Amniote Yolk Sacs: Diversity in Reptiles and a Hypothesis on Their Origin RICHARD P
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Early Tetrapod Relationships Revisited
Biol. Rev. (2003), 78, pp. 251–345. f Cambridge Philosophical Society 251 DOI: 10.1017/S1464793102006103 Printed in the United Kingdom Early tetrapod relationships revisited MARCELLO RUTA1*, MICHAEL I. COATES1 and DONALD L. J. QUICKE2 1 The Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637-1508, USA ([email protected]; [email protected]) 2 Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL57PY, UK and Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW75BD, UK ([email protected]) (Received 29 November 2001; revised 28 August 2002; accepted 2 September 2002) ABSTRACT In an attempt to investigate differences between the most widely discussed hypotheses of early tetrapod relation- ships, we assembled a new data matrix including 90 taxa coded for 319 cranial and postcranial characters. We have incorporated, where possible, original observations of numerous taxa spread throughout the major tetrapod clades. A stem-based (total-group) definition of Tetrapoda is preferred over apomorphy- and node-based (crown-group) definitions. This definition is operational, since it is based on a formal character analysis. A PAUP* search using a recently implemented version of the parsimony ratchet method yields 64 shortest trees. Differ- ences between these trees concern: (1) the internal relationships of aı¨stopods, the three selected species of which form a trichotomy; (2) the internal relationships of embolomeres, with Archeria -
The Treeness of the Tree of Historical Trees of Life
RESEARCH ARTICLE The treeness of the tree of historical trees of life 1 2 3 1 Marie Fisler , CeÂdric CreÂmière , Pierre Darlu , Guillaume LecointreID * 1 UMR 7205 CNRS-MNHN-SU-EPHE « Institut de SysteÂmatique, Evolution et Biodiversite », deÂpartement « Origines & E volution », MuseÂum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, 2 MuseÂe d'Histoire Naturelle du Havre, Place du vieux marcheÂ, Le Havre, France, 3 UMR 7206 CNRS-MNHN-UPD « Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie », deÂpartement « Hommes, Nature et SocieÂteÂs », MuseÂum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 This paper compares and categorizes historical ideas about trees showing relationships among biological entities. The hierarchical structure of a tree is used to test the global con- sistency of similarities among these ideas; in other words we assess the ªtreenessº of the OPEN ACCESS tree of historical trees. The collected data are figures and ideas about trees showing rela- Citation: Fisler M, CreÂmière C, Darlu P, Lecointre G tionships among biological entities published or drawn by naturalists from 1555 to 2012. (2020) The treeness of the tree of historical trees of They are coded into a matrix of 235 historical trees and 141 descriptive attributes. From the life. PLoS ONE 15(1): e0226567. https://doi.org/ most parsimonious ªtreeº of historical trees, treeness is measured by consistency index, 10.1371/journal.pone.0226567 retention index and homoplasy excess ratio. This tree is used to create sets or categories of Editor: Marc Robinson-Rechavi, Universite de trees, or to study the circulation of ideas. From an unrooted network of historical trees, tree- Lausanne Faculte de biologie et medecine, ness is measured by the delta-score. -
Evolution of the Muscular System in Tetrapod Limbs Tatsuya Hirasawa1* and Shigeru Kuratani1,2
Hirasawa and Kuratani Zoological Letters (2018) 4:27 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-018-0110-2 REVIEW Open Access Evolution of the muscular system in tetrapod limbs Tatsuya Hirasawa1* and Shigeru Kuratani1,2 Abstract While skeletal evolution has been extensively studied, the evolution of limb muscles and brachial plexus has received less attention. In this review, we focus on the tempo and mode of evolution of forelimb muscles in the vertebrate history, and on the developmental mechanisms that have affected the evolution of their morphology. Tetrapod limb muscles develop from diffuse migrating cells derived from dermomyotomes, and the limb-innervating nerves lose their segmental patterns to form the brachial plexus distally. Despite such seemingly disorganized developmental processes, limb muscle homology has been highly conserved in tetrapod evolution, with the apparent exception of the mammalian diaphragm. The limb mesenchyme of lateral plate mesoderm likely plays a pivotal role in the subdivision of the myogenic cell population into individual muscles through the formation of interstitial muscle connective tissues. Interactions with tendons and motoneuron axons are involved in the early and late phases of limb muscle morphogenesis, respectively. The mechanism underlying the recurrent generation of limb muscle homology likely resides in these developmental processes, which should be studied from an evolutionary perspective in the future. Keywords: Development, Evolution, Homology, Fossils, Regeneration, Tetrapods Background other morphological characters that may change during The fossil record reveals that the evolutionary rate of growth. Skeletal muscles thus exhibit clear advantages vertebrate morphology has been variable, and morpho- for the integration of paleontology and evolutionary logical deviations and alterations have taken place unevenly developmental biology. -
Tracing the Evolution of Amniote Chromosomes
Chromosoma (2014) 123:201–216 DOI 10.1007/s00412-014-0456-y REVIEW Tracing the evolution of amniote chromosomes Janine E. Deakin & Tariq Ezaz Received: 20 December 2013 /Revised: 3 March 2014 /Accepted: 4 March 2014 /Published online: 25 March 2014 # The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract A great deal of diversity in chromosome number birds and non-avian reptiles presents an opportunity to study and arrangement is observed across the amniote phylogeny. chromosome evolution to determine the timing and types of Understanding how this diversity is generated is important for events that shaped the chromosomes of extant amniote spe- determining the role of chromosomal rearrangements in gen- cies. This involves comparing chromosomes of different spe- erating phenotypic variation and speciation. Gaining this un- cies to reconstruct the most likely chromosome arrangement derstanding is achieved by reconstructing the ancestral ge- in a common ancestor. Tracing such events can provided great nome arrangement based on comparisons of genome organi- insight into the evolutionary process and even the role chro- zation of extant species. Ancestral karyotypes for several mosomal rearrangements play in phenotypic evolution and amniote lineages have been reconstructed, mainly from speciation. cross-species chromosome painting data. The availability of Reconstruction of ancestral karyotypes at various positions anchored whole genome sequences for amniote species has along the amniote (reptiles, birds and mammals) phylogenetic increased the evolutionary depth and confidence of ancestral tree has been made possible by the large number of cross- reconstructions from those made solely from chromosome species chromosome painting and gene mapping studies that painting data. -
Evolution and Homology of the Astragalus in Early Amniotes: New Fossils, New Perspectives
JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 267:415–425 (2006) Evolution and Homology of the Astragalus in Early Amniotes: New Fossils, New Perspectives F. Robin O’Keefe,1* Christian A. Sidor,1 Hans C.E. Larsson,2 Abdoudaye Maga,3 and Oumarou Ide3 1Department of Anatomy, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York 11568 2Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada 3Institut de Recherches en Sciences Humaines, Niamey, Niger Republic ABSTRACT The reorganization of the ankle in basal tarsal elements are unclear, rendering the study of amniotes has long been considered a key innovation al- specific joint articulations difficult (Sumida, 1997, p. lowing the evolution of more terrestrial and cursorial be- 387). New data and new insights on the developmen- havior. Understanding how this key innovation arose is a complex problem that largely concerns the homologizing tal and evolutionary repatterning of the amniote of the amniote astragalus with the various ossifications in ankle are therefore of prime importance, for they the anamniote tarsus. Over the last century, several hy- bear on one of the key transitions in tetrapod his- potheses have been advanced homologizing the amniote tory: the attainment of full terrestriality after the astragalus with the many ossifications in the ankle of long transition from fin to limb (Clack, 2002). amphibian-grade tetrapods. There is an emerging consen- Perhaps the most important novelty within the sus that the amniote astragalus is a complex structure amniote tarsus is the astragalus, a large, complex emerging via the co-ossification of several originally sep- arate elements, but the identities of these elements re- bone comprising the primary area of articulation for main unclear. -
Permian Tetrapod Footprints from the Lucero Uplift, Central New Mexico Sebastian Voigt and Spencer G
New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/67 Permian tetrapod footprints from the Lucero Uplift, central New Mexico Sebastian Voigt and Spencer G. Lucas, 2016, pp. 387-395 in: Guidebook 67 - Geology of the Belen Area, Frey, Bonnie A.; Karlstrom, Karl E. ; Lucas, Spencer G.; Williams, Shannon; Ziegler, Kate; McLemore, Virginia; Ulmer-Scholle, Dana S., New Mexico Geological Society 67th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 512 p. This is one of many related papers that were included in the 2016 NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebook. Annual NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebooks Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states). Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants. Besides detailed road logs, the guidebooks contain many well written, edited, and peer-reviewed geoscience papers. These books have set the national standard for geologic guidebooks and are an essential geologic reference for anyone working in or around New Mexico. Free Downloads NMGS has decided to make peer-reviewed papers from our Fall Field Conference guidebooks available for free download. Non-members will have access to guidebook papers two years after publication. Members have access to all papers. This is in keeping with our mission of promoting interest, research, and cooperation regarding geology in New Mexico. However, guidebook sales represent a significant proportion of our operating budget. Therefore, only research papers are available for download. Road logs, mini-papers, maps, stratigraphic charts, and other selected content are available only in the printed guidebooks. -
Ugc Locf Document on Zoology
UGC LOCF DOCUMENT ON ZOOLOGY Learning Outcomes based Curriculum Framework (LOCF) for (ZOOLOGY) Undergraduate Programme 2020 UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI – 110 002 UGC LOCF DOCUMENT ON ZOOLOGY Table of Contents Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... 2 Preamble .................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 09 2. Learning Outcome Based approach to Curriculum Planning ............................................... 10 2.1 Nature and extent of the B.Sc degree Programme in Zoology ......................................... 11 2.2. Aims of Bachelor’s Degree Programme in Zoology ......................................................... 11 3. Graduate Attributes in Zoology ..................................................................................................... 12 4. Qualification Descriptors for a Bachelor’s Degree Programme in Zoology.....................14 5. Learning Outcomes in Bachelor’s Degree Programme in Zoology…………………..15 5.1 Knowledge and Understanding ...................................................................................................... 15 5.2 Subject Specific Intellectual and Practical Skills ....................................................................... -
Craniata and Vertebrata
CHAPTER 1 Craniata and Vertebrata The vertebrates or Vertebrata form an ancient group of descent. As hypotheses, they are testable and thus with a history spanning some 545 million years. On the open to falsifi cation when new data become available. If one hand, they include the organisms most familiar to a hypothesis is falsifi ed, then another one may be us, such as fi sh, birds, cats and dogs, as well as humans; proposed — for example, new evidence might show that on the other, few people are aware of the great diversity humans share a recent common ancestor with a different in their form, structure, and habits. Indeed, they include great ape than chimpanzees, such as orangutans. some of the largest and more complex organisms ever evolved. But vertebrates are part of a larger grouping of animals, and to understand their history and the devel- PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION opment of their structure, they must be placed in phy- logenetic context. For most of the past 250 years, the classifi cation of organ- In discussing vertebrates, several other groups of isms has followed the Linnean system, which uses ranks organisms are usually considered. A monophyletic or to designate levels of organization of the organisms being natural group (see later) of organisms is referred to as a classifi ed. Most readers will be familiar with the main taxon (plur., taxa ). The taxa related (in terms of recent formal Linnean ranks, ordered hierarchically from most common ancestry) to vertebrates include Echinodermata to least inclusive: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, (sand dollars, sea lilies, star fi sh, sea cucumbers, urchins), Family, Genus, and Species. -
Modes of Ventilation in Early Tetrapods: Costal Aspiration As a Key Feature of Amniotes
Modes of ventilation in early tetrapods: Costal aspiration as a key feature of amniotes CHRISTINE M. JANIS and JULIA C. KELLER Janis, C.M. & Keller, J.C. 2001. Modes of ventilation in early tetrapods: Costal aspira- tion as a key feature of amniotes. -Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 46, 2, 137-170. The key difference between amniotes (reptiles, birds and mammals) and anamniotes (amphibians in the broadest sense of the word) is usually considered to be the amniotic egg, or a skin impermeable to water. We propose that the change in the mode of lung ven- tilation from buccal pumping to costal (rib-based) ventilation was equally, if not more important, in the evolution of tetrapod independence from the water. Costal ventilation would enable superior loss of carbon dioxide via the lungs: only then could cutaneous respiration be abandoned and the skin made impermeable to water. Additionally efficient carbon dioxide loss might be essential for the greater level of activity of amniotes. We ex- amine aspects of the morphology of the heads, necks and ribs that correlate with the mode of ventilation. Anamniotes, living and fossil, have relatively broad heads and short necks, correlating with buccal pumping, and have immobile ribs. In contrast, amniotes have narrower, deeper heads, may have longer necks, and have mobile ribs, in correlation with costal ventilation. The stem amniote Diadectes is more like true amniotes in most respects, and we propose that the changes in the mode of ventilation occurred in a step- wise fashion among the stem amniotes. We also argue that the change in ventilatory mode in amniotes related to changes in the postural role of the epaxial muscles, and can be correlated with the evolution of herbivory. -
Objectives Tetrapod Characteristics
1/22/2018 Becky Hardman University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine [email protected] 416 360 300 250 200 146 65 Objectives Define Tetrapod/Amphibian Origin of Tetrapods Split of Amphibians Modern Amphibians Extant Families Simplification Tetrapod Characteristics Four Limbs Tetra= Four; Pod=Foot Some lost or vestigial “One bonetwo boneslittle blobsfingers/toes”- Neil Shubin Some lost or vestigial Includes all non-fish vertebrates 1 1/22/2018 Amphibian Characteristics “Tetrapod vertebrates that pass through a larval state and undergo metamorphosis into terrestrial adults.” • Anamniotes • Eggs need moist environment • Larval; metamorphosis • Permeable Skin • Cutaneous respiration • Two Gland Types • Mucous • Poison • Pedicellate Teeth • Amphibian papillae/Opercular bone • Can Hear Vibrations • Fat Bodies • Green Rods- fxn unknown • Singular Sacrum • Lost in caecilians Amphibian Characteristics As a Fossil… Articular surface of axis convex Exoccipital Bone articulates with dermal roofing Hand (Manus) 4 digits Foot (Pes) 5 digits Some Secondarily Lost Important to determine for fossil realtionships 2 1/22/2018 Phylogenetic Trees Phylogenetic Trees 3 1/22/2018 Darwin’s Tree Geologic Time Scale 416 360 300 250 200 146 65 Devonian: Age of Fishes Lobed-Finned Fishes Lungfishes; Coelacanths Tetrapodomorpha Panderichthyids Ichthyostega, Acanthostega Tetrapods 4 1/22/2018 416 360 300 250 200 146 65 Devonian: Fish to Tetrapod Panderichthyids 380 mya Predators in shallow water Eyes on top of head Lung and Gills -
On the Evolutionary Origin of the Vertebrate Cortex
From the Department of Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ON THE EVOLUTIONARY ORIGIN OF THE VERTEBRATE CORTEX Shreyas M Suryanarayana Stockholm 2019 On the cover: Photomicrograph of the three-layered primordial cortex of the lamprey. In green are the IT-type neurons and in red are the GABAergic neurons. The outer molecular layer has fibres and is largely devoid of cells. The outer cellular layer has a larger proportion of excitatory cells, while the inner cellular layer has a larger proportion of GABAergic cells. On the back: Morphology of a thalamo-recipient (neocortical layer 4-equivalent) cell of the lamprey cortex. The spiny dendrites extend to the molecular layer with significant ramifications. All previously published papers were reproduced with permission from the publisher. Published by Karolinska Institutet. Printed by E-Print AB © Shreyas M. Suryanarayana, 2019 ISBN 978-91-7831-632-8 On the evolutionary origin of the vertebrate cortex THESIS FOR DOCTORAL DEGREE (Ph.D.) By Shreyas M Suryanarayana Principal Supervisor: Opponent: Professor Sten Grillner Professor Philippe Vernier Department of Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Institute of Neurobiology, CNRS Co-supervisor(s): Dr. Brita Robertson Examination Board: Department of Neuroscience Professor Ole Kiehn Karolinska Institutet University of Copenhagen Department of Neuroscience Docent Peter Wallén Department of Neuroscience Professor Erik Fransén Karolinska Institutet KTH Royal Institute of Technology Division of Computational -
Amniotes a Closer Look O Si a L O N Nalysis Es Gy G 7A, 7B, 10A G Athers
DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=B A Closer Look CHAPTER 26 at Amniotes BIG IDEA Reptiles, birds, and mammals all share similar traits, but other, specialized characteristics classify these animals into different groups. 26.1 Amniotes 7B, 10A Data Analysis CHOOSING GRAPHS 2G 26.2 Reptiles 7A, 7B, 8C, 10A 26.3 Birds 7A, 7B, 10A 26.4 Mammals 7A, 7B, 7D, 8B, 8C,10A ONLINE BIOLOGY HMDScience.com ONLINE Labs ■■ The Effect of Temperature on Cold-Blooded ■■ QuickLab Comparing Feathers Organisms ■■ A Bird’s Airframe ■■ Video Lab Bird Digestion ■■ The Parts of an Egg ■■ Video Lab Mammalian Characteristics ■■ Migration and Range ■■ Form and Function of Teeth ■■ Identifying Features: Hair (t) ©F. Stuart Westmorland/Photo Researchers, Inc. Researchers, Westmorland/Photo Stuart (t) ©F. 754 Unit 8: Animals DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=B Q Is this a monkey or a mouse? The large eyes and ears of this eastern tarsier make it an excellent nocturnal hunter. These unusual mammals are primates and are closely related to modern monkeys. About the same size as a kitten, a tarsier has strong hind legs similar to those of frogs. The tarsier’s eyes cannot move but it has a full range of view because it can rotate its head almost 360 degrees. READING TOOLBOX This reading tool can help you learn the material in the following pages. USING LANGUAGE YOUR TURN Word Problems A good way to begin solving a word Refer to the word problem example to answer the problem is to figure out what it is asking for.