What Is the Viewpoint of Hemoglobin, and Does It Matter?
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The Taxonomy of Primates in the Laboratory Context
P0800261_01 7/14/05 8:00 AM Page 3 C HAPTER 1 The Taxonomy of Primates T HE T in the Laboratory Context AXONOMY OF P Colin Groves RIMATES School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia 3 What are species? D Taxonomy: EFINITION OF THE The biological Organizing nature species concept Taxonomy means classifying organisms. It is nowadays commonly used as a synonym for systematics, though Disagreement as to what precisely constitutes a species P strictly speaking systematics is a much broader sphere is to be expected, given that the concept serves so many RIMATE of interest – interrelationships, and biodiversity. At the functions (Vane-Wright, 1992). We may be interested basis of taxonomy lies that much-debated concept, the in classification as such, or in the evolutionary implica- species. tions of species; in the theory of species, or in simply M ODEL Because there is so much misunderstanding about how to recognize them; or in their reproductive, phys- what a species is, it is necessary to give some space to iological, or husbandry status. discussion of the concept. The importance of what we Most non-specialists probably have some vague mean by the word “species” goes way beyond taxonomy idea that species are defined by not interbreeding with as such: it affects such diverse fields as genetics, biogeog- each other; usually, that hybrids between different species raphy, population biology, ecology, ethology, and bio- are sterile, or that they are incapable of hybridizing at diversity; in an era in which threats to the natural all. Such an impression ultimately derives from the def- world and its biodiversity are accelerating, it affects inition by Mayr (1940), whereby species are “groups of conservation strategies (Rojas, 1992). -
Evolutionary Analysis of Gorilla, Chimps and Humans Using Sequence Divergence
Journal of Bioinformatics and Sequence Analysis Vol. 3(1), pp. 1-5, January 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JBSA ISSN 2141-2464 ©2011 Academic Journals Full length Research Paper Evolutionary analysis of gorilla, chimps and humans using sequence divergence Vibhu Ranjan Prasad, Soumya Chaurasia and Rao Sethumadhavan* School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu – 632014, India. Accepted 30 September, 2010 We have analyzed the sequence divergence amongst the three species that is, gorilla, chimpanzee and human varying from Hominidae and Pongidae. Apart from the genomic phylogeny, we compared the protein and rRNA phylogenies to increase the importance of phylogenetic analysis. The proteins selected are from the mitochondrial origin as mtDNA which codes for mitochondrial proteins, mutate at a higher rate compared to nuclear DNA, so as to give a more useful, magnified view of the diversity present in a population, and its history. The phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome, rRNA and proteins are done using parsimony, BIONJ and PHYML methods which $resulted into variable results. The proteins that were able to infer the already stated phylogeny between these members were ATP synthase subunit 6 and 8, cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 and 3 and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2, 3 and 5. Although BIONJ and PHYML methods predicted similar results most often parsimony was found to be predicting contradictory phylogeny with respect to above two methods. To verify the results as obtained from various methods and to further analyze the evolutionary relationship between these members, we applied the method of calculating sequence divergence using bioinformatics tools. -
Could a Chimpanzee Or Bonobo Take the Stand?
\\Server03\productn\L\LCA\8-1\LCA109.txt unknown Seq: 1 25-APR-02 15:25 COULD A CHIMPANZEE OR BONOBO TAKE THE STAND? By Angela Campbell* The federal competency standards for witnesses testifying on the stand are fairly liberal. Witnesses must be able to distinguish right from wrong, un- derstand the concept of punishment, perceive events, and remember those events to communicate them in the future. Chimpanzees and bonobos are able to do all of these things to some degree, and therefore, arguably satisfy the federal competency standards. In some situations, this indicates that these nonhuman apes should be allowed to testify in court, subject to the federal competency and interpreter rules. I. INTRODUCTION Chimpanzees and bonobos resemble human beings more than any other living nonhuman animals.1 Chimpanzee and bonobo DNA is more closely related to human DNA than to the DNA of other apes.2 In fact, at least one scientist has proposed that humans are, for all in- tents and purposes, a third species of chimpanzee.3 One of the high- lighted differences between humans and their closest ape relatives is the lack of proof that nonhuman apes can produce complex tools, calen- dars or religions.4 These factors, however, are abstract skills which are not required to establish legal personhood or legal standing. Young * Ms. Campbell will receive her J.D. from Boston College Law School in May 2002. She received her B.A. from Yale University, and in August of 2002 she will begin clerk- ing for the Honorable C. Arlen Beam in the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals. -
Human Evolution: a Paleoanthropological Perspective - F.H
PHYSICAL (BIOLOGICAL) ANTHROPOLOGY - Human Evolution: A Paleoanthropological Perspective - F.H. Smith HUMAN EVOLUTION: A PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE F.H. Smith Department of Anthropology, Loyola University Chicago, USA Keywords: Human evolution, Miocene apes, Sahelanthropus, australopithecines, Australopithecus afarensis, cladogenesis, robust australopithecines, early Homo, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Australopithecus africanus/Australopithecus garhi, mitochondrial DNA, homology, Neandertals, modern human origins, African Transitional Group. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Reconstructing Biological History: The Relationship of Humans and Apes 3. The Human Fossil Record: Basal Hominins 4. The Earliest Definite Hominins: The Australopithecines 5. Early Australopithecines as Primitive Humans 6. The Australopithecine Radiation 7. Origin and Evolution of the Genus Homo 8. Explaining Early Hominin Evolution: Controversy and the Documentation- Explanation Controversy 9. Early Homo erectus in East Africa and the Initial Radiation of Homo 10. After Homo erectus: The Middle Range of the Evolution of the Genus Homo 11. Neandertals and Late Archaics from Africa and Asia: The Hominin World before Modernity 12. The Origin of Modern Humans 13. Closing Perspective Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary UNESCO – EOLSS The basic course of human biological history is well represented by the existing fossil record, although there is considerable debate on the details of that history. This review details both what is firmly understood (first echelon issues) and what is contentious concerning humanSAMPLE evolution. Most of the coCHAPTERSntention actually concerns the details (second echelon issues) of human evolution rather than the fundamental issues. For example, both anatomical and molecular evidence on living (extant) hominoids (apes and humans) suggests the close relationship of African great apes and humans (hominins). That relationship is demonstrated by the existing hominoid fossil record, including that of early hominins. -
Unravelling the Positional Behaviour of Fossil Hominoids: Morphofunctional and Structural Analysis of the Primate Hindlimb
ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Doctorado en Biodiversitat Facultad de Ciènces Tesis doctoral Unravelling the positional behaviour of fossil hominoids: Morphofunctional and structural analysis of the primate hindlimb Marta Pina Miguel 2016 Memoria presentada por Marta Pina Miguel para optar al grado de Doctor por la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, programa de doctorado en Biodiversitat del Departamento de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia (Facultad de Ciències). Este trabajo ha sido dirigido por el Dr. Salvador Moyà Solà (Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont) y el Dr. Sergio Almécija Martínez (The George Washington Univertisy). Director Co-director Dr. Salvador Moyà Solà Dr. Sergio Almécija Martínez A mis padres y hermana. Y a todas aquelas personas que un día decidieron perseguir un sueño Contents Acknowledgments [in Spanish] 13 Abstract 19 Resumen 21 Section I. Introduction 23 Hominoid positional behaviour The great apes of the Vallès-Penedès Basin: State-of-the-art Section II. Objectives 55 Section III. Material and Methods 59 Hindlimb fossil remains of the Vallès-Penedès hominoids Comparative sample Area of study: The Vallès-Penedès Basin Methodology: Generalities and principles Section IV. -
And Concealed Ovulation in Human Evolution: a Reevaluation
Illinois Wesleyan University Digital Commons @ IWU Honors Projects Sociology and Anthropology 4-19-2006 "Loss of Estrus" and Concealed Ovulation in Human Evolution: A Reevaluation. Joshua S. Wagener '06 Illinois Wesleyan University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/socanth_honproj Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Wagener '06, Joshua S., ""Loss of Estrus" and Concealed Ovulation in Human Evolution: A Reevaluation." (2006). Honors Projects. 17. https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/socanth_honproj/17 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Commons @ IWU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this material in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This material has been accepted for inclusion by Faculty at Illinois Wesleyan University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ©Copyright is owned by the author of this document. • "Loss ofEstrus" and Concealed Ovulation in Human Evolution: A Reevaluation. Joshua S. Wagener th April 19 , 2006 - For Stephen (Esteban) 1. Lopez de Gallegos, my loving grandfather, for never giving up a fight and having the determination to reach your goals up until your last breath. • "Loss of Estrus" and Concealed Ovulation in Human Evolution: A Reevaluation. Joshua S. Wagener Accounts ofhuman evolution tend to highlight a number ofsignificant characteristics as critical in defining humanity including bipedalism (Jolly 1970, Lovejoy 1981, Wheeler 1984), enlarged brains (Falk 1990, Foley 1996), hairlessness (Morris 1963, Schwartz and Rosenblum 1980), and language (pinker and Bloom 1990, Dunbar 1996). -
Molecular Evolution
An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms www.bioalgorithms.info Molecular Evolution An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms www.bioalgorithms.info Outline • Evolutionary Tree Reconstruction • “Out of Africa” hypothesis • Did we evolve from Neanderthals? • Distance Based Phylogeny • Neighbor Joining Algorithm • Additive Phylogeny • Least Squares Distance Phylogeny • UPGMA • Character Based Phylogeny • Small Parsimony Problem • Fitch and Sankoff Algorithms • Large Parsimony Problem • Evolution of Wings • HIV Evolution • Evolution of Human Repeats An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms www.bioalgorithms.info Early Evolutionary Studies • Anatomical features were the dominant criteria used to derive evolutionary relationships between species since Darwin till early 1960s • The evolutionary relationships derived from these relatively subjective observations were often inconclusive. Some of them were later proved incorrect An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms www.bioalgorithms.info Evolution and DNA Analysis: the Giant Panda Riddle • For roughly 100 years scientists were unable to figure out which family the giant panda belongs to • Giant pandas look like bears but have features that are unusual for bears and typical for raccoons, e.g., they do not hibernate • In 1985, Steven O’Brien and colleagues solved the giant panda classification problem using DNA sequences and algorithms An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms www.bioalgorithms.info Evolutionary Tree of Bears and Raccoons An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms www.bioalgorithms.info Evolutionary Trees: DNA-based Approach • 40 years ago: Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling brought reconstructing evolutionary relationships with DNA into the spotlight • In the first few years after Zuckerkandl and Pauling proposed using DNA for evolutionary studies, the possibility of reconstructing evolutionary trees by DNA analysis was hotly debated • Now it is a dominant approach to study evolution. -
Concentration-Affinity Equivalence in Gene Regulation: Convergence Of
Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 85, pp. 4784-4788, July 1988 Evolution Concentration-affinity equivalence in gene regulation: Convergence of genetic and environmental effects (phenocopies/parallel evolution/genetic assimilation/expressivity/penetrance) EMILE ZUCKERKANDL* AND RUXTON VILLETt *Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine, 440 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94306; and tU.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, National Program Staff, Building 05S, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705 Communicated by Francisco J. Ayala, March 21, 1988 ABSTRACT It is proposed that equivalent phenotypic affinity can also be altered by a reversible structural change effects can be obtained by either structural changes in macro- in the protein, resulting in a modification of specific fit molecules involved in gene regulation or changes in activity of between macromolecules and brought about by a combina- the structurally unaltered macromolecules. This equivalence tion with, or by the release of, an effector. An important between changes in activity (concentration) and changes in variant of the latter process is a reversible formation of a structure can come into play within physiologically plausible covalent compound between a polynucleotide-binding pro- limits and seems to represent an important interface between tein and some other organic moiety (e.g., acetylation, ADP- environment and genome-namely, between environmentally ribosylation; see ref. 6). The potential equivalence is between determined and genetically determined gene expression. The the effect of a change in component concentration (activity) equivalence principle helps explain the appearance of pheno- under a constant structural state and the effect ofa structural copies. It also points to a general pathway favorable to the modification under constant component concentration (ac- occurrence, during evolution, offrequent episodes correspond- tivity). -
MOLECULAR CLOCKS Definition Introduction
MOLECULAR CLOCKS 583 Kishino, H., Thorne, J. L., and Bruno, W. J., 2001. Performance of Thorne, J. L., Kishino, H., and Painter, I. S., 1998. Estimating the a divergence time estimation method under a probabilistic model rate of evolution of the rate of molecular evolution. Molecular of rate evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 18,352–361. Biology and Evolution, 15, 1647–1657. Kodandaramaiah, U., 2011. Tectonic calibrations in molecular dat- Warnock, R. C. M., Yang, Z., Donoghue, P. C. J., 2012. Exploring ing. Current Zoology, 57,116–124. uncertainty in the calibration of the molecular clock. Biology Marshall, C. R., 1997. Confidence intervals on stratigraphic ranges Letters, 8, 156–159. with nonrandom distributions of fossil horizons. Paleobiology, Wilkinson, R. D., Steiper, M. E., Soligo, C., Martin, R. D., Yang, Z., 23, 165–173. and Tavaré, S., 2011. Dating primate divergences through an Müller, J., and Reisz, R. R., 2005. Four well-constrained calibration integrated analysis of palaeontological and molecular data. Sys- points from the vertebrate fossil record for molecular clock esti- tematic Biology, 60,16–31. mates. Bioessays, 27, 1069–1075. Yang, Z., and Rannala, B., 2006. Bayesian estimation of species Parham, J. F., Donoghue, P. C. J., Bell, C. J., et al., 2012. Best practices divergence times under a molecular clock using multiple fossil for justifying fossil calibrations. Systematic Biology, 61,346–359. calibrations with soft bounds. Molecular Biology and Evolution, Peters, S. E., 2005. Geologic constraints on the macroevolutionary 23, 212–226. history of marine animals. Proceedings of the National Academy Zuckerkandl, E., and Pauling, L., 1962. Molecular disease, evolution of Sciences, 102, 12326–12331. -
Manipulating Underdetermination in Scientific Controversy: the Case of the Molecular Clock
Dartmouth College Dartmouth Digital Commons Open Dartmouth: Published works by Dartmouth faculty Faculty Work 9-1-2007 Manipulating Underdetermination in Scientific Controversy: The Case of the Molecular Clock Michael Dietrich Dartmouth College Robert A. Skipper University of Cincinnati Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.dartmouth.edu/facoa Part of the Biology Commons Dartmouth Digital Commons Citation Dietrich, Michael and Skipper, Robert A., "Manipulating Underdetermination in Scientific Controversy: The Case of the Molecular Clock" (2007). Open Dartmouth: Published works by Dartmouth faculty. 16. https://digitalcommons.dartmouth.edu/facoa/16 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Work at Dartmouth Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Dartmouth: Published works by Dartmouth faculty by an authorized administrator of Dartmouth Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Manipulating Underdetermination in Scientiªc Controversy: The Case of the Molecular Clock Michael R. Dietrich Dartmouth College Robert A. Skipper, Jr. University of Cincinnati Where there are cases of underdetermination in scientiªc controversies, such as the case of the molecular clock, scientists may direct the course and terms of dispute by playing off the multidimensional framework of theory evaluation. This is because assessment strategies themselves are underdetermined. Within the framework of assessment, there are a variety of trade-offs between differ- ent strategies as well as shifting emphases as speciªc strategies are given more or less weight in assessment situations. When a strategy is underdetermined, scientists can change the dynamics of a controversy by making assessments using different combinations of evaluation strategies and/or weighting what- ever strategies are in play in different ways. -
Part 7 Humans
How do we recognise th 6 Extinction a human? • Walking on two legs (bipedal) We humans have destroyed over 80% of the habitat All non-human great apes are in the 34 continental biodiversity hotspots on Earth critically endangered. The biggest • Large brain relative to body size Biodiversity (see Part 2 of this series). threat is the loss of their habitat • Language, Symbolism, Happiness due to commercial logging, and the conversion of rainforest into palm oil plantations and biofuel Croplands of the Grazing agriculture. This in turn has led to lands take Earth occupy an an increase in human populations School activity & Extinction area about the up an area in forest areas and has led to an about the Part 7 size of South increase in bush meat trade. Why not set up a weekly Compiled by Dr John Anderson, Hominins America size of Africa debate on Democracy. Prof Francis Thackeray (ESI, Wits, anthropology) We humans, Homo sapiens, have arrived very late in the history of life. We’ve been Commercial Logging – The Why should we see the & Katherine Visser (Jhb Zoo, curator primates); cutting down of forest trees to layout by Ditshego Madopi & Anmari Hanekom around on Earth for only some 200,000 years. Our subtribe, the Hominina, have 7 bil world as ours alone? Bring all the cities sell wood and make room for Wouldn’t it be a good been around for some 7 million years; and our subfamily, the Homininae including Homo sapiens population Chimps agriculture is making less and less and towns and explosion population plan to give our close the chimps and gorillas, for some 10 million years. -
A Unique Middle Miocene European Hominoid and the Origins of the Great Ape and Human Clade Salvador Moya` -Sola` A,1, David M
A unique Middle Miocene European hominoid and the origins of the great ape and human clade Salvador Moya` -Sola` a,1, David M. Albab,c, Sergio Alme´ cijac, Isaac Casanovas-Vilarc, Meike Ko¨ hlera, Soledad De Esteban-Trivignoc, Josep M. Roblesc,d, Jordi Galindoc, and Josep Fortunyc aInstitucio´Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanc¸ats at Institut Catala`de Paleontologia (ICP) and Unitat d’Antropologia Biolo`gica (Dipartimento de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal, i Ecologia), Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Edifici ICP, Campus de Bellaterra s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valle`s, Barcelona, Spain; bDipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita`degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy; cInstitut Catala`de Paleontologia, Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Edifici ICP, Campus de Bellaterra s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valle`s, Barcelona, Spain; and dFOSSILIA Serveis Paleontolo`gics i Geolo`gics, S.L. c/ Jaume I nu´m 87, 1er 5a, 08470 Sant Celoni, Barcelona, Spain Edited by David Pilbeam, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved March 4, 2009 (received for review November 20, 2008) The great ape and human clade (Primates: Hominidae) currently sediments by the diggers and bulldozers. After 6 years of includes orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans. fieldwork, 150 fossiliferous localities have been sampled from the When, where, and from which taxon hominids evolved are among 300-m-thick local stratigraphic series of ACM, which spans an the most exciting questions yet to be resolved. Within the Afro- interval of 1 million years (Ϸ12.5–11.3 Ma, Late Aragonian, pithecidae, the Kenyapithecinae (Kenyapithecini ؉ Equatorini) Middle Miocene).