Sensory Perception of Bitterness and Astringency in Sorghum Rosemary
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Tannins: Current Knowledge of Food Sources, Intake, Bioavailability and Biological Effects
S310 DOI 10.1002/mnfr.200900039 Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2009, 53, S310 – S329 Review Tannins: Current knowledge of food sources, intake, bioavailability and biological effects Jos Serrano1, Riitta Puupponen-Pimi2, Andreas Dauer3, Anna-Marja Aura2 and Fulgencio Saura-Calixto4 1 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Depto. Nutricin y Bromatologa I, Madrid, Spain 2 VTT Technical Research Center of Finland 3 Hexal AG, Holzkirchen, Germany 4 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas, Instituto del Frio, Depto. Metabolismo y Nutricin, Madrid, Spain Tannins are a unique group of phenolic metabolites with molecular weights between 500 and 30000 Da, which are widely distributed in almost all plant foods and beverages. Proanthocyanidins and hydrolysable tannins are the two major groups of these bioactive compounds, but complex tannins containing structural elements of both groups and specific tannins in marine brown algae have also been described. Most literature data on food tannins refer only to oligomeric compounds that are extracted with aqueous-organic solvents, but a significant number of non-extractable tannins are usu- ally not mentioned in the literature. The biological effects of tannins usually depend on their grade of polymerisation and solubility. Highly polymerised tannins exhibit low bioaccessibility in the small intestine and low fermentability by colonic microflora. This review summarises a new approach to analysis of extractable and non-extractable tannins, major food sources, and effects of storage and processing on tannin content and bioavailability. Biological properties such as antioxidant, antimicro- bial and antiviral effects are also described. In addition, the role of tannins in diabetes mellitus has been discussed. Keywords: Bioavailability / Diet / Hydrolysable tannins / Proanthocyanidins / Tannins / Received: November 27, 2007; revised: January 25, 2009; accepted: February 9, 2009 1 Introduction weight having the ability to complex strongly with carbohy- drates and proteins [9]. -
Mangifera Indica) Cultivars from the Colombian Caribbean
Vol. 11(7), pp. 144-152, 17 February, 2017 DOI: 10.5897/JMPR2017.6335 Article Number: 94A673D62820 ISSN 1996-0875 Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Copyright © 2017 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR Full Length Research Paper Mangiferin content, carotenoids, tannins and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values of six mango (Mangifera indica) cultivars from the Colombian Caribbean Marcela Morales1, Santiago Zapata1, Tania R. Jaimes1, Stephania Rosales1, Andrés F. Alzate1, Maria Elena Maldonado2, Pedro Zamorano3 and Benjamín A. Rojano1* 1Laboratorio Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia. 2Escuela de nutrición, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. 3Graduate School, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile. Received 18 January, 2017; Accepted 13 February, 2017 Mango is one of the tropical fruits of greater production and consumption in the world, and a rich source of bioactive compounds, with various functional properties such as antioxidant activity. In Colombia, mango’s market is very broad and diverse. However, there are very few studies that determined the content of bioactive secondary metabolites. The objective of this study was to evaluated the content of different metabolites like Mangiferin, carotenoids, tannins, and the antioxidant capacity by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) methodology of six cultivars from the Colombian Caribbean region, with total carotenoid values ranging from 24.67 to 196.15 mg of β-carotene/100 g dry pulp; 84.30 to 161.49 mg Catequine eq./100 g dry pulp for the content of condensed tannins, and 91.80 to 259.23 mg/100 g dry pulp for mangiferin content. -
WO 2017/210163 Al 07 December 2017 (07.12.2017) W !P O PCT
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2017/210163 Al 07 December 2017 (07.12.2017) W !P O PCT (51) International Patent Classification: (72) Inventor: DOUGHAN, Ben; 5400 Corporate Circle, A01N 63/00 (2006.01) C12N 1/14 (2006.01) Salem, Virginia 24153 (US). CI2N 1/04 (2006.01) (74) Agent: RUCKER, Adam L et al; Novozymes North (21) International Application Number: America, Inc., 77 Perry Chapel Church Rd., P.O. Box 576, PCT/US20 17/03495 1 Franklinton, North Carolina 27525 (US). (22) International Filing Date: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every 30 May 2017 (30.05.2017) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, BZ, (25) Filing Language: English CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DJ, DK, DM, DO, (26) Publication Language: English DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KH, KN, KP, KR, (30) Priority Data: KW,KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, 31 May 2016 (3 1.05.2016) 62/343,217 US MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, 62/347,773 09 June 2016 (09.06.2016) US PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, 62/5 11,408 26 May 2017 (26.05.2017) us SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY,TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, (71) Applicant: NOVOZYMES BIOAG A S [DK/DK]; TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. -
Specialty Sorghums for Gluten Free Foods
SPECIALTY SORGHUMS FOR HEALTHY FOODS Dr. LLOYD W. ROONEY, Professor and Faculty Fellow Dr. JOSEPH M. AWIKA, Research Associate Cereal Quality Lab, Soil & Crop Sciences Dept. Texas A&M University 2474 TAMUS College Station, Texas 77843-2474 1 I. INTRODUCTION Sorghum is a major crop used for food, feed and industrial purposes worldwide. In the Western Hemisphere it is mainly used as a livestock feed and has not been considered a significant ingredient in foods. With over 40,000 accessions in the world collection, tremendous diversity exists in sorghum in both composition and processing properties. The kernel varies in size, shape, color, density, hardness, composition, processing properties, taste and texture and nutritional value. This chapter reviews information on new food sorghums and other special sorghums with unique properties that could be used in producing a wide variety of food products for specialty markets and health foods. The paper will emphasize white food sorghum hybrids and special tannin and black sorghums with high levels of phytochemicals. These special sorghum varieties are an excellent source of nutraceuticals that can compete effectively with fruits and vegetable sources. In addition, we will indicate other opportunities for producing healthy foods from sorghum. A. Sorghum production Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop grown in the world. It is a major food grain in Africa and parts of India and China. In 2003, 42.1 million hectares of sorghum were harvested worldwide, with a total production of 54.7 million metric tons. United States, India, and Nigeria are the largest producers of sorghum representing approximately 19.2%, 14.5%, and 14.5% of the total world production, respectively, in 2003. -
Antioxidant Rich Extracts of Terminalia Ferdinandiana Inhibit the Growth of Foodborne Bacteria
foods Article Antioxidant Rich Extracts of Terminalia ferdinandiana Inhibit the Growth of Foodborne Bacteria Saleha Akter 1 , Michael E. Netzel 1, Ujang Tinggi 2, Simone A. Osborne 3, Mary T. Fletcher 1 and Yasmina Sultanbawa 1,* 1 Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia 2 Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia 3 CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +617-344-32471 Received: 26 June 2019; Accepted: 20 July 2019; Published: 24 July 2019 Abstract: Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) is a native Australian plant containing phytochemicals with antioxidant capacity. In the search for alternatives to synthetic preservatives, antioxidants from plants and herbs are increasingly being investigated for the preservation of food. In this study, extracts were prepared from Terminalia ferdinandiana fruit, leaves, seedcoats, and bark using different solvents. Hydrolysable and condensed tannin contents in the extracts were determined, as well as antioxidant capacity, by measuring the total phenolic content (TPC) and free radical scavenging activity using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Total phenolic content was higher in the fruits and barks with methanol extracts, containing the highest TPC, hydrolysable tannins, and DPPH-free radical scavenging capacity (12.2 2.8 g/100 g dry weight ± (DW), 55 2 mg/100 g DW, and 93% respectively). Saponins and condensed tannins were highest in ± bark extracts (7.0 0.2 and 6.5 0.7 g/100 g DW). -
6 Health Aspects and Antiaflatoxigenic Activity of Phytochemicals in Tree
OF Health Aspects 6 and Antiaflatoxigenic Activity of Phytochemicals in Tree Nuts Russell]. Molyneux, Noreen Mahoney, long H. Kim, and Bruce C. Campbell CONTENTS 6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 95 6.2 Aflatoxinsin Tree Nuts ........................................................................................................... 96 6.3 Allatoxin Resistance Phytochemicals in Tree Nuts................................................................97 6.3.1 Varietal Resistance of Tree Nut Species .....................................................................98 6.3.2 Antiaflatoxigenic Constituents in Specific Tissues .....................................................98 6.4 Isolation and Identification of Walnut Antiatlatoxigenic Constituents...................................99 6.4.1 Bioassay-Directed Fractionation .................................................................................99 6.4.2 Analysis of Hydrolysable Tannin Content in Walnuts ..............................................100 6.4.3 Gallic and Ellagic Acid Content in Tree Nuts...........................................................101 6.4.3.1 Variation of Gallic and Ellagic Acids with Maturity .................................101 6.4.3.2 Variation of Gallic and Ellagic Acids with Cultivar..................................101 6.4.3.3 Structure—Activity Relationships ...............................................................103 6.5 Mechanism -
Effects of Hydrolysable Tannin with Or Without Condensed Tannin On
animals Article Effects of Hydrolysable Tannin with or without Condensed Tannin on Alfalfa Silage Fermentation Characteristics and In Vitro Ruminal Methane Production, Fermentation Patterns, and Microbiota Lei Chen 1, Xueyan Bao 1, Gang Guo 1, Wenjie Huo 1, Qingfang Xu 2, Cong Wang 1, Qinghong Li 1 and Qiang Liu 1,* 1 College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (X.B.); [email protected] (G.G.); [email protected] (W.H.); [email protected] (C.W.); [email protected] (Q.L.) 2 College of Grassland Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-0354-628-9115; Fax: +86-0354-628-8052 Simple Summary: The sustainability of livestock husbandry requires efficient nitrogen and energy utilization by ruminants fed high-forage diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydrolysable tannin (HT) without or with condensed tannin (CT) on modulating the ensiling characteristics, methane production, ruminal fermentation profile, and microbiota of alfalfa silage. The results showed that adding HT, alone or in combination with CT, to alfalfa at ensiling improves fermentation quality and reduces ruminal methane production of alfalfa silage. Moreover, HT and CT in combination are more potent in modulating fermentation quality and methanogenesis than Citation: Chen, L.; Bao, X.; Guo, G.; HT only; however, the high level of inclusion will impair silage degradation and microbiota in Huo, W.; Xu, Q.; Wang, C.; Li, Q.; Liu, the rumen. Importantly, the results from this study revealed that a combination of HT and CT Q. -
A Comprehensive Review on Phyllanthus Derived Natural Products As Potential Chemotherapeutic and Immunomodulators for a Wide Range of T Human Diseases
Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 17 (2019) 529–537 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bab A comprehensive review on Phyllanthus derived natural products as potential chemotherapeutic and immunomodulators for a wide range of T human diseases Mohamed Ali Seyed Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Treatment options for most cancers are still insufficient, despite developments and technology advancements. It Cancer has been postulated that the immune response to progressive tumors is insufficient due to a deficiency in afferent Phyllanthus amarus/niruri mechanisms responsible for the development of tumor-reactive T cells. Many patients treated for cancer will Phyllanthin have their cancer recurrence, often after a long remission period. This suggests that there are a small number of Hypophyllanthin tumor cells that remain alive after standard treatment(s) – alone or in combination and have been less effective Chemotherapeutic in combating metastasis that represents the most elaborate hurdle to overcome in the cure of the disease. Immunomodulation Therefore, any new effective and safe therapeutic agents will be highly demanded. To circumvent many plant extracts have attributed for their chemoprotective potentials and their influence on the human immune system. It is now well recognized that immunomodulation of immune response could provide an alternative or addition to conventional chemotherapy for a variety of disease conditions. However, many hurdles still exist. In recent years, there has been a tremendous interest either in harnessing the immune system or towards plant-derived immunomodulators as anticancer agents for their efficacy, safety and their targeted drug action and drug de- livery mechanisms. -
Antioxidant Capacity, Phenolic and Volatile Compound Composition of Blackberry Wines Produced Using Korean Traditional Winemaking Techniques
ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY, PHENOLIC AND VOLATILE COMPOUND COMPOSITION OF BLACKBERRY WINES PRODUCED USING KOREAN TRADITIONAL WINEMAKING TECHNIQUES By YOURI JOH Bachelor of Science in Human Nutrition & Food Science New Mexico State University Las Cruces, NM 2007 Master of Science in Food Science Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK 2010 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY July, 2014 ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY, PHENOLIC AND VOLATILE COMPOUND COMPOSITION OF BLACKBERRY WINES PRODUCED USING KOREAN TRADITIONAL WINEMAKING TECHNIQUES Dissertation Approved: Dr. William G. McGlynn Dissertation Adviser Dr. Niels O. Maness Dr. Mike W. Smith Dr. Tim Bowser ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I offer a special thank you to my academic advisor Dr. William McGlynn who provides me good guidance, encouragement and support throughout my graduate life here in Stillwater. For my committee members, thank you all for sharing your knowledge and experience with me. I would like to say thank you to Dr. Niels Maness who helped me to expand my research as well as to learn fat extraction and volatile analysis. For Dr. Mike Smith and Dr. Tim Bowser, thank you for provide me good feedback about my research. In addition, I would like to say thank you to Dr. Mark Payton who provided me guidance and support in statistical analyses. Furthermore, I would like to say thank you to Becky Carroll who helped me to collect blackberries in the hot and dry summer in Oklahoma. Also, thank you to Adrian Nault, Erni Murtini, Pavalee Chompoorat, Ban Alkeen, Maggie Hartung, Alex Upsaw and many others who helped me to harvest blackberries during the hot summer. -
Effect of Different Levels of Hydrolysable Tannin Intake on The
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Efect of diferent levels of hydrolysable tannin intake on the reproductive hormones and serum biochemical indices in healthy female rats Faiza Manzoor1, Mahr Un Nisa1, Hafz Amjad Hussain2, Nazir Ahmad1* & Huma Umbreen1 The present work aimed to fnd out the efect of diferent levels of hydrolysable tannin (HT) on serum hormonal profle, biochemical indices, lipid profle, apparent digestibility of nutrients and body weight gain in healthy female rats. Forty fve adult healthy female rats of 8 weeks old were randomly divided into fve equal groups. Diferent doses of HT 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% were administered daily to each rats group on the body weight basis for 6 weeks. The results had shown the reduction trend (p < 0.05) in the blood glucose, serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, testosterone, prolactin, ghrelin, total oxidative stress and serum iron levels; while an improvement (p < 0.05) was seen in serum follicle stimulating hormone, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, high density lipoprotein, IgM and total antioxidant capacity. However, no efect (p > 0.05) was noticed in serum IgG, protein, estrogen and calcium levels. A signifcant reduction (p < 0.05) was seen in the apparent nutrient digestibility and body weight gain. The results had shown improvement in the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) but non- signifcant decrease (p > 0.05) in the feed intake. The fndings showed that HT had healthy efects on the serum biochemical indices and reproductive hormonal profle but had a negative impact on the nutrient digestibility. Thus, the study concluded that HT could be used as an herbal medicine for the treatment of leading metabolic and infertility diseases like obesity and polycystic ovarian syndrome in females. -
Enzymatic Synthesis of 4'- and 3 ',4 -Hydroxylated Flavanones and Flavones with Flower Extracts of Sinningia Cardinalis
Enzymatic Synthesis of 4'- and 3 ',4 -Hydroxylated Flavanones and Flavones with Flower Extracts of Sinningia cardinalis K. Stich Institut für Chemie der Universität für Bodenkultur, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, A-1180 Wien, Austria G. Forkmann Institut für Biologie II der Universität, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-7400 Tübingen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Z. Naturforsch. 42c, 1193 — 1199 (1987); received July 9/August 19, 1987 Flavonoid Biosynthesis, Chalcone Synthase, Flavonoid 3'-Hydroxylase, Flavone Synthase II, Sinningia cardinalis Flowers of Sinningia (syn. Rechsteineria) cardinalis contain glycosides of the flavones apigenin (4'-OH) and luteolin (3',4'-OH) respectively, and of the related 3-deoxyanthocyanidins apigenin- idin and luteolinidin. Studies on substrate specificity of the key enzyme of flavonoid biosynthesis, chalcone synthase, revealed that the 3',4'-hydroxylated flavonoids are formed by hydroxylation of flavonoid compounds rather than by incorporation of caffeoyl-CoA into the flavonoid skeleton during the condensation reaction. In fact, flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase activity could be demonstrat ed in the microsomal fraction of the flower extracts. The enzyme catalyses hydroxylation of naringenin and apigenin in the 3'-position to eriodictyol and luteolin, respectively, with NADPH as cofactor. Besides flavanone 3'-hydroxylase a further NADPH-dependent enzyme activity (fla vone synthase II) was observed in the microsomal fraction catalysing the oxidation of naringenin to apigenin and of eriodictyol to luteolin. The Cytochrome P-450 inhibitor ancymidol was found to abolish completely flavone synthase II activity, whereas flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase activity was not impaired. Introduction for this reaction classifying it as belonging to the Flowers of the Gesneriaceae Sinningia (syn. Rech 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases [3]. -
Humus) from a Consideration of the Chemical and Biochemical Processes of Humification
Evaluation of Conceptual Models of Natural Organic Matter (Humus) From a Consideration of the Chemical and Biochemical Processes of Humification By Robert L. Wershaw Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5121 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2004 For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 For more information about the USGS and its products: Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/ Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. iii Contents Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose and scope.............................................................................................................................. 2 Degradation reactions of plant tissue ............................................................................................. 2 Degradation pathways of plant tissue components ............................................................................... 3 Enzymatic reactions