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Sandy Creeks Watershed Biodiversity and Landscape Analysis

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Sandy Creeks Watershed Biodiversity and Landscape Analysis APPENDIX 1 New York Natural Heritage Program Methodology Appendix 1: NY Natural Heritage and Heritage Methodology Overview of the New York Natural Program NY Natural Heritage is a partnership between the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYS DEC) and The Nature Conservancy. Our mission is to facilitate the conservation of rare animals, rare plants, and significant natural communities. We accomplish our mission by combining thorough field inventories, scientific analyses, expert interpretation, and the comprehensive databases on New York’s flora and fauna to deliver high quality information to partners working in natural resource conservation. The NY Natural Heritage database contains information on the status and location of 174 natural community types, 714 rare plant species, and 432 rare animal species across New York. NY Natural Heritage is an active participant in NatureServe – a nonprofit organization that links an international network of biodiversity data centers. The Natural Heritage Network includes Natural Heritage Programs in all 50 states and several interstate regions. There are also 21 Conservation Data Centres, the international equivalent of Natural Heritage Programs, in Canada, Latin America, and the Caribbean. These programs work with NatureServe to develop biodiversity data, maintain compatible standards for data management, and provide information about rare species and natural communities that is consistent across many geographic scales – from ¼-acre wetland sites to the North American continent. Heritage Methodology The Natural Heritage Network specializes in compiling biodiversity information through conducting surveys for rare species and significant natural communities and delivering the resultant data to facilitate conservation. Natural Heritage Programs, NatureServe, and The Nature Conservancy have spent more than two decades developing and refining the inventory methodology used internationally by the Natural Heritage Network. The Natural Heritage Network considers each plant species, animal species, and natural community type to be an “element” of biodiversity. The documented locations of rare plants, rare animals, and significant natural communities are called “element occurrences.” These terms are used throughout this report. We used our database of element occurrences as one component of the remote GIS assessment in this project. The coarse filter/fine filter Heritage inventory methodology works by focusing on the identification, documentation, and mapping of all occurrences of rare species and significant ecological communities. We use a “coarse filter/fine filter” approach to identify and prioritize the protection of these significant biological resources. Ecological communities represent a “coarse filter” aggregate of biodiversity at a scale larger than the species level as defined in Reschke (1990) and Edinger et al. (2002). Their identification and documentation can be used to describe whole assemblages of plant and animal species, both common and rare. The conservation of the best remaining examples of natural communities assures the protection of most of the common species that make up the biological diversity of the state. Rare animals and plants often have narrow or unusual habitat requirements. These species may fall through the coarse filter, and are sometimes not protected within representative communities. Identifying and documenting viable populations of each of the rare species serves as the fine filter for protecting the state’s biological diversity. This coarse filter/fine filter approach to a natural resources inventory has proven to be an efficient means of identifying the most sensitive animals, plants, and ecological communities of an area. Element rarity and vulnerability The NY Natural Heritage statewide inventory efforts revolve around lists of rare species and all types of natural communities known to occur, or to have historically occurred, in the state. These lists are based on a variety of sources including museum collections, scientific literature, information from state and local government agencies, regional and local experts, and data from neighboring states. As with all state Heritage Programs, the NY Natural Heritage ranking system assesses rarity at two geographic scales. Each community and rare species is assigned a global rank and a state rank. The global rank reflects the rarity of the species or community throughout its range, whereas the state rank indicates its rarity within New York State. Both of these ranks are usually based on the range of the species or community, the number of occurrences, the viability of the occurrences, and the vulnerability of the species or community around the globe or across the state. As new data become available, the ranks may be revised to reflect the most current information. Infraspecific taxa (e.g. subspecies and varieties) are also assigned a taxon rank that indicates the infraspecific taxon’s rank throughout its range. Individuals who are knowledgeable about the range-wide status of each particular species or natural community typically assign global ranks. These knowledgeable individuals may come from either within or outside the Heritage Network. State ranks are assigned by biologists of NY Natural Heritage, with the assistance of other knowledgeable individuals from within or outside the state government. NY Natural Heritage ranking criteria are enumerated in Table 1 and used throughout this report. Table 1. Explanation of ranks and codes used in Natural Heritage database reports. Each element has a global and state rank as determined by NY Natural Heritage. These ranks carry no legal weight but are believed to accurately reflect the relative rarity of the species. The global rank reflects the rarity of the element throughout the world and the state rank reflects the rarity within New York State. Infraspecific taxa are also assigned a taxon rank to reflect the infraspecific taxon’s rank throughout the world. The Taxon or T-ranks (T1 - T5) are defined like the Global ranks (G1 - G5), but the T-rank only refers to the rarity of the subspecific taxon of the species. GLOBAL RANK G1 = Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology. G2 = Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors. G3 = Either rare or local throughout its range (21 to 100 occurrences), or found locally (even abundantly at some of its locations) in a restricted range (e.g., a physiographic region), or vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors. G4 = Apparently secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery. G5 = Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery. GH = Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered. GX = Species believed to be extinct. GU = Status unknown. STATE RANK S1 = Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in New York State. S2 = Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in New York State. S3 = Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in New York State. S4 = Apparently secure in New York State. S5 = Demonstrably secure in New York State. SH = Historically known from New York State, but not seen in the past 15 years. SX = Apparently extirpated from New York State. SE = Exotic, not native to New York State. SR = State report only, no verified specimens known from New York State. SU = Status unknown. TAXON RANK T1 - T5 = indicates a rank assigned to a subspecies following the Global Rank definitions above. Q = indicates a question exists whether or not the taxon is a good taxonomic entity. ? = indicates a question exists about the rank. Element occurrence viability Individual occurrences of rare plants, rare animals, and natural communities are ranked according to their quality, or perceived viability, based on factors such as size, condition, and landscape context in which they are found. All occurrences of the elements documented in this report have been assigned a quality rank of A to F, H, or X (Table 2). Combinations of letters, or intermediate ranks, such as AB, BC, and CD are also possible. Table 2. Explanation of element occurrence quality ranks used in Natural Heritage database reports. Element Occurrence Definition Rank A Excellent B Good C Marginal D Poor E Extant. Existing, but not enough information to rank A-D F Failed to Find. Not found at the previously documented site, but potential habitat was observed and /or a more thorough searching needed. H Historical. No recent field information. For animals this means the particular population has not been seen or, in the case of a nest, has not been active within last 15 years. For plants a “historical” rank means that the population has not been observed in greater than 20 years. X Extirpated. Believed to no longer exist. In many cases, habitat has been significantly altered and is believed no longer suitable for maintenance of the element. Significant natural community
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