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The Comet's Tale, and Therefore the Object As a Whole Would the Section Director Nick James Highlighted Have a Low Surface Brightness
1 Diebold Schilling, Disaster in connection with two comets sighted in 1456, Lucerne Chronicle, 1513 (Wikimedia Commons) THE COMET’S TALE Comet Section – British Astronomical Association Journal – Number 38 2019 June britastro.org/comet Evolution of the comet C/2016 R2 (PANSTARRS) along a total of ten days on January 2018. Composition of pictures taken with a zoom lens from Teide Observatory in Canary Islands. J.J Chambó Bris 2 Table of Contents Contents Author Page 1 Director’s Welcome Nick James 3 Section Director 2 Melvyn Taylor’s Alex Pratt 6 Observations of Comet C/1995 01 (Hale-Bopp) 3 The Enigma of Neil Norman 9 Comet Encke 4 Setting up the David Swan 14 C*Hyperstar for Imaging Comets 5 Comet Software Owen Brazell 19 6 Pro-Am José Joaquín Chambó Bris 25 Astrophotography of Comets 7 Elizabeth Roemer: A Denis Buczynski 28 Consummate Comet Section Secretary Observer 8 Historical Cometary Amar A Sharma 37 Observations in India: Part 2 – Mughal Empire 16th and 17th Century 9 Dr Reginald Denis Buczynski 42 Waterfield and His Section Secretary Medals 10 Contacts 45 Picture Gallery Please note that copyright 46 of all images belongs with the Observer 3 1 From the Director – Nick James I hope you enjoy reading this issue of the We have had a couple of relatively bright Comet’s Tale. Many thanks to Janice but diffuse comets through the winter and McClean for editing this issue and to Denis there are plenty of images of Buczynski for soliciting contributions. 46P/Wirtanen and C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto) Thanks also to the section committee for in our archive. -
How We Found About COMETS
How we found about COMETS Isaac Asimov Isaac Asimov is a master storyteller, one of the world’s greatest writers of science fiction. He is also a noted expert on the history of scientific development, with a gift for explaining the wonders of science to non- experts, both young and old. These stories are science-facts, but just as readable as science fiction.Before we found out about comets, the superstitious thought they were signs of bad times ahead. The ancient Greeks called comets “aster kometes” meaning hairy stars. Even to the modern day astronomer, these nomads of the solar system remain a puzzle. Isaac Asimov makes a difficult subject understandable and enjoyable to read. 1. The hairy stars Human beings have been watching the sky at night for many thousands of years because it is so beautiful. For one thing, there are thousands of stars scattered over the sky, some brighter than others. These stars make a pattern that is the same night after night and that slowly turns in a smooth and regular way. There is the Moon, which does not seem a mere dot of light like the stars, but a larger body. Sometimes it is a perfect circle of light but at other times it is a different shape—a half circle or a curved crescent. It moves against the stars from night to night. One midnight, it could be near a particular star, and the next midnight, quite far away from that star. There are also visible 5 star-like objects that are brighter than the stars. -
Europaische Gradmessung/Internationale
Festveranstaltung150 Jahre MitteleuropaischeGradmessung Vienna, 12 September2012. GeodesyinHungary and theRelationto(Mittel-) EuropaischeGradmessung/Internationale Erdmessung–A ShortHistoricalReview József Ádám Departmentof Geodesyand Surveying Budapest University of Technologyand Economics Contributioninthefollowingareas: -establishment of surveycontrolnetworks •horizontal(1862-1913) •vertical (1873-1913) -geodeticresearchand scientificactivitiesattheUniversities • Loránd Eötvös (Dept. of Physics, Budapest University) • István Kruspér, Lajos Bodola and Károly Oltay (Dept. of Geodesy and Surveying, TU Budapest) -organizationof theGeneral Conferenceof the •EuropaischeGradmessunginViennain1871, and •InternationaleErdmessunginBudapest in1906. J. J. Baeyer(1794-1885) Network sketchof theMitteleuropaischeGradmessung The StruveGeodeticArc (1816-1855) No Meeting Location Year I. General Conferences I.a."MitteleuropäischeGradmessung" (1862-1867) 1 Berlin, Prussia 1864 2 Berlin, Prussia 1867 I.b. „EuropäischeGradmessung”(1867-1886) 3 Vienna, Austria-Hungary 1871 4 Dresden, Saxony 1874 5 Stuttgart, Würtemberg 1877 6 Munich, Bavaria 1880 7 Rome, Italy 1883 8 Berlin, Prussia 1886 I.c. International GeodeticAssociation(InternationaleErdmessung) (1886-1919) 9 Paris, France 1889 10 Brussels, Belgium 1892 11 Berlin, Germany 1895 12 Stuttgart, Germany 1898 13 Paris, France 1900 14 Copenhagen, Denmark 1903 15 Budapest, Austria-Hungary 1906 16 Cambridge, United Kingdom 1909 17 Hamburg, Germany 1912 No Period Name Placeof Homestead 1 1864-1868 Peter Andreas -
King David's Altar in Jerusalem Dated by the Bright Appearance of Comet
Annals of Archaeology Volume 1, Issue 1, 2018, PP 30-37 King David’s Altar in Jerusalem Dated by the Bright Appearance of Comet Encke in 964 BC Göran Henriksson Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden *Corresponding Author: Göran Henriksson, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE 751 20 Uppsala, [email protected] ABSTRACT At the time corresponding to our end of May and beginning of June in 964 BC a bright comet with a very long tail dominated the night sky of the northern hemisphere. It was Comet Encke that was very bright during the Bronze Age, but today it is scarcely visible to the naked eye. It first appeared as a small comet close to the zenith, but for every night it became greater and brighter and moved slowly to the north with its tail pointing southwards. In the first week of June the tail was stretched out across the whole sky and at midnight it was visible close to the meridian. In this paper the author wishes to test the hypothesis that this appearance of Comet Encke corresponds to the motion in the sky above Jerusalem of “the sword of the Angel of the Lord”, mentioned in 1 Chronicles, in the Old Testament. Encke was first circumpolar and finally set at the northern horizon on 8 June in 964 BC at 22. This happened according to the historical chronology between 965 and 960 BC. The calculations of the orbit of Comet Encke have been performed by a computer program developed by the author. -
Manfred Strumpf
Manfred Strumpf Geiger-Verlag, Horb am Neckar Cothas astronomische Epoche Inhalt Einführung Gotha als Zentrum der Naturwissenschaften im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert 5 Die Geschichte der Seebergsternwarte Die Sternwarte auf Schloß Friedenstein 8 Ernst II. und Zach begründen die Seebergsternwarte 12 Zachs Tätigkeit auf dem Seeberg Die Einrichtung der Sternwarte 18 Erste astronomische Beobachtungen in Gotha 19 Der erste internationale Astronomenkongreß 1798 19 Die Gründung der ersten astronomischen Zeitschriften 21 Ausbildung astronomischer Adjunkten 22 Gemeinsame Suche nach kleinen Planeten 22 Geodäsie an der Seebergsternwarte 24 Zachs Abschied von Gotha 25 Die Seebergsternwarte unter Bernhard August von Lindenau Die Verwaltung der Sternwarte von 1804-1808 28 1808: Die vernachlässigte Sternwarte wird wieder eingerichtet 28 Lindenau als Direktor 29 Die Arbeit in der neugestalteten Sternwarte '. 31 Die Adjunkten Nicolai und Encke 32 In Gotha wird eine neue astronomische Zeitschrift herausgegeben 35 Lindenau muß von der Astronomie Abschied nehmen 36 Johann Franz Encke als Astronom der Seebergsternwarte Die Berufung zum Adjunkten als Nachfolger Nicolais 38 Enckes astronomische Arbeiten in Gotha 38 Encke wird Vizedirektor 38 Enckes Memorandum von 1822 42 Encke wird zum Direktor der Seebergsternwarte ernannt und 1825 nach Berlin berufen . 42 Gothas astronomische Epoche Die Gothaer Sternwarten unter Peter Andreas Hansen Hansen übernimt 1825 die Seebergsternwarte 44 Hansen als astronomischer Beobachter 46 Der Himmelsmechaniker Hansen 46 Die Verwaltung -
45-68 Verdun
| The Determination of the Solar Parallax from Transits of Venus in the 18th Century | 45 | The Determination of the Solar Parallax from Transits of Venus in the 18 th Century Andreas VERDUN * Manuscript received September 28, 200 4, accepted October 30, 2004 T Abstract The transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769 initiated the first global observation campaigns performed with international cooperation. The goal of these campaigns was the determination of the solar parallax with high precision. Enormous efforts were made to send expeditions to the most distant and then still unknown regions of the Earth to measure the instants of contact of the transits. The determination of the exact value of the solar parallax from these observations was not only of scientific importance, but it was expected to improve the astronomical tables which were used, e.g., for naviga - tion. Hundreds of single measurements were acquired. The astronomers, however, were faced by a new problem: How is such a small quantity like the solar parallax to be derived from observations deteriorated by measuring errors? Is it possible to determine the solar parallax with an accuracy of 0.02" as asserted by Halley? Only a few scientists accepted this chal - lenge, but without adequate processing methods this was a hopeless undertaking. Parameter estimation methods had to be developed at first. The procedures used by Leonhard Euler and Achille-Pierre Dionis Duséjour were similar to modern methods and therefore superior to all other traditional methods. Their results were confirmed by Simon Newcomb at the end of the 1 9th century, thus proving the success of these campaigns. -
Gotthold Eisenstein and Philosopher John
Gotthold Eisenstein and Philosopher John Franz Lemmermeyer Abstract Before the recent publication of the correspondence between Gauss and Encke, nothing was known about the role that John Taylor, a cotton merchant from Liverpool, had played in the life of Gotthold Eisenstein. In this article, we will bring together what we have discovered about John Taylor’s life. Eisenstein’s Journey to England Gotthold Eisenstein belonged, together with Dirichlet, Jacobi and Kummer, to the generation after Gauss that shaped the theory of numbers in the mid- 19th century, and like Galois, Abel, Riemann, Roch and Clebsch, Eisenstein died young. Today, Eisenstein’s name can be found in the Eisenstein series, Eisenstein sums, the Eisenstein ideal, Eisenstein’s reciprocity law and in his irreducibility criterion, and he is perhaps best known for his ingenious proofs of the quadratic, cubic and biquadratic reciprocity laws. Eisenstein’s father Jo- hann Konstantin Eisenstein emigrated to England in 1840; Eisenstein and his mother followed in June 1842, although Eisenstein’s few remarks on this episode in his autobiography [3] belie the dramatic events that he experienced in Eng- land. On their journey to England, the Eisensteins passed through Hamburg; during the Great Fire in May 1842 about a third of the houses in the Altstadt had burned down. What we learn from Eisenstein’s account is that he was impressed by the sight of railroad lines running right under the foundations of houses (in London?) and by the Menai suspension bridge in Wales: Eisenstein mentions that he undertook six sea voyages, and that on one of them they sailed arXiv:2101.03344v1 [math.HO] 9 Jan 2021 under the tremendous suspension bridge in Anglesey, which was so high that the Berlin Palace would easily have fitted under its main arch. -
Some Graphical Solutions of the Kepler Problem
Some Graphical Solutions of the Kepler Problem Marc Frantz 1. INTRODUCTION. When a particle P moves in an inverse square acceleration field, its orbit is a conic section. If the acceleration is repulsive?that is, of the form /x||FP ||~3Fr for a positive constant ?jland a fixed point F?then the orbit is a branch of a hyperbola with F at the focus on the convex side of the branch. If the acceleration is attractive (?/x||TP\\~3FP), then the orbit is a circle with F at the center, an ellipse or parabola with F at a focus, or a branch of a hyperbola with F at the focus on the concave side of the branch. We refer to such orbits as Keplerian orbits after Johannes Kepler, who proposed them as models of planetary motion. It takes rather special conditions to set up circular or parabolic orbits, so it is proba bly safe to say that inNature most closed orbits are ellipses, and most nonclosed orbits are hyperbolas. Ironically, these are precisely the cases in which it is impossible to formulate the position of P as an elementary function of time t?the very thing we most want to know! Nevertheless, for any given time t it is possible to locate P using graphs of elemen tary functions, thereby achieving a partial victory. This endeavor has an interesting history in the case of elliptical orbits, where locating P is called the "Kepler problem." It involves a famous equation known as "Kepler's equation," which we discuss later. In his book Solving Kepler's Equation over Three Centuries Peter Colwell says [5, p. -
(Preprint) AAS 16-112 ENCKE-BETA PREDICTOR for ORION BURN
(Preprint) AAS 16-112 ENCKE-BETA PREDICTOR FOR ORION BURN TARGETING AND GUIDANCE Shane Robinson,∗ Sara Scarritt,∗ and John L. Goodmany The state vector prediction algorithm selected for Orion on-board targeting and guidance is known as the Encke-Beta method. Encke-Beta uses a universal anomaly (beta) as the independent variable, valid for circular, elliptical, parabolic, and hy- perbolic orbits. The variable, related to the change in eccentric anomaly, results in integration steps that cover smaller arcs of the trajectory at or near perigee, when velocity is higher. Some burns in the EM-1 and EM-2 mission plans are much longer than burns executed with the Apollo and Space Shuttle vehicles. Burn length, as well as hyperbolic trajectories, has driven the use of the Encke-Beta nu- merical predictor by the predictor/corrector guidance algorithm in place of legacy analytic thrust and gravity integrals. INTRODUCTION On-board software tasks for on-orbit burn targeting, guidance, and navigation require the use of trajectory integrators to predict state vectors forward or backward in time. Burn targeting meth- ods and active guidance routines make extensive use of trajectory prediction algorithms. These predictions may be over time intervals ranging from tens of seconds to hours or even days. Such predictions require higher fidelity numerical integration schemes and higher order acceleration mod- els than very short time interval propagations cyclically executed at high rates, such as those found in the propagation phase of an on-board Kalman filter. A high fidelity state vector predictor may also be used to predict a state vector uplinked by Mission Control forward or backward in time to the current on-board time, so that the high rate short time interval propagator can be reinitialized. -
02. Solar System (2001) 9/4/01 12:28 PM Page 2
01. Solar System Cover 9/4/01 12:18 PM Page 1 National Aeronautics and Educational Product Space Administration Educators Grades K–12 LS-2001-08-002-HQ Solar System Lithograph Set for Space Science This set contains the following lithographs: • Our Solar System • Moon • Saturn • Our Star—The Sun • Mars • Uranus • Mercury • Asteroids • Neptune • Venus • Jupiter • Pluto and Charon • Earth • Moons of Jupiter • Comets 01. Solar System Cover 9/4/01 12:18 PM Page 2 NASA’s Central Operation of Resources for Educators Regional Educator Resource Centers offer more educators access (CORE) was established for the national and international distribution of to NASA educational materials. NASA has formed partnerships with universities, NASA-produced educational materials in audiovisual format. Educators can museums, and other educational institutions to serve as regional ERCs in many obtain a catalog and an order form by one of the following methods: States. A complete list of regional ERCs is available through CORE, or electroni- cally via NASA Spacelink at http://spacelink.nasa.gov/ercn NASA CORE Lorain County Joint Vocational School NASA’s Education Home Page serves as a cyber-gateway to informa- 15181 Route 58 South tion regarding educational programs and services offered by NASA for the Oberlin, OH 44074-9799 American education community. This high-level directory of information provides Toll-free Ordering Line: 1-866-776-CORE specific details and points of contact for all of NASA’s educational efforts, Field Toll-free FAX Line: 1-866-775-1460 Center offices, and points of presence within each State. Visit this resource at the E-mail: [email protected] following address: http://education.nasa.gov Home Page: http://core.nasa.gov NASA Spacelink is one of NASA’s electronic resources specifically devel- Educator Resource Center Network (ERCN) oped for the educational community. -
Back Matter (PDF)
INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS (10 FOR THE YEAR 1895. A. Abbott (E. C.) (see Gadow and A bbott). B. B lackman (F. F.). Experimental Researches on Vegetable Assimilation and Respiration.—No. I. On a New Method for Investigating the Carbonic Acid Exchanges of Plants, 485. -No. II. On the Paths of Gaseous Exchange between Aerial Leaves and the Atmosphere, 503. B ourne (G. G.). On the Structure and Affinities of P allas. With some Observa tions on the Structure of Xenia and Heteroxenia,455. Boice (K.). A Contribution to the Study of Descending Degenerations in the Brain and Spinal Cord, and on the Seat of Origin and Paths of Conduction of the Fits in Absinthe Epilepsy, 321. C. Catamites, the roots of, 683 (see W illiamson and Scott). CoebeHum, degenerations consequent on experimental lesions of the, 633 (sec R ussell). Coal-measures, further observations on the fossil plants of the, 683, 703 (see Williamson and Scott). C celomic fluid of Lumbricus terrestrisin relation to a protective mechanism, on the, 383 (see Kenu). Cynodontia from the Karroo llocks, on the skeleton in new, 59 (see S eeley). D. D ixon (H. H.) and J oey (J .). On the Ascent of Sap, 563. MDCCCXCV.—B. 5 X 878 INDEX. E. Echinoderm larva}, the effect of environment on the development of, 577 (see V ernon). Evolution of the vertebral column of fishes, on the, 163 (see Gadow and A bbott). F. Fishes, on the evolution of the vertebral column of, 163 (see Gadow and A bbott). Foraminifera,contributions to the life-history of the, 401 (see L ister). -
Documents Related to Astronomy in German Archives
ASTRONOMICAL HERITAGES: Astronomical Archives and Historic Transits of Venus Journal of Astronomical Data, Vol. 10, 7, 2004 Christiaan Sterken, Hilmar W. Duerbeck, eds. Documents Related to Astronomy in German Archives Wolfgang R. Dick Vogelsang 35 A, D-14478 Potsdam, Germany Abstract A short account of holdings of documents related to astronomy in German archives is given. Several online and printed inventories are indicated. The appendix contains a list of selected collections. 1. Overview of Holdings Astronomical documents can be found in a very large number of Ger- man archives. Large collections are e.g. that of the Berlin Academy of Sciences (holding papers from the Berlin and Potsdam observatories, papers of Auwers, Bessel, Bode, Encke and others, as well as papers concerning astronomy at the Berlin Academy), of the G¨ottingenUniver- sity Library (keeping papers from the G¨ottingenObservatory as well as papers of Gauß, Schwarzschild and others), and of the Deutsches Museum at Munich (owning papers of the Munich instrument makers Fraunhofer, Reichenbach, Steinheil and Utzschneider, as well as of some astronomers). Many observatories keep their files in their libraries or at other places (e.g. Bonn, Hamburg and Munich; also the European Southern Observatory at its headquarter in Garching near Munich – see Blaauw 1992), but the access is mostly difficult. It is not easy to convince institutions to give their papers to professional archives. In the case of Leipzig the files are in the University Library because the observatory does not longer exist. Papers of astronomers are kept in many different archives and li- braries, e.g. that of Max Wolf are stored in the Heidelberg Univer- sity Library, that of H.C.