DOCSLIB.ORG

Late Eocene Sivaladapid Primate from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Late Eocene Sivaladapid Primate from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Tao Qi Late Eocene sivaladapid primate from Institute of Vertebrate Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Paleontology & People’s Republic of China Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 643, Beijing A new genus and species of Sivaladapidae is described from the late 100044, People’s Republic of Eocene Gongkang Formation, Yongle Basin, western Guangxi China Zhuang Autonomous Region, southern China. Guangxilemur tongi, new genus and species, shows a combination of traits that occur separately in earlier and more primitive Asian adapiforms (Hoangho- K. Christopher nius and Rencunius) and in Miocene sivaladapines (Sivaladapis and Beard* Sinoadapis). Phylogenetic analysis of dental characters suggests that Section of Vertebrate Guangxilemur is closely related to the Miocene sivaladapine clade. Paleontology, Carnegie Miocene sivaladapines were the latest surviving members of a broad Museum of Natural History, radiation of Eocene adapiforms in Asia that included Hoanghonius, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Rencunius, and Wailekia in addition to Guangxilemur. European Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Periconodon may also be specially related to this primarily Asian clade, 15213, U.S.A. E-mail: but current anatomical data are insufficient to test this possibility [email protected] adequately. Sivaladapine adapiforms and tarsiid tarsiiforms maintained relictual distributions in southern and/or southeastern Received 19 February 1998 Asia far beyond the extirpation of their closest relatives on other Revision received 24 April Holarctic continents near the Eocene–Oligocene boundary. This 1998 and accepted 27 April temporal persistence was mediated by Asian paleogeography, which 1998 allowed virtually continuous access to tropical refugia during a middle Cenozoic interval of climatic deterioration that coincided with the Keywords: Guangxilemur, extinction of adapiforms and tarsiiforms in Europe and North Sivaladapidae, Eocene, America. paleontology, phylogeny, 1998 Academic Press primates. Journal of Human Evolution (1998) 35, 211–220 Article No. hu980240 Introduction recognized by Gingerich & Sahni (1979, 1984) and subsequent authors, the Sivaladapid primates are distinctive ele- persistence of sivaladapids into the late ments of middle–late Miocene faunas from Miocene of southern Asia begs the question the Indian subcontinent and Yunnan of how this Neogene adapiform clade Province, China (Gingerich & Sahni, 1979, relates to the much broader Paleogene 1984; Wu & Pan, 1985; Pan, 1988). radiation of these animals. However, the Although the first fragmentary fossils of great stratigraphic disparity between these animals were misinterpreted as per- middle–late Miocene sivaladapids and taining to procyonid carnivores and lorisid all other known adapiforms, which are primates (Pilgrim, 1932; Lewis, 1933; virtually restricted to the Eocene (e.g. Tattersall, 1968), discovery of more nearly Szalay & Delson, 1979; Gheerbrant complete specimens allowed Gingerich & et al., 1993; Simons et al., 1995; Simons, Sahni (1979, 1984) to demonstrate the 1997), has hampered attempts to place adapiform affinities of these taxa. As sivaladapids within an explicit phylogenetic *To whom correspondence should be addressed. context. 0047–2484/98/090211+10 $30.00/0 1998 Academic Press 212 . . Figure 1. Map showing location of field area and type locality for Guangxilemur tongi. During a joint Institute of Vertebrate Systematic paleontology Paleontology & Paleoanthropology (IVPP)- Carnegie Museum of Natural History field Order Primates Linnaeus, 1758 expedition in February and March 1995, Suborder Strepsirhini Geoffroy, 1812 we prospected fossiliferous outcrops of the Infraorder Adapiformes Szalay & late Eocene Gongkang Formation along Delson, 1979 the shores of Chengbihu Reservoir in the Family Sivaladapidae Thomas & Yongle Basin, western Guangxi Zhuang Verma, 1979 Autonomous Region, China (Figure 1). Among the fossil vertebrates recovered during the course of that field work are Guangxilemur, new genus two teeth of a sivaladapid primate, probably pertaining to the same individual. Type species. Guangxilemur tongi, new These specimens are the first fossil species. primates to be reported from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. In addition, Diagnosis. Larger than Hoanghonius, Rencu- they form the basis for a new genus nius, and Wailekia.M2 differs from those of and species of Sivaladapidae, which is Hoanghonius and Rencunius in showing described below. In light of this new greater development of external shearing taxon, we also propose a new hypothesis crests, stronger parastyle and mesostyle, and regarding the content and phylogeny of weaker conules. M2 differs from those of Sivaladapidae. Sivaladapis and Sinoadapis in possessing 213 large pericone and hypocone on lingual Formation, Yuanqu Basin, Shanxi and cingulum. Henan Provinces, China, are decidedly more primitive than those of either the Krabi fauna of southern Thailand or the Guangxilemur tongi, new species Gongkang Formation. Indeed, all available Holotype. IVPP V11652, a left M2 [Figure biostratigraphic evidence suggests that the 2(a)]. IVPP V11653, a right C1 [Figure Heti Formation faunas are late middle 2(b)–(c)], probably pertains to the same Eocene, while those from Krabi and the individual (see below). Both specimens were Gongkang Formation are younger (Russell collected by Guo Jianwei on 1 March 1995. & Zhai, 1987; Holroyd & Ciochon, 1994; Ducrocq et al., 1997). As such, Guangxile- Type locality. Outcrop of Gongkang mur from the Gongkang Formation is sig- Formation on the north shore of Chengbihu nificantly younger than either Hoanghonius Reservoir, west of Wanjiang village (Figure or Rencunius from the Heti Formation, but is 1). Exact coordinates of the type locality are probably similar in age to Wailekia from as follows: 24)01.05*North, 106)35.94*East. southern Thailand. Known distribution. Late Eocene of Guangxi Diagnosis. As for the genus (currently Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. The monotypic). associated mammalian fauna from the Gongkang Formation was reviewed by Etymology. For our friend and colleague Russell & Zhai (1987), who were unable to Tong Yongsheng, in recognition of his many decide whether the fauna should be consid- contributions to knowledge of Paleogene ered late Eocene or early Oligocene in mammals in China and his field work in the age. However, since Russell & Zhai’s Baise and Yongle basins of Guangxi. (1987) survey, the position of the Eocene– Oligocene boundary with respect to Asian Description. The holotype is a left upper mammal faunas has shifted, such that many molar that we identify as M2 on the basis of faunas formerly considered as late Eocene comparisons with maxillary fragments of are now late middle Eocene, and those for- Sivaladapis and Sinoadapis that bear serially merly considered as early Oligocene are now associated upper molars. The crown late Eocene (e.g., Berggren & Prothero, measures 6·6 mm (mesiodistal length) by 1992; Ducrocq, 1993; Holroyd & Ciochon, 9·1 mm (buccolingual breadth). Buccal and 1994; Emry et al., 1998). lingual cingula are prominently developed Anthracotheriid artiodactyls are well rep- and virtually continuous around the entire resented in late middle Eocene and younger periphery of the crown. Lingually, the mammal faunas in Asia and are widely cingulum bears both a pericone and a regarded to be useful for purposes of bio- hypocone. In terms of volume, the latter stratigraphy (e.g., Holroyd & Ciochon, cusp is the larger, but both are highly con- 1994; Ducrocq, 1994, 1997; Ducrocq et al., spicuous. A weak crest connects the 1997). Anthracotheres from the Gongkang hypocone with a series of at least three small Formation, originally reported by Tang cuspules that lie buccal to the hypocone, on (1978), have recently been described as a cingular shelf below the level of the post- ‘‘almost identical’’ to a species of Anthraco- protocrista. The protocone is canted therium from the Krabi fauna of southern mesially, as is frequently the case in pri- Thailand, also of late Eocene age (Ducrocq mates, so that its apex lies nearer to the et al., 1997). Anthracotheres from the Heti paracone than the metacone. Pre- and 214 . . Figure 2. Guangxilemur tongi, n. gen. et sp.: (a) IVPP V11652, holotype left M2, occlusal view; (b–c) IVPP V11653, fragmentary right C1, probably associated with holotype, in lingual (b) and labial (c) views. All views are stereopairs. Scale=5 mm. postprotocristae emanate mesiobuccally and conules have been rendered indistinguish- distobuccally from the protocone to form able by wear, which is only moderate. the lingual margin of the trigon basin. If they Mesiobuccally, the preprotocrista joins the were ever present as discrete structures, the preparacrista just lingual to the parastyle. 215 Figure 3. Comparative schematic drawings of M2 in selected sivaladapid primates (not to scale): (a) Hoanghonius stehlini;(b)Guangxilemur tongi; (c) Sivaladapis nagrii. Note the presence of pericone and hypocone in Hoanghonius and Guangxilemur, and the increased development of external shearing crests with parastyle and mesostyle in Guangxilemur and Sivaladapis. See text for discussion of these and other characters and their possible phylogenetic significance. The postprotocrista merges with the post- crest bears a well-defined wear facet that cingulum distolingual to the metacone. must have formed by contact with the an- Buccal shearing crests are well-developed, teriormost lower premolar (presumably P2). connecting the parastyle with the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Juvenile Hominoid Cranium from the Terminal Miocene of Yunnan, China
    Article Geology November 2013 Vol.58 No.31: 37713779 doi: 10.1007/s11434-013-6021-x Juvenile hominoid cranium from the terminal Miocene of Yunnan, China JI XuePing1,2, JABLONSKI Nina G3, SU Denise F4, DENG ChengLong5, FLYNN Lawrence J6, YOU YouShan7 & KELLEY Jay8* 1 Department of Paleoanthropology, Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Kunming 650118, China; 2 Yunnan Key Laboratory for Paleobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; 3 Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; 4 Department of Paleobotany and Paleoecology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; 5 State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; 6 Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; 7 Zhaotong Institute of Cultural Relics, Zhaotong 657000, China; 8 Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA Received May 28, 2013; accepted July 8, 2013; published online August 7, 2013 Fossil apes are known from several late Miocene localities in Yunnan Province, southwestern China, principally from Shihuiba (Lufeng) and the Yuanmou Basin, and represent three species of Lufengpithecus. They mostly comprise large samples of isolated teeth, but there are also several partial or complete adult crania from Shihuiba and a single juvenile cranium from Yuanmou. Here we describe a new, relatively complete and largely undistorted juvenile cranium from the terminal Miocene locality of Shuitangba, also in Yunnan. It is only the second ape juvenile cranium recovered from the Miocene of Eurasia and it is provisionally assigned to the species present at Shihuiba, Lufengpithecus lufengensis.
    [Show full text]
  • 69Th Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology
    ISSN 0272-4634 September 2009 Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Volume 29, Supplement to Number 3 Volume 69th Annual Meeting Paleontology Society of Vertebrate and Palaeontology of Vertebrate and the 57th Symposium Comparative Anatomy (SVPCA) University of Bristol Bristol, United Kingdom September 23-26, 2009 Program and Abstracts Vol. 29, Supplement to No. 3 September 2009 Wills Memorial 2 1/8” = 1/4 Mile Bristol/Precinct Map Building A4018, M5 junction 17 Badock Hall, Churchill Hall, Durdham Hall, Hiatt Baker Hall, KEY University Hall, Wills Hall Main Entrance to Sites Car Parks Traffic Flow Railway Station Victoria Rooms Burwalls via the Suspension Bridge A369, M5 junction 19 Bristol Marriott B3129 City Centre Hotel Avon Gorge Hotel to M32, M4 junction 19 (A38, A420, A421) Temple Meads Chemistry Building Broadmead Shopping Centre The Grand by Thistle Clifton Hill House Goldney Hall & Clifton Village DETAIL MAP Hotel Novotel Bristol Centre Bristol Temple Meads Railway Station Bristol Marriott A4 Royal Hotel A38, A420, M5 Bristol Airport Taunton, The South West Travelodge Bristol { Central Hotel SEE Bristol Hotel DETAIL MAP Hotel Ibis At-Bristol Bristol Centre Museum University of Bristol Vol. 29, Supplement to No. 3, September 2009 Vol. Technical Session IV, Wednesday 3:30 from the road, is very accessible. All these factors – together with its status as part of the PALEOECOLOGY OF SOUTH ASIAN PRIMATES: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL Ichnite Route of Soria, an open-air museographical area with 15 sites that can be visited IMPLICATIONS and a visitors’ centre – underlay the interest of the local authorities in converting it into a RAMDARSHAN, Anusha, Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (UMR-CNRS point of tourist and cultural interest that is also accessible to the physically and visually 5554), Montpellier, France; MARIVAUX, Laurent, Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de handicapped.
    [Show full text]
  • 8. Primate Evolution
    8. Primate Evolution Jonathan M. G. Perry, Ph.D., The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Stephanie L. Canington, B.A., The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Learning Objectives • Understand the major trends in primate evolution from the origin of primates to the origin of our own species • Learn about primate adaptations and how they characterize major primate groups • Discuss the kinds of evidence that anthropologists use to find out how extinct primates are related to each other and to living primates • Recognize how the changing geography and climate of Earth have influenced where and when primates have thrived or gone extinct The first fifty million years of primate evolution was a series of adaptive radiations leading to the diversification of the earliest lemurs, monkeys, and apes. The primate story begins in the canopy and understory of conifer-dominated forests, with our small, furtive ancestors subsisting at night, beneath the notice of day-active dinosaurs. From the archaic plesiadapiforms (archaic primates) to the earliest groups of true primates (euprimates), the origin of our own order is characterized by the struggle for new food sources and microhabitats in the arboreal setting. Climate change forced major extinctions as the northern continents became increasingly dry, cold, and seasonal and as tropical rainforests gave way to deciduous forests, woodlands, and eventually grasslands. Lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers—once diverse groups containing many species—became rare, except for lemurs in Madagascar where there were no anthropoid competitors and perhaps few predators. Meanwhile, anthropoids (monkeys and apes) emerged in the Old World, then dispersed across parts of the northern hemisphere, Africa, and ultimately South America.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Eocene Primates from Gujarat, India
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Journal of Human Evolution xxx (2009) 1–39 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol Early Eocene Primates from Gujarat, India Kenneth D. Rose a,*, Rajendra S. Rana b, Ashok Sahni c, Kishor Kumar d, Pieter Missiaen e, Lachham Singh b, Thierry Smith f a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA b H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar 246175, Uttarakhand, India c Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India d Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India e University of Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium f Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium article info abstract Article history: The oldest euprimates known from India come from the Early Eocene Cambay Formation at Vastan Mine Received 24 June 2008 in Gujarat. An Ypresian (early Cuisian) age of w53 Ma (based on foraminifera) indicates that these Accepted 8 January 2009 primates were roughly contemporary with, or perhaps predated, the India-Asia collision. Here we present new euprimate fossils from Vastan Mine, including teeth, jaws, and referred postcrania of the Keywords: adapoids Marcgodinotius indicus and Asiadapis cambayensis. They are placed in the new subfamily Eocene Asiadapinae (family Notharctidae), which is most similar to primitive European Cercamoniinae such as India Donrussellia and Protoadapis. Asiadapines were small primates in the size range of extant smaller Notharctidae Adapoidea bushbabies. Despite their generally very plesiomorphic morphology, asiadapines also share a few derived Omomyidae dental traits with sivaladapids, suggesting a possible relationship to these endemic Asian adapoids. In Eosimiidae addition to the adapoids, a new species of the omomyid Vastanomys is described.
    [Show full text]
  • Nous Primats De L'eocè De La Península Ibèrica
    Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia Unitat d’Antropologia Biològica Nous primats de l’Eocè de la Península Ibèrica: implicacions filogenètiques i paleobiogeogràfiques Judit Marigó Cortés Tesi Doctoral 2013 Il·lustració de la portada: Óscar Sanisidro Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia Unitat d’Antropologia Biològica Nous primats de l’Eocè de la Península Ibèrica: implicacions filogenètiques i paleobiogeogràfiques Memòria presentada per Judit Marigó Cortés per optar al títol de Doctor en Biologia, programa de doctorat en Biodiversitat del Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, dirigida per: - Dr. Salvador Moyà Solà, ICREA a l’Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont i a la Unitat d’Antropologia Biològica del Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. - Dr. Raef Minwer-Barakat Requena, Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont. Dr. Salvador Moyà Solà Dr. Raef Minwer-Barakat Requena Judit Marigó Cortés TREBALL FINANÇAT PER: - Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont. - Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament d’Innovació, Universitats i Empresa i AGAUR, beca predoctoral 2010FIB176 i beques de mobilitat BE i CTP (2010BE00758, 2011BE100009 i 2011CTP00011), i Grup de Recerca Consolidat "Grup de Paleoprimatologia i Paleontologia Humana PIPH". - Gobierno de España, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación y Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, proyectos "Grandes simios fósiles (Hominoidea) del Mioceno del area Mediterránea: origen, paleobiología y evolución (CGL2008-00325/BTE)” e “Historia Evolutiva de los Primates del Paleógeno y Neógeno de la Península Ibérica (CGL2011-27343)”. - Synthesys Project (grants FR-TAF-80 and FR-TAF-1735; http://www.synthesys.info/), financed by the European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP6 “Structuring the European Research Area” Programme.
    [Show full text]
  • Oakley's Absolute Dating Series © Cambridge University Press Www
    Cambridge University Press 0521664861 - The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution Larry L. Mai, Marcus Young Owl and M. Patricia Kersting Excerpt More information Abdur Reef A. n dates: see Oakley’s dating series in box below. A antigen: epitope that specifies the A in the ABO AAA: abbreviation for several societies of interest to blood group. It consists of four precursor sugars human evolutionary biologists, including the attached to glycoproteins of the cell membrane, American Anthropological Association and the aka H substance, plus a specific fifth terminal sugar, American Anatomical Association. N-acetylgalactosamine, that is attached by an enzyme. A Oakley’s absolute dating series A.1 date: highest of Oakley’s hierarchical levels of absolute dating, the direct dating of a specimen, e.g. by measuring the radiocarbon activity of a bone itself. A.2 date: one of Oakley’s hierarchical levels of absolute dating, dating derived from direct determination by physical measurement of the age of the sediments containing the fossil specimen. A.3 date: one of Oakley’s hierarchical levels of absolute dating, the correlation of a fossil-bearing horizon with another deposit whose age has been determined directly by A.1 or A.2 methods. See biostratigraphy. A.4 date: lowest of Oakley’s hierarchical levels of absolute dating, estimating an absolute age on the basis of some theoretical consideration, such as matching climatic fluctuations observed in strata with astro- nomically derived curves of effective solar radiation, or matching terrestrial glacial and interglacial episodes with the known marine paleotemperature or oxygen isotope stage. (Cf.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI Pedagogická Fakulta Ústav Pedagogiky a Sociálních Studií
    UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI Pedagogická fakulta Ústav pedagogiky a sociálních studií MICHAL KOPECKÝ V. ročník- prezenční studium Obor: Učitelství zdravotních a sociálních předmětů pro střední odborné školy PROGRAM PRO VÝUKU EVOLUČNÍ ANTROPOLOGIE SE ZAMĚŘENÍM NA POMÁHAJÍCÍ PROFESE JAKO OBECNOU ZNALOST O ČLOVĚKU V RÁMCI GLOBALIZUJÍCÍHO SE SVĚTA Diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: PhDr. HELENA SKARUPSKÁ, Ph.D. Olomouc 2011 Prohlášení autora Prohlašuji, ţe jsem diplomovou práci zpracoval samostatně a pouţil jen prameny uvedené v seznamu literatury. Souhlasím, aby práce byla uloţena na Univerzitě Palackého v Olomouci v knihovně Pedagogické fakulty a zpřístupněna ke studijním účelům. V Jaroměři dne: 1. dubna 2011 ………………………………… podpis Poděkování: Chtěl bych poděkovat vedoucí mé diplomová práce PhDr. Heleně Skarupské, Ph.D., za pozornost, kterou jí věnovala, odborné vedení a poskytnutí cenných rad při jejím zpracovávání. Obsah Úvod ………………………………………………………………………………...7 1 Planeta Země .................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Představy o vzniku světa ............................................................................... 9 1.2 Vesmír ......................................................................................................... 12 1.3 Vznik a vývoj planety .................................................................................. 14 1.4 Metody prokazující stáří .............................................................................. 15 2 Vznik ţivota na
    [Show full text]
  • Juvenile Hominoid Cranium from the Terminal Miocene of Yunnan, China
    Article Geology doi: 10.1007/s11434-013-6021-x Juvenile hominoid cranium from the terminal Miocene of Yunnan, China JI XuePing1,2, JABLONSKI Nina G3, SU Denise F4, DENG ChengLong5, FLYNN Lawrence J6, YOU YouShan7 & KELLEY Jay8* 1 Department of Paleoanthropology, Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Kunming 650118, China; 2 Yunnan Key Laboratory for Paleobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; 3 Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; 4 Department of Paleobotany and Paleoecology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; 5 State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; 6 Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; 7 Zhaotong Institute of Cultural Relics, Zhaotong 657000, China; 8 Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA Received May 28, 2013; accepted July 8, 2013 Fossil apes are known from several late Miocene localities in Yunnan Province, southwestern China, principally from Shihuiba (Lufeng) and the Yuanmou Basin, and represent three species of Lufengpithecus. They mostly comprise large samples of isolated teeth, but there are also several partial or complete adult crania from Shihuiba and a single juvenile cranium from Yuanmou. Here we describe a new, relatively complete and largely undistorted juvenile cranium from the terminal Miocene locality of Shuitangba, also in Yunnan. It is only the second ape juvenile cranium recovered from the Miocene of Eurasia and it is provisionally assigned to the species present at Shihuiba, Lufengpithecus lufengensis.
    [Show full text]
  • 0520233697.Pdf
    THE HUNT FOR THE DAWN MONKEY University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2004 by the Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beard, K. Chris. The hunt for the dawn monkey : unearthing the origins of monkeys, apes, and humans / Chris Beard; illustrations by Mark Klingler. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0–520–23369–7 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Primates, Fossil. 2. Monkeys, Fossil. 3. Fossil hominids. 4. Human beings—Origin. 5. Paleoanthropology. I. Title. qe882.p7b35 2004 569'.8—dc22 2004001403 Manufactured in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 10987654 321 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48–1992 (r 1997) (Permanence of Paper). For Sandi Amor vitae supervivit The Hunt for the Dawn Monkey Unearthing the Origins of Monkeys, Apes, and Humans CHRIS BEARD ILLUSTRATIONS BY MARK KLINGLER UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London Contents List of Illustrations / ix Preface / xiii 1 Missing Links and Dawn Monkeys / 1 2 Toward Egypt’s Sacred Bull / 29 3 A Gem from the Willwood / 61 4 The Forest in the Sahara / 87 5 Received Wisdom / 115 6 The Birth of a Ghost Lineage / 142 7 Initial Hints from Deep Time / 167 8 Ghost Busters / 194 9 Resurrecting the Ghost / 215 10 Into the African Melting Pot / 246 11 Paleoanthropology and Pithecophobia / 277 Notes / 295 References Cited / 313 Index / 331 Illustrations FIGURES 1. Cranial anatomy typical of prosimians and anthropoids 7 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    Index Abortion, placenta and, 81 of Heidelbergs, 294 Adduction, of hallux, 148 Absolute dates at Olduvai Gorge, 265–266 Adductor muscles, Neandertal, 380 of African human fossil sites, 161, 191–192 Swanscombe skull and, 306 Adolescence, among early hominins, 267 African rift and, 160 Ad hoc explanation, of hominin origins, “Adolescent growth spurt,” among early for fossil record, 9 215–217 hominins, 267 Acanthostega, 21 Adapidae, 90, 115 Adornment, 415 Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), in Eosimias versus, 120 Adult male orangutans, 101 carbon-14 dating, 10 Adapiforms, 90 Aegyptopithecus, 121, 123, 128 Accessory cavity, of Fayum anthropoids, 117 Adapinae, skull of, 116 Aegyptopithecus zeuxis, 118, 119 Accommodation, in reptiles, birds, and Adapis, 111 Aerobic respiration, origins of life and, 16 mammals, 73 Adapoidea, 90 Afar Depression Accretion Model, of Neandertal origins, 334 Amphipithecidae versus, 118 dating Erectines from, 240 Acetabulum COPYRIGHTEDas euprimates, 113, 115 MATERIALin early African Erectine radiations, 271 of Australopithecus afarensis, 174 Adaptation Africa. See also East Africa; North Africa; of Australopithecus species, 158, 159 extinction and, 35 South Africa in dating South African fossil hominins, phylogenetic error and, 58 absolute and relative dating of hominin 193, 194 phylogenetic inertia and, 114 fossil sites in, 161 Acheulian culture in synthetic theory of evolution, 51–52 ape evolution in, 127–128 in dating South African fossil hominins, in theory of evolution, 33–35 apes of, 101–103 191 Adaptive complex,
    [Show full text]
  • Primitive Adapidae from Namibia Sheds Light on the Early Primate Radiation in Africa
    Primitive Adapidae from Namibia sheds light on the early primate radiation in Africa Marc GODINOT 1, 2, Brigitte SENUT 1, Martin PICKFORD 1 1, Sorbonne Université (MNHN, CR2P, CNRS), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP 38, 8 rue Buffon, F-75005, Paris, France ([email protected])([email protected]) 2, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, P. S. L. France ([email protected]) Abstract : The initial radiation of primates is best documented on Northern continents, in which two groups are abundant and well-known : the Omomyiformes, often considered to be primitive haplorhines, and the Adapiformes, usually considered to be strepsirrhines. The extinct Adapidae is one of the families of the Adapiformes, which was first documented in Europe and more recently found in Asia and North Africa. The late Eocene African adapids, from the Egyptian Fayum deposits, appear as a group of three genera constituting with the European genus Caenopithecus , a monophyletic subfamily, the Caenopithecinae, sister group to the otherwise exclusively European Adapinae. We report here the discovery, in the Middle Eocene locality of Black Crow in Namibia, of an undoubted primitive adapid, Namadapis interdictus nov. gen. nov. sp., which compares closely with the European genus Microadapis and the Chinese genus Adapoides . It also appears smaller, more primitive, closely related to the Fayum caenopithecines, being broadly ancestral to them but not directly in line with the three genera. The three primitive middle Eocene adapid genera present in Europe, Asia and Africa lead us to recognize an early differentiation between European Adapinae and African Caenopithecinae, the latter becoming more cristodont at smaller size than the former.
    [Show full text]
  • Tsubamoto, Takehisa; Egi, Naoko; Takai, Masanaru; Shigehara, Nobuo
    Title A summary of the Pondaung fossil expeditions Tsubamoto, Takehisa; Egi, Naoko; Takai, Masanaru; Shigehara, Nobuo; Suzuki, Hisashi; Nishimura, Takeshi; Ugai, Author(s) Hiroaki; Maung-Maung; Chit-Sein; Soe Thura Tun; Naing Soe, Aung; Ko Aung, Aye; Thein, Tin; Thaung-Htike; Zin-Maung- Maung-Thein Citation Asian paleoprimatology (2006), 4: 1-66 Issue Date 2006 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199771 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University Asian Paleoprimatology, vol. 4:1-66 (2006) Kyoto University Primate Research Institute A summary of the Pondaung fossil expeditions Takehisa Tsubamotol' (2),Naoko Egi3' (1), Masanaru Takail, Nobuo Shigehara4, Hisashi Suzuki5, Takeshi Nishimura3, Hiroaki Ugai6, Maung-Maung7, Chit-Sein8, Soe Thura Tun', Aung Naing Soe9, Aye Ko Aungl°, Tin Thein8, Thaung-Htike2, and Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein2 'Pri mate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan 'Center for Paleobiological Research, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories, Inc., 1-2-3 Shimoishii, Okayama 700-0907, Japan 'Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan 4Environmental Archaeology Section, Center for Archaeological Operations, Independent Administrative Institution, National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara, Nara-shi 630-8577, Japan 5Geotec, Ltd., Nishinotoin Sanjosagaru Ryusuicho 71-103, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8242, Japan 6G oshoura Cretaceous Museum, Goshoura-cho 4310-5, Amakusa, Kumamoto 866-0321, Japan 'Department of Geology , Loidaw University, Loikaw, Myanmar 8Department of Geology, Hinthada University, Hinthada, Myanmar 9Department of Geology, Hpa-an University, Hpa-an, Myanmar mDepartment of Geology , Dagon University, Yangon,Myanmar Parentheses indicate present address. Abstract We briefly summarize the fossil expeditions of the Eocene Pondaung Formation of central Myanmar by the Kyoto University field parties with Myanmar researchers during the field seasons of 1998-2003.
    [Show full text]