Enzymatic Synthesis of 4'- and 3 ',4 -Hydroxylated Flavanones and Flavones with Flower Extracts of Sinningia Cardinalis
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Enzymatic Synthesis of 4'- and 3 ',4 -Hydroxylated Flavanones and Flavones with Flower Extracts of Sinningia cardinalis K. Stich Institut für Chemie der Universität für Bodenkultur, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, A-1180 Wien, Austria G. Forkmann Institut für Biologie II der Universität, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-7400 Tübingen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Z. Naturforsch. 42c, 1193 — 1199 (1987); received July 9/August 19, 1987 Flavonoid Biosynthesis, Chalcone Synthase, Flavonoid 3'-Hydroxylase, Flavone Synthase II, Sinningia cardinalis Flowers of Sinningia (syn. Rechsteineria) cardinalis contain glycosides of the flavones apigenin (4'-OH) and luteolin (3',4'-OH) respectively, and of the related 3-deoxyanthocyanidins apigenin- idin and luteolinidin. Studies on substrate specificity of the key enzyme of flavonoid biosynthesis, chalcone synthase, revealed that the 3',4'-hydroxylated flavonoids are formed by hydroxylation of flavonoid compounds rather than by incorporation of caffeoyl-CoA into the flavonoid skeleton during the condensation reaction. In fact, flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase activity could be demonstrat ed in the microsomal fraction of the flower extracts. The enzyme catalyses hydroxylation of naringenin and apigenin in the 3'-position to eriodictyol and luteolin, respectively, with NADPH as cofactor. Besides flavanone 3'-hydroxylase a further NADPH-dependent enzyme activity (fla vone synthase II) was observed in the microsomal fraction catalysing the oxidation of naringenin to apigenin and of eriodictyol to luteolin. The Cytochrome P-450 inhibitor ancymidol was found to abolish completely flavone synthase II activity, whereas flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase activity was not impaired. Introduction for this reaction classifying it as belonging to the Flowers of the Gesneriaceae Sinningia (syn. Rech 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases [3]. In con steineria) cardinalis are known to contain glycosides trast, in flowers of a range of plants [4—6] and in of the 4'- and 3',4'-hydroxylated 3-deoxyanthocyani- osmotically stressed soybean cell cultures [7] flavone dins apigeninidin and luteolinidin, respectively and formation is catalyzed by an NADPH-dependent of the related flavones apigenin and luteolin microsomal enzyme now called flavone synthase II. [1, 2], Using flower extracts of this plant we could There are also two different ways for the determi recently demonstrate for the first time an enzyme nation of the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of which catalyses reduction of the flavanones naringe flavonoids. In most cases the 3'-hydroxyl group is nin and eriodictyol to the respective flavan-4-ols introduced by hydroxylation of flavonoid compounds apiforol and luteoforol. The latter compounds are (mainly naringenin and dihydrokaempferol) the the immediate precursors for the 3-deoxyanthocani- reaction being catalyzed by flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, dins apigeninidin and luteolinidin (Fig. 1). an NADPH-dependent microsomal enzyme [3, 5, Now we investigated the enzymatic formation of 8—13]. But there are also a few examples [5, 14, 15], apigenin and luteolin and the determination of the where the key enzyme of flavonoid biosynthesis, B-ring hydroxylation pattern of both 3-deoxyan- chalcone synthase, uses caffeoyl-CoA besides thocyanidins and flavones. p-coumaroyl-CoA as substrate for the condensation Two types of enzymes are known to catalyse reaction leading to the formation of eriodictyol flavone formation from flavanones. The enzyme (3',4'-OH) besides naringenin (4'-OH) (Fig. 1). from parsley cell suspension cultures requires 2-oxo- In the present paper we report that both flavone glutarate, Fe2+ and possibly ascorbate as co-factors formation and introduction of the 3'-hydroxyl group are catalyzed by NADPH-dependent microsomal Reprint requests to Dr. K. Stich. enzymes. The use of suitable substrates and of the Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. D-7400 Tübingen cytochrome P-450 inhibitor ancymidole allowed a 0341-0382/87/1100-1193 $01.30/0 separation of both enzyme activities. Dieses Werk wurde im Jahr 2013 vom Verlag Zeitschrift für Naturforschung This work has been digitalized and published in 2013 by Verlag Zeitschrift in Zusammenarbeit mit der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der für Naturforschung in cooperation with the Max Planck Society for the Wissenschaften e.V. digitalisiert und unter folgender Lizenz veröffentlicht: Advancement of Science under a Creative Commons Attribution Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 Lizenz. 4.0 International License. 1194 K. Stich and G. Forkmann ■ Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Flowers of S. cardinalis Materials and Methods Enzyme assays Plant material Standard procedures were used to measure the en The scarlet flowers of the commercial strain zyme activity and the pH optimum of chalcone syn “Feuerschein” (Fa. Walz, Stuttgart) of the Ges- thase [10, 18], flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase [8, 12] and neriaceae Sinningia (syn. Rechsteineria) cardinalis flavanone oxidase [4], The assay systems for the were used for the investigations. The plants were latter two enzymes contained 0.06 nmol (167 Bq) cultivated in a greenhouse. radioactive substrate (naringenin, eriodictyol or apigenin). After chromatographic separation of substrates and products, radioactivity was localized by scanning Chemicals and synthesis of substrates the plates (TLC analyzer. Berthold, Wildbad, FRG) Naringenin, eriodictyol, apigenin and luteolin and enzyme activity was determined by integration were obtained from Roth (Karlsruhe, FRG). 4-Cou- of the peak areas of the substrate and the product. In maroyl-CoA were from our laboratory collection. case of chalcone synthase, the radioactive zone con [2—14C]Malonyl-CoA (2.22 GBq/mmol) was ob taining the flavanone was scraped off and counted in tained from Amersham-Buchler (Braunschweig, Unisolve in a scintillation counter. Because no by FRG) and diluted to 1.03 GBq/mmol with unlabelled products were formed, the amount of flavanone material from Sigma. [4a,6,8— 14C]Naringenin (3.09 could also be measured directly in the ethyl acetate GBq/mmol) was prepared from [l4C]malonyl-CoA extracts in Unisolve. and 4-coumaroyl-CoA with enzyme preparation from parsley containing chalcone synthase and chal- Analytical methods cone isomerase activity [3, 16]. Further transforma Protein content of both crude extract and mi tion to [l4C]apigenin was achieved by addition of the crosomal fraction was determined by a modified co-factors 2-oxoglutarate and Fe2+ for flavone forma Lowry procedure [17]. tion with parsley extracts to the chalcone synthase Flavonoids (substrates and products) were sepa assay [3]. Labelled naringenin and apigenin were rated on precoated cellulose TLC plates (Merck, purified by TLC on cellulose plates with 15% acetic Darmstadt, FRG) using the following solvent sys acid. Hydroxylation of labelled naringenin in 3'-posi- tems: (1) chloroform/acetic acid/water (10:9:1, v/v/v), tion to eriodictyol was performed with partially (2) 30% acetic acid, (3) acetic acid/HCl/water purified enzyme preparations from Petunia hybrida (30:3:10, v/v/v) and (4) n-butanol/acetic acid/water as described earlier [12, 17]. Ketoconazole, ancy- (4:1:5, v/v/v, upper phase). The reaction products midol and tetcyclacis were kind gifts from formed were identified by co-chromatography with H. Grisebach (Freiburg, FRG). authentic samples. Flavonoids were detected under UV-light, after fuming with ammonia and by spraying the plates with Preparation of enzyme extracts 0.1% fast blue B salt and subsequent exposure to All steps were carried out at 4 °C. Four g flowers ammonia vapors. Flavanones were also detected by (1.5—2 cm long, top still closed) were homogenized reduction with borohydride and subsequent expo in a prechilled mortar together with 2 g PVP, 2 g sure to HC1 fumes [19]. quartz sand and 12—16 ml K-Pi buffer, pH 7.5, con taining 10% saccharose and 7 m M 2-mercapto- Results ethanol. The homogenate was centrifugated for 20 min at 12,000 x g . The clear supernatant was used as 1. Determination of the B-ring hydroxylation pattern crude extract and for the preparation of the mi Flavonoids with 3',4'-hydroxylation pattern can be crosomal fraction by Mg2+-precipitation according to formed either by incorporation of caffeic acid during ref. [8, 12]. synthesis of the flavonoid skeleton catalyzed by chal In case of chalcone synthase, saccharose and cone synthase or by hydroxylation of flavonoids in 2-mercaptoethanol in the buffer were replaced by the 3'-position catalyzed by flavonoid 3'-hy- 20 m M Na-ascorbate [16]. droxylase. The investigation of both enzyme reac- Fig. 1. Structural formulas and the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids in flowers of 5. cardinalis. 1 Chalcone synthase: 2 chalcone isomerase; 3 flavonoid 3'-hvdroxylase: 4 flavanone 4-reductase; 5 flavanone oxidase (flavone synthase II). 1196 K. Stich and G. Forkmann ■ Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Flowers of 5. cardinalis tions should reveal at what stage of flavonoid biosyn cinnamic acids suggests an introduction of the thesis the introduction of the 3'-hydroxyl group is 3'-hydroxyl group by a specific hydroxylase at the achieved. stage of flavonoid compounds. This reaction is known to be catalyzed by the NADPH-dependent Chalcone synthase reaction microsomal enzyme flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase. Incubations of flower extracts from S. cardinalis When [14C]naringenin was incubated with mi with [14C]malonyl-CoA and 4-coumaroyl-CoA led to crosomal preparation from flowers of S. cardinalis in the formation of a reaction product which corre