INEEL/EXT-2001-677 by Liz Battocletti, Bob Lawrence & Associates, Inc. April 2001 Report No. INEEL/EXT-2001-677 Prepared for Idaho National Engineering & Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) Under Purchase Order No. F99-181039 And the U.S. Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Office of Wind & Geothermal Technologies Under DOE Idaho Operations Office Contract DE-AC07-99ID13727 by Liz Battocletti, Bob Lawrence & Associates, Inc. April 2001 Disclaimer This information was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the U.S. Government. Neither the U.S. Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. Geothermal Resources in the Balkans April 2001 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ..............................1 CONCLUSION ...............................52 THE BALKANS ...............................4 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................54 Albania .................................5 Bosnia and Herzegovina ...................12 APPENDIX ..................................68 Croatia .................................17 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia .....24 Slovenia ...............................33 Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) .........41 Geothermal Resources in the Balkans April 2001 Introduction The Database of Geothermal Resources in the Balkans Allan Jelacic of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of contains information on 237 specific geothermal sites or Wind and Geothermal Technologies for their support. projects in the six countries which constitute the Balkans – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Former Particular thanks goes to Edin Fetahovic, U.S. Embassy in Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Sarajevo; Damjan Bencic, U.S. Embassy in Croatia; Arben Slovenia, and Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro). Gega, U.S. Embassy in Macedonia; Estref Imeri and Todor Novkovski, Energy and Mining Department, A summary of geothermal resources found in the six Ministry of Economy, Republic of Macedonia; Marko countries is shown in Table 1. The 237 sites have a Mlakar, U.S. Embassy in Slovenia; Marnell Dickson; projected electricity generation potential of 439 MWe and Ladislaus Rybach; Jenny Gothard and Silvia Savich of the a direct use potential of 3,390 MWt. Thirty-three or 14% Central and Eastern Europe Business Center (CEEBIC) of of the sites have a temperature of 100ºC or more, and may the U.S. Department of Commerce; and the other be suitable for power generation development. individuals, companies, and organizations who provided assistance and information. The Database and market research report were designed, built, and written by a team led by Liz Battocletti of Bob For immediate dissemination to the industry, the report Lawrence & Associates, Inc. (BL&A) for UT-Battelle has been converted to a PDF file.1 LLC under Purchase Order Number F99-181039, “Collection and Assembly of Published Data on Geothermal Potential.” It was compiled using information collected in an extensive data and Internet search which accessed technical literature dating back 25 years, as well as numerous U.S. and Balkan sources. 1 PDF files can be read and printed using the free Special appreciation is due Joel Renner of Idaho National Adobe® Acrobat® Reader which can be downloaded at Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) and http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep.ht ml. Geothermal Resources in the Balkans 1 The Database of Geothermal Resources in the Balkans population and market data, location of transmission lines includes: and roads, etc., using the Geographic Information System (GIS), to the present structure. • Power Profile - basic information on population, GDP, installed capacity, electricity prices, etc.; To date, BL&A has conducted similar extensive surveys of geothermal resources in Latin America and the • Power Summary - description of the power sector Caribbean, Turkey, Poland, China, Hungary, and Russia, and privatization efforts; building databases for each. The databases could be adapted for posting on the World Wide Web and searched • Government / Legislation - relevant government using a variety of variables, e.g., country, temperature of agencies and laws; and resource, estimated power potential, and other parameters. • Geothermal Sites / Projects - a Site Summary for Photo credits (from top to bottom): Albanian landscape, each: Giovanni Lattanzi, http://www.archart.it/; Novi Sad refinery burning, May 1999, Free Republic, 1. Name http://www.FreeRepublic.com/forum/a3a56536e6176.htm; 2. Location Flower (Medvednica by Zagreb), Croatian Mountaineering 3. Status Association, http://public.srce.hr/hps/slike/slikeeng.htm; 4. Temperature Jeep convoy, Camp Diane, Bosnia, Steven Dutch, 5. Installed Capacity (MWe/MWt) http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/BosPhoto/bospix08.htm; and 6. Potential (MWe/MWt) Land mines, Mine Action Centre, Sarajevo, NATO, 7. Chronology http://www.nato.int/. 8. Notes Dynamic Database The Database is designed to be dynamic. Created using Microsoft® Access 2000, it can be easily updated or modified to include specific data which the industry would find most useful. In addition, the Database can be made more comprehensive by adding pertinent data, e.g., local Geothermal Resources in the Balkans 2 Power Number of Maximum Average Number Direct Use Generation Country Geothermal Temp. Temp. of Sites Potential Potential Sites / Projects (ºC) (ºC) >100ºC (MWt) (MWe) Albania 22 105.8 40.6 1 N/A N/A Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 85 65.6 0 N/A 33 Croatia 28 170 75.9 4 28 815 FYR Macedonia 32 150 56.7 12 200 2,200 Slovenia 52 175 33.6 2 11 106 Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) 100 150 47.9 14 200 236 TOTALS 237 33 439 3,390 Table 1 – Geothermal Resources in the Balkans Geothermal Resources in the Balkans 3 The Balkans Geothermal Resources in the Balkans 4 Slightly smaller than Maryland, Albania shares land borders with Greece, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Albania Macedonia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia’s southern province of Kosovo, and the Republic of Montenegro – and an off-shore border with Italy. Power Profile The poorest country of Europe has faced many challenges Population (millions) -July 2000 estimated 3.49 following the collapse of communism and the centrally planned economy. In 1991 and 1992, economic GDP (billion US$) - 1999 estimated $5.6 depression and lack of opportunity led to the mass exodus Real GDP Growth Rate - 1999 estimated 8.0% of thousands of young Albanians to Italy and Greece. Inflation Rate (CPI) - 1999 estimated 0.5% The economy recovered in 1993-95 but in election year Total Installed Capacity (MWe) - January 2000 1,892 1996, the government’s weakening resolve to maintain stabilization policies increased inflation and the budget Electricity Consumption per Capita (kWh) - 1998 689 deficit. Energy Demand Growth Rate 6% Prices (US¢/kWh) - 2001 The collapse of financial pyramid schemes in early 1997 – which had attracted deposits from a substantial portion of Households 3.13 Albania’s population – triggered an economic meltdown Companies (price depends on size and profitability 5.22-10.1 and widespread civil insurrection including more than of the company) 1,500 deaths, widespread destruction of property, and an Source: National Agency on Energy 8% drop in GDP. Following fundamental reforms in 1998, the economy recovered. Geothermal Power Potential (MWe) N/A Geothermal Direct Use Potential (MWt) N/A In early 1999, the Government of Albania (GOA), with international assistance, handled the influx of nearly 500,000 Kosovar refugees (which increased the country’s population by 14%) with minimal disruption to the country. Geothermal Resources in the Balkans 5 Currently, Albania is reviving its infrastructure and overhaul and the rehabilitation of four old HPPs are privatizing potentially lucrative telecommunications, underway. energy, banking, and mining companies. The country has a well-educated and inexpensive work force, an In addition to hydropower, Albania has significant entrepreneurial populace, and is near lucrative Western hydrocarbon resources (oil and gas) as well as vast European markets. U.S. products and companies are reserves of coal. Renewable energy, e.g., solar, wind, and highly regarded by Albanian consumers; the GOA is eager low-enthalpy geothermal for heating, are also potential to attract U.S. investment. sources of energy. Albania’s economy is currently growing by 7-8% a year. Demand for electricity has been increasing 6% annually since 1992. Albania became a net energy importer in Power Summary 1998, primarily due to an increase in consumer demand for electricity as households imported appliances and Albania has a total installed capacity of 1,892 MWe – electric heaters. Nationally, 80% of home heating demand 1,668 MWe from hydropower plants (HPPs) and 224 is covered by electricity. The country imports 37% of its