DOCSLIB.ORG

Stony Brook University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Stony Brook University SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... The Semicircular Canals of Birds and Non-Avian Theropod Dinosaurs A Dissertation Presented by Justin Scott Sipla to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anatomical Sciences Stony Brook University August 2007 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Justin Scott Sipla We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Catherine A Forster, Ph.D. – Dissertation Advisor Associate Professor Department of Anatomical Sciences William L. Jungers, Ph.D. – Chairperson of Defense Professor Department of Anatomical Sciences Jack T. Stern, Ph.D. – Dissertation Advisor Professor Department of Anatomical Sciences James M. Clark, Ph.D. – Outside Member Professor Department of Biological Sciences George Washington University This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School Lawrence Martin Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation The Semicircular Canals of Birds and Non-Avian Theropod Dinosaurs by Justin Scott Sipla Doctor of Philosophy in Anatomical Sciences Stony Brook University August 2007 The invasion of aerial habits by primitive birds involved massive reorganization of neurological and sensory systems, many of which are coordinated in the brain by vestibular cues from the semicircular canals. These organs sense angular accelerations experienced by the head and body with every movement. Canal signals are combined with visual and somatosensory inputs and are used to generate a wide-range of reflexive behaviors necessary for stabilizing gaze, maintaining posture, and coordinating body movements. This dissertation focuses on understanding the relationship between locomotor behavior and vestibular function in birds and non-avian theropod dinosaurs, both from a comparative and functional perspective. Widespread use of noninvasive computed tomography (CT) has opened great possibilities for visualizing canal structures, which are often preserved in fossil specimens. The otic capsules of 178 species of extant birds and iii 15 species of non-avian theropods were CT scanned and the vestibular structures reconstructed and measured from digitally prepared volumes. The morphology of the semicircular canals in non-avian theropods and many flightless birds is shown to reflect their status as bipedal cursors, while the pattern seen in volant avians is found to correlate strongly with different flying behaviors. Independent measures of aerobatic maneuverability, such as wing loading, also correlate with canal morphology, demonstrating that, at least in flying birds, larger and thus more sensitive canals are possessed by agile species flying at slower speeds. Freed in air from the need for intermittent contact with a surface substrate, birds can employ a wider repertoire of body movements during locomotion, including forms of rotation that would be improbable on land. In the absence of somatosensory cues from postural interactions with the ground, it is argued that these movements place increased demands on the vestibular system of avian fliers. Investigation into the size and shape of avian semicircular canals permits evaluation of the mode of flight employed by primitive avialans, like Archaeopteryx , shedding light on some of the broader neurophysiological adaptations to flight behavior that characterize bird evolution. iv In preparing this dissertation, my wife Kathryn was a constant support, as in all things. She endured my labors with patience, confidence, and love. This work is dedicated to her. Table of Contents List of Figures............................................................................................................ viii List of Tables............................................................................................................. ix Acknowledgements.................................................................................................... x Introduction................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1: Anatomy and function of the vestibular system....................................... 4 1.1. Historical perspective.............................................................................. 4 1.2. Evolution and anatomy of vestibular end organs....................................7 1.2.1. Anatomical organization of the gnathostome labyrinth……............... 9 1.2.2. The otolith organs................................................................................ 11 1.2.3. The semicircular canals........................................................................13 1.2.4. Other vestibular sensors....................................................................... 17 1.3. Transduction of mechanical energy into neural signals.......................... 18 1.3.1. Hair cell types...................................................................................... 21 1.3.2. Afferent signaling and efferent control................................................ 23 1.4. Functional morphology of the semicircular ducts.................................. 25 1.4.1. Basic fluid mechanics.......................................................................... 26 1.4.2. Significance of physical parameters.................................................... 30 1.4.3. Attunement of the canals to the frequency spectra of movements….. 40 1.5. Central processing of vestibular input and canal-mitigated reflexes...... 45 1.5.1. Central processing................................................................................ 46 1.5.2. The vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic reflex (OKR)....... 49 1.5.3. The vestibulospinal reflex (VSR) and vestibulocollic reflex (VCR)... 51 Chapter 2: The biology of flight and vestibular control........................................... 55 2.1. The origin of birds and evolution of avian flight.................................... 57 2.1.1. Birds are theropod dinosaurs............................................................... 59 2.1.2. Extant bird diversity............................................................................. 67 2.1.3. Evolution of the flight stroke............................................................... 70 2.2. The aerodynamics of flapping flight....................................................... 74 2.2.1. Introduction to basic principles............................................................ 75 2.2.2. Patterns of thrust generation in cruising flight..................................... 77 2.2.3. Maneuvering during flight................................................................... 82 2.2.4. Stability and head control during flight............................................... 89 2.2.5. How well could Archaeopteryx fly?.................................................... 92 Chapter 3: Research design........................................................................................ 94 3.1. Goals and predictions.............................................................................. 94 3.1.1. Hypotheses........................................................................................... 99 3.2. Materials and methods............................................................................ 103 3.2.1. Specimens............................................................................................ 103 3.2.2. CT scanning and image processing...................................................... 104 vi 3.2.3. Measurements...................................................................................... 106 3.2.4. Statistical analyses............................................................................... 111 3.2.5. Bonferonni correction.......................................................................... 117 3.2.6. Phylogenetic constraints and “adjusted-N”......................................... 117 Chapter 4: The semicircular canals of birds and relationship to flight...................... 120 4.1. Morphology of the semicircular canals of birds and their ancestors...... 120 4.1.1. The canals of birds............................................................................... 121 4.1.2. The canals of non-avian theropods...................................................... 127 4.2. Canal size variation in birds and non-avian theropod dinosaurs............ 130 4.2.1. Phylogenetic constraints and “adjusted N”.......................................... 132 4.2.2. Allometry of bird and theropod canals................................................ 134 4.2.3. Differential expansion of the canals.................................................... 139 4.2.4. Relationship between semicircular canal size and morphological correlates of flight behavior............................................................... 144 4.3. Discussion............................................................................................... 158 4.3.1. Interspecific variation in canal size...................................................... 161 4.3.2. Canal size and flight behavior.............................................................. 172
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Orthocladiinae 7.1
    ORTHOCLADIINAE 7.1 SUBFAMILY ORTHOCLADIINAE 7 DIAGNOSIS: Antennae with 3-7 segments; may be strongly reduced or may be longer than head capsule. Labrum with S I variable (simple, bifid, branched, serrated, palmate or plumose); S II usually simple but may be bifid, branched, palmate or plumose; S III simple (rarely bifid); S IV normal. Labral lamellae present or absent. Mentum usually well sclerotized, with several to more than 25 teeth; ventro- mental plates absent/vestigial to very large, without striae (occasionally with ridges in Nanocladius); beard present or absent. Prementum variably developed but never with dense well developed median brush of setae. Body with anterior parapods (sometimes reduced and/or fused); with posterior parapods well developed, separate or fused, or parapods reduced or absent. Setal fringe, setal tufts or long setae sometimes present. Anal tubules normally present, may be reduced or absent/vestigial. NOTES: One of the most diverse of the chironomid subfamilies; orthoclad larvae are found in an amaz- ing variety of habitats, running the gamut from terrestrial (corn fields, dung, greenhouses, leaf litter in hardwood forests) to seeps, springs, streams, rivers, ponds and lakes in freshwater, and coastal estuarine and littoral marine areas. Most larvae are scrapers, shredders or collectors-gatherers; some taxa are preda- tors, some are parasites. Key to the genera of larval Orthocladiinae of the southeastern United States (larvae are unknown for Apometriocnemus, Chasmatonotus, Diplosmittia, Lipurometriocnemus, Plhudsonia, Saetheriella, Sublettiella and Tavastia) 1 Length of antennae at least 1/2 length of head capsule ............................................................ 2 1’ Length of antennae less than 1/2 length of head capsule ........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Endocasts: Using Predicted Brain-Structure Volumes of Extinct Birds to Assess Neuroanatomical and Behavioral Inferences
    diversity Article Beyond Endocasts: Using Predicted Brain-Structure Volumes of Extinct Birds to Assess Neuroanatomical and Behavioral Inferences 1, , 2 2 Catherine M. Early * y , Ryan C. Ridgely and Lawrence M. Witmer 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; [email protected] (R.C.R.); [email protected] (L.M.W.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Current Address: Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. y Received: 1 November 2019; Accepted: 30 December 2019; Published: 17 January 2020 Abstract: The shape of the brain influences skull morphology in birds, and both traits are driven by phylogenetic and functional constraints. Studies on avian cranial and neuroanatomical evolution are strengthened by data on extinct birds, but complete, 3D-preserved vertebrate brains are not known from the fossil record, so brain endocasts often serve as proxies. Recent work on extant birds shows that the Wulst and optic lobe faithfully represent the size of their underlying brain structures, both of which are involved in avian visual pathways. The endocasts of seven extinct birds were generated from microCT scans of their skulls to add to an existing sample of endocasts of extant birds, and the surface areas of their Wulsts and optic lobes were measured. A phylogenetic prediction method based on Bayesian inference was used to calculate the volumes of the brain structures of these extinct birds based on the surface areas of their overlying endocast structures. This analysis resulted in hyperpallium volumes of five of these extinct birds and optic tectum volumes of all seven extinct birds.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Vol. 11, No. 3
    BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Volume 11 Number 3 CATALOGUE OF FOSSIL BIRDS: Part 3 (Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes) Pierce Brodkorb M,4 * . /853 0 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA Gainesville 1967 Numbers of the BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM are pub- lished at irregular intervals. Volumes contain about 800 pages and are not nec- essarily completed in any one calendar year. WALTER AuFFENBERC, Managing Editor OLIVER L. AUSTIN, JA, Editor Consultants for this issue. ~ HILDEGARDE HOWARD ALExANDER WErMORE Communications concerning purchase or exchange of the publication and all manuscripts should be addressed to the Managing Editor of the Bulletin, Florida State Museum, Seagle Building, Gainesville, Florida. 82601 Published June 12, 1967 Price for this issue $2.20 CATALOGUE OF FOSSIL BIRDS: Part 3 ( Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes) PIERCE BRODKORBl SYNOPSIS: The third installment of the Catalogue of Fossil Birds treats 84 families comprising the orders Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, and Charadriiformes. The species included in this section number 866, of which 215 are paleospecies and 151 are neospecies. With the addenda of 14 paleospecies, the three parts now published treat 1,236 spDcies, of which 771 are paleospecies and 465 are living or recently extinct. The nominal order- Diatrymiformes is reduced in rank to a suborder of the Ralliformes, and several generally recognized families are reduced to subfamily status. These include Geranoididae and Eogruidae (to Gruidae); Bfontornithidae
    [Show full text]
  • 71St Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Paris Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada, USA November 2 – 5, 2011 SESSION CONCURRENT SESSION CONCURRENT
    ISSN 1937-2809 online Journal of Supplement to the November 2011 Vertebrate Paleontology Vertebrate Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate 71st Annual Meeting Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Las Vegas Paris Nevada, USA Las Vegas, November 2 – 5, 2011 Program and Abstracts Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 71st Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts COMMITTEE MEETING ROOM POSTER SESSION/ CONCURRENT CONCURRENT SESSION EXHIBITS SESSION COMMITTEE MEETING ROOMS AUCTION EVENT REGISTRATION, CONCURRENT MERCHANDISE SESSION LOUNGE, EDUCATION & OUTREACH SPEAKER READY COMMITTEE MEETING POSTER SESSION ROOM ROOM SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS SEVENTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING PARIS LAS VEGAS HOTEL LAS VEGAS, NV, USA NOVEMBER 2–5, 2011 HOST COMMITTEE Stephen Rowland, Co-Chair; Aubrey Bonde, Co-Chair; Joshua Bonde; David Elliott; Lee Hall; Jerry Harris; Andrew Milner; Eric Roberts EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Philip Currie, President; Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Past President; Catherine Forster, Vice President; Christopher Bell, Secretary; Ted Vlamis, Treasurer; Julia Clarke, Member at Large; Kristina Curry Rogers, Member at Large; Lars Werdelin, Member at Large SYMPOSIUM CONVENORS Roger B.J. Benson, Richard J. Butler, Nadia B. Fröbisch, Hans C.E. Larsson, Mark A. Loewen, Philip D. Mannion, Jim I. Mead, Eric M. Roberts, Scott D. Sampson, Eric D. Scott, Kathleen Springer PROGRAM COMMITTEE Jonathan Bloch, Co-Chair; Anjali Goswami, Co-Chair; Jason Anderson; Paul Barrett; Brian Beatty; Kerin Claeson; Kristina Curry Rogers; Ted Daeschler; David Evans; David Fox; Nadia B. Fröbisch; Christian Kammerer; Johannes Müller; Emily Rayfield; William Sanders; Bruce Shockey; Mary Silcox; Michelle Stocker; Rebecca Terry November 2011—PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS 1 Members and Friends of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Host Committee cordially welcomes you to the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Las Vegas.
    [Show full text]
  • Onetouch 4.0 Scanned Documents
    / Chapter 2 THE FOSSIL RECORD OF BIRDS Storrs L. Olson Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC. I. Introduction 80 II. Archaeopteryx 85 III. Early Cretaceous Birds 87 IV. Hesperornithiformes 89 V. Ichthyornithiformes 91 VI. Other Mesozojc Birds 92 VII. Paleognathous Birds 96 A. The Problem of the Origins of Paleognathous Birds 96 B. The Fossil Record of Paleognathous Birds 104 VIII. The "Basal" Land Bird Assemblage 107 A. Opisthocomidae 109 B. Musophagidae 109 C. Cuculidae HO D. Falconidae HI E. Sagittariidae 112 F. Accipitridae 112 G. Pandionidae 114 H. Galliformes 114 1. Family Incertae Sedis Turnicidae 119 J. Columbiformes 119 K. Psittaciforines 120 L. Family Incertae Sedis Zygodactylidae 121 IX. The "Higher" Land Bird Assemblage 122 A. Coliiformes 124 B. Coraciiformes (Including Trogonidae and Galbulae) 124 C. Strigiformes 129 D. Caprimulgiformes 132 E. Apodiformes 134 F. Family Incertae Sedis Trochilidae 135 G. Order Incertae Sedis Bucerotiformes (Including Upupae) 136 H. Piciformes 138 I. Passeriformes 139 X. The Water Bird Assemblage 141 A. Gruiformes 142 B. Family Incertae Sedis Ardeidae 165 79 Avian Biology, Vol. Vlll ISBN 0-12-249408-3 80 STORES L. OLSON C. Family Incertae Sedis Podicipedidae 168 D. Charadriiformes 169 E. Anseriformes 186 F. Ciconiiformes 188 G. Pelecaniformes 192 H. Procellariiformes 208 I. Gaviiformes 212 J. Sphenisciformes 217 XI. Conclusion 217 References 218 I. Introduction Avian paleontology has long been a poor stepsister to its mammalian counterpart, a fact that may be attributed in some measure to an insufRcien- cy of qualified workers and to the absence in birds of heterodont teeth, on which the greater proportion of the fossil record of mammals is founded.
    [Show full text]
  • Sistemática Y Filogenia De Las Aves Fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae)
    SISTEMÁTICA Y FILOGENIA DE LAS AVES FORORRACOIDEAS (GRUIFORMES, CARIAMAE) Federico Agnolín1, 2 1Laboratorio de Anatomía Comparada y Evolución de los Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”. Av. Ángel Gallardo, 470 (1405), Buenos Aires, República Argentina. fedeagnolí[email protected] 2Área Paleontología. Fundación de Historia Natural “Félix de Azara”. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Antropolo- gía. CEBBAD - Universidad Maimónides. Valentín Virasoro 732 (C1405BDB), Buenos Aires, República Argentina. Sistemática y Filogenia de las Aves Fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae). Federico Agnolín. Primera edición: septiembre de 2009. Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Antropología CEBBAD - Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Universidad Maimónides Valentín Virasoro 732 (C1405BDB) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, República Argentina. Teléfono: 011-4905-1100 (int. 1228). E-mail: [email protected] Página web: www.fundacionazara.org.ar Diseño: Claudia Di Leva. Agnolín, Federico Sistemática y filogenia de las aves fororracoideas : gruiformes, cariamae / Federico Agnolín ; dirigido por Adrián Giacchino. - 1a ed. - Buenos Aires : Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara, 2009. 79 p. : il. ; 30x21 cm. - (Monografías Fundación Azara / Adrián Giacchino) ISBN 978-987-25346-1-5 © Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara Queda hecho el depósito que marca la ley 11.723 Sistemática y Filogenia de las aves fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae) Resumen. En el presente trabajo se efectúa una revisión sistemática de las aves fororracoideas y se propone por primera vez una filogenia cladística para los Phororhacoidea y grupos relacionados. Se acuña el nuevo nombre Notogrues para el clado que incluye entre otros taxones a Psophia, Cariamidae y Phororhacoidea. Dentro de los Notogrues se observa una paulatina tendencia hacia la pérdida del vuelo y la carnivoría.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Birds Classification System Tinamiformes
    6.1.2011 Classification system • Subclass: Neornites (modern birds) – Superorder: Paleognathae, Neognathae Modern Birds • Paleognathae – two orders, 49 species • Struthioniformes—ostriches, emus, kiwis, and allies • Tinamiformes—tinamous Ing. Jakub Hlava Department of Zoology and Fisheries CULS Tinamiformes • flightless • Dwarf Tinamou • consists of about 47 species in 9 genera • Dwarf Tinamou ‐ 43 g (1.5 oz) and 20 cm (7.9 in) • Gray Tinamou ‐ 2.3 kg (5.1 lb) 53 cm (21 in) • small fruits and seeds, leaves, larvae, worms, and mollusks • Gray Tinamou 1 6.1.2011 Struthioniformes Struthioniformes • large, flightless birds • Ostrich • most of them now extinct • Cassowary • chicks • Emu • adults more omnivorous or insectivorous • • adults are primarily vegetarian (digestive tracts) Kiwi • Emus have a more omnivorous diet, including insects and other small animals • kiwis eat earthworms, insects, and other similar creatures Neognathae Galloanserae • comprises 27 orders • Anseriformes ‐ waterfowl (150) • 10,000 species • Galliformes ‐ wildfowl/landfowl (250+) • Superorder Galloanserae (fowl) • Superorder Neoaves (higher neognaths) 2 6.1.2011 Anseriformes (screamers) Anatidae (dablling ducks) • includes ducks, geese and swans • South America • cosmopolitan distribution • Small group • domestication • Large, bulky • hunted animals‐ food and recreation • Small head, large feet • biggest genus (40‐50sp.) ‐ Anas Anas shoveler • mallards (wild ducks) • pintails • shlhovelers • wigeons • teals northern pintail wigeon male (Eurasian) 3 6.1.2011 Tadorninae‐
    [Show full text]
  • The Treeness of the Tree of Historical Trees of Life
    RESEARCH ARTICLE The treeness of the tree of historical trees of life 1 2 3 1 Marie Fisler , CeÂdric CreÂmière , Pierre Darlu , Guillaume LecointreID * 1 UMR 7205 CNRS-MNHN-SU-EPHE « Institut de SysteÂmatique, Evolution et Biodiversite », deÂpartement « Origines & E volution », MuseÂum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, 2 MuseÂe d'Histoire Naturelle du Havre, Place du vieux marcheÂ, Le Havre, France, 3 UMR 7206 CNRS-MNHN-UPD « Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie », deÂpartement « Hommes, Nature et SocieÂteÂs », MuseÂum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 This paper compares and categorizes historical ideas about trees showing relationships among biological entities. The hierarchical structure of a tree is used to test the global con- sistency of similarities among these ideas; in other words we assess the ªtreenessº of the OPEN ACCESS tree of historical trees. The collected data are figures and ideas about trees showing rela- Citation: Fisler M, CreÂmière C, Darlu P, Lecointre G tionships among biological entities published or drawn by naturalists from 1555 to 2012. (2020) The treeness of the tree of historical trees of They are coded into a matrix of 235 historical trees and 141 descriptive attributes. From the life. PLoS ONE 15(1): e0226567. https://doi.org/ most parsimonious ªtreeº of historical trees, treeness is measured by consistency index, 10.1371/journal.pone.0226567 retention index and homoplasy excess ratio. This tree is used to create sets or categories of Editor: Marc Robinson-Rechavi, Universite de trees, or to study the circulation of ideas. From an unrooted network of historical trees, tree- Lausanne Faculte de biologie et medecine, ness is measured by the delta-score.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Muscular System in Tetrapod Limbs Tatsuya Hirasawa1* and Shigeru Kuratani1,2
    Hirasawa and Kuratani Zoological Letters (2018) 4:27 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-018-0110-2 REVIEW Open Access Evolution of the muscular system in tetrapod limbs Tatsuya Hirasawa1* and Shigeru Kuratani1,2 Abstract While skeletal evolution has been extensively studied, the evolution of limb muscles and brachial plexus has received less attention. In this review, we focus on the tempo and mode of evolution of forelimb muscles in the vertebrate history, and on the developmental mechanisms that have affected the evolution of their morphology. Tetrapod limb muscles develop from diffuse migrating cells derived from dermomyotomes, and the limb-innervating nerves lose their segmental patterns to form the brachial plexus distally. Despite such seemingly disorganized developmental processes, limb muscle homology has been highly conserved in tetrapod evolution, with the apparent exception of the mammalian diaphragm. The limb mesenchyme of lateral plate mesoderm likely plays a pivotal role in the subdivision of the myogenic cell population into individual muscles through the formation of interstitial muscle connective tissues. Interactions with tendons and motoneuron axons are involved in the early and late phases of limb muscle morphogenesis, respectively. The mechanism underlying the recurrent generation of limb muscle homology likely resides in these developmental processes, which should be studied from an evolutionary perspective in the future. Keywords: Development, Evolution, Homology, Fossils, Regeneration, Tetrapods Background other morphological characters that may change during The fossil record reveals that the evolutionary rate of growth. Skeletal muscles thus exhibit clear advantages vertebrate morphology has been variable, and morpho- for the integration of paleontology and evolutionary logical deviations and alterations have taken place unevenly developmental biology.
    [Show full text]
  • Permian Tetrapod Footprints from the Lucero Uplift, Central New Mexico Sebastian Voigt and Spencer G
    New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/67 Permian tetrapod footprints from the Lucero Uplift, central New Mexico Sebastian Voigt and Spencer G. Lucas, 2016, pp. 387-395 in: Guidebook 67 - Geology of the Belen Area, Frey, Bonnie A.; Karlstrom, Karl E. ; Lucas, Spencer G.; Williams, Shannon; Ziegler, Kate; McLemore, Virginia; Ulmer-Scholle, Dana S., New Mexico Geological Society 67th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 512 p. This is one of many related papers that were included in the 2016 NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebook. Annual NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebooks Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states). Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants. Besides detailed road logs, the guidebooks contain many well written, edited, and peer-reviewed geoscience papers. These books have set the national standard for geologic guidebooks and are an essential geologic reference for anyone working in or around New Mexico. Free Downloads NMGS has decided to make peer-reviewed papers from our Fall Field Conference guidebooks available for free download. Non-members will have access to guidebook papers two years after publication. Members have access to all papers. This is in keeping with our mission of promoting interest, research, and cooperation regarding geology in New Mexico. However, guidebook sales represent a significant proportion of our operating budget. Therefore, only research papers are available for download. Road logs, mini-papers, maps, stratigraphic charts, and other selected content are available only in the printed guidebooks.
    [Show full text]
  • Amniote Yolk Sacs: Diversity in Reptiles and a Hypothesis on Their Origin RICHARD P
    Int. J. Dev. Biol. 58: 889-894 (2014) doi: 10.1387/ijdb.140239db www.intjdevbiol.com Amniote yolk sacs: diversity in reptiles and a hypothesis on their origin RICHARD P. ELINSON1, JAMES R. STEWART2, LAURIE J. BONNEAU3 and DANIEL G. BLACKBURN*,3 1240 West Neck Road, Huntington, NY, 2 Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN and 3Department of Biology, and Electron Microscopy Center, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, USA ABSTRACT Oviparous amniotes produce a large yolky egg that gives rise to a free-living hatchling. Structural characteristics and functional attributes of the egg are best known for birds, which have a large mass of fluid yolk surrounded by an extraembryonic yolk sac. Yolk nutrients are delivered to the embryo via the vascular yolk sac. This developmental pattern and nutrient transport mecha- nism is thought to be representative of all other lineages of amniotes. Recent discovery of a snake with cellularized yolk organized around a meshwork of blood vessels reveals an additional pattern for yolk mobilization, which may also occur in other squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes). This complex yolk sac raises interesting questions about developmental mechanisms and suggests a possible model for the transition between the egg of anamniotes and that of amniotes. KEY WORDS: cleavage, yolk, embryo maintenance, yolk sac, oviparity Introduction tissue (Elinson and Stewart, 2014) reveals a dramatic contrast to the development of the yolk sac of the chicken that raises Vertebrates became completely terrestrial with the evolution questions regarding appropriate models for the egg of early of the amniotic egg. The primary innovation of the egg is a large amniotes.
    [Show full text]
  • Ugc Locf Document on Zoology
    UGC LOCF DOCUMENT ON ZOOLOGY Learning Outcomes based Curriculum Framework (LOCF) for (ZOOLOGY) Undergraduate Programme 2020 UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI – 110 002 UGC LOCF DOCUMENT ON ZOOLOGY Table of Contents Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... 2 Preamble .................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 09 2. Learning Outcome Based approach to Curriculum Planning ............................................... 10 2.1 Nature and extent of the B.Sc degree Programme in Zoology ......................................... 11 2.2. Aims of Bachelor’s Degree Programme in Zoology ......................................................... 11 3. Graduate Attributes in Zoology ..................................................................................................... 12 4. Qualification Descriptors for a Bachelor’s Degree Programme in Zoology.....................14 5. Learning Outcomes in Bachelor’s Degree Programme in Zoology…………………..15 5.1 Knowledge and Understanding ...................................................................................................... 15 5.2 Subject Specific Intellectual and Practical Skills .......................................................................
    [Show full text]