Principles of Communications

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Principles of Communications Principles of Communications Meixia Tao Dept. of Electronic Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Chapter 3: Analog Modulation Selected from Ch 3, Ch 4.1-4.4, Ch 6.1-6.2 of of Fundamentals of Communications Systems, Pearson Prentice Hall 2005, by Proakis & Salehi Meixia Tao @ SJTU Topics to be Covered AM/FM radio FM radio TV broadcast Source Modulator Channel Demodulator Output Amplitude modulation Angle modulation (phase/frequency) Effect of noise on amplitude modulation Effect of noise on frequency modulation Meixia Tao @ SJTU 2 Modulation What is modulation? Transform a message into another signal to facilitate transmission over a communication channel Generate a carrier signal at the transmitter Modify some characteristics of the carrier with the information to be transmitted Detect the modifications at the receiver Why modulation? Frequency translation Frequency-division multiplexing Noise performance improvement Meixia Tao @ SJTU 3 Analog Modulation Characteristics that be modified in sin carrier Amplitude → Amplitude modulation Frequency → Angle modulation Phase Meixia Tao @ SJTU 4 Amplitude Modulation Double-sideband suppressed-carrier AM (DSB-SC) Baseband signal (modulating wave): mt() Carrier wave Modulated wave st()= ctmt () () = Amtcc ()cos(ωθ t+ 0 ) Meixia Tao @ SJTU 5 Spectrum of DSB-SC Signals Spectrum of M(f) message M(0) -W 0 W f Spectrum of DSB-SC S(f) (1/2)AcM(0) USB LSB LSB USB -f -W -f -f +W f -W f f c c c 0 c c fc+W 1 S( f ) = A [M ( f − f ) + M ( f + f )] 2 c c c Translation of the original message spectrum to Meixia Tao @ SJTU 6 Bandwidth and Power Efficiency S(f) (1/2)AcM(0) -f -W -f -f +W f -W f f c c c 0 c c fc+W Required channel bandwidth BWc = 2 Required transmit power TT/2 /2 112 22 2 Ps= lims ( t ) dt = lim Acc m( t ) cos (ωθ t+ 0 ) dt TT→∞ TT∫∫−−TT/2 →∞ /2 22 T /2 AAcc1 2 =limm ( t )[ 1+ cos(2ωθcmt += 20 )] dt P 22T →∞ T ∫−T /2 Meixia Tao @ SJTU 7 Demodulation of DSB-SC Signals Phase-coherent demodulation s(t) Product v(t) Low-pass vo(t) modulator filter cos( 2πfct) Local PLL oscillator (phase-locked loop) If there is a phase error φ, then Scaled version of message signal Unwanted Meixia Tao @ SJTU 8 Demodulation of DSB-SC Signals Pilot-tone assisted demodulation Add a pilot-tone into the transmitted signal Filter out the pilot using a narrowband filter Meixia Tao @ SJTU 9 Conventional AM Modulating wave Carrier wave: Baseband signal (normalized): Modulated wave a ≤1 Modulation index: a Modulated wave a >1 overmodulated Meixia Tao @ SJTU 10 Spectrum of Conventional AM Spectrum of M(f) M(0) message signal -W 0 W f (Ac/2)δ(f+fc) (Ac/2)δ(f-fc) S(f) (1/2)aAcM(0) 0 -fc-W -fc -fc+W fc-W fc fc+W f AccAa Sf()=δδ( f −+ fcc) ( f + f) + Mf( −+ fc) Mf( + f c) 22 Meixia Tao @ SJTU 11 Bandwidth and Power Efficiency Required channel bandwidth BWc = 2 Required transmit power carrier power message power Modulation efficiency 2 a 2 AP 2 power in sideband cm aP E = = 2 = m total power A2 a2 1+ aP2 c + AP2 m 22cm Meixia Tao @ SJTU 12 Example Message signal: mt ( ) = 3cos(200 ππ t ) + sin(600 t ) −5 Carrier: ct( )= cos(2 × 10t ) Modulation index: a=0.85 Determine the power in the carrier component and in the sideband components of the modulated signal Meixia Tao @ SJTU 13 Demodulation of AM signals Envelop Detector The simplicity of envelop detector has made Conventional AM a practical choice for AM-radio broadcasting Meixia Tao @ SJTU 14 Single Sideband (SSB) AM Common problem in AM and DSBSC: Bandwidth wastage SSB is very bandwidth efficient H(ω) ω Meixia Tao @ SJTU 15 Expression of SSB signals The baseband signal can be written as the sum of finite sinusoid signals n mt( )=∑ xi cos(2πθ ft i +≤ i ) , f ic f i=1 Then its USB component is n Ac mtc( )=∑ xi cos[ 2πθ ( f ci++ ft ) i )] 2 i=1 After manipulation nn Ac mc() t=∑∑ xicos(2πθ ft ii +− ) cos 2 πft c x isin(2 πθ ft ii + ) sin 2 πft c 2 ii=11 = AAcc = mt()cos2ππ ftcc− mt ()sin2 ft 22Hilbert transform of m(t) Meixia Tao @ SJTU 16 About Hilbert Transform 1∞ x ()τ 1 xt()⇔ xt () xt()= dτ = xt() ∗ πτ∫−∞ tt− π −>jf,0 Hf()= j , f < 0 0,f = 0 H (ω) 相移 1 90° ω ω -90° Meixia Tao @ SJTU 17 Generation of SSB-AM Signal • The spectral efficiency of SSB makes it suitable for voice communication over telephone lines (0.3~3.4 kHz) • Not suitable for signals with significant low frequency components Meixia Tao @ SJTU 18 Vestigial Sideband: VSB VSB is a compromise between SSB and DSBSC M(f) . VSB signal bandwidth is B = W+fv . VSB is used in TV -W 0 W f broadcasting and similar signals where low frequency components are significant S(f) -f c 0 fc f W fv fv W Meixia Tao @ SJTU 19 Comparison of AM Techniques DSB-SC: more power efficient. Seldom used Conventional AM: simple envelop detector. AM radio broadcast SSB: requires minimum transmitter power and bandwidth. Suitable for point-to-point and over long distances VSB: bandwidth requirement between SSB and DSBSC. TV transmission Meixia Tao @ SJTU 20 Signal Multiplexing Multiplexing is a technique where a number of independent signals are combined and transmitted in a common channel These signal are de-multiplexed at the receiver Two common methods for signal multiplexing TDM (time-division multiplexing) FDM (frequency-division multiplexing) Meixia Tao @ SJTU 21 FDM LPF: ensure signal bandwidth limited to W MOD (modulator): shift message frequency range to mutually exclusive high frequency bands BPF: restrict the band of each modulated wave to its prescribed range Meixia Tao @ SJTU 22 FDM application in telephone comm. Voice signal: 300~3400Hz Message is SSB modulated. In 1st-level FDM, 12 signal are stacked in frequency, with a freq. separation of 4 kHz between adjacent carriers A composite 48 kHz channel, called a group channel, transmits 12 voice-band signals simultaneously In the next level of FDM, a number of group channel (typically 5 or 6) are stacked to form a supergroup channel Higher-order FDM is obtained by combining several supergroup channels => FDM hierarchy in telephone comm. systems Meixia Tao @ SJTU 23 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing Transmit two messages on the same carrier as st()= Amc12 ()cos2 t( ππ ftcc) + Am ()sin2 t( ftc) cos() and sin() are two quadrature carriers Each message signal is modulated by DSB-SC Bandwidth-efficiency comparable to SSB-AM Synchronous demodulation of m1(t): 2 st( )cos( 2π ftc) = Am c12( t )cos( 2 π ftcc) + Am( t )sin( 2 ππ ftc) cos( 2 ft c) AA A =++ccm() t m ()cos4 t( ππ ft) c m()sin4 t( ft) 2211 cc 22 LPF Meixia Tao @ SJTU 24 Application: AM Radio Broadcasting Commercial AM radio uses conventional AM Superheterodyne receiver: from variable carrier freq of the incoming RF to fixed IF Meixia Tao @ SJTU 25 Topics to be Covered Source Modulator Channel Demodulator Output Amplitude modulation Angle modulation (phase/frequency) Effect of noise on amplitude modulation Effect of noise on frequency modulation Meixia Tao @ SJTU 26 Angle Modulation . Either phase or frequency of the carrier is varied according to the message signal . The general form: θ(t): the time-varying phase instantaneous frequency of s(t): 1dtθ () ft()= f + ic2π dt Meixia Tao @ SJTU 27 Representation of FM and PM signals Phase modulation (PM) θ ()t= kmtp () where kp = phase deviation constant Frequency modulation (FM) 1 d where kf = frequency fi() t−= f cf k mt () = θ () t deviation constant/frequency 2π dt sensitivity t The phase of FM is θ()t= 2 π k md ( ττ ) f ∫0 Meixia Tao @ SJTU 28 Distinguishing Features of PM and FM No perfect regularity in spacing of zero crossing Constant envelop, i.e. amplitude of s(t) is constant Relationship between PM and FM ∫ m(t)dt FM wave m(t) Phase integrator modulator π + AC cos[2 f ct k p ∫ m(t)dt] AC cos(2πf ct) d m(t) m(t) dt Frequency PM wave differentiator modulator AC cos[2πf ct + 2πk f m(t)] AC cos(2πf ct) Will discuss the properties of FM only Meixia Tao @ SJTU 29 Example: Sinusoidal Modulation Sinusoid modulating wave m(t) FM wave d m(t) dt PM wave Meixia Tao @ SJTU 30 Example: Square Modulation Square modulating wave m(t) FM wave PM wave Meixia Tao @ SJTU 31 FM by a Sinusoidal Signal Message Instantaneous frequency of resulting FM wave Frequency deviation: Carrier phase t ∆f θ(t )= 2 πτ( f ( ) −= f) d τsin(2 πft ) ∫0 ic m fm = βπsin(2ftm ) Modulation index: Meixia Tao @ SJTU 32 Example Problem: a sinusoidal modulating wave of amplitude 5V and frequency 1kHz is applied to a frequency modulator. The frequency sensitivity is 40Hz/V. The carrier frequency is 100kHz. Calculate (a) the frequency deviation (b) the modulation index Solution: Frequency deviation ∆f = k f Am = 40×5 = 200Hz ∆f 200 Modulation index β = = = 0.2 fm 1000 Meixia Tao @ SJTU 33 Spectrum Analysis of Sinusoidal FM Wave Rewrite the FM wave as In-phase component Quadrature-phase component Define the complex envelop of FM wave ~ jβ sin(2πfmt) s (t) = sI (t) + jsQ (t) = Ace ~ s (t) retains complete information about s(t) j[2πfct+β sin(2πfmt)] ~ j2πfct s(t) = Re{Ace }= Re[s (t)e ] Meixia Tao @ SJTU 34 ~ jβ sin(2πfmt) s (t) = Ace is periodic, expanded in Fourier series as ∞ ~ j2πnfmt s (t) = ∑cne n=−∞ where n-th order Bessel function of the first kind 1 π Jn (ββ )= expj( sin x− nx) dx 2π ∫−π Hence, cn = Ac J n (β ) Meixia Tao @ SJTU 35 ~ Substituting into s (t) ∞ ~ s (t) = Ac ∑ J n (β )exp( j2πnfmt) n=−∞ FM wave in time domain FM wave in frequency-domain ∞ Ac S( f ) = ∑ J n (β )[δ ( f − fc − nfm ) +δ ( f + fc + nfm )] 2 c n=−∞ Meixia Tao @ SJTU 36 Properties of Bessel Function Property 1: for small β ≤0.3
Recommended publications
  • Digital Audio Broadcasting : Principles and Applications of Digital Radio
    Digital Audio Broadcasting Principles and Applications of Digital Radio Second Edition Edited by WOLFGANG HOEG Berlin, Germany and THOMAS LAUTERBACH University of Applied Sciences, Nuernberg, Germany Digital Audio Broadcasting Digital Audio Broadcasting Principles and Applications of Digital Radio Second Edition Edited by WOLFGANG HOEG Berlin, Germany and THOMAS LAUTERBACH University of Applied Sciences, Nuernberg, Germany Copyright ß 2003 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (þ44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to [email protected], or faxed to (þ44) 1243 770571. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementation Considerations for the Introduction and Transition to Digital Terrestrial Sound and Multimedia Broadcasting
    Report ITU-R BS.2384-0 (07/2015) Implementation considerations for the introduction and transition to digital terrestrial sound and multimedia broadcasting BS Series Broadcasting service (sound) ii Rep. ITU-R BS.2384-0 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio- frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Reports (Also available online at http://www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management Note: This ITU-R Report was approved in English by the Study Group under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1.
    [Show full text]
  • ETS 300 750 TELECOMMUNICATION May 1996 STANDARD
    DRAFT EUROPEAN pr ETS 300 750 TELECOMMUNICATION May 1996 STANDARD Source: EBU/CENELEC/ETSI JTC Reference: DE/JTC-00VHFTXHU ICS: 33.060.20 Key words: broadcasting, radio, transmitter, FM, VHF, audio European Broadcasting Union Union Européenne de Radio-Télévision EBU UER Radio broadcasting systems; Very High Frequency (VHF), frequency modulated, sound broadcasting transmitters in the 66 to 73 MHz band ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI Secretariat Postal address: F-06921 Sophia Antipolis CEDEX - FRANCE Office address: 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis - Valbonne - FRANCE X.400: c=fr, a=atlas, p=etsi, s=secretariat - Internet: [email protected] Tel.: +33 92 94 42 00 - Fax: +33 93 65 47 16 Copyright Notification: No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the * foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. © European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1996. © European Broadcasting Union 1996. All rights reserved. Page 2 Draft prETS 300 750: May 1996 Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation and publication of this document, errors in content, typographical or otherwise, may occur. If you have comments concerning its accuracy, please write to "ETSI Editing and Committee Support Dept." at the address shown on the title page. Page 3 Draft prETS 300 750: May 1996 Contents Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................5 1 Scope
    [Show full text]
  • Radio Broadcasting Equipment Catalog
    Radio Broadcasting Equipment Catalog Digital and Analog equipment Best Audio Quality with maximum AC Efficiency “Tailor-made” customized Turnkey Solutions One size doesn’t fit all 4 Radio Broadcasting Equipment Radio Broadcasting Equipment 5 Radio & TV Broadcasting Equipment 40 years of experience Our difference +160 Countries The unique way we mix together our ingredients in order to offer you the best specific solution for + 50,000 Radio & TV Projects your unique and specific project. + 20,000 Transmitters Installed Millions of People Connected dbbroadcast.com 6 Radio Broadcasting Equipment Radio Broadcasting Equipment 7 Main Benefits The highest AC efficiency Radio products and solutions The outstanding AC efficiency is made possible thanks to the optimized RF design –Green RF™ - combined with the last generation LDMOS active components, that allows the highest DC to RF efficiency and very low lossesmatching circuits and combining systems. DB is leader in FM digital and analog broadcasting products. In more than 40 years we design The new switch-mode power supplies, with over 94% efficiency, contribute reaching top our products to offer to broadcasting operators the best quality of audio signal while providing efficiency performance. the maximum AC efficiency, dramatically reducing energy costs. Moreover, the top-level AC efficiency is reached over a very wide range of power, thanks to the The GREEN RF™ technology, combined with the new 65:1 devices, is the latest evolution of the smart Automatic Level Control system that acts on internal parameters of the amplifier. world-famous DB patented COLD-FET™ technology, already present in DB’s FM transmitters. Rugged and Long lasting Reliability PFG and Mozart Series, the new line of FM transmitters and exciters, have been awarded some of the industry’s most prestigious technology honors, the Best of Show Award at both NAB Show Each product has been designed to give broadcasters a very reliable, long-lasting equipment.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB); Guide to DAB Standards; Guidelines and Bibliography
    ETSI TR 101 495 V1.2.1 (2005-01) Technical Report Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB); Guide to DAB standards; Guidelines and Bibliography European Broadcasting Union Union Européenne de Radio-Télévision EBU·UER 2 ETSI TR 101 495 V1.2.1 (2005-01) Reference DTR/JTC-DAB-20 Keywords DAB, digital, audio, broadcast, broadcasting ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: http://portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp Copyright Notification Reproduction is only permitted for the purpose of standardization work undertaken within ETSI.
    [Show full text]
  • Spectrum/Frequency Requirements for Bands Allocated to Broadcasting on a Primary Basis
    Report ITU-R BT.2387-0 (07/2015) Spectrum/frequency requirements for bands allocated to broadcasting on a primary basis BT Series Broadcasting service (television) ii Rep. ITU-R BT.2387-0 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio- frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Reports (Also available online at http://www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management Note: This ITU-R Report was approved in English by the Study Group under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1.
    [Show full text]
  • ECC Report 177
    ECC Report 177 Possibilities for Future Terrestrial Delivery of Audio Broadcasting Services April 2012 ECC REPORT 177 – Page 2 0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Report considers the possibilities for continuing Radio Broadcasting into the future. While recognising that technological developments are opening a wide range of potential platforms for the distribution of audio content, it is felt that ‘terrestrial’ distribution with strategically placed transmitters simultaneously serving a large number of independent receivers will continue. This is particularly true for portable and mobile reception. With this in mind, this document concentrates on terrestrial distribution platforms and especially the relevant digital technologies that exist and are being developed. Radio is now very much a medium which can be, and is, accessed by an audience where a large portion is either mobile or doing something else. The motorist is a good example of this. The report looks at how this audience might be served in the future. While, in the past, conventional terrestrial radio broadcasting was the only viable way to serve this audience, technological convergence and changing habits mean that other platforms such as mobile broadband, satellites and wired infrastructures can now be used under the right circumstances. In spite of this, terrestrial broadcasting does offer certain advantages and it is felt that this will continue for the foreseeable future. Terrestrial broadcasting is itself changing with the advent of digital modulation systems. The report goes on to compare and contrast these modulation systems in some detail, looking at the strengths and weaknesses of each one. This is against the background considerations of audience size, geographical concentration and demographics, and how each system is able to exploit the available spectrum.
    [Show full text]
  • Recommendations on Issues Related to Digital Radio Broadcasting in India 1St February, 2018 Mahanagar Doorsanchar Bhawan Jawahar
    Recommendations on Issues related to Digital Radio Broadcasting in India 1st February, 2018 Mahanagar Doorsanchar Bhawan Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg New Delhi-110002 Website: www.trai.gov.in i Contents INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: Digital Radio Broadcasting Technologies and International Scenario .............................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 3: Issues Related to Digitization of FM Radio Broadcasting .............. 15 CHAPTER 4: Summary of Recommendations .................................................... 40 ii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Radio remains an integral part of India‟s rich culture, social and economic landscape. Radio broadcasting1 is one of the most popular and affordable means for mass communication, largely owing to its wide coverage, low set up costs, terminal portability and affordability. 1.2 At present, analog terrestrial radio broadcast in India is carried out in Medium Wave (MW) (526–1606 KHz), Short Wave (SW) (6–22 MHz), and VHF-II (88–108 MHz) spectrum bands. VHF-II band is popularly known as FM band due to deployment of Frequency Modulation (FM) technology in this band. AIR - the public service broadcaster - has established 467 radio stations encompassing 662 radio transmitters, which include 140 MW, 48 SW, and 474 FM transmitters for providing radio broadcasting services2. It also provides overseas broadcasts services for its listeners across the world. 1.3 Until 2000, AIR was the sole radio broadcaster in the country. In the year 2000, looking at the changing market dynamics, the government took an initiative to open the FM radio broadcast for private sector participation. In Phase-I of FM Radio, the government auctioned 108 FM radio channels in 40 cities. Out of these, only 21 FM radio channels became operational and subsequently migrated to Phase-II in 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Jamming, Or Deliberate Interference Against Radio Broadcasting Stations by V
    Jamming, or deliberate interference against radio broadcasting stations by V. K. Lehtoranta As suggested by the title, this article discusses jamming of radio transmissions that were targeted to ordinary people. At one point of time, over 99 % of jamming originated from the areas of the ex-Soviet Union's sphere of influence. The topics such as military operations and deliberate interference against commercial stations will be left outside the discussion here. The first case of the latter topic may be from the times of the revolution when Reichswehr with its 5-kW transmitter in Berlin jammed the telegraphy communications between Paris and Sankt Petersburg, Russia. When the Soviet Union in the end of 1988 still managed to stop the massive jamming operation /1/ that lasted for over 40 years, even the most casual listener could sense the odd silence that had fallen over the HF broadcasting bands. For instance, a study made in Helsinki in April 1988 showed that, on the average, over one-third of the seven HF frequency bands reserved for broadcasting between 6 and 21 MHz were unusable for following almost whatever transmission because of jamming. After the Gulf War in the beginning of 1991, the HF or MW jamming stations that could still be heard here were operating primarily in the Middle East. In the summer of 1996, the World Jamming Club announced that actual jamming stations were still operational in the following countries: China, Cuba, Iran, Myanmar, North Korea, Vietnam and Turkey (TV). The target for Turkish jamming was the satellite transmissions of Kurdish Med-TV (Eutelsat ECS II F2, transponder 25).
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB); Guide to DAB Standards; Guidelines and Bibliography
    ETSI TR 101 495 V1.3.1 (2006-01) Technical Report Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB); Guide to DAB standards; Guidelines and Bibliography European Broadcasting Union Union Européenne de Radio-Télévision EBU·UER 2 ETSI TR 101 495 V1.3.1 (2006-01) Reference RTR/JTC-DAB-42 Keywords audio, broadcast, broadcasting, DAB, digital ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: http://portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission.
    [Show full text]
  • Vhf Fm Broadcasting
    VHF FM BROADCASTING Dr. Campanella Michele Intel – Telecomponents – Via degli Ulivi n. 3 Zona Ind. – 74020 Montemesola (TA) Italy Phone +39 0995664328 Fax +39 0995932061 Email:[email protected] www.telecomponents.com VHF FM BROADCASTING VHF broadcasting is established in most countries around the globe. VHF broadcast technology provides excellent fidelity in terms of audio frequency response and background noise of all forms. As a result of its advantages, VHF FM broadcasting has been widely accepted. Even though digital formats are being introduced, many see no need to migrate because the performance of the analogue FM transmissions is more than adequate. Beginnings of VHF FM broadcasting When broadcasting first started in the 1920s amplitude modulation was the form of modulation used. It was the obvious and the easiest way to transmit sound. However as radio technology developed its shortcomings became more obvious. The long and medium wave bands became more congested, giving rise to interference. Also the static and other background noise meant that high quality transmissions were not feasible. It had been thought that the key to improving quality was to narrow the bandwidth of the transmission to reduce the amount of interference received. However this also reduced the audio bandwidth that could be transmitted and in addition to this, much noise was still present. The quest for higher quality transmissions lead to the introduction of wideband frequency modulation. Although the first commercial stations were set up in the USA around 1939, it was not until the 1950s that FM started to become really accepted. It was in 1954 that the BBC announced their intention to start FM broadcasting.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Digital Radio Spectrum
    Introduction to Digital Radio Spectrum Summary Radio Spectrum is a vital resource for broadcasters to distribute services to listeners. It allows for a signal to be reached at almost all points in a covered area, including in building and even when a receiver is moving, for instance in a car. It is a quick way to distribute a signal and compared to other forms of media (e.g. newspapers, cable), is an inexpensive way of distributing information. It is flexible, for instance parameters of signal can be adjusted according conditions and requirements. The most important spectrum for digital radio is Band III, which consists of the frequencies from 174 to 230 MHz. Understanding and measuring Spectrum and Radio Waves Radio waves are an electromagnetic radiation like the light, sound or infra light and generated by natural sources such as lightning. They can also be generated artificially for radio communication, industry use or e.g. cooking (microwave ovens). Radio Waves propagate in free air but in other materials. They go through buildings and can be reflected, absorbed or modified. Different frequencies have different propagation characteristics. Propagation is important feature for communication but for interference issues too. Only one signal can be delivered on the same frequency in the same area and time, otherwise the signals will collide and successful transmission will not be possible. Wave length is measured in distance units like meters or kilometres and frequency in units called Hertz. Radio Spectrum is a group of electromagnetic waves with wavelengths from 0.1 millimetres to 100 kilometres. Their frequency is inversely proportional to their wavelength and corresponding values are from the 3000 GHz to 3 kHz.
    [Show full text]