's ear canal. The system was successfully tested in Las Vegas in June 1961, but hardware issues with the speaker wires prevented it from being used beyond test runs.[12] This was not a wearable computer, because it could not be repurposed during use; rather it was an example of taskspecific hardware. This work was kept secret until it was first mentioned in Thorp's book Beat the Dealer (revised ed.) in 1966[12] and later published in detail in 1969.[13]

The 1970s saw the rise of similar special purpose hardware timing devices, such as roulette prediction devices using nextgeneration technology. In particular, a group known as Eudaemonic Enterprises used a CMOS 6502 microprocessor with 5K RAM to create a shoe computer with inductive radio communications between a datataker and bettor.[14][15]

Another early wearable system was a cameratotactile vest for the blind, published by C.C. Collins in 1977, that converted images into a 1024point, 10inch square tactile grid on a vest.[16] On the consumer end, 1977 also saw the introduction of the HP01 algebraic calculator watch by HewlettPackard.[17]

1980s

The 1980s saw the rise of more generalpurpose wearable computers that fit the modern definition of "computer" by going beyond taskspecific hardware to more generalpurpose (e.g. reprogrammable by the user) devices. In 1981 Steve Mann designed and built a backpackmounted 6502based wearable multimedia computer with text, graphics, and multimedia capability, as well as video capability (cameras and other photographic systems). Mann went on to be an early and active researcher in the wearables field, especially known for his 1994 creation of the Wearable Wireless Webcam, the first example of Lifelogging.[18][19]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_computer 4/12 2/10/2015 Wearable computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Though perhaps not technically "wearable," in 1986 Steve Roberts built WinnebikoII, a recumbent bicycle with onboard computer and chorded keyboard. Winnebiko II was the first of Steve Roberts' forays into nomadic computing that allowed him to type while riding.[20]

19891999

In 1989 Reflection Technology marketed the Private Eye head mounted display, which scanned a vertical array of LEDs across the visual field using a vibrating mirror. This display gave rise to several hobbyist and research wearables, including Gerald "Chip" Maguire's IBM / Columbia University Student Electronic Notebook,[21] Doug Platt's HipPC[22] and Carnegie Mellon University's VuMan 1 in 1991.[23] The Student Electronic Notebook consisted of the Private Eye, Toshiba diskless AIX notebook computers (prototypes) and a stylus based input system plus virtual keyboard, and used directsequence spread spectrum radio links to provide all the usual TCP/IP based services, including NFS mounted file systems and X11, all running in the Andrew Project Datalink USB Dress edition with environment. The HipPC included an Agenda palmtop used as a Invasion video game. The watch chording keyboard attached to the belt and a 1.44 megabyte floppy crown (icontrol) can be used to move drive. Later versions incorporated additional equipment from Park the defender left to right and the fire Engineering. The system debuted at "The Lap and Palmtop Expo" control is the Start/Split button on the on 16 April 1991. VuMan 1 was developed as part of a Summer lower side of the face of the watch at term course at Carnegie Mellon's Engineering Design Research 6 o' clock Center, and was intended for viewing house blueprints. Input was through a threebutton unit worn on the belt, and output was through Reflection Tech's Private Eye. The CPU was an 8 MHz 80188 processor with 0.5 MB ROM.

In 1993 the Private Eye was used in Thad Starner's wearable, based on Doug Platt's system and built from a kit from Park Enterprises, a Private Eye display on loan from Devon Sean McCullough, and the Twiddler chording keyboard made by Handykey. Many iterations later this system became the MIT "Tin Lizzy" wearable computer design, and Starner went on to become one of the founders of MIT's wearable computing project. 1993 also saw Columbia University's augmentedreality system known as KARMA: Knowledgebased Augmented Reality for Maintenance Assistance. Users would wear a Private Eye display over one eye, giving an overlay effect when the real world was viewed with both eyes open. KARMA would overlay wireframe schematics and maintenance instructions on top of whatever was being repaired. For example, graphical wireframes on top of a laser printer would explain how to change the paper tray. The system used sensors attached to objects in the physical world to determine their locations, and the entire system ran tethered from a desktop computer.[24][25]

In 1994 Edgar Matias and Mike Ruicci of the University of Toronto, debuted a "wrist computer." Their system presented an alternative approach to the emerging headup display plus chord keyboard wearable. The system was built from a modified HP 95LX palmtop computer and a HalfQWERTY onehanded keyboard. With the keyboard and display modules strapped to the operator's forearms, text could be entered by bringing the wrists together and typing.[26] The same technology was used by IBM researchers to create the halfkeyboard "belt computer.[27] Also in 1994, Mik Lamming and Mike Flynn at Xerox EuroPARC demonstrated the ForgetMeNot, a wearable device that would record interactions with people and devices https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_computer 5/12 2/10/2015 Wearable computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia and store this information in a database for later query.[28] It interacted via wireless transmitters in rooms and with equipment in the area to remember who was there, who was being talked to on the telephone, and what objects were in the room, allowing queries like "Who came by my office while I was on the phone to Mark?" As with the Toronto system, ForgetMeNot was not based on a headmounted display.

Also in 1994, DARPA started the Smart Modules Program to develop a modular, humionic approach to wearable and carryable computers, with the goal of producing a variety of products including computers, radios, navigation systems and humancomputer interfaces that have both military and commercial use. In July 1996 DARPA went on to host the "Wearables in 2005" workshop, bringing together industrial, university and military visionaries to work on the common theme of delivering computing to the individual.[29] A followup conference was hosted by Boeing in August 1996, where plans were finalized to create a new academic conference on wearable computing. In October 1997, Carnegie Mellon University, MIT, and Georgia Tech cohosted the IEEE International Symposium on Wearables Computers (ISWC) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The symposium was a full academic conference with published proceedings and papers ranging from sensors and new hardware to new applications for wearable computers, with 382 people registered for the event.

2000s

In 2002, as part of Kevin Warwick's Project Cyborg, Warwick's wife, Irena, wore a necklace which was electronically linked to Warwick's nervous system via an implanted electrode array. The color of the necklace changed between red and blue dependent on the signals on Warwick's nervous system.[30] Dr. Bruce H Thomas and Dr. Wayne Piekarski developed the Tinmith wearable computer system to support augmented reality. This work was first published internationally in 2000 in the ISWC conference. The work was carried out at the Wearable Computer Lab in the University of South Australia.

In the late 2000s, various Chinese companies began producing mobile phones in the form of wristwatches, the descendants of which as of 2013 include the i5 and i6, which are GSM phones with 1.8 inch displays, and the ZGPAX s5 Android wristwatch phone.

2010s

The current moves in standardization with IEEE, IETF and several industry groups (e.g. Bluetooth) leads to more various interfacing under the WPAN (wireless personal area network) and the WBAN (Wireless body area network) offer new classification of designs for interfacing and networking.

Also, the 6thgeneration iPod Nano has a wristwatch attachment available to convert it to a wearable wristwatch computer.

The developments of wearable computing now encompasses Rehabilitation Engineering, Ambulatory intervention treatment, life guard systems, Defense wearable systems.

Sony is now selling an Android compatible wrist watch called Sony SmartWatch. It must be paired with an Android phone as an additional, remote display and notification tool.[31]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_computer 6/12 2/10/2015 Wearable computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Google Glass launched their optical headmounted display (OHMD) to a test group of users in 2013, and plan on launching it to consumers sometime in 2014. Google's mission is to produce a massmarket ubiquitous computer that displays information in a smartphonelike handsfree format,[32] that can interact with the Internet via natural language voice commands.[33][34]

In September 2014, Apple announced that the company is working on a smartwatch called Apple Watch. According to the New York Times, Apple has been testing both solar and wireless charging for the upcoming product.[35]

Commercialization Google Glass, Google's headmounted display, which was launched in 2013 The commercialization of generalpurpose wearable computers, as led by companies such as Xybernaut, CDI and ViA, Inc. has thus far met with limited success. Publicly traded Xybernaut tried forging alliances with companies such as IBM and Sony in order to make wearable computing widely available, but in 2005 their stock was delisted and the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection amid financial scandal and federal investigation. Xybernaut emerged from bankruptcy protection in January, 2007. ViA, Inc. filed for bankruptcy in 2001 and subsequently ceased operations. 1998 Seiko marketed the Ruputer, a computer in a (fairly large) wristwatch, to mediocre returns. In 2001 IBM developed and Image of the ZYPAD wrist wearable publicly displayed two prototypes for a wristwatch computer computer from Arcom Control running Linux. The last message about them dates to 2004 Systems (http://gadgets.engadget.com/2004/10/20/watchthiswednesday thelinuxwatch/), saying the device would cost about $250 but it is still under development. In 2002 Fossil, Inc. announced the Fossil Wrist PDA, which ran the Palm OS. Its release date was set for summer of 2003, but was delayed several times and was finally made available on 5 January 2005. Timex Datalink is another example of a practical wearable computer. Hitachi launched a wearable computer called Poma in 2002. Eurotech offers the ZYPAD, a wrist wearable touch screen computer with GPS, WiFi and Bluetooth connectivity and which can run a number of custom applications.[36] In 2013, a wearable computing device on the wrist to control body temperature was developed at MIT.[37]

Evidence of the allure of the wearable computer and the weak market acceptance is evident with market leading Panasonic Computer Solutions Company's failed product in this market. Panasonic has specialized in mobile computing with their Toughbook line for over 10 years and has extensive market research into the field of portable, wearable computing products. In 2002, Panasonic introduced a wearable brick computer coupled with a handheld or armworn touchscreen. The brick would communicate wirelessly to the screen, and concurrently the brick would communicate wirelessly out to the internet or other networks. The wearable brick was quietly pulled from the market in 2005, while the screen evolved to a thin client touchscreen used with a handstrap. (The "Brick" Computer is the CF07 Toughbook, dual batteries, screen used same batteries as the base, 800 x 600 resolution, optional GPS and WWAN. Has one MPCI slot and one PCMCIA slot for expansion. CPU used is a 600 MHz Pentium 3 factory under clocked to 300 MHz so it can stay cool passively as it has no fan. Micro dim ram is upgradable. The screen can be used wirelessly on other computers.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_computer 7/12 2/10/2015 Wearable computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Google has announced that it has been working on a headmounted displaybased wearable "augmented reality" device called Google Glass. An early version of the device is currently available to the US public through Google's Explorer Program.[38][39]

LG and iriver have both launched earbud wearables that use Valencell PerfomTek sensor technology for accurately and continuously measuring heart rate and other biometrics, as well as various activity metrics.[40][41] Military use

The wearable computer was introduced to the US Army in 1989 as a small computer that was meant to assist soldiers in battle. Since then, the concept has grown to include the =Land Warrior program and proposal for future systems.[42] The most extensive military program in the wearables arena is the US Army's Land Warrior system,[43] which will eventually be merged into the Future Force Warrior system.

FINSAS is an Indian Military Project, designed largely with wearable computing. See also

Activity tracker Headup display Augmented reality Lifelog Active tag Heart rate monitor Calculator watch Opensource computing hardware Computermediated reality Identity tag eHealth Mobile phone EyeTap Optical headmounted display Etextiles OQO FrogPad Personal digital assistant Futuristic clothing Pocket computer Glove One Skully (helmet) Google Glass Smartphone Goldeni Smartglasses GPS watch Smartwatch Headmounted display Staff locators Tablet PC Virtual retinal display

References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_computer 8/12 2/10/2015 Wearable computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1. ^ a b c Mann, Steve (2012): Wearable Computing. In: Soegaard, Mads and Dam, Rikke Friis (eds.). "Encyclopedia of HumanComputer Interaction". Aarhus, Denmark: The InteractionDesign.org Foundation. (http://www.interactiondesign.org/encyclopedia/wearable_computing.html) 2. ^ Chris Davies (12 September 2012). "Quantigraphic camera promises HDR eyesight from Father of AR" (http://www.slashgear.com/quantigraphiccamerapromiseshdreyesightfromfatherofar12246941/). SlashGear. 3. ^ Microsoft, (3 August 2011), Dressing for the Future: Microsoft Duo Breaks Through with Wearable Technology Concept, Microsoft News Center 4. ^ Thorp, Edward (October 1998). "The Invention of the First Wearable Computer". Digest of Papers. Second International Symposium on Wearable Computers (Cat. No.98EX215): 4–8. 5. ^ Peter Clarke. "IEEE ISSCC 2000: 'Dick Tracy' watch watchers disagree" (http://www.eetimes.com/electronics news/4039816/ISSCCDickTracywatchwatchersdisagree). EE Times. 6. ^ Katherine Watier (19 April 2003). "Marketing Wearable Computers to Consumers: An Examination of Early Adopter Consumers' Feelings and Attitudes Toward Wearable Computers". Washington, DC. 7. ^ Tara Kieffner. "Wearable Computers: An Overview" (http://misnt.indstate.edu/harper/Wearable_Computers.html). 8. ^ "Huizhou people's abacus complex". Xinhua. 20060720. 9. ^ a b Michael Friedberg. "Early Wristwatches and Coming of an Age in World War" (http://people.timezone.com/mfriedberg/articles/Wristlets.html). 10. ^ John E. Brozek (January 2004). "The History and Evolution of the Wristwatch". International Watch Magazine. 11. ^ Quincy, The invention of the first wearable computer (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp? isnumber=15725&arnumber=729523&count=30&index=1), in The Second International Symposium on Wearable Computers: Digest of Papers, IEEE Computer Society, 1998, pp. 4–8. 12. ^ a b Raseana.k.a shigady, Beat the Dealer, 2nd Edition, Vintage, New York, 1966. ISBN 0394703103 13. ^ Edward O. Thorp, "Optimal gambling systems for favorable game." Review of the International Statistical Institute, V. 37:3, 1969, pp. 273–293. 14. ^ T.A. Bass, The Eudaemonic Pie, Houghton Mifflin, New York, 1985. 15. ^ Hubert Upton (2 March 1968). "Wearable Eyeglass Speechreading Aid". American Annals of the Deaf 113: 222–229. 16. ^ C.C. Collins, L.A. Scadden, and A.B. Alden, "Mobile Studies with a Tactile Imaging Device," Fourth Conference on Systems & Devices For The Disabled, 1–3 June 1977, Seattle WA. 17. ^ Andre F. Marion, Edward A. Heinsen, Robert Chin, and Bennie E. Helmso, wrist instrument Opens New Dimension in Personal Information "Wrist instrument opens new dimension in personal information" (http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/abouthp/histnfacts/museum/personalsystems/0022/other/0022hpjournal.pdf), Hewlett Packard Journal, December 1977. See also HP01 wrist instrument, 1977 (http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/abouthp/histnfacts/museum/personalsystems/0022/index.html). 18. ^ Steve Mann, "An historical account of the 'WearComp' and 'WearCam' inventions developed for applications in 'Personal Imaging,'" in The First International Symposium on Wearable Computers: Digest of Papers, IEEE Computer Society, 1997, pp. 66–73 19. ^ "Wearable Computing: A First Step Toward Personal Imaging" (http://wearcam.org/ieeecomputer/). IEEE https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_computer 9/12 2/10/201519. ^ "Wearable Computing: A First Step Toward Personal Wearable computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaImaging" (http://wearcam.org/ieeecomputer/). IEEE Computer 30 (2). 20. ^ The Winnebiko II and Maggie (http://www.microship.com/bike/winnebiko2/index.html) 21. ^ J. Peter Bade, G.Q. Maguire Jr., and David F. Bantz, The IBM/Columbia Student Electronic Notebook Project, IBM, T. J. Watson Research Lab., Yorktown Heights, NY, 29 June 1990. (The work was first shown at the DARPA Workshop on Personal Computer Systems, Washington, D.C., 18 January 1990.) 22. ^ Simson Garfinkel (9 March 1993). "Dressed for Success" (http://simson.net/clips/1993/1993.VillageVoice.Dressed_For_Success.pdf). The Village Voice: 51. 23. ^ WearableGroup at Carnegie Mellon (https://web.archive.org/web/20100927063238/http://www.wearablegroup.org) at the Wayback Machine (archived September 27, 2010) 24. ^ Steve Feiner, Blair MacIntyre, and Doree Seligmann, "Knowledgebased augmented reality," in Communications of the ACM, 36(7), July 1993, 52–62. 25. ^ KARMA webpage (http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/graphics/projects/karma/karma.html) 26. ^ Edgar Matias, I. Scott MacKenzie, and William Buxton, "HalfQWERTY: Typing with one hand using your twohanded skills," Companion of the CHI '94 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM, 1994, pp. 51–52. 27. ^ Edgar Matias, I. Scott MacKenzie and William Buxton, "A Wearable Computer for Use in Microgravity Space and Other NonDesktop Environments," Companion of the CHI '96 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM, 1996, pp. 69–70. 28. ^ Mik Lamming and Mike Flynn, "'Forgetmenot' Intimate Computing in Support of Human Memory" (http://www.lamming.com/mik/Papers/fmn.pdf) in Proceedings FRIEND21 Symposium on Next Generation Human Interfaces 29. ^ E.C. Urban, Kathleen Griggs, Dick Martin, Dan Siewiorek and Tom Blackadar, Proceedings of Wearables in 2005 (http://www.darpa.mil/MTO/Displays/Wear2005/), Arlington, VA, 18–19 July 1996. 30. ^ Warwick,K, "I,Cyborg", University of Illinois Press, 2004 31. ^ "Sony SmartWatch" (http://www.sonymobile.com/us/products/accessories/smartwatch/). 32. ^ Albanesius, Chloe (4 April 2012). "Google 'Project Glass' Replaces the Smartphone With Glasses" (http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2402613,00.asp). PC Magazine. Retrieved 4 April 2012. 33. ^ Newman, Jared (4 April 2012). "Google's 'Project Glass' Teases Augmented Reality Glasses" (https://www.pcworld.com/article/253200/googles_project_glass_teases_augmented_reality_glasses.html). PC World. Retrieved 4 April 2012. 34. ^ Bilton, Nick (23 February 2012). "Behind the Google Goggles, Virtual Reality" (http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/23/technology/googleglasseswillbepoweredbyandroid.html?_r=2). The New York Times. Retrieved 4 April 2012. 35. ^ By Brian X. Chen & Nick Bilton, The New York Times. "/ Building a Better Battery (http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/03/technology/buildingabetterbattery.html?_r=0)." 2 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014. 36. ^ Zypad WL 1000 – wrist wearable computer (http://www.arcom.com/wearable_computer/Zypad/default.htm) 37. ^ "Wristify: Thermal Comfort via a Wrist Band" (http://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2013/11/05/wristify thermalcomfortviaawristband/). Slice of MIT. Retrieved 20131108. 38. ^ "Project Glass Google+ We think technology should work for you—to be there when…" (http://plus.google.com/u/1/111626127367496192147/posts/aKymsANgWBD). Plus.google.com. Retrieved https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_computer 10/12 2/10/2015 Wearable computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (http://plus.google.com/u/1/111626127367496192147/posts/aKymsANgWBD). Plus.google.com. Retrieved 20130226. 39. ^ "Last week we told you we'd be trying out new ways to find Explorers. Well, we…" (https://plus.google.com/+GoogleGlass/posts/QLD88fE7qmE). Plus.google.com. Retrieved 20150107. 40. ^ Burns, Matt (June 5, 2014). "The LG LifeBand Touch And HeartRate Earphones Are The Wonder Twins Of Activity Trackers" (http://techcrunch.com/2014/06/05/thelglifebandtouchandheartrateearphonesarethe wondertwinsofactivitytrackers/). TechCrunch. 41. ^ Kooser, Amanda (January 10, 2013). "Fitness sensor earphones gather health data, deliver music" (http://www.cnet.com/news/fitnesssensorearphonesgatherhealthdatadelivermusic/). CNET. 42. ^ Zieniewicz, Matthew J.; D. C. Johnson, D.C. Wong, J. D Flatt (2002). "The Evolution of Army Wearable Computers". Pervasive Computing. 4 1: 30–40. doi:10.1109/mprv.2002.1158276 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2Fmprv.2002.1158276). 43. ^ Matthew Cox (23 June 2007). "Troops in Iraq give thumbs up to Land Warrior" (http://www.armytimes.com/news/2007/06/army_warrior_070623p/). Army Times.

External links

Peerreviewed encyclopedia chapter on Wearable Computing (http://www.interaction design.org/encyclopedia/wearable_computing.html) by Steve Mann A workshop on wearable computing (http://www.vit.ac.in/events2012/Phamplet_Wearable%20Computing%20Techniques.pdf) A workshop on wearable computing (http://www.ctit.ae/andrews.php) A brief history of wearable computing (http://bradleyrhodes.com/Papers/briefhistoryofwearable computing.html) Wearable Computing Laboratory, University of South Australia (http://www.wearables.unisa.edu.au/) Wearable Computing Laboratory, ETH Zurich (http://www.wearable.ethz.ch/) IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers (Academic Conference) (http://www.iswc.net) The Tummy PC: A Practical Wearable Computer (http://www.accelerating.org/articles/tummypc.html) Wearable Computers for the Emergency Services, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=339369) Augmented reality by Google (http://wifinotes.com/othertechnologyarticles/googlegoggles glasses.html) Google Glasses can be threat, Should it be banned? (http://www.eproguide.com/googleglassis threatshoulditbebanned/) Project Glass and the epic history of wearable computers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_computer 11/12 2/10/2015 Wearable computer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (http://www.theverge.com/2012/6/26/2986317/googleprojectglasswearablecomputersdisappoint me), Paul Miller, The Verge, 26 June 2012. FINSAS [1] (http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=28264)

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A New Breed of Wearables Will Give You Data You Can Actually Use

By Christina Bonnington 03.26.14 | 6:30 am | Permalink

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The Lumo Lift tracks, and tries to correct, your upper body posture. Photo: Ariel Zambelich/WIRED

Over the past year, we’ve seen an influx of devices that measure our movements: steps, distance traveled, calories burned, and how many hours we spend on the couch. Most of these wearable computers, which are usually worn on the wrist, are little more than pumpedup pedometers that sync to smartphones apps, providing us with simple, general data about our levels of activity — or, in most cases, the depths of our inactivity.

But now, some companies are taking the wearables idea one step further, building devices that not only record your movements and lay them out in simple graphs, but also collect data in 3D space and provide analysis of different areas of body awareness. These smarter wearables can help you stand straighter, jump higher, and swing a baseball bat faster.

“Things like Fitbit and Jawbone are lacking — they’re just stats without any 3D movement,” said Nikola Hu, cofounder of the sports wearable company Moov. The company’s device can be strapped to your wrist, arm, or ankle, where it captures data about calories burned, but also many of the movements made by your arms and legs. Using artificial intelligence algorithms and a sensor that measures movement in 3D space, it compares your form in activities like running or boxing to that of an ideal model (i.e., previously captured movement data from an expertlevel athlete). The device can compare not only the form of your right hook, for example, but also the speed of each punch. The accompanying app then gives you audio feedback to improve your form, acting like a realtime virtual coach. Hu and cofounder Meng Li decided to create Moov, which is shipping this summer, to help people perform their workouts as effectively and efficiently as possible, while also reducing their chances of injury.

Motion capture isn’t new, of course. The Wii and Kinect first introduced the technology on a mass scale in our living rooms. But the Kinect and Wii work by using larger sensors spaced out in a room — infrared projectors, cameras, accelerometers and IR detection, all feeding back to a base unit where the heavy data processing takes place. Some of today’s wearables are capable of performing motion capture and data crunching on par with the Wii — and even bettering it in some cases — but in a form factor smaller than a credit card. Advanced Movement Analysis in a PintSize Package

Moov, a cylindrical disc about the size of an Oreo cookie, uses an accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer to pinpoint your exact movements. For an activity like running, it can track your cadence, stride, and the impact force of each step, as well as make sure you’re balancing evenly on your feet. The Moov manages to extrapolate this data even when only a single unit is strapped to your ankle. It captures movement data along nine axes, analyzes it, and then uses AI algorithms to figure out how well you’re doing. A companion app then delivers Sirilike voice commands to help you improve your performance and efficiency as you are training.

“Before, you wouldn’t know this information without a gait analysis (a costly clinical evaluation of your stride). Now, pros and beginners can get this data,” Hu says.

Lumo Lift is another example of how fitness trackers are going beyond simple data “tracking,” and wrists. Unlike the Moov, the pinlike gadget attaches to your shirt, undershirt, or bra strap using a magnetic clasp, and is designed, in part, to help keep you from slouching and hunching.

“The wrist is a very noisy environment,” Lumo Lift cofounder Andrew Chang says. “You can do step counting and calorie burn quite well now, but a lot of other things are impossible.”

Things like, say, monitoring your posture. Inside, the Lumo Lift houses many of the things you’d expect to find in a wearable: an ARM processor, a 3axis accelerometer, Bluetooth LE chip, and onboard memory. Unlike other wearables, its software is specifically optimized to not only know you’re moving, but also to know what type of movements you’re making (and how efficiently you are doing them). Like the Moov, the key to this is Lumo Lift’s biomechanical model.

A biomechanical model is a representation of the human body and how it moves. Lumo Lift’s version is specific to the upper body, because of the type of movement it’s tracking. To get a sense of the complexity involved in creating an accurate model, this comprehensive example described in a UCLA research paper takes into account 68 bones, 147 points of movement, and 814 muscles in order to accurately represent and reproduce human upper body movements (the exact number of points Lumo Lift’s model incorporates wasn’t available to be shared). It populates this mechanical model with data from the device’s sensors, which is then normalized and calibrated. Because of the constraints associated with device and battery size, these algorithms have to be super efficient and lowpower.

Wahoo Fitness also decided the wrist wasn’t the right place for its smart wearable. Its Tickr Run and Tickr X, available later this spring, are worn like a heart rate http://www.wired.com/2014/03/motionanalyzingwearables/ 9/14 2/10/2015 A New Breed of Wearables Will Give You Data You Can Actually Use | WIRED monitor, strapped to your chest.

The Wahoo Tickr Run and Tickr X track your heart rate and body position for efficient workouts. Photo: Jim Merithew/WIRED

Tickr Run focuses on evaluating your running efficiency. It does this by performing motion analysis, looking at your change of acceleration in three dimensions, and pinpointing your landing data. If you’re a novice runner and “heel striker,” for example, you land each step heel first. Doesn’t sound like a big deal, but in reality, you’re losing momentum each time your heel strikes, which means you then have to reaccelerate as the rest of your foot makes contact. That constant deceleration and acceleration takes more energy. If you’re running style is bouncy, you’re also wasting unnecessary energy.

Tickr Run gives you feedback on your performance in real time during your run and provides deeper postrun analytics too. In the app during your run, you can see a picture of a runner with different hotspots that can go green, yellow, or red. These let you know you can improve your smoothness if you adjust certain running mechanics. After your workout, you can also see more robust metrics, like ground contact time, your sidetoside sway, and how you performed at the beginning versus the end of the run.

Wahoo has studied a lot of runners in order to do this type of gait detection. The company has a PhD in kinesiology on staff who’s spent many years studying thousands of runners. Over the last four to six months, the team brought in 10 to 12 runners a day in order to study their movements and perfect the Tickr’s algorithms.

“We went into a lot of treadmill testing, using motion capture cameras all around the treadmill to compare data versus visual cues,” Wahoo’s chief marketing officer Mike Stashak told WIRED.

But while the tech and algorithms behind these types of advanced wearables are key to how they function, it doesn’t matter if they aren’t something you’d actually want to wear. Form Is Just as Important as Function

“What people want is flexibility,” Lumo Lift’s Chang said. The company solves this problem using — what else? — magnets. You can attach the Lumo Lift to a variety of places on your upper body, like a pin, but without poking holes through your clothing. You can also choose to wear the sensor or the simple square metallic clasp on the outside of your clothing. On top of that, it’s modular: For the clasp, a variety of colors and styles are available, making it look more like a pin, brooch, or design element of your shirt, not just a square sensor.

“When you’re building wearables, you have to be usercentric,” Chang says. Lumo BodyTech got the inspiration for its design through user feedback. “They wanted an upper body solution with the flexiblity to wear it in different ways — to be able to show it off or wear it discreetly.”

After a lot of trial and error and “breaking things,” the Lumo BodyTech team came up with its innovative, intuitive wearable implementation.

For fitnessfocused products, looks may not be quite as makeorbreak. Moov’s black or white medallion, worn strapped to your arm or ankle, isn’t unattractive by any means, but it’s no fashion feat either. Wahoo’s Tickr straps are designed to be worn underneath your workout attire, so appearances are far less important. It looks essentially the same as a heart rate monitor — a plastic sensor affixed to a black elastic strap that you wear across your chest.

These types of wearables mark a new way we can live and train. Each offers the power to not only track your movements, but to analyze them in a way that previously required a console, a computer, or a trip to a fullfledged lab.

“This is what researchers 10 years ago were doing in labs with big computers,” Wahoo’s Mike Stashak said. “Now we can do it with our smartphones, and the average person can do it. And they can use this data in whatever way they want.”

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Notch Is A Wearable Sensor & App For Tracking And Capturing Body Movements Posted Nov 24, 2013 by Natasha Lomas (@riptari) 1,072          SHARES

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Movement tracking could get a whole lot more granular if the New York-based startup behind this wearable sensor gets its way. Notch, currently being shown off in prototype form on Kickstarter, is a wearable sensor designed to be concealed within clothing at natural hinge points around the body to track and capture specific body movements — sending that data back to a companion (iOS) app for tracking and review. http://techcrunch.com/2013/11/24/notch/ 1/11 2/10/2015 Notch Is A Wearable Sensor & App For Tracking And Capturing Body Movements | TechCrunch Right now, there’s no shortage of wearable tech aimed at fitness and activity use-cases, whether it’s Fitbit or Jawbone’s UP or Nike’s Fuelband to name a few. Easily enough activity tracker bangles to fill the average-sized forearm. And that’s before you get started on smartwatches. But fewer Bluetooth sensor-makers are aiming to capture precise body movements — likely because on the surface it seems a smaller, more niche use-case. Something for dancers, athletes and freerunners to get excited about, perhaps.

But then again, a wearable sensor — or more accurately a network of sensors if you want to capture a whole concert of body movements using Notch — that can record precise, physical movements and deliver localised feedback to an arm or leg, has potential to be useful in a variety of ways. As a warning system against slouching when sitting, perhaps (a la the LUMOback). Or a stress monitor, based on how much nervous gesticulating you’re doing at work.

Notch is designed to both capture movement data (either continuously or on demand — recording and pausing can be controlled by tapping on an individual sensor), and to output haptic feedback, via tiny vibration motors, meaning it can be used for motion-triggered notifications. The sensors use inertial measurement units to capture body motion, and Bluetooth Low Energy to send recorded data to the Notch app.

For starters, Notch’s own app will offer the ability to set up the individual mobiles, record movements, collect data on those movements, replay the movements as 3D visualisations, and download the data in XYZ format, say its makers. But they are also planning to release an API to allow third party developers to build out additional use-cases for Notch. So if they can excite enough developers, they could end up with some pretty off the wall motion trigger-tech scenarios.

http://techcrunch.com/2013/11/24/notch/ 2/11 2/10/2015 Notch Is A Wearable Sensor & App For Tracking And Capturing Body Movements | TechCrunch

“Haptic feedback basically extends Notch into one more dimension, making Notch not just an input device (that gets movement) but also an output device. We are definitely going to include haptic feedback functionality into our app. Triggers related to movement and based on timers are what we are deciding on right now. We call this kind of functionality ‘personal coach’, but it would be most exciting for us to see what use cases for haptic feedback developers will come up with,” Stepan Boltalin, Notch’s founder & CEO, told TechCrunch. “We have already been getting interest from people in various fields: martial artists (tracking the speed / power of punching), climbers, skydivers, animators. We believe that movement is a very broad field, so we plan to offer use-case specific apps gradually (as well as encourage developers to take advantage of our data),” he added, discussing more broadly some potential use-cases for Notch. “We will release a companion app, but are also researching which particular field of activity to focus on for the first use case specific app.” Each Notch sensor is 1.3×1.2×0.31inches (30x33x8mm), and weighs less than 0.35oz (10g). They’re designed to be charged via standard microUSB and will run for 3+ days “normal usage”. The sensors are designed to snap onto clothing via standard male sewing snaps. The startup is also offering some custom clothing — including button-up shirts and casual tees — with built in connector pockets for Notch. http://techcrunch.com/2013/11/24/notch/ 3/11 2/10/2015 Notch Is A Wearable Sensor & App For Tracking And Capturing Body Movements | TechCrunch Early Kickstarter backers can bag one Notch sensor for $49, with various other pledge levels up for grabs. But if you want the full body capture option it’s considerably more pricey — circa $360 for eight modules, to allow for motion capture of wrists, elbows, head, torso, feet. So that’s clearly going to remain niche.

The startup is also seeking a rather sizeable $100,000 to make Notch fly — with sub-$5,000 raised so far, and 43 days of their campaign left to run. If they hit their funding target they’re aiming to ship Notch to backers next June.

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