Why Outer Space Matters for National and International Security
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Russia's Posture in Space
Russia’s Posture in Space: Prospects for Europe Executive Summary Prepared by the European Space Policy Institute Marco ALIBERTI Ksenia LISITSYNA May 2018 Table of Contents Background and Research Objectives ........................................................................................ 1 Domestic Developments in Russia’s Space Programme ............................................................ 2 Russia’s International Space Posture ......................................................................................... 4 Prospects for Europe .................................................................................................................. 5 Background and Research Objectives For the 50th anniversary of the launch of Sputnik-1, in 2007, the rebirth of Russian space activities appeared well on its way. After the decade-long crisis of the 1990s, the country’s political leadership guided by President Putin gave new impetus to the development of national space activities and put the sector back among the top priorities of Moscow’s domestic and foreign policy agenda. Supported by the progressive recovery of Russia’s economy, renewed political stability, and an improving external environment, Russia re-asserted strong ambitions and the resolve to regain its original position on the international scene. Towards this, several major space programmes were adopted, including the Federal Space Programme 2006-2015, the Federal Target Programme on the development of Russian cosmodromes, and the Federal Target Programme on the redeployment of GLONASS. This renewed commitment to the development of space activities was duly reflected in a sharp increase in the country’s launch rate and space budget throughout the decade. Thanks to the funds made available by flourishing energy exports, Russia’s space expenditure continued to grow even in the midst of the global financial crisis. Besides new programmes and increased funding, the spectrum of activities was also widened to encompass a new focus on space applications and commercial products. -
Spacex Launch Manifest - a List of Upcoming Missions 25 Spacex Facilities 27 Dragon Overview 29 Falcon 9 Overview 31 45Th Space Wing Fact Sheet
COTS 2 Mission Press Kit SpaceX/NASA Launch and Mission to Space Station CONTENTS 3 Mission Highlights 4 Mission Overview 6 Dragon Recovery Operations 7 Mission Objectives 9 Mission Timeline 11 Dragon Cargo Manifest 13 NASA Slides – Mission Profile, Rendezvous, Maneuvers, Re-Entry and Recovery 15 Overview of the International Space Station 17 Overview of NASA’s COTS Program 19 SpaceX Company Overview 21 SpaceX Leadership – Musk & Shotwell Bios 23 SpaceX Launch Manifest - A list of upcoming missions 25 SpaceX Facilities 27 Dragon Overview 29 Falcon 9 Overview 31 45th Space Wing Fact Sheet HIGH-RESOLUTION PHOTOS AND VIDEO SpaceX will post photos and video throughout the mission. High-Resolution photographs can be downloaded from: http://spacexlaunch.zenfolio.com Broadcast quality video can be downloaded from: https://vimeo.com/spacexlaunch/videos MORE RESOURCES ON THE WEB Mission updates will be posted to: For NASA coverage, visit: www.SpaceX.com http://www.nasa.gov/spacex www.twitter.com/elonmusk http://www.nasa.gov/nasatv www.twitter.com/spacex http://www.nasa.gov/station www.facebook.com/spacex www.youtube.com/spacex 1 WEBCAST INFORMATION The launch will be webcast live, with commentary from SpaceX corporate headquarters in Hawthorne, CA, at www.spacex.com. The webcast will begin approximately 40 minutes before launch. SpaceX hosts will provide information specific to the flight, an overview of the Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft, and commentary on the launch and flight sequences. It will end when the Dragon spacecraft separates -
Fy15 Table of Contents Fy16 Table of Contents
FY15FY16 TABLE OF CONTENTS DOT&E Activity and Oversight FY16 Activity Summary 1 Program Oversight 7 Problem Discovery Affecting OT&E 13 DOD Programs Major Automated Information System (MAIS) Best Practices 23 Defense Agencies Initiative (DAI) 29 Defensive Medical Information Exchange (DMIX) 33 Defense Readiness Reporting System – Strategic (DRRS-S) 37 Department of Defense (DOD) Teleport 41 DOD Healthcare Management System Modernization (DHMSM) 43 F-35 Joint Strike Fighter 47 Global Command and Control System – Joint (GCCS-J) 107 Joint Information Environment (JIE) 111 Joint Warning and Reporting Network (JWARN) 115 Key Management Infrastructure (KMI) Increment 2 117 Next Generation Diagnostic System (NGDS) Increment 1 121 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Increment 2 123 Theater Medical Information Program – Joint (TMIP-J) 127 Army Programs Army Network Modernization 131 Network Integration Evaluation (NIE) 135 Abrams M1A2 System Enhancement Program (SEP) Main Battle Tank (MBT) 139 AH-64E Apache 141 Army Integrated Air & Missile Defense (IAMD) 143 Chemical Demilitarization Program – Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (CHEM DEMIL-ACWA) 145 Command Web 147 Distributed Common Ground System – Army (DCGS-A) 149 HELLFIRE Romeo and Longbow 151 Javelin Close Combat Missile System – Medium 153 Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) Family of Vehicles (FoV) 155 Joint Tactical Networks (JTN) Joint Enterprise Network Manager (JENM) 157 Logistics Modernization Program (LMP) 161 M109A7 Family of Vehicles (FoV) Paladin Integrated Management (PIM) 165 -
1. Mission Shakti: India Successfully Tested an Anti-Satellite Missile
www.gradeup.co 27 March 2019 1. Mission Shakti: India successfully tested an anti-satellite missile • India has become 4th space superpower in the world after successfully testing of an anti-satellite missile. • India shot down a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite by an anti-satellite weapon called A-SAT which was a pre-determined target conducted under Mission Shakti. • The action was not directed against any country and the satellite was a pre-determined target orbiting at an altitude of 300 km. Related Information Anti-satellite weapon • Anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) are space weapons designed to incapacitate or destroy satellites for strategic military purposes. • Only, the United States of America, Russia (using MSB expertise), China and India have demonstrated this capability successfully. Different Type of Orbits in Space Geostationary Orbit • often referred to as a GEO orbit, circles the Earth above the equator from west to east at a height of 36 000 km. • As it follows the Earth’s rotation, which takes 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds, satellites in a GEO orbit appear to be ‘stationary’ over a fixed position. • This makes it an ideal orbit for telecommunications or for monitoring continent-wide weather patterns and environmental conditions. • It also decreases costs as ground stations do not need to track the satellite. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) • It is normally at an altitude of less than 1000 km and could be as low as 160 km above the Earth. • In general, these orbits are used for remote sensing, military purposes and for human spaceflight as they offer close proximity to the Earth’s surface for imaging and the short orbital periods allow for rapid revisits. -
Kessler Syndrome
Kessler Syndrome March 20, 2021 What is Kessler Syndrome? The Kessler syndrome, also called the Kessler effect, collisional cascading or ablation cascade, is a scenario in which the density of objects in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) is high enough that collisions between objects could cause a cascade where each collision generates space debris that increases the likelihood of further collisions. Who proposed it? It is a theory proposed by NASA scientist Donald J. Kessler in 1978, used to describe a self-sustaining cascading collision of space debris in LEO. In an article published on June 1, 1978 in the American Journal of Geophysical Research, the authors Donald J. Kessler and Burton G. Cour-Palais, two NASA experts, identified the risk of an exponential increase in the number of space debris or orbital debris under the effect of mutual collisions. The two authors believed that a belt formed by these objects or fragments of objects around the Earth would soon form. Eventually threatening space activities, this phenomenon will be popularized a few years later under the name of Kessler syndrome Implications One implication is that the distribution of debris in orbit could render space activities and the use of satellites in specific orbital ranges impractical for many generations. The Kessler syndrome is troublesome because of the domino effect and feedback runaway wherein impacts between objects of sizable mass spall off debris from the force of the collision Every satellite, space probe, and manned mission has the potential to produce space debris. A cascading Kessler syndrome becomes more likely as satellites in orbit increase in number. -
Detecting, Tracking and Imaging Space Debris
r bulletin 109 — february 2002 Detecting, Tracking and Imaging Space Debris D. Mehrholz, L. Leushacke FGAN Research Institute for High-Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques, Wachtberg, Germany W. Flury, R. Jehn, H. Klinkrad, M. Landgraf European Space Operations Centre (ESOC), Darmstadt, Germany Earth’s space-debris environment tracked, with estimates for the number of Today’s man-made space-debris environment objects larger than 1 cm ranging from 100 000 has been created by the space activities to 200 000. that have taken place since Sputnik’s launch in 1957. There have been more than 4000 The sources of this debris are normal launch rocket launches since then, as well as many operations (Fig. 2), certain operations in space, other related debris-generating occurrences fragmentations as a result of explosions and such as more than 150 in-orbit fragmentation collisions in space, firings of satellite solid- events. rocket motors, material ageing effects, and leaking thermal-control systems. Solid-rocket Among the more than 8700 objects larger than 10 cm in Earth orbits, motors use aluminium as a catalyst (about 15% only about 6% are operational satellites and the remainder is space by mass) and when burning they emit debris. Europe currently has no operational space surveillance aluminium-oxide particles typically 1 to 10 system, but a powerful radar facility for the detection and tracking of microns in size. In addition, centimetre-sized space debris and the imaging of space objects is available in the form objects are formed by metallic aluminium melts, of the 34 m dish radar at the Research Establishment for Applied called ‘slag’. -
Messengers from Outer Space
The complete absence of national laboratories for standardizing radiation measurements and the lack of physics departments in most radiotherapy centres in Latin America warrant the setting up of one or more regional dosimetry facilities, the functions of which would be primarily to calibrate dosimeters; to provide local technical assistance by means of trained staff; to check radiation equipment and dosimeters; to arrange a dose-intercomparison service; and to co-operate with local personnel dosimetry services. To be most effective, this activity should be in the charge of local personnel, with some initial assistance in the form of equipment and experts provided by the Agency. Although the recommendations were presented to the IAEA as the or ganization responsible for the setting up of the panel, the participants re commended that the co-operation of the World Health Organization and the Pan-American Health Organization should be invited. It was also suggested that the panel report be circulated to public health authorities in the countries represented. MESSENGERS FROM OUTER SPACE Although no evidence has yet been confirmed of living beings reaching the earth from space, it has been estimated that hundreds of tons of solid matter arrive every day in the form of meteorites or cosmic dust particles. Much is destroyed by heat in the atmosphere but fragments recovered can give valuable information about what has been happening in the universe for billions of years. Some of the results of worldwide research on meteorites were given at a symposium in Vienna during August. During six days of discussions a total of 73 scientific papers was present ed and a special meeting was held for the purpose of improving international co-operation in the research. -
Nasa As an Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy
CHAPTER 11 Nasa as an Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy John Krige as space exploration,and NASA’s role in it in particular,had an effect on society, Hand, if so, on what aspects of it? And how do we measure any such impact? These are challenging questions indeed. The stakeholders in the huge American space program are multiple and include scientists; engineers; research, development, and launch facilities; industry; administrators; and many government agencies, not to speak of Congress and the U.S. taxpayer.The impacts of spaceflight vary widely, from adding to the stockpile of knowledge and stimulating innovation and industry, to training, education, and creating jobs and—if we move beyond the civilian sphere— to enhancing national security and intelligence gathering. And then there are the intangible, difficult to quantify cultural effects that range from inspiring a young girl to become an astronaut to building national pride and prestige in what are, after all, spectacular scientific and technological, managerial, and industrial achievements. This paper briefly considers one small, but I think important and often overlooked, corner of this vast panorama: the place of spaceflight in American foreign policy. I do not simply want to insist that naSa’s international programs have had an important impact as instruments of foreign policy.I also want to suggest that today they have a particularly significant political and cultural role to play in projecting a positive image of American power and American democracy abroad. In a world increasingly torn apart by conflicts over values—conflicts which history teaches us can seldom be resolved by force—i believe we overlook the potential of NASA as an instrument for American foreign policy at our peril. -
Solving the Space Debris Crisis Paul B
Journal of Air Law and Commerce Volume 83 | Issue 3 Article 2 2018 Solving the Space Debris Crisis Paul B. Larsen Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc Part of the Air and Space Law Commons Recommended Citation Paul B. Larsen, Solving the Space Debris Crisis, 83 J. Air L. & Com. 475 (2018) https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol83/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Air Law and Commerce by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. SOLVING THE SPACE DEBRIS CRISIS PAUL B. LARSEN* ABSTRACT Space debris is a growing public safety problem. As described by the Kessler Syndrome,1 the increasing accumulation of debris will soon hinder and eventually preclude access to outer space unless the trend is swiftly reversed. The Inter-Agency Space Deb- ris Coordination Committee’s (IADC) Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines, as adopted by the United Nations (UN) Committee for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), are voluntary but are enforced as mandatory regulations by major space pow- ers; however, the guidelines only apply to new debris. The Euro- pean Space Agency’s (ESA) 2017 Space Debris Conference concluded that existing space debris guidelines are inadequate and must be further strengthened in order to successfully con- trol space debris.2 * The author taught air and space law for more than forty years respectively at Southern Methodist University and at Georgetown University. -
The Water on Mars Vanished. This Might Be Where It Went
The water on Mars vanished. This might be where it went. timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/the-water-on-mars-vanished-this-might-be-where- it-went-/articleshow/81599751.cms NYT News Service | Mar 20, 2021, 10:32 IST Mars was once wet, with an ocean’s worth of water on its surface. Today, most of Mars is as dry as a desert except for ice deposits in its polar regions. Where did the rest of the water go? Some of it disappeared into space. Water molecules, pummeled by particles of solar wind, broke apart into hydrogen and oxygen atoms, and those, especially the lighter hydrogen atoms, sped out of the atmosphere, lost to outer space. A tall outcropping of rock, with layered deposits of sediments in the distance, marking a remnant of an ancient, long-vanished river delta in Jezero Crater, are pictured in this undated image taken by NASA's Mars rover Perseverance. (Reuters) But most of the water, a new study concludes, went down, sucked into the red planet’s rocks. And there it remains, trapped within minerals and salts. Indeed, as much as 99% of the water that once flowed on Mars could still be there, the researchers estimated in a paper published this week in the journal Science. Data from the past two decades of robotic missions to Mars, including NASA ’s Curiosity rover and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, showed a wide distribution of what geologists call hydrated minerals. “It became very, very clear that it was common and not rare to find evidence of water alteration,” said Bethany Ehlmann, a professor of planetary science at the California Institute of Technology and one of the authors of the paper. -
March 29, 2021 Ms. Lisa Felice Executive Secretary Michigan
8 8 KARL L. GOTTING PAULA K. MANIS PLLC JACK C. DAVIS MICHAEL G. OLIVA JAMES R. NEAL JEFFREY L. GREEN8 (1938-2020) [email protected] 8 MICHAEL G. OLIVA KELLY REED LUCAS DIRECT DIAL: 517-318-9266 8 MICHAEL H. RHODES RICHARD W. PENNINGS NOTES: MOBILE: 989-798-2650 EFFREY HEUER1 ICHAEL OLMES8 ______________________ J S. T M A. H 1 KEVIN J. RORAGEN YING BEHER8 ALSO LICENSED IN MD 2 REPLY TO LANSING OFFICE ED OZEBOOM ARREN EAN5,8 ALSO LICENSED IN FL T S. R W T. D 3 7,8 ALSO LICENSED IN CT SARA L. CUNNINGHAM JACK L. HOFFMAN 4 2 7,8 ALSO LICENSED IN NY JAMES F. ANDERTON, V HOLLY L. JACKSON 5 ALSO LICENSED IN OH 6 DOMINIC R. RIOS ALSO LICENSED BY USPTO 3,4,6 MIKHAIL MURSHAK 7 GRAND RAPIDS OFFICE GABRIELLE C. LAWRENCE 8 OF COUNSEL ALAN G. ABOONA6 AMIA A. BANKS HANNAH E. BUZOLITS March 29, 2021 Ms. Lisa Felice Executive Secretary Michigan Public Service Commission 7109 W. Saginaw Highway Lansing, MI 48917 Re: Starlink Services, LLC Application for CLEC License MPSC Case No U-21035 Dear Ms. Felice: Enclosed for filing on behalf of Starlink Services, LLC please find: • Application Of Starlink Services, LLC For A Temporary And Permanent License To Provide Basic Local Exchange Service In Michigan • Prefiled Testimony of Matt Johnson • Exhibits SLS-1, SLS-2, SLS-3 and Confidential Exhibit SLS-4 Confidential Exhibit SLS-4 is not being filed electronically, but a sealed copy of Confidential Exhibit SLS-4 is being delivered via overnight mail to the Commission’s offices. -
Outer Space in Russia's Security Strategy
Outer Space in Russia’s Security Strategy Nicole J. Jackson Simons Papers in Security and Development No. 64/2018 | August 2018 Simons Papers in Security and Development No. 64/2018 2 The Simons Papers in Security and Development are edited and published at the School for International Studies, Simon Fraser University. The papers serve to disseminate research work in progress by the School’s faculty and associated and visiting scholars. Our aim is to encourage the exchange of ideas and academic debate. Inclusion of a paper in the series should not limit subsequent publication in any other venue. All papers can be downloaded free of charge from our website, www.sfu.ca/internationalstudies. The series is supported by the Simons Foundation. Series editor: Jeffrey T. Checkel Managing editor: Martha Snodgrass Jackson, Nicole J., Outer Space in Russia’s Security Strategy, Simons Papers in Security and Development, No. 64/2018, School for International Studies, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, August 2018. ISSN 1922-5725 Copyright remains with the author. Reproduction for other purposes than personal research, whether in hard copy or electronically, requires the consent of the author(s). If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), the title, the working paper number and year, and the publisher. Copyright for this issue: Nicole J. Jackson, nicole_jackson(at)sfu.ca. School for International Studies Simon Fraser University Suite 7200 - 515 West Hastings Street Vancouver, BC Canada V6B 5K3 Outer Space in Russia’s Security Strategy 3 Outer Space in Russia’s Security Strategy Simons Papers in Security and Development No.