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Response of Wood Nettle (Laportea Canadensis) to Euro-American Land-Use in Southeast Minnesota

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Response of Wood Nettle (Laportea Canadensis) to Euro-American Land-Use in Southeast Minnesota Conservation Biology Research Grants Program Division of Ecological Services © Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Response of wood nettle (Laportea canadensis) to Euro-American land-use in southeast Minnesota A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Lori Ann Biederman IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE Dr. Edward J. Cushing, Advisor May 2000 ABSTRACT The legacy of post-settlement land-use is not always recognized in ecological studies, although it can have profound effects on the plant community and populations. This thesis employs historical documentation and current conditions to investigate the hypothesis that past human activity has produced differences in wood nettle density and population structure among maple-basswood forests in southeast Minnesota. Both qualitative and quantitative vegetation surveys found that wood nettle density tends to be greater in stands that have experienced selective harvest, but forest structure provides more insight into the relationship between wood nettle and land-use. Wood nettle increases with decreasing density of sub-canopy trees (10 - 25 cm dbh). The current subcanopy layer is the dense woody re-growth that typically follows heavy selective harvest, clear-cut, and livestock grazing.. The woody re-growth appears to suppress wood nettle. Accelerated gap-phase succession follows mild selective harvest and from overstory disruption in old-growth stands and wool nettle appears to increase after these events. The life history traits of wood nettle and its relationship with tree canopy composition support this conclusion. Variation in wood nettle population structure is primarily attributable to population density. The percent of sexually reproducing stems decreases with. increasing wood nettle density. Seed germination increases with the number of seed producing stems, but intra-specific competition reduces the number of germinants at high adult densities. Wood nettle stem height increases with inter- and intra-specific competition. The number and proportion of sexually reproducing, seed-producing, and female stems increase with the density of the canopy layer (< 25 cm dbh). This study, however, fails to find a direct relationship between light availability and wood nettle reproduction. The diversity and abundance of co-occurring summer forb, woody, and graminoid species are negatively correlated with increasing wood nettle density. The reduction of these species may occur through occupation of space or competition for light or other resources. The abundance and diversity of spring ephemeral and spring-reproducing species, with the exception of white trout-lily, are positively correlated with the previous year's wood nettle density. Wood nettle does not overlap phenologically with these species and may displace direct competitors. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT . ………………………………………………… i TABLE OF CONTENTS . ………………………………………………… ii LIST OF TABLES . ………………………………………………… v LIST OF FIGURES . ………………………………………………… vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . ………………………………………………… vii PREFACE . …………………………………………………1 I. COLONIZATION RESPONSE OF WOOD NETTLE (Laportea canadensis) TO POST-SETTLEMENT LAND-USE Introduction . ………………………………………………… 2 Methods Study area . ………………………………………………… 4 Survey methods . ………………………………………………… 6 Qualitative vegetation survey. ………………………………………………… 7 Quantitative vegetation survey . ………………………………………………… 7 Light . ………………………………………………… 8 Soil . ………………………………………………… 8 Statistical analysis . …………………………………………8 Results Qualitative vegetation survey . ……………………………… 9 Quantitative vegetation survey . ………………………………… 9 Time since the last documented land-use . …………………………… 10 Forest structure . ……………………………………… 10 Light . ……………………………………………… 11 Soil . .. ………………………………………………… 11 Discussion Persistence . ………………………………………… 12 Wood nettle and land-use type . …………………………………… 13 Forest structure . ………………………………………… 14 Canopy composition . ………………………………………… 15 Old growth . …………………………………………… 16 Light . ………………………………………………… 16 Life history characteristics . ………………………………… 17 Wood nettle survival and forest recovery . …………………………… 17 Other environmental conditions . …………………………………… 18 Conclusion . ………………………………………………… 19 Literature Cited . …………………………………………………21 II. WOOD NETTLE POPULATION STRUCTURE IN MAPLE-BASSWOOD FORESTS; INFLUENCES OF PAST LAND-USE AND THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENT Introduction ……………………………………..………………………………………………… 38 ii Methods Study species . ……………………………… 39 Study site . ……………………………………… 41 Quantitative vegetation survey . ……………………………… 41 Statistical analysis . ………………………………………… 42 Results Land-use history and reproductive expression . 43 Wood nettle density . ………………………………………… 43 Germinants . ……………………………………… 44 Forest structure . …………………………………………… 44 Time since the last documented land use event . …………………… 44 Height . ………………………………………………… 45 Discussion Land-use history and reproductive expression . ……………………… 45 Reproduction and intra-specific density . ……………………………… 45 Germination . …………………………………………… 46 Forest structure and reproduction . ……………………………………… 46 Time since the last documented land-use event and reproduction .. 47 Height and competition . 47 Male stems . …………………………………………… 48 Problems and improvements for this study . 48 Conclusions . ………………………………………………… 49 Literature cited . ………………………………………………… 51 III. CONSEQUENCES OF WOOD NETTLE COLONIZATION FOR THE DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURE OF MAPLE-BASSWOOD FORESTS Introduction . ………………………………………………… 61 Methods Study site . ………………………………………………… 63 . Summer survey . ……………………………………… 63 Spring survey . ………………………………………… 64 Individual species . …………………………………………… 65 Tree seedling and saplings . .. …………………………………… 65 Statistical methods . …………………………………………… 65 Results Summer sampling . …………………………………………………66 Spring sampling . ………………………………………… 66 Individual species . ………………………………………… 67 Tree seedlings and saplings . ………………………………………… 67 Discussion Summer species . ………………………………………… 68 Spring species . …………………………………………… 69 Individual species . ………………………………………… 70 Tree seedlings and saplings . …………………………………… 71 Diversity and Management . ……………………………… 72 Conclusion . ………………………………………………… 73 Literature cited . ………………………………………………… 74 iii APPENDIX A SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF PLANT SPECIES ENCOUNTERED AT NERSTRAND BIG WOODS STATE PARK . .86 APPENDIX B SUMMARY OF WOODED PARCELS QUALITATIVELY ASSESSED FOR WOOD NETTLE COVERAGE, SUMMER 1997 . .89 APPENDIX C ENVIRONMENTAL DATA FROM RANDOM SURVEYS, SUMMER 1998 . 91 APPENDIX D STRUCTURAL SUMMARY DATA FROM RANDOM SURVEYS, SUMMER 1998 . .. 92 APPENDIX E WOOD NETTLE SUMMARY DATA FROM RANDOM SURVEYS, SUMMER 1998 . .. 93 APPENDIX F SPECIES SUMMARY DATA FROM RANDOM SURVEYS, SUMMER 1998 . 94 APPENDIX G SPECIES SUMMARY DATA FROM RANDOM SURVEYS, SPRING 1999 APPENDIX H WOOD NETTLE POPULATION REGULATION AND WHITE-TAILED DEER . 96 APPENDIX I PHENOLOGY AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF WOOD NETTLE IN SOUTHEAST MINNESOTA . 103 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Frequency of parcels with a class of wood nettle coverage by land7use type . .30 Table 1.2 The relationship of wood nettle density to tree density and basal area . 31 Table 1.3 The relationship of wood nettle frequency to tree density and basal area . 35 Table 1.4 The relationship between canopy strata and diffuse light . 37 Table 2.1 A comparison of the number of reproductive stems in each parcel . 54 Table 2.2 A .comparison of the number of reproductive stems in each quadrat . 55 Table 2.3 The relationship between wood nettle density and reproductive class . 56 Table 2.4 The relationship between the number of germinants and reproductive stems . 57 Table 2.5 The relationship between canopy density and reproductive class . 59 Table 2.6 The relationship between time and reproductive class . 60 Table 3.1 The relationship between summer species and wood nettle density . 79 Table 3.2 The relationship between 1999 spring forbs and 1998 wood nettle density . Table 3.3 Summer species with a significant relationship with wood nettle . 82 Table 3.4 Spring species (1999) with a significant relationship with 1998 wood nettle . 83 Table 3.5 Comparison of species relationships with other studies . 84 Table 3.6 The relationship between wood nettle density and tree strata . 85 Table 1. 1 Size data of each reproductive class of wood nettle . 108 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 The parcels of Nerstrand Big Woods State Park and their use . 27 Figure 1.2 Map of wood nettle distribution based on qualitative survey, summer 1997 . .28 Figure 1.3 Map of land-use parcels selected for random surveys . 29 Figure 1.4 The relationship between wood nettle density and sub-canopy tree density . 32 Figure 1.5 The relationship between wood nettle density and sub-canopy tree basal area . 33 Figure 1.6 The relationship between wood nettle density and tree sapling basal area . 34 Figure 1.7 The relationship between wood nettle frequency and tree sapling basal area . 36 Figure 2.1 The relationship between wood nettle germinants and adult density . 58 Figure 3.1 Map of land-use parcels randomly surveyed, spring 1999 . 78 Figure 3.2 Relationship between 1999 white trout lily and 1998 wood nettle . 81 Figure H.1 Percent wood nettle stems browsed by white-tailed deer within quadrats . 99 Figure H.2 Percent wood nettle stems browsed by white-tailed deer within stands . .101 Figure 1.1 Total number of wood nettle adult stems and seedlings in phenology plots . 107 Figure 1.2 The Phenology of wood nettle flower development . 109 vi PREFACE This thesis contains three chapters and nine
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