Advancing Research on Living and Fossil Cephalopods Development and Evolution Fonn, Construction, and Function Taphonomy, Palaeoecology, Palaeobiogeography, Biostratigraphy, and Basin Analysis Advaociog Research 00 Living and Fossil Cephalopods Development and Evolution Form, Construction, and Function Taphonomy, Palaeoecology, Palaeobiogeography, Biostratigraphy, and Basin Analysis Edited by Federico 016riz and Francisco J. Rodriguez-Tovar University of Granada Granada. Spain Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Advancing research on living and fossil cephalopods: development and evolution: form, con­ struction, and function: taphonomy, palaeoecology, palaeobiogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis I edited by Federico Ol6riz and Francisco J. Rodriguez-Thvar. p. cm. "Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on Cephalopods: Present and Past, held July 14-18, 1996, in Granada, Spain"-T.p. verso. Inc1udes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4613-7193-9 ISBN 978-1-4615-4837-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4837-9 1. Cephalopoda, Fossil-Congresses. 2. Cephalopoda-Congresses. 1. 0l6riz Sâez, Fed­ erico. II. Rodriguez-Thvar, Francisco J. III. International Symposium on Cephalopods: Pre­ sent and Past (4th: 1996: Granada, Spain) QE806.A38 1998 98-41749 564'.5-dc21 CIP Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on Cephalopods: Present and Past, held July 14 - 18, 1996, in Granada, Spain ISBN 978-1-4613-7193-9 © 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York in 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999 AU rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written , permission ftom the Publisher ProfessorAsuncion Linares, Spanish pioneerammonitologist, has belonged to the University ofGranada since 1947, where she has been a full professor ofpalaeontology since 1961 and professor emeritus from 1987. Asuncion Linares has more than 50 years ofacademic work in Granada, including positions ofVice Rector, Director ofthe Instituto de Ciencias de la Educacion and Head ofthe Direccion de Asistencia Estudiantil at the University ofGranada. In 1960, Asuncion Linares published in Notas y Comunicaciones del Instituto Geologico y Minero de Espana and the Memoire hors-serie de la Societe Geologique de France, in memory ofProfessor Paul FaIlot, her fIrst papers on Lower Jurassic ammonites gathered near Granada. At present, Professor Asuncion Linares continues 38 years ofresearch on ammonites with active work in southern Spain on mainly Middle Jurassic ammonites from the Betic Cordillera. PREFACE Part I: Development and Evolution. S.v. Boletzky uses the reproductive system of octopods, the lower beaks of coleoids and ammonites, and the arm crown of the coleoids to analyse ontogenetic patterns and processes from an evolutionary standpoint. The author seeks to update paleomorphology to provide historical perspective for the modern biology of cephalopods. K. Uchiyama and K. Tanabe describe their hatching experiments on Nautilus macromphalus in the Toba Aquarium, demonstrating the relationships between temperature and the duration of hatching periods, and establishing comparisons with Nau­ tilus belauensis. E. Lefkaditou and P. Kaspiris compare analyses of morphologic features in two recent species of the genus Sepietta, revealing significant differences in club length and tentacle width, the latter expressed as a percentage ofbody weight. The monophyly of the Ammonoidea is investigated by S.M. Klofak and collabora­ tors through microscopic analyses of sculpture and internal morphology in Lower De­ vonian ammonitellas (Agoniatitida) from North America and Africa. These researchers conclude that there was a non-concretionary mode of formation, which they use as evi­ dence to support the monophyly of the Ammonoidea. L.A. Doguzhaeva and collaborators provide precise data concerning prismatic and nacreous layers in longiconic spirulid cephalopods from southern mid-continent using ultrastructural studies, and discuss the significance of these data for new proposals on systematics and evolution of Palaeozoic Spirulida, as well as for the clarification of problems central to cephalopod evolution. The rapid diversification of monophyletic clades in restricted areas, "species flocks", is identified by M.M. Yacobucci, which recognizes the extreme plasticity in de­ velopmental timing in relation to high autapomorphy:synapomorphy ratio and parallelism in Cenomanian ammonites. This author proposes that developmental plasticity rather than sensitivity is a root cause for high speciation rates in ammonites. W.L. Manger and col­ laborators interpret gigantism in rich Middle Carboniferous ammonoid assemblages lack­ ing embryonic shells. Giant specimens are interpreted as pathological, resulting from failures to attain sexual maturity in conspecific assemblages inolved in reproductive events. S.R. Fernandez-Lopez and collaborators apply biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeogra­ phy to differentiate behaviour in two species of Tmetoceras colonizing epicontinental and oceanic environments in Iberia during Aalenian times. Precise biostratigraphy is employed by A. Dagys to revise the phylogeny ofTriassic Sibiritidae from Siberia and to describe the new genus Epiboreoceras. On the same basis ofbed-by-bed sampling, V.V. Mitta uses shell vii viii Preface structure and sculpture of the inner whorls in Callovian ammonites to revise the phyletic line Cadoceras-Cadochamoussetia-Chamoussetia. to investigate homeomorphy and to identify the new genus Eckhardites with a probable origin in Arctocephalitinae. A.H. King provides an updated review ofVolkhovian and Kundan nautiloids from Sweden, assigned to the Ellesmerocerida, Endocerida, Actinocerida, Orthocerida, Tarphycerida and Oncocerida; several ofthese taxa are considered to be key forms in deciphering the evolution ofOrdovi­ cian cephalopods and in providing further evidence for the systematic position of lituitid nautiloids. N. Mariotti and J.S. Pignatti revise the systematics of Xiphoteuthididae on the basis ofdiagnostic characters, taxonomic relationships and stratigraphy. Part II: Form. Construction, and Function. Ultrastructural analyses are developed by S. Lenz to describe cell types in the epidermis ofthe ventral funnel and mantle ofadult Octopus vulgaris, to interpret fine structure and function, and to evaluate the similarity of this species with other molluscs. P. Ruth and collaborators investigate cytomorphologic similarities in the special cells involved in the haemocyanin synthesis in Sepia and Nauti­ lus on the basis ofcomparative immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical investiga­ tions. The authors identified the precise location of these special cells in branchial and midgut glands in Sepia, as well as in Nautilus where the cells are located in the midgut gland and scattered in the tissue of the ligamentum branchiale in the gill complex. H. Schmidtberg analyses functional morphology of suckers in Eledone moschata and planktic paralarvae of Octopus vulgaris by ultrastructural analysis, and establishes differ­ ences in correlation with developmental types in octopod cephalopods; the author con­ cludes that suckers in the taxa studied show significant differences in number and structure, as well as in the muscular and nervous systems. Ultrastructural analyses has been also applied to exceptionally preserved Conobelus (Duvaliidae) collected by L.A. Doguzhaeva and collaborators from the Valanginian ofthe Crimean Peninsula. Their study reveals differences in sublayers in the prismatic proto­ conch wall, the thickness of the closing membrane, the structural differences between the primordial rostrum and the rostrum, the exact location of the replacement of retro- to pro­ choanitic septal necks, and favours ultrastructural comparisons of early shells in belemni­ tids and bactritoids. C. Kulicki characterizes Mesozoic Phylloceratina by means of aggregation patterns of needle-like crystals in the outer prismatic layer, and demonstrates that contemporaneous Lyto- and Ammonitina show a pseudohexagonal trilling which re­ sembles nacreous plates in other molluscs. N.H. Landman and collaborators analyse empty shells ofLate Carboniferous Glaphyrites to identify typical features ofthe early on­ togeny; the authors find muscle scars and ridges for proseptum attachment to be similar to those known in Mesozoic ammonoidea and propose that this could indicate similarities in their embryonic development. Investigation on the siphuncle in recent and fossil cephalopods, carried out by L.A. Doguzhaeva and collaborators, reveals a similar cicatrix in the apical shell of the Lower Carboniferous Rayonnoceras and recent Nautilus, while a cup-shaped and ventrally flattened shell primordium with a marginal bilobed structure, which is typical in Rayonno­ ceras, is unknown in Nautilus; these authors interpreted the observed differences as prob­ able signs ofspecial modes ofembryonic shell secretion. Numerical analyses were developed to approach the description of shell features in ammonites. Shell shape and sculpture in Lower Jurassic Ammonitina (Harpoceratinae) were examined by P. Neige through the application of landmarks and geometrical techniques, which are proposed as useful tools for mapping shell features providing comparative