Part 3

World War I Total War

World War I: Total War What does a WWI battle look like? What does Total War mean? Who is impacted by the war? How are they impacted by the war? Fill out the following organizer as you read through your resources.

A. Explain the idea of Total. What was it?

Why did we fight this way?

B. Describe the Killing Fields

(battles without gain- No Man’s Land). ​ How long did this continue? Why

C. Why were people reaching a Breaking Point

(Desertion and Mutiny in Russian and France)? ​ ​

Assessment (Learning Target 3)

You will explain how Total War impacted the lives of different people from different “walks of life.” For each person, explain how their lives were impacted using at least three pieces of historical evidence. (That is nine pieces of historical evidence total.) You will be assigned a person from each of the grouping below to analyze. a- British Soldier at the Battle of Somme, French Soldier at the Battle of Verdun, German Soldier at either Battle, or Russian Soldier who deserted b- a soldier from China, Vietnam, India, Japan, Canada, US, Latin America, Tanzania, South Africa, West Africa, or Australia c- a woman supporting the war effort, a child supporting the war effort, or an animal caretaker supporting the war effort

1 Part A: Total War ​

What are human rights? Is it ever okay to violate someone’s human rights? When/why might it ever be considered okay?

What do you think Total War means? Who could be affected by total war? When might total war be appropriate (if at all)?

Do you think during war time women and children, or non-military men be treated differently than soldiers? Why or why not?

Directions: Look at/read/analyze the following images and documents to answer the ​ ​ questions below.

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Children in War: The Boy Scouts' Association was one of the first youth organizations to provide practical assistance to the British war effort. The Boy Scouts in this photograph are guarding a railway bridge and tracks in Britain. Scouts also guarded telephone and telegraph lines, railway stations, water reservoirs or any location that might be militarily important. From late 1917 many Scouts assisted with air raid duties, including sounding the all-clear signal after an attack. Some Scouts were even trained in firefighting. The Scout movement's handbook, published before the war broke out, instructed all Scouts to 'be prepared…to die for your country if need be'.

The Girl Guides Association was formed in 1910. During the First World War, Girl Guides took on many roles. They packaged up clothing to send to British soldiers at the front, prepared hostels and first-aid dressing stations for use by those injured in air raids or accidents, tended allotments to help cope with food shortages, and provided assistance at hospitals, government offices and munitions factories. The Girl Guides in this photograph are on a drill, carrying a stretcher and other equipment in readiness to provide emergency help after an air raid.

Children also collected scrap metal and other essential materials that could be recycled or used for the war effort. In this photograph, children from Buckinghamshire are salvaging valuable materials at a local depot. During the First World War, factories employed women, refugees, volunteers from the Empire, men too old to be conscripted and children. Children younger than the school leaving age of 12 also worked in factories or on farms. In some cases, a child's earnings could be a helpful addition to a family's

3 income. In 1917, Education Minister H A L Fisher claimed that as many as 600,000 children had been 'prematurely' put to work.

Animals in War: Horsepower: Both sides soon realized men on horses could not win the war in the trenches. The muddy ground, barbed wire and machine guns made it very difficult for horses, so they were used for transportation instead. Cars and tanks often went wrong but horses and mules could be relied on to get food and equipment to the front line. Ambulance horses carried wounded soldiers and artillery horses carried weapons, ammunition and other heavy loads. They had to be strong. Soldiers were not small and light like jockeys - most weighed around twelve stone. Fully armed and equipped, they were a lot heavier. In total, around 8 million horses from all sides died during the war. Horses had a food ration of 20lbs of grain per day. When grain was in short supply, German horses were fed sawdust cake. Other Animals: Donkeys and mules were sometimes used to pull heavy equipment, including artillery. Elephants were taken from circuses and zoos and photographs of them pulling heavy guns were used to show people back home that even exotic animals were 'doing their bit' in the war effort. - Imperial War Museums: http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/10-ways-children-took-part-in-the-first-world-war

- Why would/could industrial cities become military targets? ​

- In what ways were the lives of women and children impacted by WWI? ​

- How did WWI impact the role of women in the workforce? ​

- What role did women play in the military? Why? ​

- How are women and children the targets of war? ​

Part B: Killing Fields- ​

Directions: Complete the following tasks over each of the 2 WWI battles. Summarize your ​ impressions of these war battles in the drawing conclusions section, after you have completed the tasks below.

Battle of Verdun - Watch the following video clip: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oabxoP_jVM ​ ​ - Read the following handout: Battle of the Verdun - Answer the following questions: o When/where was the Battle of the Verdun? ​ 4 o How was this battle fought? ​ o What was the outcome of this Battle? ​

Battle of the Somme: - Watch the following video clip: http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i-history/videos/1916-battle-of-the-somme? m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false - Read the following handout: Battle of the Somme - Answer the following questions: o When/where was the Battle of the Somme? ​ o How was this battle fought? ​ o What was the outcome of this Battle? ​

Drawing Conclusions: - What was different about the two battles above? - What was consistent throughout the battles above? - How did these battles represent how this war was fought? Based on what you have learned so far, how would you describe WWI?

Battle of Verdun: The longest WWI Battle https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Verdun Battle of Verdun, (February 21–December 18, 1916), World War I engagement in which the French ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ repulsed a major German offensive. It was one of the longest, bloodiest, and most-ferocious battles of the ​ ​ ​ war; French casualties amounted to about 400,000, German ones to about 350,000. Some 300,000 were killed.

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French soldiers resting away from the front line at the Battle of Verdun, 1916.

German Gen. Erich von Falkenhayn believed that the war would be won or lost in France, and he felt that ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ a strategy of attrition was Germany’s best hope of achieving its goals. In a letter to German Emperor William II in late 1915, he argued that Britain was the most formidable of the Allied powers, but he ​ conceded that it could not be assaulted directly, save by submarine warfare, as the British sector of the ​ ​ ​ Western Front did not lend itself to offensive operations (an assessment that would be proved correct at ​ the First Battle of the Somme). In Falkenhayn’s view, Britain’s “real weapons” in the war were the ​ ​ ​ French, Russian, and Italian armies. He regarded Russia as already paralyzed and Italy as unlikely to affect the outcome of the war, concluding, “Only France remains.” Falkenhayn stated that a breakthrough en masse was unnecessary and that instead Germany should bleed France to death by choosing a point of ​ ​ ​ attack “for the retention of which the French would be compelled to throw in every man they have.”

The fortress of Verdun with its surrounding fortifications along the Meuse River was selected because it ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ threatened the main German communication lines, it represented a salient in the French defenses, and the loss of such an important location would be an enormous blow to French morale. The keynote of the tactical plan was a continuous series of limited advances that would draw the French reserves into the mincing machine of the German artillery. Each of these advances was itself to be secured by an intense artillery bombardment, brief for surprise and making up for its short duration by the number of batteries and their rapidity of fire.

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Location of French forts in the area around Verdun, 1916, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ​ The initial German attack As early as January 1916, French airmen had detected German preparations for the Verdun offensive, and on February 11, 1916, a French intelligence officer discovered a buildup of German troops on the right bank of the Meuse. As French commanders had been almost exclusively focused on their own offensive plans, their hasty efforts to bolster the defenses of Verdun were very nearly too late. Over the next 10 days, thousands of men and dozens of guns were moved to Verdun to oppose the expected German attack. Confronted with a massive logistical challenge—main rail lines to Verdun had been cut or were under constant barrage by German artillery—French officers organized a motorized supply chain on an unprecedented scale, transporting men and material to the front in a fleet of more than 3,000 trucks. The 37-mile (57-km) dirt road connecting the railhead at Bar-le-Duc to Verdun came to be known as La Voie ​ ​ ​ Sacrée (“the Sacred Way”) for its critical role in the French defense.

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Key sites of the Battle of Verdun, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ​ At 7:15 am on February 21, the Germans commenced a massive bombardment of a front some 25 miles (40 km) long, from the Bois d'Avaucourt to Étain. At about 4:45 pm the first German infantry attack was launched, initially by teams of scouts who surveyed the damage done by the opening barrage. If French defenses had not been shattered in a given area, the scouts retired and directed additional shelling. German troops made significant gains by the end of the first day, occupying the Bois d’Haumont and penetrating the French lines. The following day the Germans capitalized on their gains, repelling a French counterattack. The village of Haumont was razed by artillery fire, and by February 23 the villages of Brabant-sur-Meuse, Wavrille, and Samogneux were in German hands. In three days the Germans had overrun the first line of French defenses, and both sides hastily reinforced their positions. Thousands of French troops, placed in untenable positions in open country, were almost immediately wiped from the field. On February 24 the Germans sought to advance from their position at Samogneux, but they were immobilized by French artillery. The rest of the German line swept through the second rank of French defenses, capturing Beaumont, the Bois des Fosses, and the Bois des Caurières and advancing on the key fort at Douaumont. That evening the French commander at Verdun, Gen. Joseph-Jacques-Césaire Joffre, ​ ​ ​ the so-called “Victor of the Marne,” was set aside in favour of Gen. Philippe Pétain. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Pétain brought a fresh army—the Second—to the fight, and on February 25 he was given the formidable task of holding the right bank of the Meuse. Initial plans had been made to mass French forces on the left bank so as to oppose a German crossing, but the French high command soon decreed that a new defensive line, stretching from the heights on the east bank of the Meuse to the village of Douaumont, should be held at all costs. As the French defense was reorganized, the Germans captured the undefended Fort Douaumont, arguably the most formidable of the strong points surrounding Verdun. Eight months would pass and much blood would be shed before the French could reclaim the fort. French resistance stiffened over subsequent days, however, and the German advance slowed. French fliers reclaimed command of the air over the battlefield, and Pétain deployed hundreds of artillery pieces to Verdun, linking many of the new batteries by telephone. On February 26–29 some 500,000 German troops assaulted Douaumont ​ ​ ​ village, but the French defenses held.

8 The second phase of the battle The Germans had failed to gain an immediate decision at Verdun, and they soon realized that the British army was preparing an attack on the Somme. For the next four months, they kept the Battle of Verdun ​ ​ ​ going with furious tenacity in order to disorganize the attack being prepared by the Allies in Picardy. For ​ ​ ​ its part, the French general staff was faced with the problem of holding on at Verdun without ceasing to prepare for the Somme, exhausting the Germans as much as possible in advance of the planned Allied summer offensive.

French troops passing through the ruins of Verdun, France, 1916.Hulton Archive/Getty Images ​ On March 4 the Germans captured Douaumont village. On March 10 the Germans captured the Bois de Cumières, clearing the way for an attack on one of the pillars of the main French line of defense, a hill known as Le Mort Homme (“the Dead Man”). Both sides suffered tens of thousands of casualties during the furious engagements, and on March 14 the Germans captured the lower crest of Le Morte Homme. The higher crest, known as Peak 295, could be held by either side and was considered No Man’s Land. On March 8 the Germans captured the defensive works surrounding Hardaumont on the right bank, and they spent the next 10 days engaging in a series of bloody but inconclusive attacks on the fort and village of Vaux. The Germans brought up fresh troops, and on March 28 the battle began again on the left bank; on the right bank the Germans captured the village of Vaux on March 31. By April 8 the French had lost all that remained of their former front line on the left bank of the Meuse. The bloody stalemate continued through May. On June 1 the Germans attacked Vaux and Thiaumont, two strong points in the French line on the right bank. After days of back-and-forth combat, the Germans captured both positions on June 9, but they were unable to carry their attack through to the defensive works south of Thiaumont. Fighting on the left bank was largely inconclusive, but on June 15 the French reclaimed roughly a little more than a half mile (one kilometre) of trenches on Le Mort Homme. Such minor gains, which came at an enormous cost in lives, would typify the horrors of trench warfare on the Western Front. ​ ​ ​ The tide turns at Verdun From February 21 to June 15, the French army had fielded 66 divisions at Verdun; by December 1916, roughly 75 percent of the French army had seen action on the Meuse. From February through July,

9 the Germans had used 43 divisions. French guns at Verdun fired over 10,000,000 rounds with the field artillery, over 1,000,000 medium-calibre rounds, and 600,000 large-calibre rounds. At the conclusion of this enormous expenditure of blood and treasure, the lines were little changed from where they had been in early February. Mangin planned to attack again on December 5 over a 6-mile (10-km) front on the right bank, with the intention of retaking in one blow the whole of the former second French line, which had been lost on February 24. Artillery preparation began on November 29 with a 750-gun barrage. Bad weather intervened, however, delaying the plan and allowing the Germans to learn of its existence, so the value of a surprise was lost. The Germans launched a violent offensive on December 6 in an attempt to preempt the French assault and captured Hill 304. Good weather returned on December 9, and Nivelle recommenced the preparatory barrage. French and German batteries engaged in artillery duels, and above the battlefield pilots contested for supremacy of the skies. At 10 am on December 15, the attack was made. The German counter barrage started two minutes too late, and four French divisions assailed the German lines. By nightfall they had retaken the whole of Poivre Hill. The French captured and destroyed 115 guns and took 9,000 prisoners. This engagement, which came to be known as the Battle of Louvemont, was completed on December 18 with the recapture of Chambrettes and the capture of over 11,000 German prisoners. This marked the end of the Battle of Verdun.

Battle of the Somme: 141 Days of Horror http://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/ztngxsg A battle of attrition The Battle of the Somme, fought in northern France, was one of the bloodiest of World War One. For five months the British and French armies fought the Germans in a brutal battle of attrition on a 15-mile front. The first and bloodiest day The aims of the battle were to relieve the French Army fighting at Verdun and to weaken the German Army. However, the Allies were unable to break through German lines. In total, there were over one million dead and wounded on all sides. The Allies bombarded German trenches for seven days and then sent 100,000 men over the top to attack the German lines. The day was a disaster for the British. The Germans weathered the artillery fire in deep trenches and came up fighting. As the British soldiers advanced, they were mown down by machine gun and rifle fire. In total, 19,240 British soldiers lost their lives. It was the bloodiest day in the history of the British army. However, the French had more success and inflicted big losses on German troops. In spite of heavy British losses, Douglas Haig, the British general, agreed to continue the attack.

The British pushed forward After the first day, where they captured three square miles of territory, the British attempted to press their advance.

10 Over a two week period, the British made a series of small attacks on the German line, in preparation for another large-scale assault. On 4 July, British soldiers engaged in bloody hand-to-hand combat to take Mametz wood and nearby forests. Progress was slow and the British suffered another 25,000 casualties (dead and wounded). The Germans were under increasing pressure and were forced to redeploy guns and men from Verdun to reinforce their lines. Night assault on Bazentin Ridge Under the cover of darkness, British soldiers gathered in no-man’s land, getting ready for a massive dawn assault in the northern part of the Somme. At 3.20am the British guns pounded the enemy lines with five times the intensity of the first day of the Somme. As the sun rose, 22,000 British troops attacked. The Germans were taken by surprise. The British achieved an early victory advancing 6,000 yards into enemy territory and occupying Longueval village. Two regiments of the 2nd Indian Cavalry Division were sent into action. However they failed to take High Wood, which remained in German hands. South Africans take “Devils Wood” Delville wood would come to be known as “Devil’s wood” by the soldiers who fought there. Situated at the southern end of the British line, the dense woodland was a key Allied military objective. On 15 July, 3,000 soldiers of the 1st South African brigade occupied the wood. The Germans unleashed fierce machine gun and artillery fire and launched a brutal series of counter-attacks. Terrible weather turned the wood into a muddy grave. Undaunted, the South Africans held on. When they were relieved five days later, 143 men were left standing. The Anzacs capture Pozieres In July, the British were reinforced by the First Anzac Corps, with three Australian divisions composed largely of inexperienced volunteers. After a short intense artillery bombardment, they stormed the village of Pozières which stood high on the crest of Thiepval Ridge. The Germans unleashed an intense barrage and counter-attacked on the ground. Over six weeks the British and Australian forces tried and failed to take the nearby Mouquet Farm. The battle claimed over 12,000 Australian casualties – more than at Gallipoli. It has gone down in popular history as further testament to the indomitable Anzac spirit. German General Resigns By August, the Germans had suffered nearly 250,000 casualties. Morale was low and many German leaders believed the battle was lost. The Germans were losing ground at the Somme and at Verdun the French were attacking in earnest. The Allied naval blockades of the North Sea and the Adriatic Sea, caused food shortages in Germany. Bread, meat, sugar, eggs and milk were rationed. Germany's general, Falkenhayn, resigned and was replaced by General Hindenburg and his chief of staff Ludendorff. They employed new tactics - German soldiers were to concede ground in order to inflict the maximum number of casualties on the Allies.

Tanks Attack At the Battle of Flers Courcelette the British deployed a new piece of technology – the tank. By early September, the French had made significant gains and this put General Haig

11 under pressure to launch a major attack. On 15 September the British artillery unleashed 828,000 shells and 12 divisions of men advanced, aided by their secret weapon, 48 Mark I tanks. Yet many broke down – only 21 made it to the front line. The British advanced about 1.5 miles, finally taking High Wood. However, the exhausted British soldiers could not progress any further – they sustained 29,000 casualties. The Germans fight back on land and in the air From the beginning of the battle, the Allies had dominated the skies. However, in September the Germans deployed new planes and new tactics. The Fokker DII, the Halberstadt and the Albatros DI and DII outclassed their British counterparts. The British could no longer compete with the Germans in the air and this hampered observation and artillery targeting. Having gained air superiority, the Germans launched a massive infantry attack, sending thousands of soldiers over the top. However, their advance was thwarted by French artillery and machine guns, which stopped them in their tracks.

Allied victory in sight? In late September, the British made two substantial gains – Morval and Thiepval Ridge. At Morval, the British mastered an important tactic – the "creeping barrage", in which artillery was fired just in front of its advancing infantry to ease their progress. On 27 September, the British 18th Division captured a key German defensive position – Thiepval fortress village. However, the next day, German planes strafed the British trenches and their artillery let loose a powerful bombardment. The British troops had to dig-in at the nearby network of German trenches – Schwaben Redoubt

British halted by atrocious weather In early October, the weather began to deteriorate and British soldiers were bogged down in yet another muddy battlefield. At the Battle of Le Transloy Ridge on 1 October, the British struggled in a futile, uphill battle of attrition. Though exhausted, the men fought on for three weeks, trying and failing to capture the German trenches. The British soldiers came under heavy artillery fire and German planes bombed their trenches. The worsening weather hindered the British air observation – rendering their artillery ineffective. The British suffered 57,000 casualties and gained little ground. The last battle on the Somme In mid-November, the British carried out their final battle on the Somme on the River Ancre. The “creeping barrage” was deployed again with great success and the British troops stormed the German defences. The 51st Highland Division took Beaumont Hamel and the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division took Beaucourt, capturing 7,000 German prisoners. Further south, the French gave up trying to capture St.Pierre Vast Wood as winter weather set in and a battle against the elements replaced that against the enemy. Part C: Breaking Point ​ Desertion and Mutiny: WWI

12 Mutiny in the French Army Citation: C N Trueman "Mutiny in the French Army" historylearningsite.co.uk. The History Learning Site, 31 Mar 2015. 16

In the spring of 1917, the French Army faced a stern test – widespread mutiny. The Nivelle Offensive of April 1917 was a failure that cost the lives of many French soldiers. By mid-April, it soon became clear that certain sections of the French Army – primarily infantry regiments – had th had enough. The start of the mutinies is considered to be April 17 ​ – one day after the fated th ​ Nivelle Offensive. Seventeen men from the 108 ​ Infantry Regiment abandoned their posts ‘in ​ the face of the enemy’. Twelve were sentenced to death but were all reprieved. Research by G Pedroncini (‘The Mutinies of 1917’) indicates that their reaction was motivated by the conditions that they lived under – the classic conditions of trench warfare combined with long periods of time between being granted leave. Pedroncini examined several examples of where the mutinies involved larger numbers of soldiers and found that while red flags were flown and revolutionary songs were sung, both were more gestures as opposed to what the Russian Army had experienced early 1917.

There can be little doubt that rumours – that spread with speed among the troops – did a great deal to cause problems. In particular, two caused a great deal of anger among the mutineers. The first was that General Duchene had ordered that every tenth man in battalions of the 32nd th ​ and 66 ​ Infantry regiments was to be shot as punishment for refusing to obey orders when ​ these battalions were ordered to go back to the front line. Three mutineers from these battalions were sentenced to death but only one was actually executed. The rumour – though nonsense – did stir up much anger, though ironically those battalions actually affected were under the control of their officers with due speed. The second rumour was that women and children in Paris were being attacked and abused by rioters in the city while they were at the front engaged in useless attacks on the Germans. There had been disturbances in the capital but the rumours had greatly outgrown what had actually happened.

th th When soldiers of the 74 ​ Regiment were ordered forward on June 5 ​ 1917, 300 met and ​ ​ passed a resolution that “we shall not move back to the trenches”. They decided to march to the nearest villages to rally support but found their way barred by their officers. Rather than provoke st any form of conflict, the 300 simply sat down in the road in protest. When men from the 1 ​ and nd th ​ 2 ​ battalions of the 18 ​ Infantry Regiment were ordered back to the front line – having been ​ ​ promised generous leave – they too mutinied. A colonel of the regiment intervened and asked the men to obey orders. He was told that the mutineers had nothing against him as a person (they shouted ‘long live the Colonel’) but that they would not go back to the front.

th th Mutinies occurred throughout the French Army from April 17 ​ to June 30 a​ nd it total there were ​ ​ about 250 instances of mutiny. The most common complaint among the mutineers was the lack of leave they were given. There were very few instances of soldiers simply refusing to face the th th enemy, though this did happen in early June with the infantrymen of the 60 ​ Battalion, 77 ​ ​ Infantry Division. In total, it is thought that about 35,000 men were involved out of an army of 3,500,000 men – about 1%.

13 Russian Mutiny and Desertion: In 1914 the Russian Army was the largest army in the world. However, Russia's poor roads and ​ ​ ​ railways made the effective deployment of these soldiers difficult.The Russian Army Air Service ​ ​ (RAAS) was established in 1912 and two years later owned 360 aircraft and 16 airships. This ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ made the RAAS the largest airforce in the world.In 1914 the Russian Navy had 4 battleships, 10 ​ ​ ​ cruisers, 21 destroyers, 11 submarines and 50 torpedo boats. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ The commander of the German Eighth Army, General Maximilian Prittwitz, was dismissed for ordering the retreat when faced with the Russian Second Army. General Paul von Hindenburg ​ ​ and General Erich Ludendorff were sent forward to meet Samsonov's advancing troops. They ​ ​ ​ made contact on 22nd August, 1914, and for six days the Russians, with their superior numbers, had a few successes. However, by 29th August, Samsanov's Second Army was surrounded.

General Alexander Samsonov attempted to retreat but now in a German cordon, most of his ​ ​ ​ troops were slaughtered or captured. The Battle of Tannenberg lasted three days. Only 10,000 ​ ​ ​ of the 150,000 Russian soldiers managed to escape. Shocked by the disastrous outcome of the battle, Samsanov committed suicide. The Germans, who lost 20,000 men in the battle, were able to take over 92,000 Russian prisoners.

On 9th September, 1914, General General Paul von Rennenkampf ordered his remaining ​ ​ ​ troops to withdraw. By the end of the month the German Army had regained all the territory lost ​ ​ ​ during the initial Russian onslaught. The attempted invasion of Prussia had cost Russia almost a quarter of a million men.

By December, 1914, the Russian Army had 6,553,000 men. However, they only had 4,652,000 rifles. ​ ​ ​ Untrained troops were ordered into battle without adequate arms or ammunition. In 1915 Russia suffered over 2 million casualties and lost Kurland, Lithuania and much of Belorussia. Agricultural production slumped and civilians had to endure serious food shortages. - http://spartacus-educational.com/RUSfww.htm ​

In October 1916, rail workers in Petrograd (St Petersburg) went on strike in protest about their working conditions. Soldiers were sent from the front to coerce the strikers back to work. They joined the rail men. Sturmer, having recalled the Duma, was alarmed by this development but he also seriously misunderstood the implications of what had happened. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/modern-world-history-1918-to-1980/russia-1900-to-1939/russia-and- world-war-one/

The summer offensive was a disaster. Peasant soldiers deserted en masse to join the revolution, and fraternisation with the enemy became common. Meanwhile, in an attempt to restore order and resist the German counter-offensive, most of the generals and forces of the political right threw their weight behind a plan for a military coup, under the Russian Army's commander-in-chief, General Kornilov. - http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/eastern_front_01.shtml ​ ​

Part D: Create your own political Cartoon/Propaganda

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Create a World War I themed propaganda poster. You must decorate the poster to be eye catching and must show how WWI was a Total War. You may use words and pictures and will need to have a caption/slogan.

On the Back be sure to include: - Who or what is your topic about? - An analysis of your own propaganda poster. You should clearly explain the significance your slogan as well as why you included all of the images used.

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