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Hydrological Differentiation and Spatial Distribution of High Altitude Wetlands in a Semi-Arid Andean Region Derived from Satellite Data

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Hydrological Differentiation and Spatial Distribution of High Altitude Wetlands in a Semi-Arid Andean Region Derived from Satellite Data Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1713–1727, 2011 www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/15/1713/2011/ Hydrology and doi:10.5194/hess-15-1713-2011 Earth System © Author(s) 2011. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Sciences Hydrological differentiation and spatial distribution of high altitude wetlands in a semi-arid Andean region derived from satellite data M. Otto1, D. Scherer1, and J. Richters2 1Technische Universitat¨ Berlin, Department of Ecology, Chair of Climatology, Rothenburgstraße 12, 12165 Berlin, Germany 2Lohmeyer Consulting Engineers GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany Received: 4 November 2010 – Published in Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: 28 January 2011 Revised: 21 April 2011 – Accepted: 3 May 2011 – Published: 31 May 2011 Abstract. High Altitude Wetlands of the Andes (HAWA) between temporal HAWA and precipitation (r2: 0.75) during belong to a unique type of wetland within the semi-arid austral summer (March to May). Annual changes in spatial high Andean region. Knowledge about HAWA has been extend of perennial HAWA indicate alterations in annual wa- derived mainly from studies at single sites within different ter supply generated from snow melt. parts of the Andes at only small time scales. On the one hand, HAWA depend on water provided by glacier streams, snow melt or precipitation. On the other hand, they are sus- 1 Introduction pected to influence hydrology through water retention and vegetation growth altering stream flow velocity. We derived High Altitude Wetlands (HAWs) are situated in many moun- HAWA land cover from satellite data at regional scale and tain regions of the world (e.g., Himalaya or Alps). HAWs analysed changes in connection with precipitation over the can be described as areas of swamp, marsh, meadow, fen last decade. Perennial and temporal HAWA subtypes can or peatland whether natural or artificial, perennial or tempo- be distinguished by seasonal changes of photosynthetically rary, with water that is stagnant or flowing, fresh, brackish, active vegetation (PAV) indicating the perennial or temporal or saline (Chatterjee et al., 2010). Although there is no scien- availability of water during the year. HAWA have been delin- tific definition of HAWs, we would use the following general 2 eated within a region of 12 800 km situated in the Northwest working definition: HAWs can be seen as any kind of tem- of Lake Titicaca. The multi-temporal classification method porarily or perennial water saturated ground above the nat- used Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index (NDVI) and ural forest border and below the snow line within any high Normalized Differenced Infrared Index (NDII) data derived mountain region on earth. from two Landsat ETM+ scenes at the end of austral winter HAWs of the arid and semi-arid region of the Andes (September 2000) and at the end of austral summer (May (HAWA) are situated in environments of relatively low an- 2001). The mapping result indicates an unexpected high nual precipitation and soil moisture deficits within a region 2 abundance of HAWA covering about 800 km of the study also known as Puna (Wilcox et al., 1986). HAWA exist at hy- region (6 %). Annual HAWA mapping was computed using drological and altitudinal limits for plant life in the cold and NDVI 16-day composites of Moderate Resolution Imaging arid high Andean grasslands of Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Ar- Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Analyses on the relation be- gentina. In the central parts of the Andes (16◦ S), they occur tween HAWA and precipitation was based on monthly pre- between 4000 m a.s.l. and 5000 m a.s.l., and in the southern cipitation data of the Tropical Rain Measurement Mission parts (27◦ S) between 2000 m a.s.l. and 3000 m a.s.l. (Scott (TRMM 3B43) and MODIS Eight Day Maximum Snow Ex- and Carbonell, 1986). The Convention on Wetlands of Inter- tent data (MOD10A2) from 2000 to 2010. We found HAWA national Importance (Ramsar Convention) compiled a list of subtype specific dependencies on precipitation conditions. A wetlands, which includes HAWA due to their importance for strong relation exists between perennial HAWA and snow fall sustaining biodiversity including endemic flora and fauna of 2 (r : 0.82) in dry austral winter months (June to August) and the Puna region. HAWA also play a critical role for local live- stock grazing of the Andean camelid species like wild Vicuna˜ (Vicugna vicugna), Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and domes- Correspondence to: M. Otto ticated forms like Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) or Lama (Lama ([email protected]) glama)(Moreau et al., 2003). Knowledge about HAWA has Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 1714 M. Otto et al.: High altitude wetlands in a semi-arid Andean region Bolivia !( " ! Lake Anan ta Juliaca ! !( Chivay !( ! Lake Titicaca (! Puno (! ! !( (! River " Arequipa CHIVAY ! Coata Peru " !( !( " !( " " G " " Imata " " ! 0 30 60 120 km " *# B G """ 70°W 60°W " Eston Sumbay G ! !( Brazil *# !( *# " " S S ° ° 0 !( 0 1 1 G !(!(!( "" Peru !( "" !( !( !( " !( !( !( !( !( AREQUIPA Lake Salinas !( !( ! " !(!(!( Bolivia VITOR ! " !(!( Study area (4000 m a.s.l.) !( S S ° ° 0 !( !( 0 Transect 2 P a c i f i c 2 !(!( Paraguay ") HAWA(gt) !( !( O z e a n !( !( Grasslands(gt) !( !( Chile Argentina *# . A Shrublands(gt) !( G barren or sparsely vegetated(gt) !( meters a.s.l. 70°W 60°W 0 5 10 20km !( HAWA sites (Source: Scott & Carbonell, 1986) C 4000 5000 Fig. 1. Location of the study region within the known geographic range of HAWA (A, B) and ground-truth data (gt) above 4000 m a.s.l. (C). been derived mainly from botanical studies within different land cover data of different HAWA subtypes and precipita- parts of the Andes (e.g., Ruthsatz, 1993). HAWA depend tion data. on water provided by glacier streams, snow melt or pre- Since it is difficult to obtain spatially and temporally con- cipitation. HAWA are also suspected to influence regional sistent information on HAWA due to their often isolated and hydrology due to their water retention capacity and vegeta- remote locations, a HAWA mapping procedure was designed tion growth altering stream flow velocity (Earle et al., 2003). for the utilisation of vegetation remote-sensing data. The po- However, little is known about the relation between regional tential for continuous monitoring of HAWA applying remote- climate and hydrology of HAWA on the background of pro- sensing data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro- jected changes in temperature and precipitation within the radiometer (MODIS) was quantitatively assessed. Finally Andes (Vuille et al., 2008). HAWA land cover change was computed for each year be- Knowledge on spatial variability of HAWA is non- tween 2000 and 2010. The resulting time series of annual systematic and incomplete (Naranjo, 1995). A new HAWA HAWA land cover was used to analyse relations between pre- land cover dataset is needed for investigating relations be- cipitation, snow cover and spatial alterations of the HAWA tween precipitation and vegetation changes as a proxy for subtypes. hydrological differentiation of HAWA. Thus, the first objec- tive of the study was to determine spatial extent, distribu- Study region tion and composition of HAWA within a subregion of their known geographic range. For this reason, we first devel- The study region is located on the western slopes of the oped a HAWA mapping design incorporating HAWA sub- South Peruvian Andes between 15◦150 and 16◦350 S lati- types based on specific vegetation changes and changes in tude and 70◦510 and 71◦520 W longitude covering a total water availability as consequences of the main hydrological area of approx. 12 800 km2 above 4000 m a.s.l. within the processes. The relationship between water sources and veg- semi-arid high Andean mountains. The study region was etation dynamics of HAWA has not yet been investigated in selected because of its central position within the known detail (Squeo et al., 2006). Hence, the second objective of the HAWA geographic range (Fig. 1a) containing different types study was focused on analysing this relation based on annual of the Puna region characterised by the differences in annual Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1713–1727, 2011 www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/15/1713/2011/ M. Otto et al.: High altitude wetlands in a semi-arid Andean region 1715 precipitation and duration of humid season (wet season). differences in seasonality. Satellite instruments measure so- Most precipitation occurs in austral summer between Octo- lar radiation reflected by vegetation in certain spectral bands. ber and May. The north-eastern part belongs to the moist Spectral reflectance data can be converted into vegetation in- Puna belt northwest of Lake Titicaca (Fig. 1a and b) with dices. Many of these indices correlate well with e.g., veg- annual precipitation of more than 500 mm and five to six hu- etation amount, the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically mid months. The south-western part of the study region be- active radiation (PAR) or unstressed vegetation conductance longs to the dry Puna belt where mean annual precipitation and photosynthetic capacity (Myneni et al., 1995). We refer is lower, varying between 300 mm and 500 mm during three to the term Photosynthetic Active Vegetation (PAV) as land to four humid months (Baied and Wheeler, 1993; Richter, cover containing unstressed vegetation of high photosyn- 1981; Troll, 1968). thetic capacity enabling an efficient use of PAR. Therefore, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used as a measure of PAV based on spectral change in reflectance 2 Data and methods for HAWA mapping caused by chlorophyll absorption in red wavelengths (ρRed) and leaf additive reflectance in near-infrared wavelengths 2.1 Pre-processing of remote-sensing data (ρNIR)(Jackson and Huete, 1991). Other studies applying Landsat ETM+ data has been widely used for the investi- NDVI for biomass assessment of HAWA in Bolivia demon- gation on wetlands (e.g., Ozesmi and Bauer, 2002).
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