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Copyrighted Material Index Abortion, placenta and, 81 of Heidelbergs, 294 Adduction, of hallux, 148 Absolute dates at Olduvai Gorge, 265–266 Adductor muscles, Neandertal, 380 of African human fossil sites, 161, 191–192 Swanscombe skull and, 306 Adolescence, among early hominins, 267 African rift and, 160 Ad hoc explanation, of hominin origins, “Adolescent growth spurt,” among early for fossil record, 9 215–217 hominins, 267 Acanthostega, 21 Adapidae, 90, 115 Adornment, 415 Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), in Eosimias versus, 120 Adult male orangutans, 101 carbon-14 dating, 10 Adapiforms, 90 Aegyptopithecus, 121, 123, 128 Accessory cavity, of Fayum anthropoids, 117 Adapinae, skull of, 116 Aegyptopithecus zeuxis, 118, 119 Accommodation, in reptiles, birds, and Adapis, 111 Aerobic respiration, origins of life and, 16 mammals, 73 Adapoidea, 90 Afar Depression Accretion Model, of Neandertal origins, 334 Amphipithecidae versus, 118 dating Erectines from, 240 Acetabulum COPYRIGHTEDas euprimates, 113, 115 MATERIALin early African Erectine radiations, 271 of Australopithecus afarensis, 174 Adaptation Africa. See also East Africa; North Africa; of Australopithecus species, 158, 159 extinction and, 35 South Africa in dating South African fossil hominins, phylogenetic error and, 58 absolute and relative dating of hominin 193, 194 phylogenetic inertia and, 114 fossil sites in, 161 Acheulian culture in synthetic theory of evolution, 51–52 ape evolution in, 127–128 in dating South African fossil hominins, in theory of evolution, 33–35 apes of, 101–103 191 Adaptive complex, in primate evolution, 113 appearance and evolution of Homo in, at Olduvai Gorge, 160 Adaptive plateau, in evolution, 52 217–223, 233 Acheulian tool assemblages, 277 Adaptive shifts Australopithecus afarensis from, 170 in early African Erectine radiations, 271, evolutionary systematics and, 60 Australopithecus anamensis from, 272, 273–274 in primate evolution, 113 168–170 geographical distribution of, 274 Adaptive signals, phylogenetic error and, 58 Australopithecus boisei from, 187 The Human Lineage, By Matt Cartmill and Fred H. Smith. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 565 566 | Index baboons from, 96 Algeria Amniote egg, evolution of, 23–24 cercopithecoid primates from, 95 in early African Erectine radiations, Amphipithecidae, 90, 118 climate change in Miocene and Pliocene, 271–272 Eosimias versus, 120 206–207 Erectines from, 239, 242 Amphipithecus, 118 dating Homo sites and specimens from, Propliopithecidae form, 118 Amud 1 Neandertal cranium, 404 289–290 Algeripithecus, 118 Amudian industry, 429 dryopithecids from, 126 Algorithms, in cladistics, 61 Anaerobic bacteria early hominin sites in, 132 Alisphenoids, 56 in food chains, 25 early hominins limited to, 233 Allantois origins of life and, 16 early mammals from, 63 evolution of tetrapod, 24 Anagenesis (anagenetic change) Erectine stone tools from, 265–266 vestigial human, 33 evolution via, 39, 40, 41 Ergasters from, 257, 258 Alleles internodal species concept and, 47, 48 fossil hominids from, 102 Darwinian evolution and, 52 microevolution and macroevolution and, gene fl ow in humans from, 444–447 in Mendelian genetics, 37 50 Heidelbergs from, 304, 316–320 in speciation, 39 in morphological species concept, 49, 50 hominin evolution in, 206 microevolution and macroevolution and, Anapsids, 25 Homo erectus discoveries in, 238–240, 50 lineage of, 24 242, 243 Allen’s Rule, 259 Anaptomorphinae, 11 Homo erectus radiations out of, 272–275 Neandertals and, 374 skull of, 116–1175 Homo erectus radiations within, 268–272 Allenopithecus, 96 Anatomical differences human origins in, 333–334 Allia Bay, Australopithecus anamensis from, as isolating mechanisms, 43 human “races” and, 44 168–169 in morphological species concept, 48 Late Pleistocene fossil human sites in, 423 Allometry, 71–73 Ancestors Louis Leakey in, 158–160 in Erectines, 262 in cladistics, 62 macaques from, 96–97 motherhood and, 74–77 morphological species concept and, 49 Miocene apes from, 136 of Australopithecus afarensis, 175, 180 in species concepts, 39, 47, 48 during Miocene epoch, 121 Allopatric speciation, 40, 31 Angiosperm-products theory, of primate modern human origins in, 415 Australopithecus boisei and, 188 origins, 110–111 monkeys of, 94 semispecies, hybrids, and isolation Angiosperms Morotopithecus bishopi from, 123–124 mechanisms in, 43–44 early mammals and, 82–83 notharctids from, 115 Allotaxa, Homo species as, 290 fi rst appearance of, 82 omomyids from, 115 Alouatta multituberculates and, 83–84 origins of recent humans in, 297–299 Aegyptopithecus zeuxis versus, 118 in primate origins, 110–111 as part of Pangaea, 14 intermembral index of, 100 Anglaspis, 20 pluvial periods in, 13 Alpha taxonomy, in Australopithecus Angular, of early mammals, 66, 67–69 Proconsul from, 121–123 phylogeny, 199 Angular torus spread of Homo out of, 233–234, 240–243 Altamura, Italy, Neandertals from, 345 of Erectines, 245, 248 strepsirrhine primates of, 89–91 Altiatlasius koulchii, as earliest known of Homo ergaster versus Homo erectus, Taung skull from, 130–131 euprimate, 113 256 transition of humans out of, 422–425, Altricial infants, 75 Animal bones, associated wth stone tools, 425–427, 427–428, 428–429 of Ergasters, 261 266 victoriapithecids from, 12 of mammals, 88–89 Animals African rift, 160 Aluminum-26 (26Al), in dating South African adaptations of, 33 African Transitional Group (ATG), of modern fossil hominins, 191–192 armored, 18–19 humans, 422–423, 425, 426, 443 Alveolar plane, Erectine, 251, 254 as Australopithecus food, 203 Africans, skull of, 57 Alveolar prognathism biogeography of, 31–32 Africanthropus helmei, taxonomy of, 423 of Australopithecus africanus, 151 in carbon-14 dating, 9–10 Afro-European Sapiens model, Neandertals of Australopithecus robustus, 153 chromosome recombination among, 40–41 and, 345 of Erectines, 251 earliest multicellular, 18 Afropithecus turkanensis, skull of, 122 Alveoli, of Australopithecus africanus, 151 in food chains, 24–25 Afrotarsius Amateur scientists, early geology and, 3–4 in geological column, 8 as Eocene tarsiid, 117 America, monkeys of, 94–95 hominin origins and, 216 from Fayum, 117 Amino acid racemization (AAR) dating homologies among, 32 Age of Mammals, 27. See also Cenozoic era technique, 11 humans as, 129 Age of Reptiles, 27. See also Mesozoic era Amino acids humans versus, 291 Aggression, among bonobos, 103, 104 as evidence of Cretaceous asteroid impact, hybridization among, 43 Ahern, J., 356, 407–408, 411, 422, 438 27 Pangaea and, 14 Ahmarian industries, 415 left-handed and right-handed, 11 in Permian mass extinction, 26 Aiello, L., 204, 376, 470 origins of life and, 15 sexual dimorphism among, 37–38 Air, in sedimentology, 5 Amnion, evolution of tetrapod, 24 speciation among, 41 “Air-mattress” creatures, Ediacaran, 18 Amniota, evolutionary systematics and, 60 Ankarapithecus, 124 Index | 567 Antarctica dentition of, 108 of Platyrrhini, 94–95 ice sheets of, 5 Dryopithecus versus, 125–126 of Tarsius, 93–94 during Miocene epoch, 121 Erectines versus, 251 Arago, France Antecessors, Gran Dolina hominins as, 287 Ergasters versus, 261 Heidelberg material from, 315 Antediluvian artifacts, 2 evolution of, 127–128 Heidelberg skull from, 314, 315 Antemolar dentition, of Tarsius, 93 evolution of Pithecanthropus from, 236 Arambourg, C., 185, 239, 271 Anterior accessory cavity, of anthropoids, 91, foot bones of, 149 Aramis, Ardipithecus ramidus from, 167 92 fossil, 97 Arboreal theories, of primate origins, 109, Anterior inferior iliac spine, 139 in geological column, 8 110–111 Anterior inferior spine, of Australopithecus Heidelbergs and, 330 Arboreality species, 157 humans as symbolic, 413–414 of adapoids, 115 Anterior marginal tubercles, modern human, humans versus, 104–109, 129–130 of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis, 118 418 knee joint of, 144 of Australopithecus afarensis, 173–174, Anterior mastoid tubercle, Neandertal, 359 living, 97–101 175–176, 179, 180, 182 Anterior pillars, of Australopithecus lumbar vertebrae of, 99, 177 Australopithecus phylogeny and, africanus, 151–152 morphological species concept and fossil, 198–199 Anthropoidea (anthropoids), 89, 90 49 of cercopithecids, 96 adapoids and, 115 Neandertals as talking, 337–412 compliant walking and, 142–143 apomorphies of, 91–93 Oreopithecus versus, 126 of early marsupials, 84 body heat control in, 264 Orrorin and Ardipithecus versus, 168 of gibbons, 101 braincase of, 95 Orrorin tugenensis versus, 166 hominid evolution and, 127 Cenozoic radiations of, 121–128 pedal phalanges of, 149 hominoid adaptations for, 97–98, 98–99, climate change and, 121 pelvis of, 139 99–100 dimorphism index among, 209 pronation and supination of hands of, in hominin origins, 216 Eosimias versus, 120 99–100 of multituberculates, 84 earliest, 117–120 Sahelanthropus versus, 165 of notharctids, 115 ears of, 91, 92 shoulder girdle of, 97–98 of omomyoids, 115 evolution of, 128 Sivapithecus versus, 124 of orangutans, 101 from Fayum, 117–118, 119 Taung skull among, 131 of plesiadapiforms, 111 Heidelbergs versus, 331 Apical abcesses, of Kabwe skull, 318 in primate evolution, 109 omomyoids versus, 115 Apical tufts, of Australopithecus afarensis, of primates, 84 Oreopithecus versus, 126 174 of Proconsul, 122–123 placenta of, 80, 94 Apical wear facets, of Sahelanthropus teeth, of Tarsius, 93 sexual dimorphism among, 93 165 Archaeolemuridae, 90 skull of, 91–93 Apices, of early mammal teeth, 78, 79 Archaeology, of hominin technologies, subgroups of, 94 Apidima, Greece, Heidelberg skull from, 265–267 Tarsius and, 93, 94 314 Archosaurs,
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