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18 03 Aspray Silvianne Dissertation for Repository View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Apollo Metaphysics in the Reformation A Case Study of Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499-1562) Silvianne Aspray-Bürki Faculty of Divinity Pembroke College University of Cambridge September 2017 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Declaration This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee. 1 Contents Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4 1) The Reformation and Philosophy: A Review of Relevant Literature .......................... 4 2) Implicit Metaphysics: On the Method and Architecture of this Study ..................... 18 3) Peter Martyr Vermigli: Life and Work ...................................................................... 27 Chapter One: Divine and Human Agency and the Workings of Causality ........................ 33 1) Providence and God’s Work in the World in the Samuel Commentary ................... 35 2) God’s Work and the Effects of the Fall in the Ethics Commentary .......................... 41 3) Knowing the Truth: God’s Work in Human Minds ................................................... 49 4) The Implied Metaphysics of the Workings of Causality in Vermigli ......................... 56 Chapter Two: Justification and the Workings of Gift Giving ............................................ 58 1) Three Times Three: Vermigli’s Scholia on Justification ............................................ 59 2) A Secret Middle: Vermigli’s Teaching on Union with Christ ..................................... 73 3) The Aporetic Nature of Vermigli’s Teaching on the Workings of Grace .................. 77 4) The Implied Metaphysics of the Workings of Grace and Gift in Vermigli ................ 87 Chapter Three: The Eucharist and the Workings of Divine Presence ............................... 91 1) Situating Sources and Secondary Literature ............................................................ 92 2) Meant to be Merely a Matter of Method ................................................................ 95 3) Pivotal but Unspoken Presuppositions .................................................................. 104 4) (Not) Overcoming Spatial Distance ........................................................................ 112 5) Which Change? Hunsinger, Vermigli and the Status of the Eucharistic Elements . 116 6) The Implied Metaphysics of Vermigli’s Eucharistic Theology ................................ 126 Chapter Four: Political Theology and the Workings of Authority .................................. 130 1) Engagements with Vermigli’s Political Theology .................................................... 132 2) Authority in Vermigli’s Ideal Commonwealth I: The Magistrate ............................ 135 3) Authority in Vermigli’s Ideal Commonwealth II: The Word of God ........................ 142 4) Conflicting Authorities and Vermigli’s Scholium on the Magistrate ....................... 146 5) Torrance Kirby’s Reading of Vermigli’s Scholium on the Magistrate ..................... 152 6) The Implied Metaphysics of Vermigli’s Political Theology ..................................... 160 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 163 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 175 Primary Sources .......................................................................................................... 175 Secondary Sources ..................................................................................................... 177 2 Acknowledgments I am indebted to many people for their support over the years I worked on this dissertation and would like to express my gratitude to the following individuals. First and foremost to Catherine Pickstock for her wise guidance, kind encouragement and untiring enthusiasm for my research – I could not have asked for a finer supervisor. To Alexandra Walsham for her close attention and valuable advice at several stages of my research. To John Hughes and Andrew Davison for their wise and insightful input in my first year. To Hans Boersma, Ruth Jackson, Ragnar Mogård Bergem and Nathan Lyons for their helpful feedback on chapters of this thesis. To the electors of the Cambridge International Trust and the Swiss National Science Foundation for their generous financial support of my research. To my Graduate colleagues at the Divinity Faculty and the Breakfast Club for being such wonderful communities of scholars and friends. To my family and friends in Switzerland and England for their love and support. And above all to my husband Barney – he has always supported my work, taught me the beauty of regular sleep and continues to be my comfort and delight. 3 Introduction Introduction This dissertation enquires into the metaphysics of the Protestant Reformation by examining the thought of Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499-1562) as a case study. In this introduction, I will first situate the present work in relation to earlier scholarly literature on the philosophical background of the Protestant Reformation. This will lead, secondly, to methodological reflections on the approach I propose to take, as well as on the structure of this study. Thirdly, I will provide a short introduction to the life and work of Peter Martyr Vermigli for those readers unfamiliar with the Italian-born theologian.1 1) The Reformation and Philosophy: A Review of Relevant Literature During the twentieth century, two scholarly discourses were concerned with the philosophical background of the Protestant Reformation: the discourse about the emergence and nature of Protestant scholasticism, and the discourse about the influences of (late) medieval philosophical schools upon the theology of the Reformation. As we shall see, Peter Martyr Vermigli has played a significant role in the literature of the former, but only a minor role in the relevant works of the latter discourse. In what follows, I will review these older discourses, highlighting some of their methodological problems. This will lead me to propose an alternative and novel methodological approach to understanding the philosophical background of the Reformation, which is based on enquiring into the structures of being and causality implicit in the theological work of Peter Martyr Vermigli. The merit of this approach, I will argue, is that it enables us more clearly to express a complexity that is present in Vermigli’s thought – and arguably also in that of other Reformers. A work regularly cited in the debates around the relationship between the Reformation and Protestant (especially Reformed) scholasticism is Brian Armstrong’s 1969 study, Calvinism and the Amyraut Heresy. In this study Armstrong proposes that there is a significant rift between the “humanistically oriented” and “biblically and 1 His Italian name, Pietro Martire Vermigli, was Latinised Petrus Martyr Vermilius. His contemporaries generally knew him as Peter Martyr or simply as Martyr, a form often used by the man himself. Present-day scholarly literature calls him either Martyr or Vermigli. I will use the latter. 4 Introduction experientially based” theology of Calvin, on the one hand, and the theology of the Protestant scholastics of the late sixteenth and seventeenth century, on the other hand.2 In Armstrong’s estimation, the latter prevailed in Reformed Protestantism around 1600. He considered this to be a sign of decline, for it indicates a “divergence from a theology which had been carefully constructed by Calvin to represent faithfully the scriptural teaching.”3 This is the background against which Armstrong analyses the work of Moïse Amyraut (1596-1664), a professor of theology at the Academy of Saumur. Armstrong proposes that Amyraut was wrongly considered a heretic by the ‘orthodox’ Protestants of his time. Indeed, he holds that Amyraut was more faithful to Calvin than any of his allegedly orthodox, Protestant scholastic contemporaries. But how did it happen that these Protestant scholastics diverged so much from Calvin’s theology? It is here that Peter Martyr Vermigli – together with Girolamo Zanchi and Theodore Beza – plays a major role in Armstrong’s account. Armstrong argues that the scholasticism that “held sway” in seventeenth century Reformed theology began in the work of these three men.4 Repeatedly, he mentions this triumvirate who are the clear villains in his narrative. It is telling, however, that Armstrong also acknowledges that Peter Martyr Vermigli’s thought – at the time he was writing
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