Posidonius Panaetius Chrysippus of Soli Cleanthes Zeno of Citium

Stilpo Euclid of Megara

Crates of Thebes Hipparchia() of Maroneia Antisthenes

David StoveJohn Leslie Mackie John Anderson HenryDariush Corbin Shayegan Samuel Alexander David MaletJohn Armstrong Passmore Sayyed Mohammad Hosein Tabatabaei(Allameh Tabatabaei) Muhammed Al Tijani ( ) Hossein Nasr

Jan Hus John Wycliffe

Peter Abelard William Of Ockham Alasdair Macintyre PorphyryBoethius of Tyre RichardAntony Swinburne Flew Herbert Maccabe Keith Ward Anthony Kenny Peter Geach John McTaggart, born John McTaggart Ellis

Arcesilaus PyrrhoCarneades

Leucippus Democritus Hypatia () Aenesidemus

Sextus Empiricus Plotinus Aristippus Epicurus Iamblichus Socrates () Epictetus Anders Chydenius MarsilioProclus Ficino Lycaeus Francis Hutcheson Adam Smith Jacques Élie Henri Ambroise Ner Titus Lucretius Carus Jeremy Bentham Bernard Mandeville David Hume Joseph Butler William Petty Mortimer J. Adler Metrodorus Pseudo-Dionysius The Areopagite Thales of Miletus (Θαλς Μιλήσιος) Anaximander () Pythagoras (Πυθαγόρας) Pherecydes of Syros (Φερεκύδης) George Santayana NicholasAlbertus of Cusa Magnus Johannes Scotus EriugenaMeister Eckhart Bonaventure GiovanniJohn Pico Colet Della Mirandola Geert Geerts John Lachs Ted Honderich Philodēmos , Aristotélēs Peter Frederick Strawson Zeno Of Sidon Kenneth G. Binmore Arda Denkel Simon Blackburn Zeno of Elea μπεδοκλς Colin Macginn

Nicolas Malebranche C. D. Broad Melissus of Samos Plato (Πλάτων) Alfred Ayer Rousas John Rushdoony Cornelius Van Til Protagoras (Πρωταγόρας)

Alvin Plantinga George Berkeley Thomas Reid

Muhammed Fethullah Gülen Said Nursi Olavo De Carvalho J. Wolfgang Smith John Locke

Syed Ahmed Khan Bahadur Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahab of thawheeth Duns Scotus () David Hartley Thomas Hobbes F.C.S. Schiller Ned Block Charles Bernard Renouvier John Selden Al-Dhahabi David Kellogg Lewis William James Ibn QayyimIbn Kathir al-Jawziyyah Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Yusuf al-Mizzi Hilary Putnam Moses ben Maimon ("Maimonides") Leon BrunschvicgRené Descartes Gila Sher Khwaja Shamsuddin Azeemi Daniel Dennett Lewis Call Muhammad Azim Barkhiyya George Croom Robertson Willard Van Orman Quine Emerich De Vattel Francisco Suarez Hugo Grotius Jerry Fodor

Muhammad ibn Zakariyā Rāzī Abu Zayd Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi Rudolf Carnap Yaqub Ishaq Kindi Karl Raimund Popper

Frithjof Bergmann WilliamFrancis Lane J. Beckwith Craig Nelson Goodman

Shibli Nomani Heraclitus Javed Ahmad Ghamidi Hujjatul Islam Maulana Hamid Raza Khan Qadri Zechariah Chaffee Amin Ahsan Islahi Tajush Shariah Mufti Muhammad Akhtar Raza Khan Qaadiri Al Azhari Christian Wolff Jalaluddin Umri Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai Kng Qiū Ata ibn Abi Rabah ClarenceWilliam Irving Frankena Lewis Sachal Sarmast Mencius Ibn Jurayj Yusuf Islahi Peter Sloterdijk ‘Abd ar-Razzaq as-San‘ani Norbert Bolz Jacob Taubes G.William A. Cohen Kymlicka Israr Ahmad Baruch de Spinoza Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten Josiah Royce Waliullah Brand Blanshard Anselm of Canterbury Gilbert Ryle Morris Raphael Cohen Giorgio Agamben John Stuart Mill Immanuel Kant Sarah Kofman Giordano Bruno Maurice Blanchot

Johannes Nikolaus Tetens Alexis de Tocqueville William David (W. D.) Ross

G. E. Moore Edmund Burke

Stephen Mulhall Mirzā Mazhar Jān-i Jānān John N. Gray Stanley Cavell Philipp Mainlander Qadi Muhammad Thanaullah Usmani Panipati Mujaddidi Martha Nussbaum Iqbal, Muhammad, Sir Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi Thomas Walker Arnold Afrikan Aleksandrovich Špir Jawdat Said' StratoTheophrastus of Lampsacus Bastami Bayazid Lon L. Fuller Abdulhakim Arvasi Otto Weininger Emanuel Swedenborg Necip Fazil Kisakurek Arthur Schopenhauer John Langshaw Austin Ronald Dworkin MaulanaSyed Rashid Husain Ahmad Ahmad Gangohi Madani {R} Jeremy Waldron Blaise Pascal Rudolf Hermann Lotze Thomas Paine Abdul Ghaffar Fazali Naqshbandi Ralph Waldo Emerson Joseph RazH. L. A. Hart Khwaja Allah Bakhsh Abbasi GhaffariShah Ghulam Ali Dehlavi Mahatma Jotirao Phule Arne Dekke Eide Næss Hans Kelsen Muhammad Tahir Bakhshi Naqshbandi Jean Bodin George Boole MuhammadHazrat Pir Sirajuddin Fazal Ali Naqshbandi Christoph Von Sigwart Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu Sayyad LaalDost Shah Muhammad HamdaniMuhammad Qandhari Idrees Dahiri Naqshbandi Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell Usman Damani R. M. Hare

John Dewey Michel De Montaigne Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling Hans Vaihinger Alexius Meinong Denis Diderot Emil Fackenheim

Peter Albert David Singer Jakob Boehme Jose Guilherme Merquior Friedrich Nietzsche Ernest Gellner John Rawls Henry Sidgwick Donald Herbert Davidson Friedrich Albert Lange

Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege Michel Onfray Michael Anthony Eardley Dummett Karl Robert Eduard Von Hartmann Ian Rumfitt

Niccolò Machiavelli Rosalind Hursthouse Peter Wessel Zapffe Philippa Foot Bernard Arthur Owen Williams FernandoEstanislao González Zuleta Ochoa Martin Heidegger Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Francis Bacon Gonzalo Arango Arias Jean-Jacques Rousseau John Macdowell Richard Mackeon Susanne Katherina Langer Josiah Warren

Johann Gottfried von Herder Alfred North Whitehead CharlesDavid Hartshorne Ray Griffin R. A. W. Rhodes

Peter Konstantinov Deunov Mark Bevir Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner Kendall Lewis Walton Tetsuro Watsuji Chris Mark Bateman Kitaro Nishida Peter Ludlow Kuki Shūzō Francis Herbert (F.H.) Bradley Bolívar EcheverríaEnrique Dussel Andrade Terence Mackenna Marshall McLuhan Michael Oakeshott Stephen Walt Alan Watts Avram Noam Chomsky KennethJohn Mearsheimer Waltz Francois Laruelle Joseph Nye Johann Gottlieb FichteFriedrich Heinrich Jacobi Ernst Cassirer NickRay Land Brassier Maine De Biran Michael Walzer Karl Leonhard Reinhold Henri-Louis Bergson Michael Sandel Moses Mendelssohn Leo Strauss Richard David Precht Salomon Maimon Stanley Rosen George Grant David Chalmers Rudolf Christoph Eucken Niall Maclaren Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg Berit Oskar Brogaard Bas Van Fraassen

Franz Clemens Honoratus Hermann Brentano Emil Lask Wilfrid Sellars al-asan ibn Alī al-Barbahārī Paul Churchland Ibn Battah al-Hanbali Allan Bloom Christian Von Ehrenfels EricOthmar Voegelin Spann Robert Brandom Muslih-ud-Din Mushrif ibn-Abdullah Shirazi Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama

Chris Harman Antonio Millan Puelles Alex Callinicos Georges Toussaint Léon Palante

ZhuangziLaozi

Emile Armand Umberto Eco Herbert Spencer Judith Butler MaulanaQazi HalbAshraf Burhan-ud-din 'Alī Thānwī Giovanni Gentile Auguste Comte Søren Aabye Kierkegaard Christian Molbech Raymond Williams Benedetto Croce Roderick TracyRobert Long Nozick Antonio Labriola Carl Gustav Hempel Jaegwon Kim Charles Maurras Zygmunt BaumanAntonio Gramsci

Paul WatzlawickJohn Grinder Joseph De Maistre

Hans Jonas Alain Finkielkraut

Hazrat Babajan Murray Newton Rothbard Hannah Arendt Meher Baba Brian Massumi Upasni Maharaj (adopted name) Jan NarvesonFrank Albert Fetter Kazi Nazrul Islam Cornel Ronald West Felix Guattari Hamid Dabashi CarloSamuel Lottieri Edward Konkin III Bernard Stiegler Gilbert Simondon Arthur Danto Lewis GordonEdwardGayatri Saïd Chakravorty Spivak Quentin Meillassoux Gilles Deleuze Gabriel Marcel Rajagopalan Radhakrishnan Homi Bhabha Michael Hardt Emmanuel LevinasWalter Arnold Kaufmann Avital Ronell Stefan Basil Molyneux Erich Pinchas Fromm

Ari Aranov Alain Badiou Leonard Peikoff Mary Ainsworth Martin Buber Liu Junning John Bowlby Hans-Georg Gadamer

Yi Cheng Ignacio Ellacuria DunyiXi Zhou Zhu Wilhelm Dilthey Jacques Marie Émile Lacan Xavier Zubiri Mu Chien Simon Critchley Graham Harman Jean-Luc Marion Max Scheler Jose Ortega Y Gasset Juan VazquezCarl de Schmitt Mella

Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl Slavoj Zizek Leszek Kołakowski Richard Rorty Alexander Kojeve Jacques ErnestoRanciere Laclau Etienne Balibar Charles Taylor Georges Sorel Vladimir Solovyov Hubert Dreyfus Fredric Jameson Louis Althusser SergeyNikolai Bulgakov Berdyaev E.A. Burtt Roman Ingarden Mario Kopic Kostas Axelos Murray Bookchin Gianni Vattimo Alexandre Koyre Jacques y tu hermana Derrida John D. Caputo Lev Shestov Thomas Samuel Kuhn Jean Baudrillard William A. Earle Pierre Duhem

Brian Mistler

Ferdinand De Saussure David Kolb Pierre Bourdieu Roland Barthes Albert Camus Gaston Bachelard MauricePaul Halbwachs Ricoeur

Simone Weil Dewi Phillips

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

Michel Foucault Claude Lévi-Strauss Paul Karl Feyerabend Imre Lakatos

Frank P. Ramsey Xenocrates Speusippus RichardSusan Popkin Haack Luciano Floridi Georges Bataille

Karl Korsch Karl Heinrich Marx Renée-Marie-Hélène-Suzanne Briet Baron D' Holbach

Karl Jaspers

Jean-François Lyotard

Isaiah Berlin Maurice Merleau-Ponty Alexander Herzen Walter Benjamin

Jean Paul Sartre

Simone De Beauvoir

Georg Bernhard Lukács von Szegedin

Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin

Theodor W. Adorno Antonio Negri Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach Richard J. F. Day Joseph Dietzgen

CorneliusTakis Castoriadis Fotopoulos Jürgen Habermas

Max Horkheimer

Friedrich Engels

Johann Kaspar Schmidt

Guy Ernest Debord Henri Lefebvre

Abele Rizieri Ferrari

Wolfi Landstreicher

Raoul Vaneigem Norman O. Brown Wwilliam Leiss Bob Black Herbert Marcuse

Ivan Illich John ZerzanJacques Ellul