7070 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 19

Hogan; Thomas.M., Ramey, Arthur U.S. COAST GUARD Anthony John Soltys William James Wal- 2d. Ransburg, Judge The following-named persons to the grade Theodore Arthur lace, Jr. Holcomb, CeQil B., Jr. Redden, Paul J. indicated in the U.S. Coast Guard: Somes . Thomas William Wat- Holtsinger, Rollie Ressler, Ronald K. Elmer Sorensen, Jr. kins III Honaker, Errol K. Reynolds, William J. To be commanders William Harry Spence'I'homas Samuel Ingram, William L. Richman, Gerald F. Jalmer 0.13rown William B. Durham Wayne Paul Stevens Whipple Jackson, Murphy Riddle, Dempster James Cavahaugh Hamlett I. Allen Hugh Lafayette Daniel Michael White Jackson, Randall C. W., III Rodman W. Vaughan Theron H. Gato Thomas, Jr. Jack Warwick Whit- Jemison, Paul 0. Riegel, Curtis E. Arnold J. Larsen Charles F. W. Cullison Henry Bradley Traver ing, Jr. Jennings, Gordon L. Roberts, James T., Jr. Frederick B. Thatcher James Alexander Um- David Hart Whitten Johnson, William L. Robinson, Richard M. berger David Harold Withers Jcmes, Bobby A . Rogan, JamesP. To be lieutenant commander Joseph Louis Valenti John Anthony Wuest­ Jones, James B. Rossi, David M. Alvin J. Boxwell Harvey Landin Wahn- neck Jones, Lee M. Russell, Stanley·W. quist, Jr. Ronald Charles Zinzer Jordan, John T., Jr. Ryan, John W. To be lieutenant James Lee Walker Kaplan, Thomas ,J. Sagerty, Kenneth T. Clement H. E. Kerans, Jr. To be chief warrant officer, W-4 Keisling, Harold G. Sampson, Jon L. Keller, David L. Sans, John A. To be ensigns Joseph A Nartonis Kilgore,.David M., 3d Scott, Hal G. Harry Andrew Allen Don Michael Keehn To be chief warrant officers, W-2 Kitchings, Philip, Jr. Shelton, Gerald F. John Knight Andrews Thomas Joseph Richard D. Borden Kobaly, George, Jr. Simpson, Donald A. George Eddings Kenney Marlan H. Murphy Kolker, Edward F. Sisk, Freddie D. Archer, Jr. Frederick Arthur Louis DeBernardi, Jr. Kunhart, Thomas J. Smith, James A. William Leon A very Kelley LaFrange, Joseph W.,Smith, Randolph L. Albert Frank Baker Richard Joseph II ...... •• III Smith, Turner T., Jr. Clifford Eugene Kiessel LeO,ate, Richard E. Stancer, William H. Banner Daniel Tobias Koenig Lemmer, John F. Stanley, Gerald I. Robert Andrew Bastek James Henry Lightner HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Lindseth, Marvin D. Statum, Herman C. Peter Michael Thomas Henry Lloyd, Lloyd, James W. Stewart, John F., Jr. Bernstein Jr. THURSDAY, APRIL 19, 1962 Lowsley, James P., Jr. Stiegler, Douglas P. Raymond Demetrius Neal Mahan Lucas, Larry F. Story, Eddie B. Bland Robert David Markoff The House met at 12 o'clock noon. Malcor, Dennis P. Summers, Clark H., Richard Carl Blaschke George Edward Mason The Chaplain, Rev. BernardBraskamp, Martin, Donald H. Jr. Robert Kent Blaschke John Thomas Mason D.D., offered the following prayer: Mathern, Vernon J. Surls, William J. Thomas Walter John Michael Mccann Matthews, Daryl B. Taylor, Robert E. Boerger Ro·bert Edward John 15: 13: Greater love hath no man McAnany, Robert B. Thomas, Billy M. Harold Lance Bonnet McDonough, Jr. than this, that a man lay down his life McClure, Donald L. Thomas, Eddie L. William Andrew James Charles for his friends. Mccotter, Orson L. Thornton, Jack R. Borchers McElroy Almighty God, in these closing days McCoy, Ronald L. Thrasher, Robert H. David Thomas Boyle Thomas Peter of Holy Week we are bowing unto Thee McCullough, Joe G. Thurmond, Donald Robert Frederick McGann in penitence and praise as we think of McDavitt, Gerald W. Boysen, Jr. Thomas Francis McDowell, Thomas D. Tietz, Henr_y M., Jr. John Wentworth McGrath III the great High Priest who, on Good McGee, Willie T. Tincher, James C., Brittain James Andrew Friday, laid upon the altar the accept­ McLaughlin, William III Larry Dennis Brooks McIntosh able sacrifice of His own life for the H. Tobin, Jacob G. W. Phillip Jeffrey Bull Alexander Clark salvation of the world. Mendicino, Vincent F'. Tucker, Charles G. Carl Henry Burkhart McKean, Jr. Grant that on Easter Sunday, when Miller, James W. Ulveling, Max G. David Kevin Carey Timothy George we commemorate His glorious resurrec­ Montgomery, William Van Cleave, John T. Louis Michael Casale McKinna tion and victory over the grave, we may C1 Vivas, Ernest E. George Anthony Arthur William Mooney, Lowell T., Jr. Wagner, Frederic C., Casimir Mergner, Jr. receive insight to .see our own life in a Moore, Howard W., Jr. III David Raynor Coady Wade Mulford new perspective and with more of radi­ Moore, Robert A. Waldren, Roy A. Walter Melbourne Moncrief, Jr. ancy and light, triumph and hope. Morgan, William H. Walsh, Gordon 0. Coburn Francis William ·May we hereafter rise to higher levels Mount, Wallace K. Walters, Floyd J., Jr. Richard Vincent Mooney of character and conduct and be blessed Myer,s, William R. Washington, Thomas Consigli Charles Wesley with a new attitude of soul, whose music Navarro, Roberto, J:r. E. Joseph Lawrence Morgan is set to a finer and .firmer key. Neidlinger, Darryl M. Waynick, William C. Crowe, Jr. Stewart Brandhorst Neilson. Roberts. Webb, Quentin R. Laurence Joseph Morgan Inspire us with such newness of life Newman, Harold Weeks, Thomas L., Jr. Dallaire, ,Jr. James Lowell Mueller that when its eventide comes we may Nolen, William R. Weisz, Pau1 J. John George Wi11iam Stewart Mur- be ready and worthy to join our loved Noles, William o. Weleber, Kenneth F. Denninger, Jr. ray ones and the salnts of all the ages in O'Neal, Samuel K. Wharton, Richard R., Joseph Patrick Dibella Michael Owen Mur- the communion and companionship of Onley, Benjamin R. Jr. JosephHenryDiscenza tagh . Thy nearer presence. Osborne, John w. Whatley, Tommy V. Lance Arthur Eagan Peter Thomas Muth Hear us in the name of our risen Ozment, Robert L. Wheadon, Aquilla W4 Joseph Robert Fine1U Richard Brien O'Xeefe Lord. Amen. Page, David R. Whittington., William Arthur Richard Gandt Leonard Joseph "Pi- Pellegrino, Joseph P. R. DaYid Shaw Gemmell chini Pelzl, Albert L. Wilkerson, Roger C. James Franklin °Ronald Martin Potter · THE JOURNAL Peters, Frederick J 1 Wiley, Jerry D. Greene, Jr. David William Proud- Phillips, Richard K. Williams, Michael J. Richmond Dean foot 'I'he Journal of the proceedings of yes­ Pierce, Edward D. Williams, W.arren B. Greenough, Jr. David WilliamRobin- Piersol, Lawrence L. Wilson, 'L'eSt er R. William Scott Haight ette terday was read and approved. Pillow. William T. Woodham, Gary E. Glenn Edgar Haines .Edward Kenneth.Roe, Woodruff, .Edward D. · David Wade Hastings Jr. Pippin, James D. Woods, James 13 .., III William Colbert .Allen 'Edward THE LATE HATTON SUMNERS Poole, George E.~ Jr . . Wren, Rlchard C. Heming Rolland Porterfield, Kenneth N,wuench, Robert L. Arthur Eugene Henn William Henry Roth Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, I ask Power, Joseph W., III Young~ Stefan A. · Peter Christian Jon Patrick Ry.an unanimous consent to address the House Prim, David F. Zugel, Raymond J. Hennings Joseph Henry Sanford for 1 minute. Quigley., Ralph P. Stephen Henry Hines Lawrence Michael The SPEAKER. Is there obj.ection Eugene Hornstein Schilling to the request of the gentleman from Raymond Jerry · Michael Joseph Schiro Texas? Houttekier John GallupSchmidt- There was no objection. CONF'IRMATIONS Kwang-Ping Hsu man Norman HenTy Huff Richard Eugene Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, on this Executive nominations confirmed by day, Maundy Thursday, it is with the the Senate April 19, 1962: Herbert Miller Hurst Shrum Harry Nelson Frederick Damien deepest sorrow that I report to my col­ DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE .Hutchins III SmJth leagues what I learned only minutes ago J. Herbert Ho1lomon,, of New York, to be an Thomas Patrick Joseph James Smith of the passing of our dear .former col­ Assistant Secretary of Commerce. Keane Thomas David Smith league, Hatton Sumners, Representative 1962 CONGRESSIONAL-RECORD - HOUSE 7071 of the Fifth District, Texas, the district ners was truly one of the great legisla­ After his retirement from the Congress I now represent. He w:as a public serv­ tors of all time. He was a great Ameri­ he authored his book, "The P_rivate Citi­ ant in the highest sense of the word. He can and his contributions to the legisla­ zen and His Democracy." Characteris­ served in this body for 34 years. His wise tive history of our country will be forever tically brief and to the point, it traced counsel and untiring efforts as a Member clearly and indelibly imprinted on the the history of government from its be­ of this body were a constant inspiration pages of our legislative history. ginning, with particular reference to our to me. I have had a long friendship with Mr. ALGER. I thank the distin­ own democratic system. It is so well him. and he extended to me his close guished Speaker. and concisely written in such simple lan­ friendship, advice, and counsel. My Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Speaker, will the guage that this generation would benefit sympathy goes to the remaining mem­ gentleman yield? were it-required reading in every school bers of his family and his friends. While Mr. ALGER. I yield to the gentle­ in the land. we mourn his passing, we certainly take man from Indiana. But his laurels do not rest alone upon pride in his long and useful career, Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Speaker, I came his great intellect, his forensic ability, or knowing full well that our city of Dallas, to the Congress in 1935. There were not the eminence of his statesmanship. He thE- State of Texas, and our country are very many Republicans here then and, was one of those rare individuals equally the better because Hatton Sumners was certainly, I was .something of an oddity at home in any group from the highest among us. because I was the lone Republican from to the lowest of our citizens, always kind­ Mr. WALTER. Mr. Speaker, will the Indiana at that time. But, we had a ly, courteous, and considerate, always in­ gentleman yield? freshman class which included Demo­ terested and attentive to the problems Mr. ALGER. I yield to the gentleman crats as well as Republicans that came of others, delightful and sparkling in from Pennsylvania. to the Congress at the same time. We conversation, and always concerned and Mr. WALTER. Mr. Speaker_, the news held meetings from time to time and helpful in the affliction of others. of the death of this great American came invited people to come to speak to us. Having been his close personal friend as a shock to those of us on the Commit­ I shall never forget the impression that for many years, I had occasion to know tee on the Judiciary who had the privi­ Hatton Sumners made on me. One of many of his private charities and lege of serving with Judge Sumners. Our thing he said was that the genius of helpfulness to others which he endeav­ distinguished chairman, the gentleman our great Government is evidenced in ored to keep concealed within his own from New York [Mr. CELLER], who was the fact that in times of great crisis the bosom. Our country has produced· few unable to attend this session, called me people of the country have been willing men of so many great qualities. this morning and asked me to express his to grant to the Central Government in His modesty is best exemplified by his very deep sympathy. Washington tremendous powers to meet brief autobiography in the Congressional To have associated with Judge Sum­ the crisis. But, he said, the genius of Directory: ners was a great privilege. He was a government as practiced in the United Hatton W. Sumners, Democrat, of Dallas, constitutional lawyer in every sense of States is better evidenced by the fact Tex., was elected to the 63d and succeeding the word. He knew and understood the that when that time of crisis has passed, Congresses. reasons behind all the provisions in the the people recapture for themselves the My sympathies go out to his family, Constitution of this great Republic. For power that they granted to the Central particularly his devoted sister, who knew a long while he fought to the best of his Government. more than anyone else of his great stat­ ability to prevent things from happen­ Mr. Speaker, those words have stayed ure as a statesman, humanitarian, and ing which he felt would bring about a with me. I followed the wise counsel a devoted friend. change in our form of gover!llllent. I and advice of Hatton Sumners while Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, I have not remember distinctly the occasion when a he was here with us. For quite some yet become used to the idea that Hatton proposal was made to pack the Supreme time, from time to time, I maintained Sumners is no longer with us. We all Court. The proposal was first submitted some contact with him. All I can say remember his sterling qualities. He was to the Committee on the Judiciary. is that in my opinion he was one of the with us so long we took him for granted. Judge Sumners submitted the question great students of American. government, He lived to be 87; we could say 87 years to the committee. We took a secret one of the greatest statesmen of my young, because he always had a smile, a ballot on the proposal; and he was always time, and I join with the gentleman joke, or a friendly pat on the back, or very proud of the fact that the commit­ from Texas in mourning his passing. some word of encouragement to all who tee overwhelmingly rejected the pro­ Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, met him. He first came to Congress in posal to increase the size of the Court, a will the gentleman yield? 1912. Much water has gone over the proposal which had as its purpose insur­ Mr. ALGER. I yield. dam since Hatton Sumners arrived to ing favorable action on legislation which Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, give his aid to the Government. was pending at that time. I was deeply grieved to learn this morn­ His memory will continue to be a Mr. Speaker, Judge Sumners has made ing of the death of my old and valued beacon for those who would dedicate a niche in the history of our great Na­ friend and former colleague, the Hon­ themselves to public service. tion and in the halls of this great legis­ orable Hatton W. Sumners, at the age Mr. DOWDY. Mr. Speaker, in the lative body, and America is better for his of 87. heritage of Texas and in the annals of - having been a Member of the Congress. He served in the House of Representa­ law as we know and enjoy it in our Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, will tives as a Member from the Dallas, Tex., America, few names are equal in signifi­ the gentleman yield? district for 34 years, and retired volun­ cance to that of Hatton W. Sumners. Mr. ALGER. I yield to the distin­ tarily in 1946 at the close of the 79th As a lawmaker, statesman, Representa­ guished Speaker. Congress. He was chairman of the Judi­ tive, and font of wisdom, Hatton Sum­ Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I am ciary Committee of the House of Repre­ ners had no peer. very sorry to hear of the death of my sentatives from 1931 until his retirement The records of this body reflect three dear friend, Hatton Sumners, of Texas. in 1946. Possessing one of the great legal decades of his devotion and dedication to He was one of the mental giants of this minds of his generation, his service as the thesis that America might enjoy a body during the period of service that he chairman of the Judiciary Committee better code of justice through the dint rendered here. As chairman of the great brought him to the front as one of the of untiring effort and good counsel to-­ Committee on the Judiciary, he per­ outstanding constitutional lawyers of his ward the end of our present judiciary formed his duties both as chairman and time, and his rare speeches in the House system. as a Member of the House of Representa­ on the fundamental principles of consti­ As a Texan, I feel deeply the loss of tives with outstanding ability, keen tutional law attracted wide attention in his good counsel and his words of en­ vision, and great merit and courage. the Congress, the legal profession, and couragement in times of stress. His During his service in this body, he and the press. He possessed the rare faculty great joy was in giving creative assist­ I become very close personal friends-a to state in clear, concise, and under­ ance to his fellow man and his colleagues. friendship that I value greatly and that I standable terms his philosophy of our Hatton Sumners was a man of law shall always treasure and remember in constitutional - system of democratic and, too, a man of God. His respect for the years that lie ahead. Hatton Sum- government. law was based on and nurtured by his CVIII--445 7072 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 19 profound inner strength which he de­ and for his devotion to the principles of commonsense and simple truths such a rived from a deep spiritual belief and constitutional government. book would contaiQ. appreciation that man's efforts are but Judge Sumners did me the honor to Sumners was indeed a man of great the handiwork of the Creator's design. present to me an autographed copy of courage and devout patriotism. He was I shall miss Judge Sumners-as he his book, "The Private Citizen and His never known to falter in pursuing his was so affectionately known-as will Democracy." unassailable logic while advocating a every Texan and all with whom he was He and I became fast friends, and I cause. Those who dared heckle or dis­ associated across the length and breadth treasured that friendship throughout all parage him were sure to feel the sharp of America. the years of our acquaintance. lash of his quick wit and his silver Mr. BECKWORTH. Mr. Speaker, I His life was an example of good citi­ tongue. He was a giant among men. am very sad to learn about the death of zenship. Our Government is stronger, Mr. Speaker, I valued the personal one of the most outstanding Members our country is greater because of his friendship of Hatton Sumners. After of Congress with whom I ever served, the service. his retirement from the Congress I was Honorable Hatton W. Sumners. He was He will be greatly missed as a states­ privileged to visit with him on occasions. a great and good man who did much for man, good citizen, lawyer, jurist, and in His solicitude was re-assuring and inspir­ the people of this Nation during the time all the circles in which he moved. I ing. I recall the last time I saw him, he served here. His manifold contribu­ shall miss him greatly as a warm per­ a little more than a year ago. He was tions will continue to have a lasting effect sonal friend. spending the night in the Dallas home very favorable in nature on our beloved I extend deepest sympathy in this time of his close friend and protege, Elmore Nation. I express my sincerest sym­ of bereavement to those who survive Whitehurst. I recall that after dinner pathy to his relatives and friends in the him. that evening, we, joined by Ruth White­ passing of this splendid gentleman. We Mr. FISHER. Mr. Speaker, on April hurst, retired to a patio where we sat all shall miss him. 19 the grim reaper claimed the life of under the stars for some 2 or 3 hours. Mr. KILGORE. Mr. Speaker, while I one of the most illustrious men who has There Hatton, inspired by questions, was was not privileged to serve in this House served in this Congress during the pres­ nostalgic as he drew upon his great with the late Honorable Hatton W. ent century. I am referring to the late reservoir of memories and recounted in Sumners, of the Fifth District of Texas, Hatton W. Sumners, who passed away intimate detail many of his experiences I am well aware of the debt owed to him at the age of 87. of the past. He was a philosopher. To by me arw all other Members who regard A confidant of Presidents and long one listen to him as he poured out his life the U.S. Constitution as a living, valid · of the most powerful men in the Con­ upon us, pungent with bits of humor but document for this modern time. gress, the handiwork of this great man serious and entertaining, was an experi­ Before his voluntary retirement in will be felt for generations yet to come. ence that one does not soon forget. 1946, Hatton Sumners had served in this As a stanch defender of the Constitu­ To paraphrase the words of a great Chamber for 34 years. For almost half tion and always a battler for good gov­ man, the world is just a little bit darker of that time he was chairman of the ernment, Hatton Sumners asked no because his lights have gone out; the Judiciary Committee, and it was in this quarter and gave none. world is a little bit colder because his capacity that he exerted such tremen­ It will be recalled that Hatton Sum­ heart has grown cold in death. dous influence on behalf of constitutional ners voluntarily retired from Congress law. in 1946 after serving for 34 years, during Hatton Sumners had a deep-rooted about half of which time he was chair­ GENERAL LEAVE TO EXTEND faith in the Constitution as the grantor man of the House Judiciary Committee. Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, I ask of the individual liberties of Americans. It is said that he was a personal friend unanimous consent that all Members He was closely familiar with the language and adviser of Woodrow Wilson, Frank­ may have 5 legislative days in which to of the Constitution. He was thoroughly lin Roosevelt, and Harry Truman. extend their remarks on the life, char­ imbued with the spirit of the Constitu­ Like Jefferson, he fought against over­ acter, and public service of our late tion. And, although he knew that much centralizatiqn in government. He was colleague, Hatton Sumners. had changed in the United States and in so eloquent in his philosophy that those The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the world since the creation of that who disagreed with him were often the request of the gentleman from document, he knew also that certain forced to recognize the soundness and Texas? principles-principles written into the validity of his arguments. History will ~here was no objection. Constitution-do not change. He held record that he was one of the most pow­ steadfastly to those principles and he erful influences in the successful opposi­ effectively summoned others to follow his tion to the attempt by President Roose­ COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC WORKS example. velt to pack the Supreme Court. The SPEAKER laid before the House It is highly appropriate, and it is al­ Born on a farm near Fayetteville, the following communications from the most heartening, that the memory of Tenn., Sumners moved to Texas at the Committee on Public Works, which were what he was and of what he did should age of 18. He came up the hard way. read and referred to the Committee on be honored here today. Beginning as an office boy in a Dallas Appropriations: Mr. JAMES C. DAVIS. Mr. Speaker, law office, he read law and advanced COMMITTEE ON PuBLIC WORKS, I was greatly saddened to learn of the rapidly. He was ·admitted to the bar HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, passing away on April 19 of a former in 1897, and 3 years later was elected CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, outstanding Member of this body, Hon. prosecuting attorney of Dallas County, Washington, D.C., April 17, 1962. Hatton Sumners, of Texas. where he served for two terms, and a Hon. JOHN w. McCORMACK, I did not have the privilege of serving little later was elected to the 63d Con­ Speaker of the House, the Capitol, gress. Washington, D.C. in this body with Judge Sumners. He MY DEAR MR. SPEAKER: Pursuant to the voluntarily terminated his service as a Hatton Sumners was a dedicated man. provisions of section 7 (a) of the Public Member of Congress with the ending of He fought for what he believed in. He Buildings Act of 1959, the Committee on the 79th Congress, and my service began was an advocate of hard work. of illdi­ Public Works of the House of Representa­ when. the 80th Congress convened. vidual initiative and of limited govern­ tives approved on April 10, 1962, prospectus~s I knew Judge Sumners well, however. mental functions. He was probably one for the following alteration projects which of the last of the truly great defenders were transmitted to this committee from the His sister, Mrs. Willis J. Davis, and her General Services Administration: husband reside in the Fifth Congres­ of constitutional law. He was a realist sional District of Georgia which I rep­ and a widely recognized authority on LOCATION AND TYPE resent. They have been close and warm government finance. Always plugging Alabama, Anniston: PO CT. personal friends of mine for nearly 40 for balanced budgets, he warned repeat­ Alaska, Fairbanks: PO CT jail. edly of the pitfalls of irresponsible California, Bell: Federal warehouse center. years. Judge Sumners on many occa­ California, Los Angeles: PO CT. sions visited in their home in Atlanta, spending. California, Oakland: 1515 Clay Street. and it was my pleasure to see him there His manifold contributions to the California, San Francisco: PO CT. often. I admired Judge Sumners for his cause of good government could easily Colorado, Denver: Customhouse (new), ability, his integrity, for his patriotism, fill a volume. And what a collection of PO CT ( two buildings) . 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- HOUSE 7073 Colorado, Denver: Federal center. CoMMI'ITEE ON PuBLIC WORKS, eign Commerce may have until midnight Colorado, Denver: fac111ty, 8800 York HOUSE OF .REPRESE.NTATIVES, Saturday to file a report on the bill H.R Street. CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, 11040. Connecticut, Hartford: PO CT. Washington, D.C., ApriZ 17, 1962. District of Columbia: Agriculture Admin- Hon. JOHN w. McCoRMACX, . The SPEAKER. Is there objection to istration. Speaker of the House, the request of the gentleman from Okla­ District of Columbia: Archives Building. The Capitol, homa? District of Columbia: Commerce Building. Washington, D.C. There was no objection. District of Columbia: Executive · Office MY DEAR MR. SPEAKER: Pursuant to the Building. provisions of seetion 7 (a.) of the .Public District of Columbia: FOB No. 1. Buildings Act of 1959, the Committee on Pub­ COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE District of Columbia: Federal Trade Com­ lic Works of the House of Representatives Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, on behalf mission Building. approved on April 10, 1962, prospectuses for District of Columbia: GSA Building. the following public building projects which of the gentleman from North Carolina District of Columbia.: GSA regional office were transmitted to this committee from the [Mr. CooLEY], I ask unanimous consent building. General Services Administration: that the Committee on Agriculture have District of Columbia: HEW, north build­ until 6 o'clock this evening to file a report ing. LOCATION AND TYPE on the bill H.R. 11413. District of Columbia: HEW, south build- Arizona, TUcson: border patrol sector head- The SPEAKER. Is there objection to ing. quarters. Arkansas, Pine Bluff: PO CT. · the request of the gentleman from Okla­ District of Columbia.: ICC, Labor Building. homa? District of Columbia.: Interior Building. California, Fresno: CT FOB. District of Columbia: Internal Revenue California, West Los Angeles: FOB. There was no objection. Building. Georgia, Newnan: PO CT. District of Columbia: Justice Department Illinois, East St. Louis: FOB. Building. Indiana, Gary: FOB. LEGISLATIVE RECORD OF HOUSE District of Columbia: Lafayette Building. Indiana, New Albany; CT FOB. IN PRESENT SESSION District of Columbia.: Munitions Building. Louisiana, Baton Rouge: PO FOB. Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask District of Columbia: Navy Building. Maine, Bangor: PO CT. unanimous consent to extend my re­ District of Columbia: Pension Building. Mississippi, Greenwood: PO FOB. District of Columbia: Post Office (city). Missouri, Hannibal: PO CT. marks at this point in the RECORD. District of Columbia: Post Office (new). Missouri, Independence: PO FOB. The SPEAKER. Is there objection District of Columbia.: State Department Montana, Bozeman: PO FOB. to the rf!quest of the gentleman from Building. Montana, Havre: border patrol sector head- Oklahoma? District of Columbia: Tariff Building. quarters. There was no objection. District of Columbia: Veterans' Adminis­ Nevada, Carson City: PO CT. Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, as we tration Building. Nevada, Las Vegas: CT FOB. approach the Easter recess, I take this District of Columbia: West Heating Plant New Hampshire, Portsmouth: PO FOB. and ·steam Distribution System. New Jersey, Newark: FOB. opportunity to commend all Members of District of Columbia: White House, east New Mexico, Clovis: FOB. the House upon their splendid record of and west wings. New York, Rochester: FOB. substantial achievement during the first District of Columbia: 701 Independence Puerto Rico, San Juan: CT FOB. 100 days of this historic session. Avenue SW. Tennessee, Alamo: FOB. The legislative program is moving for­ Illinois, Chicago: PO annex (two build- Tennessee, Winchester: PO CT. ward in a businesslike way, and our ings). . Texas, Alice: PO FOB. committees will be ready with a number Illinois, Springfield: PO CT. Texas, Pasadena: PO. Iowa, Cedar Rapids: PO CT. Vermont, Swanton: border patrol sector of the remaining major bills as soon as Kentucky, Bowling Green: CT FOB. headquarters. Congress resumes after the well-earned Louisiana, Lafayette: PO. Washington, Blaine: border patrol sector Easter recess. Maryland, Baltimore: PO CT. headquarters. Thus far in the second session the Maryland, Suitland: Hydrographic Build- Washington, Spokane: border patrol sector 87th Congress has completed action on ing. headquarters. 33 public laws, or about one enactment Massachusetts, Boston: PO CT. District of Columbia: FBI Building. every 3 days. Massachusetts, Springfield: PO CT. District of Columbia: GSA Federal records Minnesota, Minneapolis: Buzza Building. center. Four additional major bills are in con­ Missouri, Joplin: PO CT. Total: 31 projects. ference, and 21 other measures of na­ Missouri, Kansas City: PO. Sincerely yours, tional significance have been completed Missouri, St. Louis: CT customhouse. CHARLES A. BUCKLEY, in the House and now await Senate Missouri, St. Louis: Mart building. Chairman, Committee on Public Works. action. Montana, Helena: PO CT. (OC: Appropriations Committee, Senate In addition, 6 of the 10 departmental Montana, Missoula: PO CT. Public Works Committee, General Services appropriation bills for 1963 already have New Hampshire, Laconia: FOB. Administration.) been cleared to the Senate, including the New Mexico, Carlsbad: PO FOB. New York, New York: Foley Square CT. Department of Defense appropriation of North Dakota, Bismarck: PO CT. MINORITY PAIR CLERK $47.8 billion-our most impressive mili­ Ohio, Canton: PO FOB. tary program since the war years, and Ohio, Cleveland: PO customhouse CT. Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Speaker, I offer the greatest in our entire peacetime Ohio, Toledo: CT customhouse. a resolution (H. Res. 616) and ask for history. Oklahoma, Lawton: PO CT. its immediate consideration. In this field of appropriations, the leg­ Oregon, Portland: PO. The Clerk read the resolution, as fol­ islative program is well ahead of the Pennsylvania, Philadelphia: Customhouse lows: and appraisers stores. · normal schedule of previous years at the Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh: PO CT (new). Resolved, That pursuant to the Legislative Easter recess. · Rhode Island, Providence: PO FOB. Pay Act of 1929, as amended, one of the The record of 64 bills passed by the South Carolina, Greenvi1le: PO CT. minority employees authorized therein (mi­ House in 100 calendar days is an accom­ Texas, Sherman: PO CT. nority pair clerk) shall be the following plishment of which every Member well Utah, Provo: PO FOB. named person, effective May 1, 1962, until otherwise ordered by the House, to wit: may be proud. Utah, Salt Lake City: PO CT. No better measure could be found for Virginia, Arlington: FOB No. 2. Walter Patrick Kennedy, to receive compen­ Virginia, Richmond: PO CT customhouse. sation at the basic rate of $5,000 per annum. the deep attachment of this Congress to Washington, Seattle: FOB. The resolution was agreed to. the traditions, methods, and procedures Wisconsin, Eau Claire: PO CT. A motion to reconsider was laid on the of orderly constitutional Government. Wisconsin, Green Bay: PO FOB. table. In this Congress, in these difficult Wisconsin, Milwaukee: PO CT. days, we are together the sworn protec­ Total: 74 projects. tors and defenders of liberty under law. Sincerely· yours, COMMITTEE ON INTERSTATE AND The record since fast January demon­ CHARLES A. BUCKLEY, ·chairman, FOREIGN COMMERCE strates for all the world that these grave Committee on Public Works. Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, on behalf responsibilities are regarded conscien­ (CC: Appropriations Committee,. Senate of the gentleman from Arkansas [Mr. tiously by every Member. Public Works Committee, General Services HARRIS], I ask unanimous consent that Our fir.st interest has been in national Administration.) the Committee on Interstate and For- defen ·se and ·in related measures to 7074 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- HOUSE April 19 strengthen the posture of freedom that this will be useful to the Members (2) Permitting agreements with financial in discussing the provisions of this legis­ institutions of friendly nations. throughout the world. (3) Authorizing transactions with foreign Our new military authorization pro­ lation with the people back home. and U.S. private trade. gram approves $13 billion for additional H.R. 11222 supersedes and replaces (4) Changing the requirement for repay­ procurement to strengthen every arm of H.R. 10010, the original bill which em­ ments to reasonable annual amounts with our mighty defense system. braced the proposed Food and Agricul­ authority to defer the beginning of such pay­ All the world is thus on notice that this ture Act of 1962. The House Committee ments to not later than 2 years after the Nation is fully prepared, ready, able, on Agriculture revised and amended H.R. date of the last delivery of commodities in equipped, and determined to protect 10010. The amended language was ten­ each calendar year. (5) Changing from mandatory to discre­ American constitutional freedom wher­ tatively approved by the committee and tionary the authority under which other ex­ ever it may be threatened. the Food and Agriculture Act of 1962 was porting nations are permitted to participate The Revenue Act of 1962 was passed reintroduced as H.R. 11222. This digest in the program. by the House on March 29. explains the provisions of H.R. 11222. Sections 202 and 203 amend the authori­ We have cleared the bill to increase The committee has taken no final action ties for carrying out school lunch programs postal rates. on this bill, but has adopted two amend­ overseas. In addition to the authorities in We have overhauled and tightened the ments, notations on which occur at the three sections of law for donations to needy enforcement provisions of the laws reg­ conclusion of this summary. persons, donations are authorized for use in assistance of nonprofit school-lunch pro­ ulating welfare and pension funds-Pub­ The bill contains five titles. Title I grams. The 3 sections amended are: lic Law 87-420. deals with land-use adjustment; title II Section 416 of the Agricultural Act of 1949, A broad new program of Federal amends Public Law 480, 83d Congress; as amended, section 308 of Public Law 480 assistance in college fellowships and title III deals with marketing orders and (83d Cong.), as amended, and section 9 of academic facilities has been passed by agreements; title IV deals with com­ the act, September 6, 1958. A new provision both the House and Senate. modity programs, including feed grains, also is added as section 203 regarding stu­ Four separate measures have been wheat, and an emergency program for dent participation in the financing of school­ passed by the House to strengthen our lunch programs. Under current legislation, milk; and title V makes amendments in the extent to which donations could be made internal defenses against Communist the Consolidated Farmers Home Admin­ for school-lunch programs has not been subversion and enemy sabotage. istration Act of 1961. Following are the clear. A broad national program has been major provisions in each title: The amendments would clearly authorize enacted authorizing $435 million for TITLE I-LAND-USE ADJUSTMENT donations for general use in school-lunch assistance to the States in establishing programs without the necessity of determin­ Changes would be made in existing con­ ing that all children in the school were from retraining programs in areas of persist­ servation, land-use, and watershed protec­ ently high unemployment-Public Law economically needy famil1es, and would also tion and flood-prevention programs to pro­ require charges to parents who could af,­ 87-415. vide new authorities for the Secretary of ford to pay for their children's lunches on a Happily, our labors this session have Agriculture to promote the conservation and basis similar to that used in the national been in a buoyant climate of sustained economic use of land through the following school-lunch program in the United States. economic recovery, both in this Nation amendments: TITLE III-MARKETING ORDERS and throughout the free world. 1. The Soil Conservation and Domestic Section 301 amends section 8c(2) of the Our recovery at home is now in its 13th Allotment Act is amended to permit the Secretary of Agriculture to enter into long­ Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of successive month from the trough of the term agreements with farmers to provide for 1937 to exempt potatoes for dehydrating from 1960 recession, and the March reports, changes in cropping systems and land use the authority for the issuance of marketing just in this week from the Federal Re­ for development of soil, water, forest, wild:. orders. serve System and the Department of life, and recreation resources by means of TITLE IV-COMMODITY PROGRAMS Labor, show yet one more wholesome payments, cost-sharing, and other assistance. Subtitle A-Feed Grains decline in unemployment, with the 2. Title III of the Bankhead-Jones Farm (1) The Secretary would proclaim a mar­ national index of total industrial pro­ Tenant Act is amended to include the more economic use of lands not currently needed keting quota (only at the national level) for duction up 13 percent from a year ago. each year equal to the total requirements of There were 800,000 more men and for agriculture and to provide for recrea­ tional development and wildlife protection. corn, oats, grain sorghums, and barley (rye women at work in this country in March The new provisions permit the Secretary of could be included at discretion of Secretary) 1962 than a year earlier. Agriculture to assist local organizations for livestock feed, human food, seed, indus­ This is solid business recovery, stim­ through financial and other aid to develop trial uses and exports; less estimated imports ulated and nurtured by robust public and carry out programs of land conservation and, if CCC stocks are excessive, less an and land utilization. amount not to exceed 7 percent of total confidence in the future of America. utilization as the Secretary determines to be Let us continue to cultivate this glow­ 3. The Watershed Protection and Flood necessary. The Secretary could increase the ing national confidence by every means Prevention Act is amended (a) to provide for cost-sharing assistance for recreational de­ quota to assure an adequate carryover or to at our command. meet a national emergency or an increase in velopment, for Federal assistance to local demand. organizations in acquiring land rights and (2) A national acreage allotment would be PROPOSED FARM LEGISLATION basic facilities needed for public use of reser­ voirs and other areas for fishing, hunting, or proclaimed equal to the number of acres Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask which the Secretary determines will, on the other recreati<;mal purposes; (b) to increase basis of expected yields, produce the feed unanimous consent that the gentleman the limitation on flood-prevention capacity in any single structure from 5,000 acre-feet grains needed during the year less an from North Carolina [Mr. CooLEY] may amount to be taken from CCC stocks when extend his remarks at this point in the to 12,500 acre-feet; (c) to include water stocks are excessive. RECORD and include extraneous matter. supply storage in a structure at the time it is built on the promise of a responsible local (3) The national acreage allotment (less The SPEAKER. Is there objection a small reserve to take care of new areas organization to begin repayment of the Fed­ coming into production) would be appor­ to the request of the gentleman from eral cost in not more than 10 years; (d) to Oklahoma? tioned to the States, counties, and farms on give the Secretary greater latitude in setting the basis of the average acreage of feed There was no objection. equitable rates of cost sharing in considera­ grains during the base period, as adjusted. Mr. COOLEY. Mr. Speaker, many tion of national needs and cost-sharing pro­ (a) The base period for the 1963 to the visions of other Federal legislation; ( e) to Members of the House will be visiting 1965 crops would be 1959 and 1960; for sub­ with their constituents back home over clarify existing authority under the act, par­ sequent crops, the base period would be the ticularly in regard to the 11 watershed im­ two most recent calendar years for which the Easter recess and, no doubt, many provement programs authorized by section 13 questions will be asked of us about H.R. statistics are available. of the act of December 22, 1944. (b) Adjustments in farm bases would be 11222, the proposed Food and Agriculture TITLE II-AGRICULTURAL TRADE . DEVELOPMENT Act of 1962. This legislation now is un­ authorized for abnormal conditions affecting (AGRICULTURAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT AND farm acreages, for hardship, and other fac­ der consideration in our House Commit­ ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1954 (83D CONG.) ) tors. tee on Agriculture. As chairman of this Section 201 of the bill would amend title (4) Farms with a feed grain base of 25 committee I have directed the prepara­ IV of Public Law 480, as amended, which au­ acres or less would not be subject to pro­ tion of a brief summary of H.R. 11222, thorizes long-term supply contracts for dol­ gram unless the producer elected to par­ and now am inserting this summary in lar credits, in the following respects: ticipate. If the producer did not so elect, he the body of the RECORD in the thought ( 1) Clarifying the purposes. could plant up to his base acreage but 1962 CONGRESSrON:AL RECORD - HOUSE 7075 would not be eligible for land~use payments, would not be eligible for price support, mar­ with marketing certificates may be for price support. keting certificates, diversion payments, or prosecuted for a misdemeanor, and any per­ (5) AIL producers with a feed grain base to vote in the referendum. Producers who son (including wheat farmers) who falsely established for their farm would be eligible elected to be subject to the program would makes, issues, alters or counterfeits a wheat to vote in a 1-, 2-, or 3-year referendum ex­ be eligible for payments, price support, mar­ certificate would upon conviction be guilty cept producers who elected to be exempt keting certificates and to vote in the refer.:. of a felony. from the program. A two-thirds vote would endum. (12) Provisions of law permitting farmers be required to approve the program. (4) A producer referendum would be held to plant wheat in excess of their farm wheat (6) Production on acreages of feed grains for a 1-, 2-, or 3-year program, subject to allotments for storage on the farm under in excess of farm allotments would be sub­ approval of two-thirds of those voting. The bond to be applied to a subsequent year's ject to a marketing penalty at the rate of 65 choices in the referendum would be between short crop, would be repealed. supply management program with price sup­ percent of the parity price per bushel. Subtitle C-Dair y (7) The Secretary could permit wheat to port, or no production adjustment program be planted on the feed grain allotment to and no price support. This subtitle authorizes an emergency the extent that this did not impair the effec­ (5) If no production adjustment program surplus dairy reduction payments program tive operation of the program. were in effect, the Secretary could reduce for the marketing year ending March 31, (8) Producers would be required to devote CCC stocks by making annual domestic 1963, by which producers may on a com­ to conservation uses an acreage equal to the sales up to 200 million bushels of pensated basis voluntarily reduce their difference between the acreage of feed grains Government-held surplus wheat. marketing of milk and dairy products below during the base period and the farm acre­ (6) Producers would divert to conser­ the lower of (i) their 1961 marketings or age allotment for feed grains. vation uses on acreage equal in most cases (ii) their current level of marketings. Com­ (a) Acreage so diverted would be in addi­ to the difference between the allotment for modity Credit Corporation may enter into tion to the acreage normally devoted to con­ any future year and the 1961 acreage al­ agreements with producers who agree to serving uses, summer fallow, and idle land. lotment in addition to other conserving, idle, r educe their marketing by not less than 10 (b) A penalty would apply if the producer and fallow acreages. Diverted acreage could p ercent nor more than the greater of 25 used the diverted acreage to produce crops, be grazed from October 1 to April 1 without percent or 7,000 pounds of milk for any unless the crop is one named in the act and loss of payments, but no payments would be quarter of the marketing year. Payments which is designated by the Secretary as not made if the land were grazed during the shall not exceed (i) $2.50 per hundredweight, being in surplus supply, remainder of the year. The Secretary could (ii) that amount which the Secretary deter­ mines necessary to secure a reduction in (c) The Secretary could permit the di­ permit the production of certain crops on verted acres to be grazed, but if such acreage diverted acreages, but would reduce diver­ marketing, or (iii) the cost of acquiring an were grazed between April 1 and September sion payments according to the value of the equivalent quantity of dairy products. 30, no diversion payment could be made. crop being produced. Section 436 of the subtitle authorizes (9) The Secretary would be authorized to (7) Diversion payments would be made in amending marketing agreements and orders make payments with respect to the 1963, cash or in kind at rates determined by the u n der the Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 1964, and 1965 crops, respectively, in amounts Secretary to be "fair and reasonable," but by which the reduction of a producer under determined by the Secretary to be fair and not to exceed 50 percent of the value of his agreement with Commodity Credit Cor­ reasonable, but not to exceed 50 percent normal production of the diverted acreage in portation shall be considered as made from of the value of normal production on the 1963; 40 percent in 1964; and 30 percent in the lowest class use under the marketing acreage diverted in 1963, 40 percent in 1964, 1965. The Secretary could permit producers orders and agreements thereby protecting his and 30 percent in 1965. to divert an additional acreage equal to the share in the highest use milk. (a) The Secretary could permit producers greater of 20 percent of the wheat acreage TITLE V--GENERAL PROVISIONS to divert an acreage, in addition to any on the farm or 15 acres. The Consolidated Farmers Home Admin­ acreage required to be diverted, equal to 20 (8) Price supports would be provided be­ istration Act of 1961 is amended to (1) au­ percent of the farm acreage allotment. tween 75 and 90 percent of parity on the thorize loan assistance to farmers in (b) Producers could also, at their election, wheat marketing allocation, on that portion developing recreational facilities and recrea­ divert such additional acreage as would of the national marketing quota which the tional use of land in rural areas, (2) bring the total diverted acreage on the farm Secretary determines should be supported authorize loan assistance to nonprofit or­ to 25 acres. at the higher level in order to achieve the ganizations for development of sewer (10) The level of price support for feed objectives of the program. Marketing certif­ systems, and (3) increase from $10 to $25 grains would be between 65 and 90 percent icates would be issued by CCC to each pro­ million the amount of loans which the Sec­ of parity as determined by the Secretary. ducer, based on the farm acreage allotment, retary may make and have on hand at any (a) If marketing quotas were in effect, the normal yield per acre on the farm, and one time while in the process of selling these price support would be available only to the determination of the Secretary of the loans to private investors on an insured producers who stay within all acreage allot­ proportion of the crop which would need basis. ments on the farm and all acreage allot­ to be supported at the higher level in order NOTE.-The Committee on Agriculture has ments on any other farm, and comply with to achieve the income objectives of the act. approved two amendments to H.R. 11222, the land-use requirements explained under The balance of the wheat would move in as follows: item 8. regular market channels without certifi­ AMENDMENTS (b) No price support would b~ provided cates, would be valued at approximately its if marketing quotas - were disapproved by value as a feed grain, and would be eligible 1. Revising title II of Public Law 480 (83d producers, and CCC would be authorized for price support on that basis. Cong.) to permit acquisition of surplus com­ to sell feed grains for unrestricted use at Marketing certificates would have a face modities for title II programs ( donations market prices in amounts not to exceed 7 value equal to the difference between the to needy people in foreign countries) from percent of total utilization during the year. price support for noncertiflcate wheat (set private stocks. Such donations now are confined to stocks held by the Commodity Subtitle B-Wheat in relation to feed value, feed grain price support, and world prices for wheat) and Credit Corporation. Under this amendment, ( 1) The Secretary of Agriculture would set surplus stocks of any food commodity could a yearly national marketing quota for wheat, the price support on certificate wheat. be acquired for foreign relief purposes. including wheat for food and beverage, seed, (9) Processors and exporters of wheat 2. Provide in the feed grains section of exports, and the amount of wheat normally would be required to purchase certificates in H.R. 11222 (title IV) that "notwithstanding fed in recent years, less an -amount to be the amount of wheat processed and exported. any other provision of this part, in any feed taken from CCC stocks when stocks are (10) Wheat and feed grains would be in­ deficit area in which the Secretary deter­ excessive. The national marketing quota terchangeable on the wheat allotment, unless mines ( 1) that the application of the pro­ would be converted into a national acreage such substitution would impair the opera­ visions of this act would result in hardship allotment, based on yields expected in the tion of the program. The 30-acre wheat­ to producers in such area, would unduly in­ coming year. The 55-million-acre national for-f eed exemption in the present law would crease the price of feed grains in such area minimum allotment in present law would be repealed, but producers who have been relative to other areas, and would disrupt be repealed. planting under it would receive credit for normal farming practices in such area, and (2) The national acreage allotment (less a it in their feed grain base acreage. (2) that the exception provided by this sec­ small reserve for new areas) would be dis­ ( 11) Penalties would be assessed against tion would not impair the effective opera­ tributed to States, counties, and farms 'in noncooperating producers by (a) denying tion of this act, he may provide in ac­ the continental United states ' (except land retirement payments, .and price sup­ cordance with such r~gulations as he may Alaska). ports, and (b) levying a civil penalty based prescribe that no farm marketing quota (i.e., (3) The 15-acre exemption would be ter­ on the production on the acreage in excess production on the acreage allotment) for minated and producers would receive an of the farm allotment, times 65 . percent of any crop of feed grains shall be applicable acreage allotment based on their average parity. A penalty would also be applied if to any farm 1h such area, if the acreage of acreage in wheat iii the period 1957-61. the producer used the diverted acreage to such crop of feed grains does not exceed Farms with aver~ge acreages of 15 acres or produce crops other than ones named in the the farm base acreage determined for the less in the period, 1957-61, could elect act and designated by the Secretary as not farm. H the Secretary so provides, (i) for to participate in the progrmn or to be ex­ being in surplus supply. Persons other than the purposes of section 360h, the farm acre­ empt. If they chose to be exempt, they wheat farmers violating provisions dealing age allotment for such crop of feed grains '7076 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.- HOUSE April 19 shall be deemed to be the farm base acre­ sponsibllity of issuing, and denying, all pistol At this time, I wasn't aware of any tre­ "age, (ii) the land-use provisions of section permits in Erie County. When I received mendous backlog. However, the next day, 360j shall be inappltcable to the farm, (iii) that assignment I had never heard of pistol sometime early in May of 1960, I had our such crop of feed grains shall not be eligible perinits, except to have an occasional de­ pistol permit department in and got a. lot for price support, and (iv) the producers fendant who violated 1897, our famous Sulli­ of statistics together,. and found to my on such farm shall not be eligiple to vote van law. I had no idea that there were ·amazement .(something I should have known in any referendum on marketing quotas for such things as pistol clubs of organized before) that not one single person who had such crop." shooters. The only thing I knew about the applied for a permit in 1960 had received one NRA was that back in the depression it except the district attorney, because o;f the was known as the National Recovery Act. So fact that their applications were still in a MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE I approached the Job of issuing pistol per­ pile on the desk of the girl who handled A message from the Senate by Mr. mits with no knowledge at all of the prob­ them in our pistol permit office. In addi­ lems of existing policy under the Sullivan tion, I found upon talking to shooters, basi­ McGown, one of its clerks, announced law. cally competitive shooters, that they were that the Senate had passed, without You must realize that when you are elected concerned, No. 1, about being treated, in amendment, a concurrent resolution of a judge in a responsible criminal court you many respects, as second-class citizens when the House of the following title: do not automatically know all the mechanics they came into our pistol office; and, No. 2, H. Con. Res. 465. Concurrent resolution of your job, and I think you can appreciate it was virtually impossible, requiring some­ that when the House adjourns on Thurs­ that it took me a considerable period of time thing like an act of Congress, to get a sim­ day, April 19, 1962, it stand adjourned until to jus,t get my sea legs as a. trial judge to ple pistol perinit application. Understand­ 12 o'clock meridian on Monday, April 30, learn the mechanics of adoption, commit­ ably, I felt that all public offices require 1962. ments to State hospitals, handling of crim­ that citizens be treated courteously and inal appeals, and so forth, so that the prob­ pleasantly and without any discrimination lems, if any, of pistol permits were not my whatsoever. Needless to say, we changed FIREARMS LEGISLATION first concern. personnel, except for our director. Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, I ask I was surprised to find out that I inherited So when I hired girls to replace those who a pistol permit department in our county had left us, I merely asked them if they unanimous consent to address the House consisting of Shelton Brown, a man I have would do their best to be nice to people. I for 1 minute and to revise and extend my since found to be a tremendously capable was not too concerned about their basic typ­ remarks and include extraneous matter. pistol permit director, and a man who, in­ ing ability and, in fact, one of the girls I The SPEAKER. Is there objection to cidentally, is a. great friend of the shooters hired at first could hardly type at all. · the request of the gentleman from New and, in fact, feels that all children should Suffice to say that by the end of 1960 all York? be able to carry guns. In addition to Mr. pistol permit applications in our county were There was no objection. Brown, two girls were employed in the office, being handled on a. current basis. The Sulli­ Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, under and I came to find that they were far from van law requires an application under oath­ avid fans of competitive shooters. name, address, position, criminal record, if leave to extend my remarks, I wish to After I had been there a short time, I was any, and three character references. The include an address delivered by Judge signing pistol permits for various people, to sworn application with fingerprint cards ls William J. Regan, of Buffalo, N.Y., be­ my amazement, who had applied 7 or 8 filed with the FBI, the New York State De­ fore the National Rifle Association Con­ months before. Being new at the job, I partment of Correction, and a copy of the vention on April 2, 1962. didn't press the point and Just assumed that application is sent to the local police de·part­ One of his many judicial duties is the it must be tremendously complicated. ment for a police investigation. issuance of all pistol permits in Erie Somewhere along, the line, casually I men­ Every person who now applies in our County, N.Y., under the Sullivan law. tioned to the pistol permit director, "How county can be sure that his papers are in During the past 2 years, Judge Regan many people have permits?" He didn't process within 48 hours. Although I now know. "How long had they had them?" It require a personal interview with me as the has revised considerably the operation developed that they had been issued on a issuing judge in my court, the average time in handling these permits. This revised "good until revoked" basis back in 1937. I for obtaining pistol permits has been reduced arrangement has met with great satis­ suggested, very casually, that I thought from about 8 months to an average of 3 to 4 faction among the sportsmen in our area sometime it might be a good idea. to Just weeks. Any citizen who walks in off the and, therefore, the Rifle Association was check up on all the holders of permits and street can obtain an application without any anxious to hear Judge Regan's views find out where they were and if they were difficulty. All people who come into the in this subject. still alive and needed permits, etc. office are treated as they should be, as citi­ Having known Judge Regan for many I apparently mentioned this to more than zens seeking information and assistance in one person rather casually, and _I found that a public office. · years, I consider him to be a true friend the rumor was all over our county that this I interview pistol applications on Thursday who is devoted to his work. He was an new fellow, Judge Regan, was going to revoke and Friday mornings from 8:30 to 9:30. They outstanding attorney and upon his ele­ all pistol permits a.nd start over. I found are always prompt and my juries chuckle vation to the judgeship he has brought myself getting glares from all kinds of peo­ when I explain to them that we might start added dignity to our Erie County court. ple who were entitled to carry guns. a little late because I am interviewing my I know that those who come before him So I had a meeting with representatives pistol people. of the competitive shooters early in 1960, at seeking justice will find in Judge Regan which time they explained their viewpoint In going through the pistol permit records, a very humane and honest weighmaster. to me, and I concurred that shooters should I found as a practical proposition that for The judge's address follows: be treated in a different light if the clubs many years we had virtually a quota system would accept responsib111ty. in use so far as pistol permits were con­ A JUDGE LooKS AT FIREARMS LEGISLATION cerned. This ls borne out in that the maxi­ (Address by the Honorable William J. Regan, I had a. meeting with the law enforce­ mum number issued for any 1 year was county judge, Erie County, N.Y.) ment people and found that, generally speak­ approximately 370 carry permits, and the ing, (1) they were not very enthused with It is a great pleasure and privilege for Ininlmum 355, and premise permits 25. With people being their own policemen, (2) that a policy which has now generally been ap­ me to speak at this annual meeting of the they respected organized sportsmen as long National Rifle Association. Mr. Orth and I proved by the competitive shooters in our met for the first time at a dinner meeting as they were actually on the square, and area, the number of permits issued has in­ in Canada last summer, where I was speak­ ( 3) they expressed some concern about some creased tremendously. For example, in 1960 ing to a group of shooters about my views on of the people being licensed as private I signed nearly 700 carry permits and roughly pistol permits in general and competitive guards. 50 premise permits, and in 1961 I signed 741 shooters in particular under the Sullivan So I set up a sort of an unofficial rule that new carry_permits and 60 new premise per­ law. people would have to have some connection mits. I suppose this must be one of the very few with competitive shooting on an organized I have found on evaluating pistol permits, times in the history of your convention when basis or else be in the category of armed that they fall into roughly three categories. anyone would speak Who is a nonshooter. I guards to obtain a permit. I attended a Over 70 percent of the applicants belong to must confess at the outset that I know noth­ dinner with a friend of mine from one of responsible gun clubs or sportsmen's groups ing about guns, but I have developed, in the newspapers. He inferred in a very hush­ and fit into the category of shooters for sport. a little over 2 years, a great affection and hush conversation that I was mishandling I have worked up a gentlemen's agreement respect for people who are in the category the pistol permit department because of the with each club and have now had the pleas­ of organized competitive shooters. So, I fact that I had apparently given a pistol ure of speaking at approximately 60 of them thought perhaps you mig_ht be interested in permit to our district attorney, whose life in our county. The agreement, in substance, the thought processes of a lawyer elected a had allegedly been threatened, and that I is this: I will give permits to any member Judge in November of 1959· in Erie County, had had his application preferred so that of a responsible shooting club as long as N.Y.-who, beirig at the low end of the it was processed ahead of other pending the club assumes the responsib111ty of teach­ totem pole in seniority, inherited the re- applications. ing him how to shoot and makes certain that 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7077 he remains a relatively active shooter. On name, address, the reason for permit, inter­ which the Sullivan law was passed certainly a personal interview in my courtroom, each vening arrests, if any, intervening commit­ are no longer sound and probably never of the shooters agrees with me that he will ments to mental hospitals, if any, and pres­ were sound. I am aware of the very sound use his permit in the general area for which ent reason for desiring permit. It is to be arguments made in the March issue of The he is applying; namely, something reasonably signed before a notary public and filed with Rifleman in an editorial entitled "Logic and connected with competitive shooting and our office. Such a survey produced amaz­ Reason" and, while each of the arguments legal hunting and that, generally speaking, ing results. We found out that out of, presented has effective reasoning behind it, that will be the limit of the use of these roughly, 7,800 carry permits that had been I must face the fact that I am a judge whose pistols. This is a practical compromise in issued in our county, 621 permit holders had sworn duty is to uphold the constitution a metropolitan area of over 1,200,000 people, died, which fact had not been reported to of the State of New York and the laws of the and I have found, much to my amazement, us. These permits have been cancelled. State of New York. One of the existing laws this policy meets with the almost unanimous Even the most avid shooter agrees that there is what you call the Sullivan law. I concede approval of responsible shooters, most of is no reason for them to still have permits. that shooters who are sportsmen are not the whom feel that under normal circumstances Roughly, another 1,300 were canceled for people that the Sullivan law was aimed at, their weapons should be used for sport and various reasons such as parties having and, as a result, I have tried to treat com­ nothing else. moved out of the State, or no longer desired petitive shooters in a reasonable and, what I This, incidently, came as quite a shock to permits, or formerly were guards and had consider to be, a practical manner. me when I first became a county judge. I terminated their employment. Roughly You must appreciate that when I took was of the opinion that all shooters wanted 1,000 people could not be found. They office I was not fond of the thought of a to carry guns 24 hours a day, somewhat in could not be checked through city directories great many people running around like the manner of Matt Dillon or Wyatt Earp. and telephone directors, and, in fact, the Matt Dillon or Wyatt Earp. It took me However, I find on going to gun competitions Buffalo Courier Express published a complete many months to become convinced that that shooters carry their guns wrapped in list of names and addresses of the missing most of the people who have pistol permits silks and satins and in very fancy carrying parties, following which about 1,000 permits are sportsmen and a great asset to their cases, together with the spy glasses that I were canceled. community, rather than a menace. Many understand you people call scopes. As nearly Four thousand eight hundred and two people told me when I went into office, "Be as I can see, shooters take at least as good people answered our survey wanting to keep tough on the people who want gun per­ care and probably, in many cases, better care their permits, and their survey forms were mits," "Who needs a gun," etc. So it seems of their weapons than they do their wives, approved. Some 1,293 people reported to me that the problem that organized so that I no longer am concerned about giv­ changes of addresses that had not previously shooters face, rather than going around ing so many permits to people in a metro­ been reported to us. Premises permits, with their fur ruffled and their feelings politan area as sportsmen. I feel that I can mostly war souvenir permits, included some hurt, is not one of anger and belligerence, issue almost an unlimited number of gun 3.200 old permits. Two hundred and sixty­ but one of education. It seems to me that permits to competitive shooters, without any two of the permit holders were dead. An­ the approach taken by shooters in New York qualms whatsoever, in one of the largest other 1,600 plus were canceled for various State is more sensible, for example, putting counties in the United States and in a county reasons, and slightly less than 1,200 indicated their best foot forward in connection with with population greater than several of our they wanted their premise permits continued the NRA hunter training program and do­ States. and were approved. Those were all of the ing the many things that constructive, in­ It is my judgment, based on interviews survey forms that were returned to our office. telligent, sportsmen shooters can do. There with some 2,000 shooters and the privilege of Nearly 400 changes of address were found as certainly is no strong feeling, that I have meeting with their clubs at innumerable a result of this survey. been able to detect, to repeal an firearms meetings, that they are fine, responsible, re­ At least we can now say with some accu­ legislation in New York State. As a matter spectable citizens and that to them shooting racy where every pistol permit is in our of fact, even responsible shooters concede is a sport, much the same as bowling is to county, where the people reside, etc. that there is nothing wrong with the result me. I am convinced that to shoot their I found that policy presented many other of keeping guns out of the hands of incom­ weapon is their sport, just as my bowling idiosyncrasies; one that if a person lost his petents, minors, drug addicts, etc. I ap­ ball is used for bowling. However, I am permit, it appeared to be almost impossible preciate that a type of law other than the pleased to see that they use their pistols to get a replacement without filing a new Sullivan law could probably achieve this re­ more effectively than I use the illusive application. Without g~tting technical, we sult. Perhaps the more regular use of addi­ · bowling ball. tional prison penalties for the use of a gun About 20 percent of our permits fall into found what I consider· to be a legal way to in the commission of a crime could be more the categories of private detectives or spe­ achieve the proper result. Nearly 500 of the old carry and premise permits were replaced effective. cial policemen. I found to my amazement I don't preten'd to know the answer. All that many of the agencies were licensing with new permits in 1961, with a minimum of difficulty to the applicants. At least, now, I know is that I am convinced that you peo­ private policemen without ever training ple are not the people that the Sullivan law them how to shoot, a frightening prospect we have permits with photographs that look somewhat similar to the people who hold was aimed at. However, if you live in New if you are a citizen who might be somewhere York State the Sullivan law applies to you. within the range of their weapons. We have them. Judges cannot change the law. This is a instituted a program with their security of­ One other thing I found is a rule known as matter of legislation so, rather than argue ficers whereby all men who are special the "rule of three." That is, roughly, that no man in our county could have more than with you about the constitution, the right policemen are receiving regular pistol in­ to bear arms, or the fallacy, if any, in the struction and practice, and all have gone three guns on his permit without the spe­ reasoning behind the sumvan law, it seems through at least basic NRA courses under cific approval of the county judge. At first to me this is a matter that requires calm competent instructors from the various gun blush this sounded like a very sensible rule consideration, because I know that when I clubs. I enter into a gentlemen's agree­ to me, so I made every person who wanted go back to Buffalo I will stm be working ment with both the employers and the em­ to add a gun come in to see me. We had with the law that is not popular with shoot­ ployees that they will use their permits for 100 a month, so you can see my problem. I ers but, yet under which shooters are ob­ exactly what they have obtained them for found the more I got to see "dyed in the ligated to 11 ve quite easily in Erie County. and that under no circumstances will they wool" shooters, that the o_nly limit to the number of guns a competitive shooter can Perhaps all this has not made much sense . be used in a tavern. To be frank, if a to you, but, at least, it takes you through tavern is tough enough that they need an have would be the amount of money he has in the bank, so we now have worked up a my thinking problems in a little over 27 armed special policeman, it probably should months. You kriow back in the early be closed·. practical rule, Our pistol permit director knows guns. If a gun that a shooter wishes thirties a man named Little Jack Little used The other 10 percent of the applications to sing a song in favor of President ·Roose­ fit into what is roughly known as personal to add has some reasonable connection with competitive shooting, it is added without velt's NRA. The first part of it certainly, protection. Each of these is handled on an in my judgment, is equally applicable: · individual basis, and quite frankly, a good his coming in, regardless of where it fits many in this category al'e denied, because numerically-4th, 5th, or 20th--on his per­ "Hip, hip, hooray! For the NRA strangely -enough most of ·those wanting mit. If, ho~ever, a person who has a permit It's OK for the USA." guns for personal protection have no con­ for a guard or personal protection wants to nection with organized sportsmen's groups, add a second gun, I make them come in, be­ have little or no familiarity with pistols and, cause it seems to me you only need one gun JUNE IS MARKET MONTH. as nearly as I can see, in most cases, are more to shoot somebody. of a menace to themselves, untrained, with I think that competive shooters in western Mr. RYAN of New York. Mr. Speaker, a pistol than they can possibly imagine. New York will agree that we. are now living I ask unanimous consent to address the In our county pistol permits have been with the Sullivan law with a minimum of House for 1 minute and revise and ex­ issued on a good until revoked basis since difficulty so far as they are concerned. I tend my remarks. 1937, so we instituted a survey of these recognize that shooters do not like the Sul­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to· permits under oath, using a form that was livan law and do not like legislation con­ the request of the gentleman from New agreeable to responsible members of the cerning. pistol registration, etc. I, however, various gun clubs. Essentially the ques­ have become very practical. From timf tq York? '· tionnaire asked the shooters to give their time my friends say to me, the r~ns for There was no objection. 7078 CONGRESSIONA.~ RECORD_. iIOUSE April 19 Mr. RYAN of New York. Mr. Speaker, eliminate the boredom and lack of in­ seven-point program of assistance for New York's great coat arid suit industry test which these campaigns generate in the textile industry on May 2, 1961. is again demonstrating its aggressive the electorate. There was no reference in that program leadership by designating June as Mar­ With the shorter campaign we could to section 204 of the Agricultural Act of ket Month so all manufacturers will concentrate on issues and cut down the 1956. Under point 7 of that program have fall lines ready when buyers are dramatics and histrionics. the President assured that an applica­ in the city. In a time of great national challenge, tion by the textile industry under section The designation by the board of di­ can we afford to do any less? 8 of the Trade Agreements Extension rectors of the New York Coat and Suit Act of 1955, as amended, would be care­ Association, Inc., is another example of fully considered on its merits. how labor and industry work together PROGRAM FOR WEEK OF APRIL 30 On May 15, 1961, 10 textile trade asso­ in the industry, insuring that New York Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Speaker, I ask ciations, cooperating as a representative and America maintain their leadership unanimous consent to address the House of the combined textile industry complex, in design, skilled craft work and out­ for 1 minute. - filed an application with the Director of standing manufacture of coats and suits. The SPEAKER. Is there objection the Office of Civil and Defense Mobiliza­ Joseph L. Dubow, executive director of to the request of the gentleman from tion under section 8 of the 1955 act, re­ the association, has outlined plans for Indiana? questing that an investigation be initi­ major advertising and promotion cam­ There was no objection. ated to determine whether imports of paigns supporting Market Month and Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Speaker, I take textiles and textile manufacturers of aimed at bringing buyers from through­ this time for the purpose of inquiring cotton, wool, silk, and manmade fibers out the Western Hemisphere into New of the majority leader as to the program were threatening to impair the national York during the buying month. for the week fallowing the Easter recess. security. In the past some producers had their Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, will the An investigation was promptly ini­ fall lines ready for sale in early June, gentleman yield? tiated by the Office of Civil and Defense others around the middle of the month, Mr. HALLECK. I yield. Mobilization, written briefs and evidence and others not until early July. Under Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, there will were submitted by all parties, and the the Market Month concept, the associa­ be no legislative business on Monday, record was closed on October 15, 1961. tion will assure buyers that all lines will April 30. Under the law the function of the Di­ be open when they come into New York. Tuesday, May 1, we will take up the rector of the Office of Civil and Defense This is the kind of aggressive, indus­ bills H.R. 6949, natural gas, resale; and Mobilization-now known as the Office trywide action which other American H.R. 8031, to require television receivers of Emergency Planning-is limited to businesses could well adopt to deal with to have all channels. making a finding as to whether or not their particular problems. Any record votes except on rules on imports of textiles and textile manufac­ In his letter announcing the Market Tuesday will go over until Wednesday, tures are threatening to impair the na­ Month concept, Mr. Dubow said the as­ May 2, because of the Alabama and tional security. If he makes such a find­ sociation hopes to "create a high degree Oklahoma primaries. ing, the President is immediately cloaked of excitement and bring to every buyer And, Mr. Speaker, if the gentleman with power under the statute to take in the country the message that June is will yield for that purpose, I will ask such action as he deems necessary to Market Month for the members of the unanimous consent, pursuant to custom, adjust imports to remove the threatened New York Coat and Suit Association." that any record votes except on rules impairment. · He noted that by making June Market and procedural matters that may be in Thus, a favorable decision by the Di­ Month the association will be sure that order on Tuesday, May 1, following the rector of OEP under the pending textile "every member who participates and Easter recess, may go over until Wednes­ national security case would give the every retail buyer who attends will find day, May 2. President all of the authority required that this June will be the greatest The SPEAKER. Is there qbjection to to enforce the long-term cotton textile month in the history of the New York the request of the gentleman from Okla­ arrangement for both participants and coat and suit industry." homa? nonparticipants. The administration is There was no objection. apparently unwilling to allow the Direc­ Mr. ALBERT. On Wednesday and the tor of OEP to make a decision in the tex­ LET US STOP THE NONSENSE balance of the week we will call up for tile industry case, and therefore is push­ Mr. STEED. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan­ consideration H.R. 11040, Communica­ ing for the enactment of H.R. 10788. imous consent that the gentleman from tions Satellite Act of 1962, if a rule is So far as the long-term cotton textile Connecticut [Mr. MONAGAN] may extend reported. arrangement is concerned, a new element his remarks at this point in the RECORD. There will be no record votes on Sat­ of uncertainty as to whether that ar­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection urday, May 5, on account of the Texas rangement will amount to anything has to the request of the gentleman from primary. come to light in the form of a supple­ Oklahoma? This announcement is subject, of ment to the arrangement released in There was no objection. course, to the usual reservation that con­ Geneva on February 16-1 day after the Mr. MONAGAN.· Mr. Speaker, yester­ ference reports may be brought up at White House released the text of the day Prime Minister John Diefenbaker any time and that any further program arrangement. That supplement provides announced that Canada would hold a will be announced later. an escape clause from the enforcement general election on June 18. Thus: with­ Mr. Speaker, I desire to announce that provisions of the arrangement. There in 60 days, our great neighboring repub­ it is expected that an additional program is thus doubt as to what countries would lic will choose all the members of her will be announced on Monday or Tues­ be bound by the enforcement provisions national Parliament. day following the Easter recess. of the arrangement even if the arrange­ Why cannot we in the United States Mr. HALLECK. I thank the gentle­ ment is ratified by the countries that ne­ follow the example of Canada and prac­ man. gotiated it. The ratifying countries also tically every other democratic country have the right under the terms of the in the civilized world?. THE PROCEDURES OF TRADE arrangement by majority vote to post­ The example of this nation of close to AGREEMENT pone the effective date of the arrange­ 18 million people again emphasizes the ment indefinitely. The supplement desirability of eliminating the circuses Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Mr. Speak­ follows: which our presidential elections have be­ er, I ask unanimous consent to extend come. my remarks at this point in the RECORD. GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRAD:&: May I again call attention to my bills The SPEAKER. Is there objection LONG-TERM COT'l'ON TEXTILES ARRANGEMENT: House Joint Resolution 127 and H.R. to the request of the gentleman from PROCED~E RELATING TO RESERVATIONS TO Missouri? ARTICLE II AND ANNEX B 2500 which would limit presidential cam­ When the long term arrangement was paigns in this country to a period of 60 There was no objection. drawn up by the Cotton Textiles Committee days. This would preserve the health Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Mr. a procedure was agreed to whereby a coun­ of the candidates and, at the same time, Speaker, .the Pres!dent announced his try which considered that it fulfilled the 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 70-79 following criteria, namely (1) that in the dec­ proved September 13, 1960, authorizes of Governor Lawrence as responsible for ade preceding the entry into force of the ar­ Federal participation in approved State the limited benefits in the Common­ rangement it had experienced a substantial plans which provide medical assistance wealth of' Pennsylvania. They also in­ contraction in its cotton textile industry; and (2) that it was importing a substantial on behalf of aged recipients of old-age dicate that the use of voluntary insur­ volume of cotton textiles, in particular from assistance, and for aged persons not on ance has been included in the Kerr-Mills the less developed countries and territories old-age assistance whose incomes and procedure in Texas to provide broader and Japan, in relation to its own production resources are not sufficient to meet the· benefits. The recipients in Texas are of cotton textiles. might attach a reservation costs of necessary medical services. insured through its funds in Blue Cross. to its acceptance of the arrangement in order President Kennedy, in his "Special The Department of Health, Eduea:tiori, to provide, in effect, an escape clause from Message on Health and Hospital Care," and Welfare reports that the first Texas the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 3 of arti­ proposed that medical care be provided cle 2 and of paragraphs 2 and 3 of annex B. 1961 Medical Assistance Act authorizes A country wishing to make such a reserva­ through the social security system to effective January 1, 1962, hospitalization, tion should submit its -request to that effect. everyone aged 65 anj over who is nursing home care, and surgical and not later than September 1, 1962. If by Oc­ "eligible for social security or railroad medical benefits for old age assistance tober 1, the date on which the arrangement retirement benefits." The administra­ recipients. The State agency has con­ is to enter into operation, none of the con­ tion proposal was introduced by Repre­ tracted with Blue Cross for a: prepayment tracting parties at present members of the sentative KING (H.R. 4222) and Senator plan for hospitalization and surgical Cotton Textiles Committee which at that ANDERSON (S. 909). medical services. It is providing nursing time had accepted the arrangement without themselves having entered reservations, had The great majority of Americans will home care tt~rough vendor payments. raised an objection~ the reservation would be be covered. Workers, their wives and The Texas old age assistance medical deemed to be valid. Reservations thus ac­ v,jdows will be entitled to benefits under care payments are provided only for per­ cepted would be attached in the form or pro­ the same tests as for cld-age benefits sons who meet the test of indigency. tocols to the arrangement. under social security or railroad retire­ The 86th Congress passed the Kerr­ ment benefits. They will be eligible at 65 Mills Act as a substitute for a social even if they have not actually retired. security old age health care program. MINORITY VIEWS The cost of four kinds of services will Kerr-Mills has had a fair trial and has Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Mr. Speak­ be paid:. been found wanting, except, perhaps, as er, I ask unanimous consent that I and First. All hospital services usually pro­ a supplement to the social security ap­ .other members of the Committee on vided, in semiprivate rooms, up to 90 proach. The best proof of failure is the Ways and Means may be permitted to days in one spell of illness. Services in­ now louder-than-ever cry for a social file minority views to accompany the re­ clude bed, board, nursing (not private). security measure. port of the House Ways and Means operating room, drugs, diagnostic serv­ Kerr-Mills is a relief program, in­ Committee on H.R. 884.6, these views to ices, and so forth. All costs are paid tended for the neediest. It inflicts a be printed as part II of this report. after the 9th day. The patient pays only pauper's oath-a means test-upon I may say, Mr. Speaker, that I have $lG a day for only the first 9 days-with those needing health care. It is depend­ discussed this with the chairman of the a $20. minimum .. ent upon continuing State grants fll'om Committee on Ways and Means. Second. Skilled nursing home services the legislatures. In some cases, it has: The SPE'.AKER. Is there objection to after transfer from a hospital, up to 180 already become a substitute for State­ the request of the gentleman from Mis­ days after 60 days or less of hospitaliza­ old-age medical care relief programs. It, souri? tion, or up to 120 days after 90 days in has not begun to meet the medical care There was no objection. the hospital. needs of the senior citizen. Third. Home health services. for up to The bill was supposed to have cost the. 240 visits a year~ including part-time Federal Treasury $202 million of genera1l MEDIC.AL CARE FOR THE AGED nursing, and therapy provided by a home tax revenue for its first year. Withm. The SPEAKER. Under previous order health agency. 5 years the Federal share of costs' was: of the House, the gentleman from Penn­ Fourth. Outpatient hospital diagnos­ supposed to rise to $340 minion. Under sylvania. [Mr. ToLLl is recognized for 10 tic services, including X-ray and labora­ the Kerr-Mills formula, the Federal Gov­ minutes. tory services. The patient pays only ernment was to assume from 30' to '70 Mr. TOLL. Mr. Speaker. proposals to the first $20. percent of the program's costs, dep'end­ extend hospitalization insurance bene­ The cost of the program will be met ing upon the wealth of each participat­ fits to all persons covered by old-age. by a small increase in the social security ing State. The $340 million projection survivors, and disability insurance and taxes., The most, any worker will pay is was based upon participation of all the their dependents were first introduced 2 22, cents. a week. The typical payment 50,States. decades ago. The first bin to extend. will be only 2. to 3 cents a day~ But the Kerr-Mills outlays from the Fede:ra:l hospitalization benefits to those en­ program win be soundly financed. Government for its first year are esti­ titled to OASI benefits was introduced. The bill includes safeguards for the mated at an inadequate $140 million. 10 years ago. Similar proposals have freedom of patients to choose their own The act initially was supposed to ba.ve been introduced in each Congress since doctors. hospitals, and so forth. Doctors provided relief payments to some 1.3 mil­ then. will continue to have full responsibility lion medically indigent persons past age In 1957 former Representative Aime for decisions on patient care, including 65. While figures are not yet available. Forand :first presented his bill provid­ the need for hospitalization. The pro­ there is every reason to believe that, :re­ ing nursing home and surgical benefits gram will pay for hospital care when sults have fallen far short of expecta­ in addition to hospitalization benefits. needed, but not otherwise. tions. The bill was not reported by the Ways The bill does not permit the Federal The State of Arizona, :mustrates, the ob­ and Means Committee; however, the agency to interfere, with hospital admin­ stacles, even to an effective Kerr-Mills Secretary of the Department of Health. istration or supervise or control the :program. Education, and Welfare' was requested practice of medicine. Patient-doctor As Kerr-Mills passed, Arizona, law to make a study of alternative ways of. :relationships would not be affected, and strictly prohibited participation by· the providing insurance against the cost of good quality hospital and nursing home State, in medical welfare prog:raims. hospital and nursing home care for old-. services would be encouraged. Arizona may have been an extreme case, age, survivors, and, disability insurance Despite the obvious beneficial features but others were without medical aid pro­ beneficiaries. The report was submitted. of' the program. a number of objections grams of any kind, and in most, enaibUng by the Secretary on ApriI 3'1 19"59\ are presented by those who oppose the legislation was required. Representative Forand introduced his: legislation.. Snpport has been developed An AFL-CIO expert noted that. Geor­ bi:U again in 195g, and hearings were held. for the Kerr-Mills bill which passed the gia, New Mexico, and Iowa have passed before the Ways and Means Committee. 86th Congress as legislation providing enabling legislation. He pointed out that However, the committee reported. a bill medical care for the aged who are in this does not mean the o'ld people in by the gentleman from Arkansas, Chair­ actual need. They indicate that Federal these Stafas are going to be' helped, man Mn.r.s, .which passed the House and State matching funds may provide since no appropriations have been forth­ and was amended in the Senate total medical care for the aged who need coming from the legislatures. The same as the Kerr-Mills Act. This act, ap- help-. They point to the administration is true of most other States. Not even 7080 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 19 the barest edge of need has so far been the employer for each worker on the pay­ lives and don't want to be a burden on blunted. roll, would yield the billion-plus dollars their relatives, or to depend on charity In December 1961, only 72,159 seniors needed to finance the program. and means tests. received help under State medical aid for The Anderson-King bill is admittedly Cash benefits now paid are barely the aged programs, and 51,549 lived in modest. It would not pay doctor or sur­ enough to enable most older people to - three States-New York, Massachusetts, gical care .bills. It would not pay all keep themselves housed, clothed, and and Michigan. HEW figures showed hospital costs. But it would make a sig­ fed. They certainly are not adequate to that only 17 States had actually appro­ nificant difference to millions of seniors meet the cost of expensive and unpre­ priated any money at all for aged med­ who must undergo lengthy hospital stays dictable illnesses, nor are they large ical aid. during their declining years. It would enough to pay high health insurance In Louisiana, only eight persons were be a long step forward and an indication premiums. actually receiving benefits. In New that this Nation truly cares for its elders. Social security cannot provide finan­ Hampshire there were 25, and in Utah America now has had a quarter of a cial independence without this addi­ there were 57. Benefits varied according century of experience with old age and tional program of basic health insurance. to State rather than need, and eligibility survivors benefits under the Social Se­ The aims and ideals embodied in the requirements were such that a person curity System. Despite warnings that it health insurance program will help social counted a pauper in one State was too would create a nation living on hand­ security do the job it was designed to well off for benefits in another. outs, the Nation now produces more than do-provide dignity and independence The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ever and is better off than ever. Despite for America's aged citizens. reached agreement with the Department warnings that the new "welfare state" Countless individuals, organizations, of Health, Education, and Welfare on a would be the start of an omnipotent to­ and publications throughout the Nation State Kerr-Mills program. The cost was talitarianism, freedom has prospered. support the principle of financing health estimated at $11.6 million for the 6 Social Security put a floor under old age insurance for the aged through social months remaining in the State's fiscal income and has become one of the great security. Among the most prominent year and was to be shared by the Federal stabilizers of the U.S. economy. of these are the following: and State Governments. Social Security was a minimum pro­ The 1961 White House Conference on Care is about the equivalent of that gram, and so is the Anderson-King bill. Aging, American Federation of Labor provided under city and State public Warnings that Social Security would end and Congress of Industrial Organizations assistance programs. While the program personal savings programs and private and affiliated unions, American Nurses is probably as good as any so far estab­ pension programs have proved pointless. Association, American Public Health lished, it is, in effect, only an extension Today, the insurance industry prospers Association, American Public Welfare of existing State welfare programs. partly because Social Security has popu­ Association, Council of Golden Ring Kerr-Mills depends upon regular appro­ larized insurance and private pension Clubs of Senior Citizens, Council of Jew­ pri~tions from State legislatures which plans. Anderson-King, obviously, is no ish Federations and Welfare Funds, tend to be dominated by rural legislators substitute for private health and welfare Family Service Association, Group with extremely conservative economic programs, which will continue to grow. Health Association of America, National views. When legislatures fail to make It simply puts a floor beneath the needs Association of Social Workers, National adequate appropriations, programs are of the aged. Consumers League, National Council of slashed. Economy at the expense of wel­ America is fortunate in its approach the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., fare is all too common at the State level. to the solution of such social problems National Council of Jewish Women, Na­ As a result of State limitations, services as old-age health care. It has learned tional Council of Senior Citizens. under medical assistance for the aged to legislate for an acceptable minimum­ National Farmers Union, National Fed.:. have been provided to comparatively few to place a floor under need. It has sup­ eration of Settlement and Neighborhood of the Nation's older citizens. The ma­ plemented this minimum with voluntary Centers, National League of Senior jority of recipients have been concen­ action: collective bargaining, personal Citizens, Nationwide Insurance Co.'s, trated in a few States. In December savings, community action, private pen­ Railway Labor Executives' Association, 1961, the :·ecipients were largely in 5 of sions, and voluntary association. Synagogue·council of America, Women's the 18 States reporting expenditures for The claim has been made that the so­ Division of Christian Service of Metho-· that month. cial security approach will encourage ex­ dist Church's Board of Missions, YWCA The Anderson-King bill is hardly a cessive hospitalization. With a $10-a­ National Board, more than 30 State radical measure. It seeks only to allevi­ day charge for each of the first 9 days Governors 0960). ate the heaviest medical care financial still falling directly upon the retired, Outstanding social security, hospital, burdens of the aging. It has the full this allegation is without foundation. and medical experts including William L. support of former Representative Aime Few seniors have $90 to throw away for Mitchell, Commissioner of Social Se­ Forand, now honorary chairman of the the dubious pleasure of spending need­ curity and all former Commissioners of Senior Citizens for Health Care Under less time in the hospital. Social Security; Arthur Altmeyer, Madi­ Social Security. An overwhelming proportion of the son, Wis.; Charles I. Schottland, School As already pointed out, the heaviest aged would be eligible for benefits with of Social Welfare, Brandeis University; burdens of old-age medical care come as the passage of the Anderson-King bill. John W. Tramburg, commissioner, New the result of lengthy hospital stays and As time goes on virtually all people who Jersey State Department of Institutions the high cost of nursing care. These reach retirement age would come under and Agencies; E. M. Bluestone, M.D., re­ are the areas in which Anderson-King the protection of the health insurance cipient of 1961 Distinguished Service would provide major help. plan. Award of American Hospital Association; The measure would not relieve the More than 8 out of 10 people who will J. Douglas Brown, dean of faculty, senior citizen of the total costs of such be 65 or over in 1964 would be eligible Princeton University; Dr. Eveline M. care, but would make him a partner with under social security or the railroad re­ Burns, professor of social work, New the Nation in meeting these costs. The tirement program. York School of SOcial Work, Columbia measure provides that in-hospital pa­ Ninety-five percent of those over 65 University; Fedele F. Fauri, dean, School tients would have to pay $10 a day for will be eligible in the future. of Social Work, University of Michigan; each of the first 9 days (not more than Nearly all those not covered under the Marion B. Folsom, Secretary of Health, the first $90 of costs). It would, how­ health insurance plan would be covered Education, and Welfare in the Eisen­ ever, take care of the greater part of by other public programs such as the hower administration; Seymour Harris, costs in illnesses requiring a long stay in Federal employee retirement program, Littauer professor of political economy, the hospital. the veteran's program, and State assist­ Harvard University; Arthur ,Kornberg, The program would be financed by a ance programs. M.D., Nobel prize winner in medicine; fourth of !-percent tax on the first $5,200 Some people ask why health insurance Arthur Larson, director, World Rule .of of wage or salary income upon both the for the aged belongs in the social secu­ Law Center, Undersecretary of Labor in gainfully employed and their employers. rity system. The whole point of social Eisenhower administration: Basil C. This maximum cost of a quarter per security is to provide financial independ­ MacLean, M.D., former president, Blue week for each worker and the same for ence to people. who have worked all the~r Cross Association; Howard Rusk, M.D., 196~ CONGR¥SSI0NAL RECORD -HOUSE 7081 New York. University Medical Center; Eastwold, who commands an ASW numbers of AS:W ships and submarines. · Herman M. Somers. chairman. political hunter/killer task group in the Atlan­ Increased production of the newer, high­ science department, Haverford College; tic Fleet. performance ASW torpedoes has been Benjamin Spock. M.l>.• professor of child To say I was very impressed with the initiated.. · To provide destroyer ·types development. Western Reserve Univer­ operations I observed would be gross un­ with the capability of killing submarines si~; Paul Dudley White. M..D •• formerly derstatement. ASW is truly a nevei:­ as soon as they are detected. a. new wea­ personal physician t.o President Eisen­ ending, around-the-clock.. all-weather. pon delivery system. Asroc-antisub­ hower. complex. operation.. The Navy, in my marine rocket-has now joined the :fleet. Business Week, Life Magazine. the opinion., has not publicized strongly A second s.ystem,. Dash-Drone antisub­ New York Times. and the Washington enough the tremendous effort they are marine helicopter-is nearing comple­ Poot. making in this area. I wish to make tion.. These new systems can deliver known. for the record. some aspects of homing torpedoes or depth chal"ges with­ the .ASW' problem. in ranges. of several miles. The ASW A THREAT TO AMERICA WE MUST The problem of ASW is larger than capability of some of the Worid Wa:r II SEARCH TO FIND the general attention it has received. destroyers. is being greatly· improved by The SPEAKER. Under previous or­ National security demands that, the means of the fleet rehabilitation and der· of the. House, the gentleman from control of the seas be retained in the modernization-Fram-program. · hands of the free world. Our ship­ Maryland [Mr. MATHIAS) is recognized Our flee.ts at sea, as I have. see~ are borne commerce must be able to move for 30 minutes. working hard to refine their current. over the seas wherever required. Enemy capabilities in order to make the most of Mr. MATHIAS. Mr. Speaker, this forces must be denied the use of these week we have debated and passed the what. they have. and to be :ready to ex­ seas for mounting or supporting any as­ ploit the improved equipments and. weap­ mmtary construction authorization and saults they may plan against the United. we· have appropriated the funds for the ons now in production. They are de­ states or the free world. veloping new AS.W tactics to cou:ote:r armed services to perform their mission The existing Communist bloe force of in the coming year. In so doing we have more advanced types of enemy su.b­ over 400 submarines, some of whieh are marines. participated in the largest single finan­ missile equipped, is recognized to be the cial transaction that any peacetime principal potential threat to the free Navy forces and the entire Na:vy or­ Congress has ever been asked to con­ world·s control of the seas and a poten­ ganization all are contributing in one duct-the support of the American De­ tial contributor to a. nuclear weapon at­ way or another to ASW. It is team­ fense Establishment. tack against the United States. A. large work, and many contributions are ma:de Few, ff any, Members of Congress wm numb.~r of the submarines of various to this: effort, by other areas of the Gov­ shrink from performing this duty with ca.pabllities which. compose this force are ernment, by industry and J;>iy; mnveFsities., resolution and with conviction, although long-range snorkel types equipped with colleges and private research institu­ all of us realize the many implications torpedoes for attacks against ships. tions., A major factor. m· the Navy's and difficulties that are involved in a A small nmnber of nuclear powered ASW effort i:s re..search in the. many huge defense program. Rather, we have submarines--some missile equipped­ scientific areas such as oceanograph,y supported the Armed Forces because we ha.ve recently made their appearance~ and electronics. The results: of this re­ understand the alternative, and because and more of these may be expected. searc.h give birth to better equipments we appreciate what the uniformed serv­ The Soviets undoubtedly will improve weapons, and techniques... These., to- · ices are doing for the Nation and the· the capabilities of their missile launch-· getherwitb the trained maintenance aDd free world. ing nuclear submarines to levels appro,x­ o.p.erating pei:sonnel required~ must l:le The dollar figures with which we deal imatinir our own Polaris submarines. plaee,d into fleet operation as quickly as in this, area. of national responsibility such action will increase further the possible in order that fleet trammg may are immense. When we appropriate so submarine launched ballistic missile insme their eff ecti:veness.. many dollars we naturally want to know threat t.o the United States and will de­ Our efforts in the :future must. be di­ as much as possible about the need for mand continued emphasis on our P·art. to rected towa:rrd countering the, new and each item of dollar expenditure. We produce effective eountermea$Ures. improved types of Soviet. submarines need as much knowledge as possible The ability of the: modern submarine which most probably· wm · be nuclear~ about the technical developments in the to remain submerged for long periods ASW will, in effect; become ANSW­ various components of the services which has necessitated the design and procu~e­ antinuelear submarine wariare. This have made our defense so expensive. In me.nt of complex vehicles, equipments wm be d:i:ffieult. This w,m be expensive:. the hope that I can be helpful to my col­ and weapons :required to detect_ localize., This is, however, vitaUy necessary,. leagues in a small way I should like to classify, and kill enemy submarines.. The Navy is giving worldwide atten­ share the information I gained recently Highly trained officers, and men a:re re­ tion to Communist submarine aetivity,, about the rather specialized and rapidly quired to maintain and employ these de­ and the navies of our free world aUies changing art of antisubmarine warfare~ vices required in modern ASW · opera­ work eloseJy with us in tl'le maintenance It would be a physical impossibility for tions. of an ASW posture appropriate to the an Members of Congress to have a per­ As the Navy increases its ability to potential threat. There has bee:n. litt:le sona? knowledge of all the activities of strip off the eloak of concealment whi.eh evidence so far of the Soviet use of sub­ the military. naval, and air branches. the depths. of the ooean offer. it is fa,e,ed marines m an aggressive cold war ·:role. Since we are limited in opportunities for with continuing advances in·Soviet sub­ Navy emphasis is on teamwo:rk and personal observation, I was glad to have marine performance and capability. off ep.sive strategy in concert with our a chance to see what is going on in the ASW cannot stand still, and the Na-vy allies. We must maintain strong naval antisubmarine forces. which I consider knows it. forces in proper bal~ce and at adeqna,te to be one of the more vital of our defense Specific actions in recent months show levels to perform all naval missio:ns. components. the Navy's progress in the ASW area. Modernization and new construction Times have changed since World War Forty destroyer-type ships and l& air.­ both are needed in a proper ba:ranee with II when I first became a ware of the craft squadrons were recalled from the due regard for present readiness and the· problems, of combating submarines. Ready Reserve for augmenta.tion of the need to overcome, obso?esc.enee of. our The nature of antisubmarine warfare ASW forces as a result of the Berlin forces. . . has developed with each new discovery cr1S1s. A new ASW helicopter · and an Emphasis on procurement to provide in science and technology. There are improved version of the standard carrier­ the products of research and' develop­ many new tricks which I was glad to . based ASW aircraft have been intro­ ment to the operating forces is necessary see. duced into the :fleet, and a new patrol-,· to keep ahead of Soviet submarine im- As a member of the Naval Reserve, I type aircraft is expected shortly, all with provements. . completed a tour of active training duty the latest integrated ASW systems, in• Continuing· support from Congress last January during which the Navy as­ stalled. Underwater sound detection. and the pub.lie must. be provided for . signed me to the staff of the commander, equipment, sonar, of greatly · increased planned Navy developments in order to, Carrier Division 16, Rear Admiral power· is being installed in increasing · keep pace with the Soviet, threat. . . -· 7082 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD·- · H6USE April 19 DISCRIMINATION IN HOUSING rounding communities Jews are prevent­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to· The SPEAKER. Under previous order ed from buying or leasing property. the request of the gentleman from North of the House, the gentleman from New Mr. Speaker, perhaps more than any Dakota? York [Mr. RYAN] is recognized for 10 other place in the United States our Na­ There was no objection. minutes. tion's Capital should be a showplace of Mr. SHORT. Mr. Speaker, the news Mr. RYAN of New York. Mr. Speaker, our belief that all men are created equal, announced yesterday from the 18-Nation Congress makes legislation for the Capi­ that we are against discrimination of Conference on Disarmament now taking tal, and almost 100 years after the any kind. Segregated housing is a dis­ place in Geneva, is both disturbing and Emancipation Proclamation it is high grace in the Capital of the Nation that heartening. The day-April 18-is the time Congress took effective legislative leads the free world. anniversary of a famous point in Ameri­ steps to end discrimination in housing Two bills :i have introduced today can history-"Paul Revere's Ride," and in the District of Columbia. It is in­ constitute a double-barreled legislative I can not help but notice the difference in credible that in 1962 such legislation is attack that would help eliminate Wash­ our attitude now as a nation and what still necessary. Unbelievable as it is, ington's disgraceful and humiliating it was at that time. there is no doubt that a stone's throw ghettos which are the product of housing If I remember my history and the from the seat of government Americans discrimination. poem made famous by Henry Wads­ are being denied the same opportunity to One of my bills is patterned after New worth Longfellow, the farmers of Mas­ live in decent housing as their fellow York City's Sharkey-Brown-Isaacs law. sachusetts, when warned the British citizens because of their religion or the It would prohibit any owner or other per­ were coming, did not suggest that they color of their skin. Community leaders son, except a religious organization, from all sit down and talk things over with and Government officials testifying dur­ refusing to sell, rent or lease to any per­ the admiral of the Somerset man of war, ing the recently held Civil Rights Com­ son because of race, color, religion, na­ proposing that each drop their weapons mission hearings pointed out the long­ tional origin or ancestry. The measure and depend upon "good faith" to pull standing discriminatory practices of would also prohibit discriminatory terms them through the crisis. Those farmers landlords, owners, and real estate brokers or requirerp.ents. knew how to face reality. They knew in the sale and leasing of property within This bill sets up a 12-member Fair they had an enemy and they knew who the District of Columbia. Housing Practices Panel with director their enemy was. The Commission heard Sterling and staff to hear complaints and to try Many of our citizens today apparently Tucker, executive director of the Wash­ to eliminate violations. The Panel will still do not realize we have an enemy. ington Urban League, state that as long have the power to obtain a court injunc­ For example, the group of 452 as the "real dictators of housing pat­ tion against sale, rent or leasing of hous­ psychologists who this past February terns--brokers, bankers, and suburban ing accommodations until it is deter­ took a huge ad in some of our major landlords-are allowed to continue in mined whether a violation has in fact newspapers--consisting of an open let­ the business as usual fashion" there will been committed. If the Panel finds a vio­ ter to President Kennedy demanding be no changes in the pattern of housing lation, then it may direct the Corpora­ that he declare the United States would discrimination. tion Counsel to bring court action to not test nuclear weapons in the Discriminatory practices in District compel sale or lease to the complaining atmosphere. housing are so prevalent that the State party. According to comments of the Mutual Department testified that such prac­ The other bill I have introduced today Broadcasting Service at that time "in tices curtail our ability to conduct for­ would amend the present law licensing their pursuit of the mysteries of the eign relations. Roger W. Jones, Under District of Columbia real estate brokers. mind, the psychologists may have lost Secretary of State, testified, "It is pat­ The present law provides machinery for contact with the realities of the world." ently obvious that we cannot conduct revoking licenses for a number of un­ I have the feeling that some of our effective foreign relations, when on the ethical acts. This amendment would so-called disarmament experts in Geneva basis of color alone, representatives of add another section, providing that the have likewise lost contact with world other nations, along with our own citi­ licenses of real estate brokers and sales­ realities. Obviously some of them do not zens, are denied suitable housing in men may be revoked or suspended if they even read their own State Department Washington." engaged in discriminatory practices in releases, which for months now have The State Department made it clear the sale or leasing of housing accommo­ been recounting their lack of confidence that it was not only the problem of dations. in the promises of the Soviets - and housing for non-white diplomats which reiterating our determination not to back concerned it. Chief of Protocol Angier Segregated. housing is perhaps the down on our plans for nuclear testing Biddle Duke testified, "Even when we most fundamental of all segregation. . It until and if the Soviets agree to inspec­ are successful in placing African diplo­ is basic to most discrimination and it tion by a U .N. team. mats in adequate housing these diplo­ engenders such evils as increased mortal­ For reality, let us take a quick look mats need only look about to see that · ity, delinquency, intergroup tension and at some modern history of the back-and­ they are being singled out and that an unconstitutional racial segregation in forth jockeying indulged in between the American Negro, otherwise every bit as public schools and other facilities. In the words of John P. Murchison of the U.S.S.R. and the United States on the qualified, can not move into the same District Chamber of Commerce- question of development of nuclear building. It is not only his own hous­ weapons. For 16 years the United ing problem that concerns the African Discrimination against the Negro in hous­ States has been trying to get some con­ diplomat." ing is perhaps the main prop which holds democracy up most glaringly before the en­ trols. starting in 1946, we had a monop­ The Protocol Chief advocated "addi­ tire human estate as a fraud and a sinister oly of atomic weapons. We offered this tional legal sanctions in the District of device. monopoly to a world agen~y if the Columbia which will guarantee equal Soviets agreed to inspection of all atomic access to housing for all." Mr. Speaker, freedom from racial and work. The Soviets said "No," but man­ Assistant Secretary of State G. Men­ religious discr,imination is one of our aged somehow not to make it final, indi­ nen Williams also emphasized the detri­ foundation .principles. We have waited cating they would like to keep on talking. mental effect that discrimination in for too long a time to transform that And so we talked, until 194S, when housing within the District of Columbia principle into reality. Let us strike a Russia got the A-bomb and we lost our has on foreign policy. "Open housing" blow for democracy by ending discrimi­ previous monopoly. Then the nuclear­ the Secretary.concluded "is the only an­ nation in housing in the Nation's Capital. arms race started: swer." In 1952 the United States got the Discrimination in the District is not THE 18-NATION CONFERENCE ON hydrogen bomb. We nervously offered based solely on color. Irving, M. Engel, to disarm, with inspection. The Soviets honorary president of the American DISARMAMENT again said "No," but still wanted to talk. Jewish Committee, in his well docu­ Mr. SHORT. Mr. Speaker, I ask In 1953, the Soviets got the H-bomo. mented testimony before the Civil Rights unanimous consent to address the House Again the arms race speeded up. Commission charged that in 13 areas . for 1 minute, and to revise ·and extend In 1955, we were all still talking. We within the District of Columbia and sur- · my remarks. offered "open skies" and the exchange of 1962 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD -HOUSff 7083 military blueprints. Although the ments. In addition, the United States trust and confidence is indicated, at !east Soviets called this "ridiculous," they still and Soviet Union are to reduce armed on this point. wanted to talk about it. forces to 2.1 million men each. Another question I asked was: In 1957, the Russians put up the first While production of armaments would What type of inspection would be satellite-and then really talked loud continue, new weapons would have to be used-that is, how do we go about this and long about their strength and ability offset by destruction of old ones. In very important item? to rule the world through communism. other words, total destructive capacity I was advised there were three kinds Our State Department shuddered. Our would have to go down by 30 percent. of inspection involved. However, all the entire educational system began · self­ Fissionable materials for nuclear necessary details are not as yet worked examination, and decided our school weapons production would cease. Fis­ out. But for a beginning, the compre­ system was at fault-that we should sionable material already made would be hensive disarmament would also need teach more mathematics, science, and largely transferred to peaceful uses. Nu­ control posts, similar to those detailed related subjects. This a great number clear weapons, however, could not be in the nuclear weapon ban program. of parents had been saying for a number transferred from one country to another, The "spot check" system described in of years, without anyone listening t-> and nuclear weapon testing would be newspaper announcements is a short­ them. Of course this could not be done banned. hand kind of description and does not without the Federal Government's help, Production, stockpiling, testing of really spell out what is involved. according to our educational experts. boosters for space vehicles would be The United Nations would not carry And so we began this program of help. limited. out these inspections, but instead a new In 1958, the United States-still In stage 2, over a 3-year period, Russia international organization would be set shuddering-announced a moratorium and the United States are to destroy one­ up. On this team we would have U.S. on atomic tests. We felt we were un­ half their remaining nuclear delivery people and the Soviets would have their popular with other countries. We had weapons and major conventional arma­ people-each to go along on inspection been called aggressors and warmongers ments. After 6 years from the beginning visits to the countries involved-the one so many times by the Russians that we of disarmament, each is to have left only team to inspect what the other country almost began to believe it ourselves, and 35 percent of the original amount. was doing and how well it was carrying an all-enveloping "guilt complex" Each is to limit armed forces to 1,050,- out its pledges-and the other team to seemed to rest on our whole Nation. 000 men. All other states possessing any watch what the inspecting team might The Soviets promised to join in the military significance are to join the be doing. Each country would be divid­ moratorium on atomic tests. We as­ treaty, and reduce their arms by 65 per­ ed up into zones. These zones would be sumed this was true, because naturally cent. Production of only spare parts for inspected, but never know ahead of time no inspection was allowed. More talk­ existing armaments would be allowed. just which zone would be checked, thus ing continued to take place, negotiating The United Nations peace force must be safeguarding against the possibility that for a permanent ban on nuclear weapons. established; compulsory jurisdiction material, and so forth, might be moved In 1961, the Soviets suddenly began must rest in the hands of the Interna­ out just previous to the inspection testing and ended with more than 40 tional Court of Justice-World Court­ period. testings of nuclear devices, including under the United Nations. The State Department counsel assured what they claimed to be a 100-megaton Then comes stage 3. All states pos­ me also that if at any time, during the bomb. This particular test took place sessing armed forces and armaments proceeding of any of the three-stage almost simultaneously with a speech must join the treaty. All armaments plan for disarmament, we discovered made by President Kennedy before the are to be eliminated, except for non­ Russia was not keeping to her bargain­ United Nations. Even though the world nuclear arms for agreed types of na­ we could withdraw from the treaty and protested and the U.N. expressed objec­ tional forces necessary to maintain in­ resume the arms race. This problem tions and disapproval, Russia went ahead ternal order. Arms production is to be would, of course, have to be brought up with the detonation of this bomb. limited to requirements of these forces in the Security Council of the United Na­ Soviet Russia has been making it a and of the U.N. peace force. · tions-in which we as well as the Soviets habit to not quite be definite enough in While we announced the third stage have a veto. saying "No" to the inspection idea pro­ was to be completed "within an agreed In view of our unpleasant experience posed by the United States. It seemed time period as promptly as possible,'' in the Security Council for several years, to be a more or less "not right now but Lord Home, the British Foreign Secre­ I am wondering just how effective any maybe later" attitude. Now, after first tary, has stated this would probably re­ handling of a complaint by one of the making sure of her own nuclear weapons, quire about 9 years. major powers would be. Of course, we Russia flatly objects "to any on-site in­ According to our U.S. officials, the So­ can be comforted by the fact mentioned spection whatsoever," according to Pres­ viet delegates seemed "fascinated"-in­ above that we do have the veto power. ident Kennedy's statement on March 29. terested in the new inspection proposal­ We are one of the group of five perma­ However, Soviet Russia war.. ts to talk although, of course, the nuclear test ban nent and major powers on this Council­ some more-and so we talk-at this Dis­ portion requiring international verifica­ consisting of China, France, the U.S.S.R., armament Conference in Geneva. And tion was still rejected outright. United Kingdom, and the United States. out of this talking has come the joint In checking with the State Depart­ The other six consist of countries elected United States-United Kingdom plan ment division concerned with this plan, to serve 2-year. terms. Any question for "general and complete disarmament I asked a few pertinent questions, such brought before the Council must have in a peaceful world." as: seven votes in the affirmative, five of Ambassador Arthur H. Dean, at the How would our inspection be carried which must be votes of the permanent urging of our President, has presented out? I find no inspection of existing members. A veto by any one of the five the U.S. treaty draft-considerably more weapons stockpiles is involved. In other permanent members would cause the detailed than the one Russia presented words, we agreed to accept Russia's word question to be dropped. at the opening of the Conference 5 weeks on the amount of arms and troops the Now, I would like to discuss the sec­ ago. Our draft is an elaboration of the Soviets would have in service at the tion of our disarmament program which one presented last September 25. The 6 start of disarmament. One of our news­ involves the vitally important issue of a months' lapse of time is explained by the papers commented thus: "In it, the Unit­ complete nuclear test ban. This situa­ statement that ''the U.S. Government ed States took a considerable political tion remains, in the old Air Force slang, had to determine its relationship to all risk by agreeing to accept Russia's word as SNAFU-situation normal, all fouled American commitments, cold war areas, on the amount of arms and troops the up. For nearly 3 years the need to in­ and Soviet strength and intentions." Soviets would have in service at the start clude an adequate verification of nuclear Our three-stage plan for disarma­ of disarmament." test bans was accepted by the Soviet ment is to be carried out by means of a I consider this the understatement of delegation at Geneva, in theory, al­ 30-percent reduction by the Unite9, the year. Not only is it a "political though there was considerable disagree­ State·s, Russia, Britain, and so forth, over risk"-but more important--it is a ment as to details. The test ban treaty a period of 3 years-of nuclear delivery "physical safety risk." However, we must was presented to the conference by the vehicles and major conventional arma- evidently proceed on the theory that United States on April 18, 1961, and has 7084 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 19 now been re-presented by the United clear bomb by 1972. Therefore, he ·con­ ternative choice on the nuclear test ban States and the United Kingdom, in a cludes, we must admit Red China to the · issue lies in the cowardly "Better Red joint message on April 10 of this year. It United Nations, and then we must all than dead" philosophy. Trouble was was rejected summarily in 1961 and no develop "a rule of law for the world to never avoided by running away from it. progress has been made so far on this prevent war." To quote him directly: Many unknowns are involved in the issue. The u.s.s:R. simply refuses to "Disarmament without Red China is decision to test or not to test. For ex­ change its position. In a statement really foolish. They have one-fourth of ·ample, we have developed 30 types of made by Secretary Rusk on March 26, the people in the world." He further nuclear weapons, while Russia has an es­ 1962, he said: predicted that Communist China will timated 10 to 15 types. The faster we seem to move forward 'be the third greatest world power by We have material that shows we have toward the · Soviet position, the faster they 1967, but is bickering with Russia be­ conducted 175 nuclear weapons tests, themselves seem to run away from it, and cause the Soviets have departed from the while Russia has conducted 105. we have not had any success in closing the Stalinist position that Red China holds We have an estimated 40,000 nuclear essential gap which is on the question of to. bombs and warheads on hand. Russia verification. I believe it would be fair for us to insist has an estimated 20,000. The Soviets appear to take the posi­ that the question of Red China being in­ In addition we are supposed to have tion, "Just ban the bomb and trust us cluded with our plans for nuclear test many times more bombers, ships and not to cheat." Khrushchev has said: banning should be clarified for the Amer­ missiles to deliver nuclear weapons than Why don't the Western Powers put us to ican people. Russia has. the test and display their understanding and Our Secretary of State addressed the However, new information has been wisdom by signing (an unpoliced) treaty on Geneva Disarmament Conference on developed that the Soviet arsenal has disarmament? March 23 and said: been thoroughly "proof tested"-mean­ What we need above all in this field is con­ ing that fully assembled rockets have I was much relieved to find in a press fidence and not fear, a basis for trust and been sent into the sky with their nuclear release from the State Department on not for suspicion. To get this is the major warheads attached-something, inci­ my desk this morning, dated April 12, purpose of our insistence on effective inter­ dentally, we have never done. 1962-wherein the substitute offered by national arrangements to ensure that nu­ Russia has pushed weapons which are .the Soviets of paper pledges instead of clear weapon t~sts, once outlawed, do not, in fact, ever occur again. new to them but similar to those we guaranteed agreements is discussed­ have, including antiaircraft warheads, that our position is: The United States At another time, the Secretary said: tactical weapons for battlefield use, anti­ does not intend to place its security We do not intend to be caught again as submarine torpedoes for the Russian and the security of its allies at the mercy we were in the autumn of 1961, and there is Navy. of Soviet on-again-off-again tactics. no reason why we should have to be caught The Soviets have been able to slim We are ready to conclude an effective again by a unilateral Soviet decision to re­ down bulky warheads and pack in more test ban agreement now. But we can­ sume nuclear weapon tests. This is a risk not be led into another paper pledge to national and international security which destructive power per pound. One-half which, far from guaranteeing a halt to the United States cannot and will not take. the 40 plus tests we know Russia has nuclear testing, would only give rise to A test ban, or any disarmament measure, made were devoted to the firing of war­ will be acceptable to us only when it is ac­ heads in the range of 1 to 5 megatons. a false sense of security and provide companied by adequate measures of verifi­ Russia has also held major experi­ yet another opportunity for the Soviet cation • • • a nuclear test ban agreement ments aimed at achieving an antimissile Union to prepare in secret for its own can be signed in short order. • • • Only one missile-and we are afraid a break­ nuclear testing." element is missing: Soviet willingness to through has been achieved. Briefly, our nuclear plan would require conclude an agreement. setting up 180 control posts around the The superbomb of 58 megatons was world. Nineteen of these would be in President Kennedy said on March 2 exploded, 3 times as big as any U.S. scattered points inside the Soviet Union. of this year: blast. This created relatively little fall­ Sixteen are to be in the United States. We know enough now about broken nego­ out, thus indicating the Soviets have a Fourteen in-British territory, and others tiations, secret preparations, and the advan­ cheap and "clean" trigger for big bombs. tages gained from a long test series never The Soviets have undertaken "effects inside Communist China. This latter to offer again an uninspected moratorium. paint puzzles me, and I will comment on tests" at very high altitudes. In one in­ it a little later. Let us hope these brave and firm stance, for _example, this was done at a To continue with our plan: More than words are not weakened in any way. It height of 100 miles, having the effect of 1,000 technicians, along with other na­ indicated, happily, that our Government creating a blackout of certain communi­ tions' representatives, would . be sta­ is facing reality at least and our lessons cations for 2,500 miles in all directions tioned at thei:ie posts, using seismo­ of the past must not be forgotten, or we for an entire day. We know all this be­ graphic equipment to detect A-tests. run the risk of not having the chance cause of a series of clues, during such All nuclear testing is to be banned, to make the same kind of mistake again. tests as we have been able to undertake, including low-yield explosions under­ The Soviets are stubborn on this partic­ consisting of sound waves, electro­ ground-but not including peaceful­ ular issue. We must be even more stub­ magnetic energy pulses, visible light, and uses. tests. born, for we hold in our hands the safety radioactive fallout collected by air pa­ With regard to the plan to place nu­ of not only our Nation, but the entire trols and fallout-detection stations. clear test . ban inspection sites inside world. President Kennedy, in making his un­ Communist China, I am wondering how Eight neutral members of the disarma­ derstandably hard decision to start nu­ this would be handled. Red China is ment conference have joined with the clear weapons tests next week in the not a member of the United Nations and West in insisting that this is an essential atmosphere over the Pacific, hopes to get our policy has been that we do not in­ requirement. This is good news and in­ answers to questions such as: tend to allow Red China to be admitted dicates they also are facing reality. Can Soviet H-bombs detonated 100 to membership. Are we to assume that At this point I would like to state that miles high jam radio and radar critical the Chinese Communists would . feel President Kennedy improved his stature to the U.S. defenses? bound by a treaty of this type? While when he publicly announced that if the Can hardened U.S. missile sites with­ some may regard it as a branch of ,the Soviets do not accept international veri­ stand multimegaton attacks? Soviet Union, I . am convinced Red China fication of a nuclear test ban, we must Can U.S. missiles be equipped to pene­ does not regard herself as such at all. and will resume testing sometime next trate new Soviet defenses? In fact, according to all the news stories, week in the Pacific area. This strong Can a sure-fire missile defense be they seem to be feuding with the leadership is necessary, and I believe achieved for North America? U.S.S.R. most thinking Americans will back him Not only the President, but our entire Our own Supreme Court Justice Wil­ to the hilt on his decison, even though country-after the announcement was liam O. Douglas stated in.a speech given we disagree with some other proposals made that we must resume nuclear test­ before the Association of Wisconsin he has made to the Congress. ing if the Soviets did not accept inter­ State College faculties on April .6 of this This is not because we are bloodthirsty national verification, has been made the year that Red China will have the nu- monsters--but because we know our ·al- target of a multitude of protests-some 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7085 misguided, and some intentional and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow caught prove to be the most tragic of our en­ due to Communist-guided propaganda the idealism and spirit of America, tire history for we have seen a President methods. coupled with its love of freedom, in his of the United States use, with a ruthless­ Some of the protests came from stu­ poem ''Paul Revere's Ride," when he ness never before experienced, the awe­ dents in our own country. Some from said: some power of the Federal Government student riots taking place in Japan. And yet, through the gloom and the light to coerce and intimidate private industry Peace parades have been held in Britain. The fate of a nation was riding that night; and to arouse public suspicion and dis­ Peace parades and White House picket­ And the spark struck out by the steed in his trust by the people of respected business ing have taken place here in Washing­ flight, leaders. Kindled the land into flame with its heat. In making these remarks I am neither ton, D.C. Delegations of housewives So through the night rode Paul Revere have called upon Mrs. Khrushchev and And so through the night went his cry of defending nor criticizing the action of our First Lady, evidently naively feeling alarm the steel companies in announcing an these ladies might intercede with their To every Middlesex village and farm, increase in price. There is a much .husbands. One hundred and three A cry of defiance, and not of fear, larger question here, the question of to mothers and grandmothers, 51 of them A voice in the darkness, a knock at the door, what lengths an ambitious Chief Execu­ Americans---including Mrs. Cyrus Eaton And a word that shall echo forevermore. tive will go in the use of power to achieve and Mrs. Martin Luther King, Jr.-1 For borne on the night-wind of the past, results he desires. In the past few days Through all our history, to the last, we have seen here in the United States from Russia, and the remainder from In the hour of darkness and peril and need, other countries-made a trip to Geneva The people will waken and listen to hear an angry President Kennedy denounc­ to urge both sides taking part in the dis­ The hurrying hoofbeats of that steed, ing, without a hearing, the leaders of the armament conference to come to an And the midnight message of Paul Revere. steel industry. We have seen President Kennedy using the medium of television agreement. Let us have done with apologies-with I am not suggesting that of these peo­ and his highly placed public relations fear-with breast-beating before nations experts to arouse public indignation ple protesting, none of them were sin­ of the world. cere. I am sure most of them were. But against those with whom he was person­ We do not intend to bow our knees to ally displeased. We have read news when any group or groups try to claim communism. Why then do we waste our that the United States should not deal stories of private citizens and news­ time-and other nations' time-with papermen being aroused in the dark from a position of strength, if this is countless conferences-countless discus­ farced upon us by Soviet Russia, they are hours of the night by the agents of the sions---announcements of this or that­ Federal Government to answer questions sincerely mistaken, to say the least. decisions made and remad.e-and un­ Let us face reality. If international pertaining to news sources anC;i stories made? which had appeared in the press. Are communism, for some indefinable rea­ Let us get on with the business of liv­ son suddenly ceased being a threat to we, the citizens of this land of the free, ing. Let us, in short, face reality and if now to expect the thunder of boots in wor'id peace-would this mean mankind we find the reality unpleasant or un­ would be free of its ancient and well­ the night, the knock at the door, the palatable-which it is-why let us re­ summons to appear to justify our ac­ known affinity for war? Would greed, member we have been doing this since hatred, irrationality-mental and spirit­ tions whenever we say anything or do the dawn of the world and the dawn of anything that does not meet with the ual problems which have always brought our Nation on the earth. We have about wars-become things of the past? approval of the President and the plan­ much to offer the world, and one of the ners who surround him? Then let us consider, how do we ra­ most valuable things is a quiet confidence tionalize the actual wars-which have in I warn those who may now support in our way of life, in our ability and de­ the President's high-handed methods the past gone on and which still are termination to remain strong and to pro­ going on all over the earth today-with and disregard of the rights of freemen tect that way of life. If some wish to because they are not directly concerned, the demands going oh for global dis,~ join us, we welcome them. If they prefer armament? Can a "paper agreement that once this power to use the force of instead to accept the yoke of a godless the Federal Government against any with Russia somehow perform the Communist ideology for their lives-such strange alchemy which will change segment of society is established, then as those who swear by the slogan "Better the freedom of all of us is in danger. human nature and abolish wars? Will Red than dead"-we pity them, but we Does labor truly expect that President this "paper," in other words, bring_ about must not be hampered in our continued a utopia on earth? The perfect1on of Kennedy will be . satisfied to pressure search for the freedom and dignity of business and industry into complying man will come in God's time-not by man, eloquently set out in our Constitu­ means of a scrap of paper purporting with his plans without exerting that tion and Bill of Rights---and fought for same pressure upon those who work in to be a serious treaty. so bravely by those farmers of Massa­ the mines, mills, and factories when they, How do we go about signing a "serious chusetts and all those who fallowed too, may attempt to exercise their free­ treaty" with a country which has con­ through the years---by the faint hea ts dom? Recent history should show us sistently in the past broken treaties at of those who accept the premise that that freedom once lost is most difficult will? We have shown our good faith, as communism will triumph in this world. to regain. And can there be any doubt a nation, by creating a permannt Arms that any man who once finds that he Control and Disarmament Agency-for REQUIEM FOR A FREE PEOPLE can bend the people to his will on an the purpose of studying problems of economic matter will not soon be tempted disarmament. This in the face of re­ The SPEAKER. Under previous order to try the same tactics to assure political peated Soviet failures to live up to their of the House, the gentleman from Texas control? America, will you awaken be­ pledges. The present crisis, we must [Mr. ALGER] is recognized for 60 minutes. fore it is too late, or are we to lie sleep- , remember was not caused by the fact Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, I ask ing, while the forces of dictatorship are of nuclea~ weapons, but by men. While unanimous consent to revise and extend seething in the dark· recesses of the our outward conditions of life have my remarks and include extraneous minds of those who do not trust the peo­ changed: and radically, our basic prob­ matter. ple to govern themselves? lems today are actually no different than The SPEAKER. Is there objection While a long, tragic step toward the -they were back in the days when Paul to the request of the gentleman from abolishment of our free society has been Revere rode to arouse the countryside Texas? taken, there is yet hope that it is not to the dangers prevailing at that time. There was no objection. too late for the people to convince Presi­ Why then do we suddenly feel we Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, the title dent Kennedy that his disregard of the must apologize for trying to conserve of what I have to say today is "Requiem rights of freemen is the wrong course. our strength as a nation? Milton said: for a Free People." Listen carefully, my · There is a ray of hope in the reaction "What is strength without a double colleagues, are the bells tolling the death of the Nation's press in these last few share of wisdom?" Let us not demon­ knell of the liberties of the individual in days to what has taken place. Under strate a lack of wisdom by trying to pit America and in the passing bringing us permission. to extend my remarks, I idealism against the cold materialism of _the whisper of despair for freedom for all would like to include some of the articles the Soviet Union. mankind? The past week's events may . and editorial .comment. 7086 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 19 In 1960 Candidate Kennedy made a Says one White House official- much so as the administration attitudes­ great to-do over the image of the United Roger Blough just can't ever again walk into and arrogance--so nakedly exposed. The States abroad. The following items from this office and be treated in the same friendly economy can absorb another steel price rise better than it can stand price controls, the U.S. News & World Report show what way he was before. • • • An AFL-CIO aid says that the power whether imposed by law or by the massive President Kennedy did to the American extra-legal coercive power at the President's image in one short speech and a night Mr. Kennedy has displayed amounts to be­ ing able to dictate wage and price terms disposal. of ill-advised action. in any situation involving what he deter­ If he persists in his war of reprisal against We read :first that: mines to be the national interest. the steelmakers, and even more if he marks Theodore C. Sorenson, Kennedy aid, wrote all business as the enemy or moves toward the statement in which the President criti­ Further we learn that; more intervention as the answer to an inter­ cized leaders of the U.S. steel industry. Instead of being a forum for labor-man­ vention that failed, Mr. Kennedy may patch agement discussions, some union officials be­ up his image, temporarily, as the consumer's Undoubtedly, however, this expresses lieve that it will become a council where defender. But the consumer's interest, that President Kennedy's views. labor and management sit and listen to of the jobseeker and that of the Nation, lie Te second item is as follows: what the Government wants. • • • with the healthy functioning of a free econ­ "Labor and management will now figure omy, And it won't function healthily in an Observers from Europe, listening to Presi­ environment of coercion and fear. dent Kennedy's remarks on steel, com­ the Government is ready to use force to get mented that no leader in the most socialized what it wants," one union official was heard Mr. Speaker, let me say, in the middle country of Western Europe would think of to observe. of these remarks, that I wonder if these delivering an attack of that kind on a newspapers are afraid. I suspect that private industry. Also: Mr. Kennedy was personally determined to retaliation against these individual Further: achieve unconditional surrender. newspapermen will be rather full and Correspondents for the Soviet news agency, complete. I understand it has already attending the President's news conference, The Wall Street Journal editorial goes been launched. cabled that President Kennedy had pictured on to say-and there are a number of I also read 2 weeks ago, I believe it other articles which I shall include. I a little group of business executives as run­ was in the U.S. News & World Report, ning the United States against the Nation's would like to read from the New York where White House reporters are denied welfare. Herald Tribune of April 13, 1962: articles if they did not in their last How much greater damage can we do MR. KENNEDY AND THE S-BOMB article correctly portray the President to a nation of free people at a time when The S-bomb that he exploded over Wash­ as he and his aids want to be portrayed, we are locked in mortal conflict than ington-the steel price rise-has already had to create the correct image. a blast effect which United States Steel's to run down our entire economic system Roger Blough insisted yesterday surprised What kind of nation do we have, that as the President has done? him by its intensity. The fallout has yet a President can so dictate what is even The Washington Daily News had this to be measured. How lethal it will be, and put in the papers? I take my hat off to say: how far ranging, depends largely ·on Presi­ to these members of the press that had The rush by Attorney General Robert F. dent Kennedy. and will have the courage to speak. And Kennedy smacked of hysteria. Knocks on The reaction of the administration and its now I wonder what will happen to Mem­ the door, or phone calls, in the middle of friends on Capitol Hill has been marked by a bers of Congress. Will the gentleman the night by agents of the law are repugnant vindictiveness. The talk has ranged from criminal prosecutions to breaking up United addressing you now be personally subject in a free country-especially for such ques­ to attack, to be silenced? I rather think tions. States Steel, from withholding Defense De­ partment orders from the offending com­ the President's power is not that great, Which could have been handled at an­ panies to scrapping the Treasury's plans for but maybe we in Congress shall learn other time and in another way. -liberalized depreciation allowances for all in­ something to the contrary. Maybe we The Wall Street Journal commented dustry. Two congressional investigations will not be free to speak on the floor in have been announced, and the executiv·e de­ the future; I do not know. But as long in many other articles that I think are partments are honing their knives with all excellent, and which I shall include as the intensity of juvenile gang members bent as we are free to speak this voice will be part of my remarks. From .the Wall on a rumble. "Kennedy can be a hater," heard against this kind of high-handed Street Journal of April 16, 1962: · one White House official put it, "and right dictatorial practice on the part of our WAsHINGTON .-Steel prices are back where now I don't think there's any doubt he hates Chief Executive. Since I criticized Pres­ they were last Monday. But not the steel United States Steel." Many fear that all ident Eisenhower in the previous admin­ industry, nor business generally, nor labor, business has been kicked into the Kennedy istration many times when I thougl)t he nor the Government. doghouse. was wrong, I certainly have the right to President Kennedy is pulling his velvet The President has a right to be concerned, both with the direct effect of the rise on the do so now, and I shall. This is the role glove back on-in supreme confidence every­ of the responsible opposition. one will keep vividly in mind his display of price level generally and with its indirect the iron fist. • • • Mr. Kennedy's violent impact on his drive to achieve a stable bal­ What really is at issue here, still is, is ance of prices and wages. But this hardly whether the price of steel is to be de­ counterattack made use of almost every con­ justifies the massive punitive expedition his ceivable governmental weapon; • • • termined by the bargaining in the mar­ forces are mounting. ketplace, between makers and buyers of "We have no idea of going around flexing More to the point, perhaps, is that a Presi­ our muscles at everyone;• says a top Gov­ dent, acutely sensitive to his public image, steel. ernment official. The idea. is that it simply was given a public drubbing. And he was Thus far I have not gotten around to won't be necessary. And a good many people caught off guard. He had deeply involved . the question whether the steel people outside Government agree that perhaps it his own prestige in holding the steel price were right or wrong in asking for a steel won't. line. But this was his doing, not the com­ price increase. That is not the point. "Now it's going to be tough for any big panies'. They never promised to hold prices, The point is, Does the President of the company in any industry to get a price in­ They offended by not doing the President's United States have the right to dictate crease," cormnents one top steel executive. bidding. They exercised their right, in a free prices? Many people now speak up and -Says a man in organized labor: "It now will economy, to set their prices according to market forces and not by Presidential dic­ say, "Good for you, Mr. President; slap be extremely difficult for any union to break it to the rich, these big, wealthy cor­ away from the administration.'s wage guide­ tation. In asking them to submerge their own in­ porations." lines." terests, in the face of rising costs, sagging But those corporations are owned by So we know now who is going to run profits, burdensome taxes, and an acute need the small stockholders, too, by those of both industry and labor. It will be the for investment capital; Mr. Kennedy asked modest income, the little people, as they them, in effect, to subsidize his efforts to President. stabilize prices and hold down future wage are frequently called, and so often de­ The President will fight for more of his increases. picted by those who cry loudly about the proposals, we are told, making less use Perhaps they should have done so; per­ plight of the common, the little man. of the carrot and more of the stick, be­ haps not. But the point is that he has no We do not have little men in this coun- lawful power to compel them to and he . try, in my picture of our Nation, our cause of his success in the steel matter. should have none. · country. Those businesses are owned by And again: The prospect of another kick for the wage­ . people, many of them, who are very small Magnanimity will have its limits, though- price spiral is disturbing, but not nearly so shareholders. 1962 CQNGRESSIONAL nECORD - HOUSE 7087 I have many other comments here I this latest development it has displayed its all documents bearing on the crime and had would like to make, but because of the whip for all to see. learned that a Federal grand jury would The Government, in short, has made the move swiftly to see what laws had been breadth of this subject and the amount people beholde:r;t to it. Having done that, violated. by asking three-tenths of a cent a of material I am including in the RECORD it may not find it necessary to use the whip pound more for a piece of steel. at this point, I should like to direct my immediately agal!l; the fact that it exists, ~ brought us to Thursday afternoon. colleagues' attention to material that and has been so triumphantly cracked, may Then Mr. Roger Blough, the chairman of was placed in the RECORD yesterday, suffice for a time. In government by fear, this company, felt forced to stand up to an April 18, page 6938. it is not only selected individuals, or busi­ assembly of microphones and television cam­ I should like to add to the remarks ness entities, that suffer. The knowledge . eras and defend himself before the country another editorial in yesterday's Wall that the security police can come knocking for the wickedness of his deeds. And to be at midnight on any man's door, without treated by the reporters at that gathering Street Journal called "Government by w~rrants, engenders a general atmosphere of as if they were a part of the prosecution and Fear." This is an element that I do fear. Sure, we stlll have constitutional he was, indeed, a malefactor in the dock. want to mention and deal with very rights, but if such an atmosphere continues And that leads to what is probably the briefly: to develop, who wm be eager to test them? most amazing thing of all about last week. GOVERNMENT BY FEAR · So we hope there wlll be more thought and Across the country-on the radio, in news­ "Kennedy is mad and so am I," said a more discussion of the events of last week. papers, and at street corners-the necessity Detroit auto worker quoted in this news­ No one can be unaffected by them, what­ of the defenders to "justify" themselves be­ paper the other day; "the Government ever he may believe at the moment. In­ fore the righteous accusers was simply ac­ shouldn't let them do it." fringement of property rights infringes all cepted as a premise from which the trial So far as one can tell, that man was ex­ rights. And no one should forget that this should begin. There were few to say other­ pressing a very general reaction of Ameri­ Nation was founded so men could be free of wise. · cans to the great steel explosion. We think government by fear. In such a climate it was not at all sur­ that attitude needs some further examina­ Mr. Speaker, yes; I have seen examples prising what the mailed first could do. All tion, for it concerns an issue far broader of fear already. I think I have seen it day Friday steel company offices were awash than the price of steel, and it is an issue with Government agents, while the threats that was not settled by the President's before the Committee on Ways and of punishment were mingled with promises victory over the steel industry. Means when men testified against the of reward for doing the rulers' bidding. It Let us first of all be clear about Just what Trade Expansion Act, but they did not is a technique of government not unknown the Government did. It said that a private say that. They said they were for the elsewhere in the world, and it is a combina­ company could not change the price of its objectives of the bill. then proceeded to tion almost irresistible. So by Friday night product, a property right which is obviously. tear it to ribbons, proving they were not Mr. Kennedy had his victory. basic to a free economy. . In other words,· for the bill at all but were afraid to Finally the jubilation. The President him­ the Government set the price. And it did self said all the people of the United States this by the pressure of fear-by naked power, speak up and say what they really should be gratified. Around him there was by vituperation, by threats, by agents of the thought. Who wants a tax investigation joy unrestrained at this proof positive of state security police. tomorrow the way the President has used how naked political power, ruthlessly used, The auto worker, and the many others power in the steel situation? could smash any private citizen who got in of similar view, presumably reason that both [From the Wall Street Journal, Apr. 16, its way. So far as we could tell, the peo­ the end and the means are justified in this 1962) ple did seem relieved that it was all over case. After all, United States Steel is big and that the malefactors had been brought AN INCREDmLE WEEK and doesn't need any tears shed over it; to heel. · ~ anyway, what happens to United States Steel In a long life not without its share of Yet what, in all truth, is this "crime" with is no skin off' anyone else's nose. amazements, we never saw anything like it. which these men stoOd charged by a wrath­ That, we think, is a mistaken interpreta­ On Tuesday one of the country's steel com­ ful President? tion. It doesn't require much imagination to panies announced it was going to try to get It had nothing to do with. arguments see this same kind of power employed else­ more money for its product. And promptly about whether this particular asking .price where. It could be directed against that all hell busted loose. was economically justified, or fair to the auto worker's own union, if th~ Govern­ We wouldn't have been surprised ourselves steel stockholders, or somehow responsible ment so chose. It could be directed against if some people had shaken their heads in for dead soldiers in Vietnam. This last is the corner grocer, if the Government de­ puzzlement at the new price list. Although sheer demagoguery, and the othel'S are ques­ cided it didn't like his prices. It could be after 20 years of inflation a price rise in any-. tions no . man can answer-neither Mr. directed against anybody's property. For thing ls hardly unusual, there was some Blough nor Mr. Kennedy. the principle the Government has promul­ re~son for wondering if the company officials What was really at issue here, and still is, gated with its steel action is that Americans had made the right decision in today's mar­ is whether the price O! steel is to be de­ are free to deal with their property only if ket. termined by the constant bargaining in the officialdom approves. It ls a novel principle But what happened was no mere head­ marketplace between the makers and buyers in this country. shaking. The President of the United States of steel; you may be sure that if the makers Whatever the majority of contemporary went into what can only be described as a guessed wrong the market would promptly Americans may feel, the fact is that their tirade. Not only had the company changed change their decision. Or whether the price forefathers understood the connection be­ its price list without consulting him but it of steel ls to be decided and then enforced tween economic freedom and political liber­ had also set a price which, in his opinion, by the Government. In short, the issue is ty. Property rights, in their view, were was "wholly unjustified." With a long pre­ whether we have a free market system or basic, as basic as life itself. There is noth­ amble in which he rang in the Berlin crisis, whether we do not. That, and nothing more. ing abstract or academic about that proposi­ the soldiers k11led the other day in Vietnam, Thus the true "crime" of this company tion; it means purely and simply that free the wives and mothers separated from their was that it did not get pennission from the acquisition and disposal of property is the husbands by the Reserve callup-all of which Government and that its attempted asking mark of a free man. All history shows that he cast at the feet of these "irresponsible" price did not sult the ideas of a tiny hand­ economic freedom ls essential to the main­ steel officials-he wound up by crying that ful of men around the White House. tenance of free political institutions. these men had shown their "utter contempt" It was for this that last week we saw the Throughout our own history, the people for the welfare of the country. President of the United States in a fury, a have always sensed this, even if they might The response in Washington was instan­ public pillorying of an industry, threatened not have been able to put it in the terms taneous. The Justice Department, the Fed­ reprisals against all business, the spectacle of philosophical discourse. Sometimes, in­ eral Trade Commission, the congressional in­ of a private citizen helplessly trying t.o de­ deed, they carried it to extremes. They quisitors all leaped to arms. fend himself against unnamed accusations, used to hang horse thieves, for instance--a Then came the night riders. At 3 a.m. the knock of poitcemen on the midnight practice we today would hardly condone. Thursday morning a reporter for the Associ­ door. And there w:as hardly a voice rising Yet that harsh penalty was society's recog­ ated Press was awakened by Government above the clamor to ask what it was all nition of the fundamental nature of prop­ agents unable to wait even for regular office about. erty rights. Steal a man's horse in those hours in their driven haste to find out what If we had not seen it with our eyes and days and you stole his livelihood, which testimony he could give about the criminal heard it with our own ears, we would not is very near to saying his life. conduct of these steel officials. At 5 a.m. it have been able to believe that in America Now we are not contending that the Gov­ was the turn of our own reporter in Phila­ it actually happened. ernment, in 3 short days, has. managed to -delphla. At 6:80 a .m. the scene was repeated extinguish freedom. But it is worth not­ in Wilmington, Del., for a reporter on the [From the Wall Street Journal, Apr. 17, 1962) ing that the Government has made consid­ ·Evening Journal. All this without any war­ erable inroads on the property rights of all .rants, only orders from the Attorney General THE PRICE OF IGNORANCE of us. It has done so broadly, with its crush~ of the United States. President Kennedy's victory over the steel ing taxation. It has none so in the case ot By mid-Thursday morning the United companies last week was certainly a con­ specific groups, such as farmers. . And in States Steel Corp. had been subpenaed for vincing display of Government power. But CVIlI-446 7088 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 19 it was also an equally convincing demonstra­ [From the National Observer] we can all remember when the prices of tion of the administration's lack of economic THE ANGRY GOVERNMENT practically everything seemed to take a new· knowledge. • • • We don't know how often President Ken­ leap every week. Prices were jacked up so The trouble is that the administration nedy gets angry; any President must find much, in fact, that our competitive position seems to think one sure way to promote frequent occasions to try his temper. In in world trade is still suffering. Out of that growth is to increase Federal spending. the past week, at any· rate, the President inflationary flood let loose by the Federal • • • • • didn't bother to conceal his anger at United Government came the famous wage-price "Vigorous economic growth" requires not States Steel's announcement of a price in­ spiral of the postwar years. a fast-spending Government but a vigorous crease. And by the week's end, he had given The Government did one further thing to private economy. • • • 'the Nation an instructive demonstration of encourage the spiral. By granting unions a The smashing impact of the administra­ his economic and political power. Nobody host of legal immunities-notably exemption tion's economic power now is evident to should miss its moral. from antitrust prosecution-it gave them the all. We can only hope the Nation will not For a look at the cause of his anger tells powerful bargaining threat of the nationwide have to pay too high a price for economic a good deal about the present relationship strike in such basic industries as steel. Be­ ignorance. of the Federal Government and the private cause such strikes can indeed threaten the economy. Mr. Kennedy could not be un­ Nation, the Government feels compelled to concerned about this action of a private intervene still more. (From thew.all Street Journal] company because he and his administration And that progression suggests the larger APPRAISAL OF CURRENT TRENDS IN BUSINESS were deeply involved iri the recent steel un-­ pattern of the constant Federal encroach­ AND FINANCE ion-management settlement. ment on the free economy. The more the In somewhat the same way, the outcome The administration put heavy pressure on Government tries to take away from the free of last week's price boost in steel, whenever both sides to settle without a strike, and economy, the more it weakens it, and the it might have occurred, would have had a they did, 3 months before the strike dead­ more justification it finds for further med­ real effect on business sentiment even with line. It was a political victory for the White dling and regulation. This is, if anything no governmental action. Maintenance of the House, and the President himself hailed the is, the way to the controlled economy, which increase would have been a tonic, and fail­ agreement as "noninflationary." That is be­ you may be sure will benefit neither in­ ure to maintain would have been a depres­ cause the contracts provide for no direct dividuals nor unions nor businessmen nor sant. But either way the effect would last hourly wage increases in the first year, and the national economy nor the political liber­ only as long as normal :fluctuations in busi­ the administration obviously expected the ties we presumably still value. ness do. steel firms to show "restraint" on price It is understandable that a President Now, however, a more profound and last­ increases. should get annoyed when a particular eco­ ing effect could be seen. Business might This optimism, however, ignored certain nomic intervention isn't working out as he fear not only the normal forces of economics economic facts. In the 4 years since steel planned. And given the Government's but the possibly violent impact of polltics. prices were last raised, there have been no less than four boosts in steelworker wages power, he was able in this case to force a It might wonder what decisions, formerly and benefits, not counting the cost of the victory. But perhaps the private citizen has regarded as within the competence of man.: benefits in the new contracts. So it would cause for anger too--or at least reasons to agement, would have to be submitted, seem that "restraint" has been a somewhat stop and take a good look at what a Govern­ whether formally or merely in effect, to ment angry at free institutions is doing to one-sided affair. In those circumstances, this country. Government. United States Steel argued it couldn't go on without a price increase if it was to continue (From the Wall Street Journal, Apr. 13, 1962) to be an efficient producer. [From the Washington Post] . Whatever the merits· of that argument, BUSINESS IN THE DOGHOUSE PROFITS AND INFLATION and we think them considerable, the upshot In President Kennedy's stated view, of was the curious spectacle of the Pi:esident (By George E. Sokolsky) course, it is the business community, spear­ of the United States reacting to this private · The capitalist system more correctly might headed by the steel industry, that has flung economic decision as though it were a per­ be called a profit-and-loss system. It differs down the gauntlet, and it is the noble· knight sonal affront-if not, indeed, a crime. For from feudalism or socialism in this funda­ of Government that has accepted the chal­ the Government investigators are already mental respect, that under the ca:Ri1;aI1~t sys­ lenge. As he · put it, "a tiny handful ·of busily looking into the steel price increase. tem an individual may .accumulate ear-nings, steel executives whose pursuit of private An observer must wonder where this an­ no matter how earned, to be disposed of by power and profit exceeds their sense of pub­ gry attitude ls going to lead. To price himself for such purposes., private or public, lic responsibility" have shown "utter con­ controls, perhaps? And it must be asked how as he chooses. tempt for the interests of 185 million Amer­ the Nation has come to this strange pass of icans." such furious Federal intervention into the [From the Washington Daily News, Apr. 16, With this and other comments in his lives of all of us. 1962] statement, the President neatly portrays People talk a lot about the free economy, businessmen as unpatriotic monsters of un­ and it certainly is that compared to many Two-BIT DoLLAR Is NEAR believable greed, whose profits, naturally, others in the world. Still "free" economy ls (By Lyle C. Wilson) never go anywhere except . into their own plainly not a literal description. The Fed­ There was in President Kennedy's denun- bulging pockets. Obviously this portrayal is eral impact on the economy has grown enor­ 9iation of the steel industry one special para­ considered the way to put onesE'lf on the mously, and the Federal momentum is con­ graph that need be changed only a little to side of the angels, polltically speaking. stantly gaining. For one thing, there are mean something else again entirely. But there is more to the administration's so many Government restrictions on man­ The President's paragraph began like this: current mood than politicking on this crass agerial freedom of action today that no man "If this rise in the cost of steel is imitated level. There is frustration and resentment could count them all. by the rest of the industry, instead of re­ that the economy performs so well without Even more important, the cost of Govern­ scinded, it would increase the cost of homes, the control of officialdom. There is-not ment weighs heavily on the economy, press­ autos; appliances," and so on. That was the to put too fine a point on it--an overween­ ing down its freedom and vitality. Federal beginning of a paragraph that firmly put on ing pursuit of publlc power and profit, and spending budgeted at nearly $93 billion in the steel industry responsibility for inviting hence a burning itch to punish these free the next fiscal year is at the expense of the enterprisers for being free. private economy. Some of it, as for de­ more rotting of the U.S. dollar by inflation. fense, ls essential; much of it ls just politi­ Now, to aim that paragraph in a different This administration has paid an enormous direction, read the opening this way: amount of lipservice tc business. That is cal, and the Government refuses to cut back another way of saying it has protested its the latter for the sake of the former. "If the politicians continue deficit Treas­ love too much. For all the while it has been ·on the contrary, the Government con­ ury spending instead of balancing the Gov­ ernment's budget, it would increase the cost acting in a different way. It has increased stantly seeks new ways to spend money, which also means ever new intrusions on the of homes, autos, appliances, and most other all the many harassments at the Govern­ items for every American family. It would ment's disposal. Its henchmen in Congress freedom of action of individuals, businesses, municipalities, and States. And the taxes increase the cost of machinery and tools to are constantly: devising new and fantastic every American businessman and farmer. It ways of obstructing business activity. It has which must be exacted to support this Fed­ eral edifice are the greatest single drain on would seriously handicap our efforts to pre­ sought a tremendous broadening of the pub'.. vent an inflationary spiral from eating up lic sector, which means reducing the private the economy's potential for heavy growth." Most of the time for more than 30 years, the pensions of our older citizens and our economy to ineffectiveness. • • • however, even the oppressive taxes have not new gains in purchasing power. • • *" Perhaps, in the supercharged air of the sufficed to feed the appetite of government. National defense can be no stronger than moment, many Americans agree with the And so we have had the kind of deficit fi'­ the U.S. economy. The Nation's economy President's denunciation of business. But nancing which in effect creates dollars out of can be no stronger than its unit of currency. on further reflection, it is possible they thin air. If the economy is tied to a sickly dollar, the might find distasteful a rabid new Govern­ The effects of that inflation hit especially national defense is supported by a sickly ment onslaught on the free economy. hard in the early years after World War II; economy. 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOl,JSE 7089 If the voters were smart, they would fire (F'rom the DaJlas Morning News, Apr. 13, Mr. Speaker, these newspaper editori­ the politicians who are spending the United 1962] als and news stories should arouse every States toward disaster. THE ATTACK ON STEEL Member of Congress .and every citizen of The President, it seems to the News, could these United States to the very real dan­ (From the U.S. News & World Report, Apr. have disagreed with steel exooutives on the ger which threatens our way of life. The 23, 1962] $6-a-ton price increase without accusing President must be made to realize that COERCION them of being power crazy and of showing his actions are endangering the corner­ utter contempt !or 185 Inillion Americans. (By David Lawrence) Would he have done the same to organized stone of freedom's foundation. If he is The heavy hand of government has just labor which supported him so strongly in his determined to pursue his present course won a pyrrhic victory. candidacy? of demanding additional executive pow­ The steel companies, which had based It's popular-and fashionable-for a poli­ ers and by threatening, intimidating, their price rise on economic necessity, found tician to jump on big business. But the using the power of his office and the law themselves coerced by the Kennedy admin­ country is not served by such attacks. Steel enforcement agencies of the Federal istration. • • • is basic in our free enterprise economy. It Government against those who do not Even a President may be forgiven if he must keep its head above water for steel­ fall into line according to his will, this manifests his displeasure when things don't workers to have jobs, for the Government to go his way. But it's one thing to discuss get tax revenues, for investors to get returns, once proud structure of a free society objectively the merits of a complicated eco­ for entire communities from Pittsburgh to may well fall into ruins, victim to am­ nomic issue, and quite another to indulge Daingerfield to stay alive. bition and the lack of understanding of in inve<:tive and to impugn the patriotism as Steel executives who raised the ton price a free economy. well as the integrity of those with whom you know that the industry must remain sol­ Now I want to diverge from this prin­ disagree. • • • vent-so consider the following: cipal theme of the President's lack of If the President felt that the Government In the last 10 years, employment costs per jurisdiction to say something going be­ must fix prices, then he should have asked hour in steel have gone up 85 percent; out­ yond the question of whether the Presi­ Congress to enact a system of wage-and­ put per man-hour rose only 12. dent had the right to do what he did. I price control. Employment costs per ton went up 70 per­ happen to think and I want to state on The administration has shown that it be­ cent-prices only 49, with no increase the lieves in more and more concentration of last 4 years. at least several grounds that the steel power in the executive branch. While deny­ The new contract adds another 2.5 to 3 price increase is a necessary thing. So ing any inclination toward state socialism, percent to costs per hour. here I am going into a different issue, the President's action on steel prices points But other threats seriously endanger this the question of whether a steel price in­ inevitably to a Federal dictatorship over industry. Under its foreign-aid program the crease should be considered at this time. business. last 15 years, our Government has lent or First of all, the costs of making steel What is at stake really is the preservation given countries like Japan and Germany have increased for quite some time with­ of the profit-and-loss system. • • • huge sums to rebuild their own steel mills. out the price going up commensurately. In the congressional elections of Novem­ This money came from U.S. taxpayers­ Second, labor when Government has ber 1962, the American people will be pre­ including a huge 52 percent whack out of stepped in to do the negotiating has had sented with a grave issue. Will they give a American steel companies. The steelmakers, vote of confidence to the head of the Demo­ therefore, have been subsidizing their own the breaks, not industry. cratic Party? For, by disrupting the morale competition-and possible extinction. Third, the steel industry, in order to of American industry, has he not frustrated Not long ago Japanese steel was shipped stay competitive in the world today, the economic expansion so much needed to across the Pacific through the Panama where foreign countries have highly in­ bring a real recovery from the current re­ Canal, up the east coast and finally to dustiialized plants, must have the money cession? Cleveland, where it was sold for $18 a ton to reinvest in plant and equipment cheaper than the same product made in through depreciation and through the (From the Washington Evening Star] that Ohio city. retention of their profits so they can re­ WILL VICTORY IN STEEL BOOMERANG?-PRESI• In 1957 we were exporting 4 million tons invest and stay competitive. of steel more than we were importing; in DENT'S ACTION CALLED A BLUNDER, WAGE• Fourth, and most important, it is im­ PRICE LAW HELD INEVITABLE 1961, imports exceed exports by 1.2 million. In 4 years, then, the net loss in American portant that the people's right to make (By David Lawrence) steel markets has been more than 5 million money, a profit, not be infringed when There's only one way the American people tons. they invest their money. The President's now can be spared the economic distress Profit margins in the industry are thin. attack at this time on the steel industry which may eventually follow President Ken­ Without profit, there can be no expansion was an attack on the capitalistic system, nedy's tragic blunder of last week. For a to compete with foreign mills which have the profit motive, in the United States, recession that could conceivably become a been built in large part by American tax which has made this country of free deep depression is as certain as day follows revenues. And with organized labor de­ night if Mr. Kennedy continues to allow manding benefits which no doubt they ·need people what it is in the world today. wage increases and then terrorizes and co­ to live, costs to the American industry have Under this system the Kennedy family erces business when it seeks to cover its become prohibitive. · gained and enlarged their wealth. I de­ added costs with a rise in prices. • • • The industry is hurt badly enough by cry any effort of any man to tear down How many businessmen, moreover, who inflation, taxes, labor costs, and competition our system in the eyes of the people of sell across the country wlll dare to raise without having to endure Presidential ab~se the world. This dictatorial act on the prices if they live in fear of Government and invective. part of the President challenges the right reprisals? The President has been brain­ The charges he throws at steel-the pur­ of a man to make and hold money, and washed by his advisers and now has led the suit of power and utter contempt for 185 that is the cornerstone of the economic public into believing that price increases are million Americans--can be made with system we have built up over a long sinful or unpatriotic but that wage in­ validity against certain policies of the ad­ creases usually are justified. • • • ministration itself. period of time, creating the highest liv­ The demoralization of businessmen today ing standard in the world's history. ls extensive. How can they do any long­ [From the Washington Evening Star, Apr. Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Mr. Speak­ range planning now? 13, 1962] er, will the gentleman yield? Politically the President's tactics last week U.S. COERCION AGAINST STEEL-FEDERAL Mr. ALGER. I yield. may boomerang. Wage increases in other MOVES SINCE PRICE INCREASE CALLED Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. First, let industries will have hard sledding and the VENDETTA AGAINST AN INDUSTRY me say how happy I am the gentleman · unions will be unhappy. Also, if the profit (By David Lawrence) from Texas has taken the time to de­ squeeze continues and more persons are A new era in American history-a declara­ velop some of the serious issues that are thrown out of work, the current recession tion of war by the Government on the profit involved in this recent steel price in­ will not soon be ended and could get system as it' functions under private capi­ crease and the actions not only by the worse. • • • talism-has been ushered in by President "The arsenal of weapons the President executive branch of the Government un­ Kennedy. der the Kennedy administration but also wheeled into his all-out economic foray Nothing like this has happened before­ against big business leaders was an awesome the launching of a Government vendetta the actions of some of the Democratic display of coldly determined political and against a particular industry because it re­ Members of the House of Representa­ economic power seldom if ever before em­ fuses to follow a course of action dictated tives. I think the genUeman is point­ ployed by the Government. Every major not by law but by ·economic ·theorists in ing out some of the very ·serious issues governmental department got into the act.'' Washington. involved. 7090 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 19 I have listed these issues under three Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I yield on is for the people and another is against major categories: First, unnecessary this point, but I hope the gentleman will them, and it was this indication by the political partisanship, second, civil rights, let me have more time to develop some President that I think was unnecessary and third, economics. further thoughts. partisanship, unfair, and untrue. I want to refer briefly to the unneces­ Mr. ALGER. The gentleman is de­ Mr. ALGER. Before the gentleman sary political partisanship, but do not veloping three points and before he develops his further point I want to want to develop it fully. It is an un­ leaves this matter of partisanship I share with him that concern. He men­ fortunate thing it occurred. There would like to call the gentleman's atten­ tions the matter of partisanship. I should not have been any partisanship tion, with reference to his comment on wonder if the gentleman would think it displayed in this steel price issue be­ that, to the opening sentence of an edi­ appropriate or important in the rest of cause certainly the Republican Party torial which I am placing in this RECORD his remarks to comment to this House through its leadership or otherwise had called "Government by Fear." "Ken­ on the matter of the relationship be­ taken no position in regard to what were nedy is mad and so am I" said a Detroit tween the Presidency, the executive the economic factors involved and who auto worker quoted in this newspaper branch, and the Attorney General, his might be right or who might be wrong. the other day. ''The Government should brother, who is a most skillful politician, Yet the approac~ and the statements not let them do it." and who at the proper time and in the of the President and the President's Is the gentleman suggesting that the proper place has every right to exercise brother who is the Attorney General Government is acting almost in a dema­ his partisanship. I wonder if the gen­ were along the lines of narrow partisan­ gogic way appealing to the people--big tleman would care to comment on this ship. Certainly, what occurred on the business against modest wage earners-­ matter of the Attorney General being floor of the House last Wednesday, and and then milking that for political gain the President's brother, especially in I was present and I was amazed to see by lining the great mass of people up view of our doctrine of the separation of a series of 1-minute requests granted against the wealthy and people who run powers. to Members of the Democratic party in big business? Is that what the gentle­ Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I do not the House of Representatives, during man is suggesting? criticize the fact that the men are which time these minutes by the way ex­ Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I regret to brothers. I will say that that can be tended possibly to 2 minutes, but in say I am not only suggesting it, I am try­ consistently so. But let me mention every instance these were not t;b.e words ing to say it as best I can. That, unfor­ something I do criticize, that I criticized of the people who were taking the well tunately, follows the same line of false during the time my party was in power of the House--these were written docu­ propaganda that the Democratic leaders and that I criticized when Attorney ments from which they were reading. many times have pursued in the past and General McGrath held that office under I do not know where these documents in the present, that the Republicans are President Truman. I continued the were prepared, but they all followed the not concerned about the little people and criticism in the Eisenhower administra­ same tenor. They were partisanship to are interested in the dollar. That, of tion which did not correct this basic the extreme. I think it would serve a course, is untrue. Our concern, if it is error. I criticize this administration for good purpose if the leadership of the the same practice. Democratic Party in the House would say a concern, and it is, I think, for the dol­ whether or not these were prepared over lar-particularly the taxpayers' dollar· What I am saying is that the Attorney in the White House and were part of­ is because we are concerned about the General, I believe, should be appointed as it seemed to me very obvious they were people. These issues are serious enough on a political basis and he should be part of a public relations movement to that we should get away, in my judg­ partisan to the party that has been set forth this extreme partisanship ap­ ment, from the demagoguery and put it elected, but once that person has been proach in regard to this very serious out into the open where our honest dif­ selected he should be divorced from poli­ economic problem which confronted our ferences of opinion are as to why this tics; and, indeed, he should be divorced problem. I am satisfied that if the program in one person's or one party's from the process of political patronage. President had taken the trouble to con­ judgment is not suited to gain the best Neither Attorney General McGrath as sult with Republican leaders, and I am for our people and another program is, chairman of the Democratic National certain it is true here in the House--if because we are all, I hope, concerned Committee nor Attorney General Brown­ the Democratic leaders had taken the with the welfare of our country, ell, when the Republican Party com­ trouble to approach the Republican We are all, I hope, concerned with mitted the same error, should be further leaders-we would have said just what the welfare of our country and not in connected with the process of patronage. I did say as this series of prepared the attack on the heads of the steel The Attorney General's job is not to elect speeches was put into the RECORD-that industry. I join the gentleman in say­ political candidates but to enforce the now was not the time to draw up politi­ ing I have no brief for them. I have law. It is so easy to be partisan, as cal sides on this until we had gone into been critical in the past of some of the Attorney General McGrath said, I recall, the economic facts and that I felt very actions of United States Steel in partic­ in the matter of appointments: "Of strongly that the Republican Party would ular, but I certainly do not believe these course, we have to select them and we join in in urging that an objective-­ men are unpatriotic; and I think the select them somewhat on a partisanship and I emphasize as I did then the word President of the United States when he basis." I am interpolating that. not ex­ "objective" - an objective committee attacks the patriotism of other citizens actly quoting him verbatim, but I think study be gone into to find out what the simply because he disagrees with their my interpolation is fair. economic problems were. economics is carrying things entirely too This is a grave error. I do think it Then, after we do that, maybe there far. Underlying all of this attack is this is true that when the relationship be­ would be a difference of opinion between attack on something that is even more tween the Attorney General and the the two political parties because I hap­ serious than is the attack on one's President does include the fact they are pen to feel that partisanship is a very patriotism, if there can be anything brothers, and close, it adds to this par­ necessary and proper thing in a two­ more serious-and, indeed, there may ticular problem. I would not direct any party system and enables our people to be--that is the attack on the human­ criticism to the fact that the men are understand the issues involved. But, itarianism of another person, whether brothers. I can see very clearly how one certainly, on an issue this serious to our or not they do follow the Judeo-Chris­ could as Attorney General, if he were country where the President felt he had tian theories which down through the divorced from the political aspects of the to use these powers, it was not one on years have the basic premises that un­ administration, and certainly the pa­ which partisanship should have been the derlie our religious tenets in. our society. tronage end of it, could be the kind of first objective, as if the President were I want to analyze this kind of ap­ an impartial person we should seek for wrapping around his shoulders and that proach, that the Republicans are just as this job. of his party the concern for the economy interested in people; indeed that is one Let me say finally on this partisanship of our country and a concern for the of the basic principles of humanitarian"" matter, of course, I would like to get people and the consumers. ism and religion that are so dear to all away from it, important as it is. I hope Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, will my of us-using them to win these argu­ it is not going to occur again. But our colleague yield at this point? ments. I do not assume that one group party will be guilty of it, I am sorry. 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE 7091. · This is not casting stones against one Presidential advisers went out with our Mr. ALGER. If the gentleman will side or the other. A number of Members tax structure. They did not want it to pause, the gentleman has been express­ came on the floor of the House and in be neutral. Many students and eco­ ing concern, as I understand it, over· the the other body talking about how they nomic authorities think they should be. assumption of this Power and this ac­ were going to have hearings or conduct It should not be used for this kind of tion by the President per se, regardless an investigation. All one has to do is to thing. Naturally this group, mainly of whether the price ought to go up, . read the remarks in which they said they economists, feel that it is necessary for down, or stay where it is. were going to investigate the steel situa­ the Federal Government to be allocat­ Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. That is tion and immediately conclude it is im­ ing our resources; that we cannot rely correct. possible for those gentlemen as chairmen on the private sector. This gets into Mr. ALGER. Now the gentleman is · of committees to conduct an objective the economic aspects, and before going speaking in behalf of the economics of investigation. They have already made into that I want to point out one other the matter and suggesting that there up their minds. Their remarks were power that was used, and here it looks might well be reason for increasing the quite partisan. as if it was a clear violation of the law. price. Let me go on. I do not know how to This was missed by the press, appar­ What I am saying is whatever your develop this much further because the ently, as they seem to miss a number of conclusion is, there are reasons, and gentleman has done it so well. I refer things that are important. valid economic reasons, involved in this. to the civil rights aspect of this problem, In the debate of yesterday on the Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, will the and what powers the executive branch Defense Appropriation Act, the gentle­ gentleman yield to me for a moment? of the Government should be using in man from Michigan, Mr. FoRD, on page Mr. ALGER. I will be glad to yield to this area. I think the executive branch 6837 of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of the gentleman from Oklahoma. has concern about the mechanics in­ April 17, 1962, pointed out-after dis­ Mr. ALBERT. I do not desire to get volved in the situation, like those in­ cussion, I might say-that attempts had into this colloquy, but I am sure that volved in steel prices. It is always going been made by the Committee on Appro­ the gentleman in the heat of debate did to be a question of degree to which the priations and the Defense Department not want to use any connotation that no executive branch uses its powers, and to develop and correct procedures for one would use with respect to the Presi­ the manner in which these powers are procurement. The Speaker of the dent. I am certain that it is within his used. The gentleman has well pointed House, the gentleman from Massachu­ right to disagree with the President, but out number one as intemperate. An setts, Mr. McCORMACK, and I have been it seems to me that by µsing the phrase angry person is not the kind of person, deeply concerned, as are many other that something which the President said in my judgment, we anticipate to be Members, too, about the general prac­ is "untrue" is a little strong. holding these great powers of Govern­ tice, particularly in the military-and I say that I do not in any manner ment. I think no matter how angry they the Joint Committee on Economics has criticize the context of what the gentle­ actually may be, they can rise above the a subcommittee on this-because we man was saying, and do not want to in­ anger and look calmly at the problems think this is such a serious thing. The ject myself into the argument. involved. Some of the things were done gentleman from Michigan, Mr. FoRD, Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Will the by innuendo. One of the most disturb­ pointed out on the floor of the House gentleman yield further. ing to me was the suggestion of using yesterday that the procedures that are Mr. ALGER. I yield to the gentleman the powers that were vested in the In­ good on defense procurement have been from Missouri. ternal Revenue Bureau in reference to violated by the Secretary of Defense in Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. If I used calling up by telephone and offering bids the word "untrue," I did not mean it in taxes, and even the hint that the tax for some $3 or $4 million worth of any sense to cast aspersion on the char­ returns of individuals who were involved steel to companies-well, now, I will not acter of the President. I am referring in the steel industry should be gone into. go any fw·ther, because the gentleman to what is fact, and not fact. Even the hint of such a thing is a das­ from Michigan made the point that his Mr. ALGER. In other words, the gen­ tardly thing. I wish that the President committee was looking into whether or tleman is not talking about intent. He or Attorney General would make it clear not the allegations as he made them­ is talking about the merits of the argu­ that wherever these innuendoes might and they are in the RECORD-were true ment, and the gentleman from Missouri have seemed to exist they were no more and whether or not the Executive did­ thinks the argument is untrue, and that than people concluding where they had use this great power of procurement in the grounds are fallacious. I think we no right to conclude. this manner and whether or not he used join with the gentleman from Oklahoma There was a suggestion of use of anti­ the power in accordance with the law. in that expression, that we are not going trust powers. That is a clear instance Certainly this kind of thing can be very to impugn the veracity of the President, where these were threats. If the steel damaging to all of us. but we are seriously criticizing the inter­ industry is guilty of antitrust violations, Now, if I may, finally, just move pretation of facts. we should have gone after them a long briefly to the economic aspects of this Mr. CURTIS of Missow·i. If the gen­ time ago. Certainly to the extent this thing. The President has said that there tleman will yield further, I think I should recent episode is a threat to use the laws is no justification, or words to that ef­ rise here and say that what the gentle­ or whether there is antitrust violations, fect, for this steel price increase. Now, man is saying is true, and I am happy to it becomes imoortant. But that is not that, in my judgment, is untrue, and re­ clarify that, because I certainly do not the way this was handled. This was gardless of how one concludes about the intend to get into anything other than clearly in a vindictive way, if I might say issue, there is a serious economic prob­ facts. that-I do not know whether it should lem involved here. There had been a When I said that I thought his re­ be "vindictive"-but certainly it was to number of wage increases since the last marks were untrue, or no justification, create pressure and to use laws that the steel increase. They totaled in excess that we are talking ?,bout, and I am Congress only intended to be used calmly of 6 percent. The price increase of $6 pointing out, that there are economic and after proper study under judicial per ton-which is an average, by the factors that amount to justification. processes in which people are permitted way; it is hard to get the exact figures-­ One factor is that the President could to come in and be heard. but the average of $126 a ton price of still conclude that these are insufficient Mr. ALGER. Is the gentleman aware steel, of course, is less than 6 percent. justifications, and it balances the action of the fact that on that subject the Now, if someone wanted to pick out he calls for and does not support the President and his associates have made this from a political angle, I think one action which he calls for. To say there use of the phrase "carrot and the stick?" could have pointed to the steel settle­ was no justification is what I am trying The gentleman knows that the tax ment back in 1960, which our Vice Presi­ to point out. Perhaps that is a better laws, as he has related them to this in.. dent, then, Mr. Nixon, had a great deal choice of words. stance, as a threat of reprisal is being to do with, as an inflationary settle­ Mr. ALGER. But I think we are also used in both ways, as a carrot and as a ment and whether or not there was any saying that we are indeed accusing the stick. politics involved in this settlement when President of having gone too far and Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. There is big steel did not increase the price. I being very wrong. We are pointing out no doubt about what the gentleman says. thought at the time that there was a the President went much too far in what There is no doubt but what some of the question about that. he did and what he said, and that is why 7092 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 19 we are concerned. His action was illegal Attorney General insisted that this be President of the United States were so and unconstitutional. limited to Du Pont and not be written disposed to use his powers in the full as Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. If the into the general law so that it would he did in the steel situation, we have not gentleman will yield further, I do think apply across the board. And I said, gone beyond the point of no return on the President was in error in attacking "Yes, and we will have the Hilton Hotel Congress reclaiming Executive power, the patriotism and good faith of those case out pretty soon." And that is and does the President indeed have dic­ with whom he disagreed on economic what I just asked to file minority views tatorial power, whether it be in with­ problems. on. And then who else is going to be holding newsprint or other retaliation Mr. Speaker, there is another thing in­ granted this privilege? against newspapers? Does the gentle­ volved here, and I do hope the Joint Eco­ This is not government by law. And man tell me that the President in using nomic Committee will get into it, to get once we go to government by men, the this power could not retaliate against to the bottom of this thing. I think this whole basis of our structure and our the newspapers? is a matter of proper public concern, be­ society begins to disappear. Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. That could cause we have inflationary forces at play, Mr. Speaker, I want to conclude by be, but I say and I have always said that and they are serious. I, personally, be­ saying to the gentleman from Texas that it is not the laws but the self-discipline lieve that it has been the fiscal policies I am so pleased that he has brought we impose on ourselves that is impor­ of the Federal Government that are pri­ this out on the floor of the House for tant, the self-discipline that the gentle­ marily responsible for them. As long as discussion. I was happy to join in it. man from Texas and I and other we continue deficit financing we are I hope my colleagues, regardless whether Members of Congress try to impose on going to continue these inflationary they are Democrats or Republicans, and ourselves when we take the oath of office forces. I certainly think the President the people of this country, whatever to uphold and support the Constitution, of the United States should pay atten­ their political faith, will consider the the self-discipline that the Justices of tion to that aspect of the economics and serious implications that are involved in the Supreme Court subject themselves raise the question to himself and to his this steel price situation and the impli­ to when they take a similar oath, and the own administration policies if, indeed, a cations for the future of our beloved same self-discipline that is at the root good bit of the trouble in the steel situa­ country. of our society. I regret to say I do not tion does not arise from these govern­ Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, I thank the believe there is much that can be done mental policies. If this is so, we are gentleman for his contribution, and I about it. going to find price increases cropping out want to assure him that I share his But again reverting to the manner in in other areas. The question arises, does views, as I understand them as they which the press has handled this, I am the President intend to use these vast were expressed. I should like to ask him really encouraged that we will see an powers in these areas that may have a question. Does the gentleman feel, end to what has been aptly referred to escaped notice, or is he really preparing as to this matter of government by fear, as the managed public relations, with to come before the Congress and ask that the President's action will have managed news, of this administration for price and wage controls, which at a measurable effect on businessmen who with the cooperation, the strange co­ least has the merit of being government testify before Congress and the people operation, of the Washington press here by law and not government by men, be­ in public expression as to what they in Washington, D.C. I have not seen it cause under this circumstance, when the think to be in the best interests of this out in the interior of our country, but President, without law, picks out a par­ Nation? certainly in Washington there has been ticular price increase in the private sec­ Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I do not managed news. We see it, and I say tor and says, "I am going to apply great think there is any question about it. this about a bill which I happen to favor, powers in this area, but not apply them And that is what is the situation right the extension of the Reciprocal Trade in other areas," we have government by now. Even the headlines in this morn­ Act, the way that has been managed. men and not government by law. ing's paper say that the President does It could only be managed if the press And my final conclusion on this not intend to punish. were not doing what I regard as its job. matter of economics rests on this same Mr. ALGER. As though he had that But I think we may see an end to this, concern that I have for government prerogative. and maybe it took a crisis like this steel by men; because I have see::i it in this Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. As though crisis to bring it about. administration in other areas, particu­ he had the power. And indeed, the way Mr. ALGER. The gentleman knows larly in granting what they did to the it has been used, that is what it has it will be necessary for the public to textile people. And I was glad they been. · understand what is happening and to got that grant for their own sake, but Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, I have a support those of us that decry dicta­ not the way it was done, on liberalized second question of the gentleman. Does torial use of power; otherwise the course depreciation. That was last fall. But the gentleman feel that the newspapers of freed om is lost. why the textile people? There are other of this country, the editors and the Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. There are industries all through this country that newspaper reporters themselves, will be enough people in America that still stand need liberalized depreciation, and in my afraid or Will be less reliable in report­ unafraid and feel they are responsible judgment are entitled to it. ing now, if they feel that the mailed fist only to God, if I may say so. The previous administration and this will be used against them? Mr. ALGER. I have asked the gentle­ administration have promised govern­ Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Let me say man questions relative to fear that might ment by law to liberalize depreciation this to the gentleman. The encouraging silence businessmen and newspapers. I schedules, but not so that the Presi­ thing about this whole matter has been want to ask a third question I talked dent may select one group and give the press. I really mean that. And the about earlier, that is, whether it will them this benefit and deny it to others. gentleman knows I have been a great silence Congressmen. I think it will not. That is the issue involved :n our Re­ critic of them. But I have been en­ If the gentleman would like to comment ciprocal Trade Act that the Committee couraged by the manner in which our on this I should like to have his views, on Ways· and Means is going over now, press has spoken out on this matter. I but for my part, it is my prayer that the request for the President in so many just thank God that this situation has this naked use of power by the President, instances which was blanket authority come to a head at this time when our no matter how well-intentioned he is, to give him the power of economic life country is still strong enough to under­ will not scare those Members of Con­ and death over our people-not govern­ stand this issue. And I believe it does. gress who in the past have been forth- ment by law. Yes, in the long run the gentleman is right in speaking out against the misuse That was the issue last fall in the correct. These things can intimidate of -Government power. It is my prayer Du Pont case, concerning which I took members of the press. But I honestly they cannot be reached by offers of pub­ the floor at 8 o'clock at night to point believe this is one of the encouraging lic works projects or judgeships or what­ out, "Why select Du Pont for this favor­ signs as a result of this crisis. ever these carrots and sticks are in poli­ able treatment on involuntary divesti­ Mr. ALGER. Then let me ask the tics-we are human beings, we should ture as a result of the antitrust law?" gentleman this question: Is it the view of understand these things--but now the I was in sympathy with the equities as the gentleman in answering that as to . use of the naked fist has me wondering far as Du Pont was concerned, but the the press that he believes that if the whether that will silence them. Mem- 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7093 bers of Congress must speak as they answer implied, and could· only imply, It is frightening, Mr. Speaker, when a would like to, without fear of reprisal. that it did not matter what the law said public official,. representing the White Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. It will not or did not say concerning Executive au­ House, goes on a. nationwide TV program stop the gentleman from Texas or me thority; that it was all right; that the and tells the people that no matter what but, being Republicans and on the oppo­ President could go ahead and do this as the law says he can do and cannot do, it site political side, it could be interpreted long as public opinion was behind him. is the instrument of public opinion that that way. I am waiting to hear some The gentleman from South Dakota [Mr. makes it possible for him to move for­ members of the Democratic Party take BERRY] had intended to comment on ward. the floor and express similar concern, this broadcast and its implications dur­ If any one has been in doubt as to the just as I, when my administration was ing the special order of the gentleman road the New Frontier is traveling, this in power, and other Republicans from from Texas, but, unfortunately, business statement should alleviate such doubt. time to time did take the floor of the has called him off the floor. I would like Mr. ALGER. I thank the gentle­ House when we thought our administra­ at this time, Mr. Speaker, to ask unani­ woman for her contribution and the con­ tion was in error and had gone too far in mous consent that his remarks concern­ tribution of our colleague from South Da­ certain matters. ing this broadcast be inserted at this kota [Mr. BERRY]. I think the first thing Mr. ALGER. I thank the gentleman. point in the RECORD. all of us would think of in the light of I hope this happens. The SPEAKER. Without objection, it a remark like that concerning public I will conclude by saying it is my is so ordered. opinion is to say there is a document prayer that the views expressed here to­ There was no objection. called the Constitution which we all day will be heard by the people, other Mr. BERRY. Mr. Speaker, it was my swear to support when we take our oath than the few people who are present. I misfortune to hear one of the most of office when we come to the Congress have wondered many times why many astounding statements I have heard in a every 2 years, not to support public opin­ of the things we say on the floor of the long time on the "Today" CBS-TV pro­ ion. I th.ink that is the answer-does House never see print in the press. I gram on the morning of April 18, 1962. the gentlewoman not agree? wonder if the President will ever hear They were interviewing Mr. Sidney Hy­ Mrs. MAY. Certainly, I agree. The these views, other than through the man, White House historian, about the man interviewed in this amazing broad­ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, what we say here so-called battle between the President cast said Abraham Lincoln agreed with on the floor of the House today. and United States Steel and asked Mr. that idea and quoted from him, but he Mr. MASON. As one who has taken Hyman if there was any precedent for failed to mention that our great Presi­ the floor many times in the last 26 years the President's action. Mr. Hyman dent, Abraham Lincoln, was always talk­ to utter protests against the action of made some startling statements that I · ing within the framework of the Consti­ the executive department of the Govern­ think should be recorded for the ref­ tution when he spoke of public opinion. ment, and many times under the former erence of anyone who might be inter­ Mr. BEERMANN. Mr. Speaker, will President who is supposed to be a Repub­ ested in the New Frontier philosophy. the gentleman yield? lican, I want to say this-that this In his answer to questions Mr. Hyman Mr. ALGER. I yield to the gentle­ Nation is pretty safe as long as it has the indicated that the action of the Pres­ man. caliber of men elected to the Congress ident was what could be known as gov­ Mr. BEERMANN. As a fairly new who have the courage of their convic­ ernment by public opinion. To my Member of the Congress, I have listened tions and express that courage and their amazement he stated that no matter to this colloquy today and share in the convictions on the floor of this House. what the laws says he-the President-­ opinions of the gentleman. I think it That is a saving grace, in my opinion, can do and cannot do, it is the instru­ has been one of the most interesting and one of the things which will insure ment of public opinion that makes it speeches I have heard or have had the the future of this Nation and when we possible for him to move forward. privilege to sit here and listen and un­ do not have that then we will be be­ Mr. Hyman then moved forward with derstand what the gentleman is talking yond the point of coming back. That is his further explanation and quoted about. Some of the things were a little the situation I join the gentleman in Abraham Lincoln as his authority for the heated, but I think the comments of the his sentiments with reference to this statement that "if you have public majority leader were appropriate. Of problem of the steel industry. I have opinion against you, you can do noth­ course, one of the reasons that prompted written an article vindicating, in my ing-if you have it with you, you can me to seek to become a Member of this opinion, the steel industry in their in­ do anything." Mr. Hyman neglected to body was the worry about the amount crease in prices in my weekly letter so point out that Abraham Lincoln was of authority that the Congress was giv­ that my people will all understand it. talking about having public opinion with ing to the executive branch. I am glad that this is being aired on the you but within the framework of the Being a farmer and businessman, I floor of the House because if it is aired Constitution. have been worried for some time about on both sides, we then may be able to Certainly, Mr. Speaker, Abraham Lin­ the takeover of the food supply in our get at the truth. coln had no thought of suggesting that a country on the basis of congressional Mr. ALGER. I thank the gentleman. President could do "anything" if he had law administered by the executive Mrs. MAY. Mr. Speaker, will the gen­ public opinion with him. Abraham Lin­ branch. There are a few other areas, tleman yield? coln was talking about action within the I may state, in which I am equally con­ Mr. ALGER. I yield to the gentle­ framework of the Constitution of the cerned: Education, communication and woman from Washington. United States. This is the thing the transPortation, and public Power. Mrs. MAY. I also commend my dis­ New Frontier forgets. One of my main concerns was the tinguished colleague the gentleman from Mr. Speaker, ours is a government of large number of farmers in the United Texas for taking the time to have this law and not of men. If the President or States; and, divergent as their opinions discussion of a very serious national the Congress or the courts decide that are, if the growers of our food supply crisis. Yesterday, the gentleman from the Constitution is too limited in its can be controlled on a centralized fed­ South Dakota [Mr. BERRY] and I were scope to meet certain conditions that erally operated basis, with that large discussing a point closely related to what may exist at the moment the constitu­ group of people, how simple and easy it the gentleman from Texas discussed tional procedure is to amend the Con­ would be to control any of the other seg­ earlier in his remarks concerning the stitution and not to disregard it or ments of our economy. I wonder if we propriety of Presidential action in this junk it. do not see it in this steel price situation. situation. We both had listened that It was government by public opinion I am not prepared to say whether the morning to a television broadcast in that resulted in Adolph Hitler's complete increase in the price of steel was right or which the man being interviewed was dictatorship. It was government by pub­ wrong, but I am prepared to say that I Mr. Sidney Hyman who is the White lic opinion that resulted in Benito Mus­ think that the action that was taken to House historian. We were not only solini's complete dictatorship in Italy get them to retract the price increase amazed but startled by the unexpected and it is government by public opinion was not in line with what we call free­ answer which he made when he was that is creating such chaos in many of dom in this country. asked if there were any precedents for the nations around the world, including Since in our deliberations in the Com­ this type of Presidential action. His some in our own Western Hemisphere. mittee on ·Agriculture we cannot agree .7094 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - ·HOUSE April 19 to give centralized authority for compul­ but the labor chieftain refused to talk to :P,RESIDENT SAYS HE WILL CONTINUE To PRESS sory control, with the committee divided reporters afterward. ' . . . . MAJOR INDUSTRIES ON PRICE, WAGE POLI­ three to two, 21 to 14, Democrats versus . And earlier. yesterday, Senator, HuMPHREY, CIES Republicans, and probably not in favor :r;:>emocrat, of Minnesota, took to the Presi­ WASHINGTON.-President Kennedy made den~. his proposal that a sp~ial commission clear his administration's intention to be­ basically of compulsory control, I thirik be . created to study the s~el industry. come as deeply involved in the wage and the President's action is in direct oppo­ Chances remained slim, however, Senator price policies of other major industries· as sition to this line of thinking. HUMPHREY'S plan would be adopted. it was in steel. Our President took action against a The Senator discussed his proposal with The President told his press conference small group of people and probably had . Mr. Kennedy at the regular weekly White yesterday that the public's stake in major some support from some people in the House meeting with Democratic congres­ wage and price decisions must be forcefully United States, as the gentlewoman from sional leaders. Though Mr. HUMPHREY de­ presented to labor and management officials, scribed the President's reaction as "very and that he intends to do exactly that. Washington [Mrs. MAY] said, and I won­ friendly," others said the discussion was He kept insisting, however, that the admin­ der whether the gentleman from Texas brief and as yet the idea isn't receiving istration is not "setting" wages and prices; is going to commend her. I agree with serious consideration within the adminis­ labor and management can always ignore what the gentleman said at tl:e close of tration. the administration's advocacy of the public his colloquy, that Members of Congress Nevertheless, the door was left slightly interest, he suggested. will stand up and be counted during the ajar. Although administration officials defi­ Mr. Kennedy did not discuss whether rest of this session, the sessions to come, nitely rule out any attempt at major legisla­ union or company officials in any industry tive changes as a result of Mr. Kennedy's would dare ignore administration guidelines and the new Congress. I say we will victory over the steel industry, they said a after what happened when major steel com­ return and support our free way of life. "faint chance" exists that the President panies tried to increase prices last week. I thank the gentleman for yielding this might at some point decide to set up a steel The President publicly denounced the steel time tome. study group. companies; the Justice Department ordered Mr. ALGER. I thank the gentleman · One strong argument against such a deci­ a grand jury investigation of possible anti­ for his contribution. I share with him sion, however, is that even though the trust violations; two congressional com­ his concern. Let me say that if at times Justice Department will continue with its mittees planned hearings; the Defense De­ I tended to sound intemperate, I feel New York grand jury inquiry of the steel partment told contractors to buy steel from intemperate. I do not know of anything industry, the President, in effect, has issued companies that hadn't raised prices; and the orders to "let bygones be bygones" now that withdrawal of promised tax concessions was that has upset me more in the 8 years the industry has rescinded its 3½ percent threatened. I have been in this office than the action price increase. NEED FOR FURTHER PRESSURE DOUBTED taken by the President. I do not IT COULD BE PLANNED AS SUBSTITUTE Obviously, the White House is confident apologize. I am prejudiced. I have that other industries have gotten the mes­ years ago prejudged dictatorial action In fact, it's been speculated by some that Mr. HUMPHREY proposed his study commis­ sage, and that a repeat of the pressure tac­ as wrong. I want to be fair, but I also sion in reflection of the administration's tics employed against steel won't be needed want to be as outspoken and forthright magnanimous attitude. The motive, ac­ in aluminum, canmaking, aircraft-missiles, · as I know how. If I seem intemperate it cording to this reasoning, would be to substi­ and other fields. is because I am deeply moved. I am con­ tute an administration study in place of "We can attempt," the President said at cerned about this milestone of the use what is expected to be a more vengeful probe one point yesterday, "to bring before the par­ of dictatorial power, but I am more con­ of the industry by the Senate Antitrust Sub­ ties in tJ:?,e most effective way possible the cerned with the spread of dictatorial committee headed by Senator KEFAUVER, public interest that is involved and must Democrat, of Tennessee. But this hope be involved, particularly in these basic in­ power which threatens the Congress, the seems to be evaporating. The Kefauver sub­ dustries." At another point, discussing pos­ States, the localities, and the people. It committee already has served subpenas on sible administration involvement in coming is to this deep concern that I directed 12 major steel companies for cost-price data, west coast union negotiations with aircraft­ my remarks. and Mr. KEFAUVER said yesterday he expects missile makers, the President said "we will Now, Mr. Speaker, to bring this mat­ to begin hearings in about 6 weeks. certainly attempt to describe to the people involved, particularly in a program . so im­ ter up to today, this date, I shall here Senator H:UMPHREY proposed the study portant . to the national security, the public include two news accounts from the Wall group in a Senate speech Monday. He sug­ interest, which, after all, is their interest as Street Journal of the last 2 days' gested the President name a commission of well as that of the Nation." developments: management and labor representatives, economists, financiers and public represent­ Mr. Kennedy himself brought up the sub­ KENNEDY, BLOUGH MEET; WHITE HOUSE CALLS ject of steel in a "let bygones be bygones" atives to make a 1-year analysis of the vein, and throughout his press conference he TALKS CORDIAL, USEFUL; UNITED STATES steel industry "in terms of the domestic and STEEL Sn.ENT clearly was attempting to convey a concilia­ world economic situation." tory attitude toward the steel companies and WASHINGTON .:--President Kennedy and He said the commission should study the industry generally. He declared there is no Roger Blough, chairman of United States need for modernizing and automating steel room for "feelings of hostility or vindictive­ Steel Corp., met for 46 minutes last evening plants, requirements for capital, productivity ness;" he said the administration and steel at the White House. of workers, and how to keep American steel companies really agreed on more matters The White House said only the conference competitive in world markets. The proposed than they disagreed on. Time and again he was cordial and useful. United States Steel commission would be empowered to use per­ spoke of the importance of the free econ­ spokesmen were silent on what was dis­ sonnel and facilities of any Federal agency, omy and market competition; and he prom­ cussed. including law-enforcement agencies. ised tax depreciation and other help for in­ However, the administration reaction was After his meeting with the President yes­ dustry efforts to modernize. in sharp contrast to the aftermath of the terday, Senator HUMPHREY said he also dis­ previous session between the two men pre­ cussed his plan with Chairman Heller of the GOVERNMENT TO PRESS FOR STABll.ITY cisely a week before; at that time Mr. Council of Economic Advisers, and also in­ But under questioning the President dis­ Blough set off a massive Presidential cam­ tends to speak to Commerce Secretary played his determination to push his fight paign against the large steel companies by Hodges. for wage and price stability in key indus­ tries-with the help of market forces where­ telling Mr. Kennedy that United States Steel PROPOSALS UNLIKELY TO PASS was raising prices an average of $6 a ton. ever possible, and with all the influence of By late last Friday, basic steel prices had Without administration support, there ap­ the Government wherever necessary. been returned to where they were before the pears no chance that Congress will enact any The President's remarks again and again United States Steel increase. And the ad- of the legislative proposals that cropped up swung back and forth-from an assertion of . ministration has indicated a determination during last week's steel drama. These pro­ the right of business and unions to follow not to appear vindictive against the steel posals ranged from utility-type regulation of the price and wage policies they want, to companies or b.usiness in general after the the industry to abolishing stock option ad­ the need for them to accommodate these price rollback. · vantages for executives. policies to the "public interest." Mr. Ken­ Presumably, the steel situation will come In Congress yesterday, two Republicans nedy defined this to mean the need to keep up at the President's press conference this charged the Defense Department with an the general price level stable, hold down de­ morning. United States Steel's position was "absolute violation" of defense contract fense costs, and minimize balance-of-pay­ that it needed higher prices to finance more regulations by awarding a $6 to $6 mil­ ments problems. modernization of its production facilities. lion contract to Lukens Steels Co. for a "This i~ a free economy," Mr. Kennedy . . special armorplate for the missile-firing Po­ said in answer to one question. "These mat­ MEANY, HUMPHREY ALSO SEE KENNEDY laris submarine. Normally, United States ters are reached by the process of competi­ Mr. Blough was one of a number of visitors Steel Corp. would have received about half of tion and collective bargaining." But a to Mr. Kennedy, yesterday. .AFL-CIO presi­ this order, but the full contract went to br~ath later, he was adding that "we would dent, George Meany, also · saw the President, Lukens, which didn't r,aise prices.· · like both labor and management to be very 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7095 conscious of the public stake at this time, noted, "all of the reporters except those for h ave declined whether viewed as an absolute and that is what we are attempting to bring the Wall Street Journal were most coopera­ amount, a percent of sales or as a percent forth." tive." Three reporters had interviewed Mr. of gross national product. Martin; reporters for the Associated Press He knows that the steel industry earnings HE DENIES SETTING PRICE OF STEEL and a Wilmington, Del., paper answered the on net assets dropped from 16.2 percent in A reporter commented that the Wall Street FBI questions, while a Wall Street Journal 1955 to 6.4 percent in 1961, placing steel in Journal and some others "have accused you reporter refused. 34th spot from the top in a field of 41 in­ directly of having set the prices of steel." dustrial groups. "I am aware of the accusations," the Presi­ CHICAGO.-A. M. Castle & Co., Chicago steel He knows that America has the oldest dent replied. "What we attempted to do was distributor, sent a special letter to 30,000 steel mllls in the world. He knows that we project before the steel companies the stockholders and customers .criticizing the can· only remain competitive if we modernize public interest, and it was a combination of Federal Government for exerting pressure on our plants and facilities. He knows that the public interest placed upon the table 1n steel producers to keep them from raising profits are the factor which generate capital front of them, and competition, which I prices. Last week several major producers investment and without this investment our think brought the price down. Several com­ lifted prices 3½ percent, but later rescinded industry would continue to decay and more panies refused to increase prices, and there­ the· increase. and more jobs would be lost. fore competition worked its wlll. We want In a letter signed by John M. Simpson, The steel industry has spent $15 billion to be sure that competition ls an active force chairman, and R. J. Heggie, president, Castle since 1946 on new facilities to keep our in­ in our economy. I would not accept the said the important consideration isn't wheth­ dustry competitive and provide jobs. This view of the Wall Street Journal in regard to er the industry oan justify a price increase money must come ultimately from earnings. my feeling or a description of my actions or but "whether our free competitive system If we reduce or eliminate earnings we will of the public interest." can long endure under Government influence eventually have an unprofitable, noncom­ , Later in the conference, the President said as demonstrated last week." petitive industry which will lose more and no one in the administration was suggesting The company said it believes "the manner more markets and jobs. that the President had or should have power in which the Federal Government projected The President knows that there are almost to set prices and wages. In fact, he declared, itself into what has always been a matter to a mlllion owners of the American steel in­ the administration ls well aware of the lim­ be determined by competitive forces is the dustry, . considerably more than there are itations on the Government's power to deal forerunner of controls in many areas of our employees in the industry. He knows that with prices and wages. private freedoms." the owners had no increase in dividends in But Just a few moments later, Mr. Ken­ The Government "cannot long control 5 years, and that in some cases dividends nedy was arguing that the national security selling prices by law or by pressure without have been cut and the market value of steel and the Nation's need for price stability make eventually controlling all costs that go into shares has declined while employees have "the public interest mandatory in these the products," including wages and salaries, been awarded their fourth increase in the matters" of wage and price levels in key the letter said. same period. industries. "It ls our responsibility to pre­ Mr. Simpson and Mr. Heggie said the letter He knows that millions of dollars are sent it to those involved," he declared. was the company's response to "many oalls needed each year to continue research which "That is what we tried to do in the steel from our customers in the last few days re­ has given us stronger, better steels per dollar case." garding actions of steel producers and the over the years. Discussing the New York grand jury in­ Federal Government on the pricing of steel." The recent noninflationary contract set­ vestigation of possible antitrust violations by tlement will cost the industry over $100 mil­ major steel firms, the President said this HOUSE PANEL POSTPONES STEEL PRICE lion over the next 12 months. This comes inquiry would continue. More pleasing to HEARINGS on top of 40 cents per hour of increased steel, however, Mr. Kennedy said cancella­ The House Antitrust Subcommittee headed costs the industry has absorbed since 1958. tion of the price increase probably improves by-Representative CELLER, Democrat of New The President knows this. But he says that the outlook for the administration's proposed York, said it has postponed for a brief pe­ the industry can absorb this cost just as he tax credit for new business investment, cur­ riod its hearings on the steel price rise. said last fall that his advisers told him the rently pending before the Senate Finance Previously Mr. CELI.ER had said the industry would make 12 percent to 15 per­ Committee. hearings would begin May 2 to determine cent on their investment. In 1961 steel Twice Mr. Kennedy seemed to be con­ whether new antitrust legislation should be earned about half that ( 6.4 percent) . ceding that United States Steel Corp. might enacted after a number of major steel He knows that 52 percent of any increase be in a somewhat less favorable economic companies last week raised their prices an in profits will be taken by the Government position than other steel companies-a con­ average of $6 a ton. He suggested that there in the form of taxes so that the amount cession that conceivably might be a reflec­ might be a need for a law to authorize break­ realized by the industry would be under $3 tion of the President's· surprise 45-minute ing up large companies in industries as con­ per ton. conference Tuesday night at the White centrated as steel. Although the subcom­ He knows that this increase in the price House with Roger Blough, United States mittee's principal target was removed when of steel would amount to about $4 per per­ Steel chairman. the steel price increases were rescinded, the son per year on the average and this is Asked whether stockholders as well as unit denied yesterday that its.investigation a trifling amount when compared with the labor should not share in increased produc­ would be called off. cost of our farm program. The Government tivity, the President replied that he thought Preparation is going forward for the inflicts upon the consumer the higher costs owners of steel stocks have "shared very hearings, the subcommittee said, and a staff because of surplus purchases, storage costs, much in the last 10 years." For example, he member added that legislation being consid­ higher food prices and· interest. Govern­ said, United States Steel stock has been split ered may not be limited to the steel industry. ment distortion of normal supply and repeatedly and stlll pays a "very good divi­ The other planned congressional inquiry demand pricing, in agriculture alone, costs dend," and "what is true of United States into the steel industry, by the Senate Anti­ every man, woman and child hundreds of Steel is true to even a greater extent in other trust Subcommittee of Senator KEFAUVER, dollars a year. Democrat of Tennessee, is scheduled to 'begin The President knows all these things, yet steel companies." within 6 weeks. either out of political expediency or because HE CALLS PROFITS "ENTIRELY SATISFACTORY" of unrealistic advisers, he has made grossly Earlier, the President had declared that Mr. Speaker, to present some early re­ inaccurate statements and slandered the in­ profits in the last quarter of 1961 and the actions to the President's action I now dustry publicly. first quarter of 1962 were the highest in his­ include the letters of readers to the edi­ E. J.O'DAY, tory, and that "while some particular com­ tor of the Wall Street Journal. These panies and some industries may have spe­ give both sides of the question. For my PERSONAL PROFIT cial problems, the overall profit situation is part, these clearly show the justifiable MABTON, WASH. entirely satisfactory." concern of thinking citizens. The EDITOR, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL: A reporter asked for the President's com­ champions of the President's action, it Like many Americans, I was appalled at ments on the actions of Federal Bureau of the announcement by U.S. Steel that it was Investigation agents who woke three report­ seems to me, in their zeal to denounce and oppose higher prices, have over­ going to increase prices as much as $6 per ers up in the middle of the night to check ton-about a 4-percent increase. on rem.arks by Edmund F. Martin, Bethle­ looked the greater danger~ Just how far can a nation trust its destiny hem Steel Co. president. The President READERS VIEW KENNEDY BATTLE WITH STEEL to those who place personal profit above fa<:etiously remarked tha.t "reporters have WHAT THE PRESIDENT KNOWS country? called up a good many people in the middle GEO. H. GANNON. of the night themselves." CHICAGO, ILL. EDITOR, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL: Then, more seriously, he observed that the IGNORANCE OF STEEL INDUSTRY facts were needed in connection with the The irresponsible comments made by Pres­ grand jury investigation. He said he had ident Kennedy during his April 11 news con­ BIRMINGHAM, ALA. not realized the reporters would be awakened ference regarding the steel industry price EDITOR, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL: and the "intention was not to disturb" them, increase deserve immediate rebuttal. The steel industry is due a defense to but "as always the FBI carried out its re­ The President said that steel industry President Kennedy's scathing remarks. For sponsibilities immediately." Anyhow, he earnings are increasing. He knows that they the past 9 years, I was associated with one 7096 CONGRESSIONAL RECQRD - .. ~OUSE April 19 of. the so-call~d ~lg s:teel, companies, and NOT ONLY SELFISHNESS !ate deals you a straight flush and your more recently have acc~pt~d a position· with ROSLYN, PA. leader chucks in his hand. a smaller specialty steel concern. EDITOR, THE WALL S'rRDT J~~NAL: ' . RALPH SHAW, Jr. It is untrue that a lack o! pricing com­ Nothing the Soeialists~ th~ Communists, petition exists in steel, as any experienced the most radical unions have bee.n able to do WAY OF T~ PARASlTES' national p\D'Chasing agent will testify. has so effectively worked for the nationaliza­ NEW YORK CrrY. President Kennedy. shows a comple.te lack tion of industry as the rec.ent a.ctions of EDITOR, THE WALL S'!'aEET JOURNAL: of knowledge o! the steel industry, its com­ United States Steel. - It is not only selfish­ The performance of the last few days ls petitive ability and the urgency o! invest­ ness, it is ~tupidity. a logical consequence of our "mixed econ­ ment needed to modernize our mills. His re­ ED SCHEMPP. omy" (which translated, means creeping so­ marks can only be attributed to the same cialism) and has brought the conflict into unrealistic group that advised the President ROBERT KENNEDY'S ROLE such bright Ught. that it ls ditncult to evade on Cuba. HUNTINGDON VALLEY, PA. it any longer. DoUGLAS BoEHMER. A. EDITOR, THE WALL ·STREET JOURNAL: By what right does President Kennedy, or The dangers inherent in the President's any other man who has no part in the own­ NEW METHODS NEEDED brother being Attorney General are clearly ing or running of United States Steel, ar­ PRINCETON, N .J. pointed up by the recent controversy over bitrarily dictate what he feel&' 1s jus,tifiable EDITOR, THE WALL STRE!!T JOURNAL:· the steel price rise. for them.? The idea that the President must I wish to express. support for the concern We have President Kennedy infuriated be consulted before making an economic shown by President Kennedy over that rise at United States Steel, because it did some­ judgment, that he is in the proper position in steel prices. I also wish to, say that l con­ thing it has a perfect right to do. Then we to recommend what. is economically feasi­ sidel' the way in 'which the steel companies have the Attorney General, his brother, set­ ble, is the threshold to totalitarianism. increased their prices to evidence very clearly ting in motion a grand jury trial, an anti­ If the principle is applied consistently, the fallacy involved in regarding the price trust suit, and a criminal investigation, not every local fruit vendor must check in at mechanism in the steel industry as operating because a matter of justice is involved, but the White House before he changes the price in such a manner as to maximize the eco­ because his brother, the President, has been of his apples, and every American werker nomic welfare of the Nation. affronted by the steel companies. who asks for a raise in his salary must first Certainly there are some forms of com­ Two reporters are roused out of bed at 4 submit to Mr. Kennedy before he dares to petition in the steel industry. But just as a.m. by the FBI and told they must see raise the price of his labor. ' ~learly there ls not the kind of competition them at once. One of them, quite naturally, Mr. Kennedy and all other collectivists necessary to regulate the prices in an ade­ thinks it ls a joke. operate on the. premise that man does not quate manner. The steel companies have · Sadly it fs no joke, but the vast powers have the right. to the product of bis labor, sufficient power versus the buyers of steel to of the Presidency, augmented tremendously tha.t his own well-being and happiness are be able to exploit them. Further, because by his alter ego, the Attorney General, being not the prime objectives of his life and that of. their extremely important and powel'fUl used in a frightening manner. the welfare of all others except himself is position in this economy, the steelmakers It gives me the shivers. paramount. thereby exploit the Nation. HELEN W. RITTEMAN. It is desirable to reaffirm the concept upon I believe this ls the most outstanding re­ which this country was originally founded. cent example of the injury done to the peo­ AU REVOm That, is, that man has an- inherent right to ple of this Nation by some of the pricing life, which means the freedom to pursue his l3EltGENFIELD, N.J, own rational. self-interest. His own life is systems presently in use. I further believe EDITOR, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL: that this injury can no longer be tolerated. an end in itself, not a. means to the ends of I didn't think that you were so crazy others. The free market is the economic ·Since there ls unfortunately no other institu­ about earnings and profits that you would tion able to establish a new procedure for manifestation of this moral principle, where resort to the type of editorializing that you men deal with one another as traders, vol­ determining the prices in critical industries had on the steel price rise. like the steel industry, the Federal Govern­ untarily exchanging goods. and services. I know you won't miss me, and I'll just When each man holds his own happiness ment must undertake the task. Just as we have to keep out of the terrible "under earlier discovered that the existing system as the goal of his actions, neither accepting "$8,000" bracket by some other means. I'm nor giving sacrifi.ces, all profit by the ex­ was not able to establish optimal prices in asking my delivery man to drop my subscrip­ the rail industry and that a d11ferent pro­ change. The only men who profit by the tion. So long. opposite system are those who have nothing cedure was needed, so we now must reform­ LEON WEINSTOCK. the system presently employed in . the steel to trade-those who have no values to off'er, and many other sectors of the ecqnomy. . spiritual or material--and whose only means MAIL AND METAL of survival is that of a parasite. I believe that this ls the time for the Gov­ CHICAGO, ILL. . Loxs ROBERTS. ernment, with the help of academic and EDITOR, THE WALL STREET' JOURNAL: ' industrial leaders around the country, to This is not the first time a man with "a IT LETS THE LIGHT IN study the pre6ent pricing mechanisms and beam ln his own eye has seen a mote in the KANSAS CITY, Mo. the alternative methods which could be eye of another" but what else explains, the inst~tuted. extremes of the President's. actions? EDITOR, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL: Surely, some form of control of the indus­ Would you kindly send me a: picture of United States Steel raises its prices three­ the person that wrote the editorial "The trial systems by the people of the United tenths of a cent a pound and arouses the States ls needed very urgently. They are not President's Fury" (Apr. 12). l have always .Pl'esident:s ire, but the U.S. Post Office wants been curious to know what a man looks like able to do this as buyers in the . manner to raise its rates a full penny an ounce (16 postulated by classical economic theory. with a hole in his head. cents per pound) and this the President DAVID T. LYON, There is nothing sacred about "private" price favors as something good for 185 million determination. The method which best Ame.ricans. NARROW POSITION serves the general populace by maximizing Both United States Steel and U.S. Post its longrun economic. welfare must be Office claim rising costs of operation make it NEW YORK CITY. chosen. Some new way must be found. necessary for them to charge more. In both EDITOR, THEWALL STREET JOURNAL: It is extremely unfortunate that our in­ cases higher charges will reduce business. Your editorials concerning the President's dustrial leaders are not aware of the respon­ J. KESNER KAHN. reaction to the steel price increase seemed sibilities accompanying their positions. It is to me to show evidence of the same lack not pleasant to see all_roads leading to Wash­ LOST OPPORTUNITY of statemanship that you are often bemoan­ ing in other people. ington. But something must be done. BEVERLY, N.J, . RICHARD R. CORNWALL. -EDITOR, THE WALL STllEET JOURNAL: It seems to me that the President's policy So Mr. Kennedy did not appreciate the of encouraging less greedy approaches, both UNPATRIOTIC ACCOUNTING $6 per ton price hike of Big Steel. Did it by the unions and mills, as part of the gen­ . , WASHINGTON, D.C. ever occur to him to take a look at th~ $93 eral effort to keep our products competitive EDITOR, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL.: billion budget and the expected Federal de:ft­ in the world and help prevent further in­ Slow to anger at the likes of Castro and cit as the true reason for inflation? flation, is just the kind o! statesmanship Khrushchev, Mr. Kennedy has assumed an . On the oth,er hand, the \~:balrman of that calls for support of moderate and in­ air of 'towering rage against the steel com­ United States Steel ls not so hot either. He telligl:lnt people, and Lam very disappointed panies. One can understand his annoyance. had an opportunity with a capital "O" and to find you adopting such a narrow position. Here Mr. Kennedy has the whole country in he failed to deliver. He had a chance to RALPH .H. CHEW. the hole and the steel c'ompanies are out try­ sell the American system to the voters who ing to ·baianc_e their books. It's unpatriotic. have been burdened with liberalism and neo­ MONOPOLY WITHOUT REPRIMAND The important thing is, we"ve got to stop socialism to the breaking point and he did EL DORADO, KANS. inflation. Mr. Kenµedy doesn't like inflation not do it. He should have delegated the EDITOR, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL: at all. If necessary, he would spend $20 · job fo his genera1·sa1es manager. After listening to the President's news billion to fight it. · · ' It is a terrible thing when your champion conference of April 11, I find that I am in JERRY c: DAVIS. fails to deliver. It is a terrible thing when sympathy with the steel companies. And I 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7097 am a housewife, consumer, voter and tax­ can readily see that I do not know anything the other hand, organized labor can threaten payer which puts me in the general category about politics." retaliation at the polls. of those for whom the President expressed And I think it's about time businessmen ONLY CONGRESS CAN ACT concern. did learn something about politics. Everything that is the matter in this coun­ JULIUS WOLFF. Congress is the only body which can deal try can't possibly be the fault of the steel with big labor and curb it when it threatens companies. The outflow of gold is due to Two editorials deserve attention. First to strike, and does strike, to compel higher the foreign policy of our Government offi­ Gould Lincoln's article from the Wash­ wages in violence to the welfare of the coun­ cials. In 1961 the businesses of this country ington Evening Star: try and the general public. Beyond the had an export surplus of almost $6 billion. Taft-Hartley Act, amended by the Griffin­ THE POLITICAL MILL-KENNEDY'S FRIENDLY Landrum Act, Congress has done nothing The Government loaned and gave enough VOICE money to foreign countries to put us on the about labor, save in some particulars relating deficit side of the ledger and then called it (By Gould Lincoln) to national defense industries. Nor does critical. President Kennedy's voice at his press con­ there appear much prospect it will. Senator The head of one union controls all steel ference yesterday was conciliatory, more like McCLELLAN of Arkansas, who conducted the employees and that is a monopoly. The re­ that of a cooing dove, compared to the Senate investigation of racketeering and col­ cent wage agreement in the steel .industry strident tones he used a week ago to de­ lusion .between labor and management, has was well done but in the past the union nounce the steel companies for increasing introduced bills to strengthen the laws where requests and settlements have been highly prices. He made no apology, however, either work stoppages are threatened in transpor­ inflationary. There was no public recrimina­ for what he had said or for what his adminis­ tation industries and at defense production tion and reprimand then nor suggestion of tration had done to beat United States Steel plants. The Kennedy administration has Government interference. · and other companies to their knees. He in­ still to · recommend any laws which would JOAN BOND. sisted that the public interest had been deal effectively with paralyzing strikes. served when the steel price increase was re­ Obviously the President was seeking to INCREASE IN COMPENSATION scinded. The President appeared to be hold­ convince business he is not its enemy. He PHILADELPHIA, PA, ing out an olive branch, not only to the said, in effect, that his administration cher­ EDITOl't, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL: steel industry, but business generally, which ishes no ill will against the steel industry The thing that annoys me is the state­ had been wondering when its turn, or any because of last week's battle over prices. He ment that there was no wage increase to the part of it, would come for such drastic use is contemplating no punitive measures steelworkers. The 10-cent extra allowance of influence and power. He recited a long against big steel which, he said, had cor­ certainly is an increase in compensation. list of things on which he and the steel rected its mistake and rescinded price in­ An increase in price by the company car­ companies and business saw alike. And he creases. At the same time, he said the grand ries no must with it. Customers can buy also recited what his administration was try­ jury investigation would be continued to see elsewhere or other materials or refrain from ing to do to aid industry, through tax credits if the antitrust laws had been violated and buying, but when the steelworkers say they there had been concerted price fixing. But want more they simply get it or shut down on money used to extend and improve indus­ that was to be expected-the administra­ the whole works. trial plants and through more lenient depre­ tion has to go through with it, for obvious If the steel executives had said "no in­ ciation allowances. reasons. crease to workers" would they not then have While President Kennedy was loudly ap­ By and large, the President gave business been terrible monsters? plauded for his courage and for being a a pat on the back, expressed his friendship EDWIN ELLIOT. strong President in his operations against and said the Government, business and la­ the steel companies last week, there has been ORGANIZING STOCKHOLDERS bor must cooperate for the good of all the a .considerable surge of resentment at the country-and that this must be done WATERFORD, N.Y. tactics he used. He has been criticized for through collective bargaining, in which the EDITOR, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL: using his powers to fix the prices of steel. public has a tremendous interest. He pre­ It would seem high time that the millions He was criticized for using the economic dicted that business profits would be greater of American stockholders ·were heard from. power to force United States Steel and other than ever, and that investors, through divi- · They are unorganized and ignored. No Gov­ companies to abandon price increases which dends,· would receive their full share. ernment official ever mentions the almost they said were essential to care for needed countless thrifty citizens who have invested replacement of obsolete facilities and plant Next David Lawrence's article in the their savings in job-creating and tax-paying extensions. It was charged he did this by Star, entitled "Buttering Up U.S. Busi­ enterprises. threatening to give Government cm~tracts for ness." It is important to note that the Instead, from the President down, they steel to companies that held the line against President neither asked nor was given pretend that the Government and labor are the price increases and by threatening to opposed by only "a little handful of execu­ deny contracts to companies that insisted on commitments from steel in labor nego­ tives." the increased prices. The Government is a tiations that wage increases wouldn't be The attack on steel cannot be localized. huge buyer of steel. He was criticized, too, reflected in price rises: It is a blow at all investor-owned industry for lashing out, through grand jury investi­ (From the Washington Evening Star, Apr. 19, and should shock the stockholders of the gation and the threat of punitive measures, 1962] Nation into getting organized. against the steel companies. WILLIAM H. BARKER. BUTTERING UP U.S. BUSINESS-PRESIDENT'S NEED IS NOT DISPROVED BID TO INDUSTRY HELD SOFTENED BY SIDE­ BUSINESSMAN'S LIVELIHOOD The President's apparent justification was STEPPING Qu'ERY ON LABOR NEW YORK, N.Y. to preserve the country's economy, to serve (By David Lawrence) EDITOR, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL: the public by preventing increases in prices President Kennedy tried in his press con­ Since Mr. Kennedy has proved victorious of steel, basic in so many ways. An increase ference yesterday to "butter up" American at regulating the price of steel in a free in steel prices would be a signal for price business, including the steel companies. He market, it would be well to clarify one increases all along the line, as has been the said there was no ill will toward anybody point. It has become a crime to make a case in the past. Admitted that the an­ and that there was no room on either side profit, which is a businessman's livelihood nouncement of the price increase by steel for "any feelings of hostility or vindictive­ in the same sense a worker's wages are his. was ill timed, it has not yet been demon­ ness." VERA YOUNGQUIST . strated that the increases are not warranted. But, unfortunately, the President nullified The President said several times yesterday much of what he said when he refused to TWO OTHER PARTICIPANTS that he has no power to fix prices or wages. answer a reporter's question as to how he MIDDLE VILLAGE, N .Y. It is evident that he did have this power would treat labor unions if they do the same EDITOR, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL: and used it against steel-backed by loud thing the steel companies did-namely, if Higher steel prices would hurt most of us, protests from the public. When he was they make demands for wage increases that not only as consumers (for obvious reasons), questioned on whether he would move in go beyond the administration's formula for but also as earners (through higher costs similar ways to prevent other price increases, a "ho~d the line" or stabilization program. to the industries in which we earn our however, the President insisted he had no The reporter's question was as follows: living). While we share the President's power to fix prices or wages. Indeed he would "Assuming that a price increase in steel wrath at the action of the leading steel not say w!).at he would do in the event a would eventually be necessary and justified, manufacturers, we wonder why he completely labor unfob.'/ demanded excessive wage in­ do you have any thoughts as to how this ignored the key role of Government and creases-increases that could only make price increase should be reached? And, sec­ labor in the wage-price spiral. price increases essential to a continuance in ondly,' if some major labor union made ex­ RODNEY R . ADLER . business. Obviously, he could not deal with cessive demands for wage increases, would labor as he dealt with the steel companies. you move as sharply against that union as TIME TO LEARN He could not threaten them economically by · you did last week against steel?" BALTIMORE, MD. producing strikebreaking workers. He could The exact record of what the President EDITOR, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL: not threaten organized labor with punish­ said in reply was as follows: I nominate as understatement of the year: ment under the antitrust laws, for labor "Well, to take the second part first, we Roger Blough, "Well, I think you gentlemen unions are not subject to these laws. On had worked very closely with the steel union 7098 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD _ :HOUSE . April 19 in an attempt to 'persuade "them that it was A newsworthy plece of inforniation in the seizure of the steel mills was unconstitu­ in their interest and the country's interest President's press conference was hiel' admis­ tional. to meet the standards· set by the Council of sion that at no time 'during the administra­ Economic· Advisers, and it was done. And tion's discussion with 'the steel companies, Said Mr. Justice Black, who delivered that is why. thi~. matter ·came into particu­ before the decision · was reached to raise the opinion of the Court: · larly sharp focus last week." ptices, was there any assurance given that In the framework ·of our Constitution, the Mr. Kennedy's avoidance .of an .answer is there would or would not be a price in• President's power to· see that the laws are regarded as particularly significant, because crease. One of the reporters· had asked faithfully executed refutes the idea that he it means that the administration intends to whether such assurances were given, either is to be a lawmaker. The Constitution limits continue to put ·pressure on business and directly or indirectly, because on the day his func~ions in the lawmaking process to threaten it with lawsui.ts and the withdrawal the contract was ratified the President had the recommending of laws he thinks wise of orders by the Defense Department, but stated that the settlement was "noninfla­ and the vetoing of laws he thinks bad. And will exercise no analogous pressure on the tionary." Mr. Kennedy replied finally that the Constitution ls neither silent nor equiv­ labor unions. they "were not asked and they were not ocal about who shall make the laws which Mr. Kennedy pleaded that he doesn't really given." the President is to execute. have the power to restrain wage increases. The foregoing is an example of what Said Mr. Justice Douglas, in concur­ Actually, he has no legal power to restrain American business is up against. The Presi­ price rises elther. Mr. Kennedy seemed to dent, himself, hasn't revealed clearly Just ring with this decision: sidestep the point made by one of the re­ what happened in his attempts to get a "non• We pay a price for our system of checks porters that, by holding the line, he was ac­ inflationary" settlement, o.r the kind of pres­ and balances, for the distribution of power tually fixing prices. The reporter said: sure he used in coercing the steel companies among the three branches of Government. It "Some of your critics feel that you set to withdraw their price increase. ls a price that today may seem exorbitant to prices, or have gone into the field of price many. Today a kindly President uses the control by Executive fiat in the steel situ­ To conclude, it is my hope, my prayer, seizure power to effect a wage increase and ation, and further that this sets a precedent in this Easter season that all of us can to keep the steel furnaces . in production. which you would have to follow in future take time to reflect on the great prin­ Yet tomorrow another President might use situations. Do you feel that you have set a ciples upon which our country is the same power to prevent a wage increase, precedent--that, as these situations arise, to curb trade unionists, to regiment labor as you would again have to invoke this sort founded. Freedom is the cornerstone. oppressively as industry thinks it has been of power?" In the past it has been our heritage and regimented by this seizure. birthright. Let us not change it. Our Mr. Kennedy argued that "everyone is Speaking of the claim of "inherent quite aware of what the powers are of the future will be secure only as our free­ Government, and the limitation on these dom is securely protected by our Gov­ powers" of the President, Mr. Justice powers." He then added: ernment. It is in this spirit that I have Jackson said: "But I have not suggested that--our presented my views here today. Such power either has no beginning or it power-that we have powers to set, or that has no end. If it exists it need submit to those powers would be desirable to set no legal restraint. I am not alarmed that prices or to set wages." GOVERNMENT BY PRESIDENTIAL it would plunge us straightway into dicta­ The President insisted that he had. merely torship, but it is at least a step in that attempted to put before the parties on both ANGER wrong direction. sides the importance of the public interest, Mrs. MAY. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan­ Mr. Justice Jackson had some further and he did say that the interrelationship of imous consent that the gentleman from observations, pertinent today: various. factors makes the public interest Michigan [Mr. JOHANSEN] may extend mandatory in these matters. He put it Executive power has the advantage of con­ this way: his remarks at this point in the RECORD centration in a single head in whose choice "Public interest is very definitely involved, .and include extraneous matter. the whole Nation has a part, making him but in asserting the public interest we have The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the focus of public hopes and expectations. always recognized the proper limitations of the request of the gentlewoman from In drama, magnitude, and :fl.nallty hls de­ that--of the power of the Government to Washington? cisions so far overshadow any others that enforce any collective bargaining agreement. There was no objection. almost alone he fills the public eye and ear. We do not have that power. That power has No other personality in public life can be­ not been given to us." Mr. JOHANSEN. Mr. Speaker, hav­ gin to compete with him 1n access to the Mr. Kennedy, nevertheless, did not hesi­ ing previously expressed my own opposi­ public mind through modern methods of tate last week to use all the pressure and tion to "government by Presidential communications. By his prestige as head power of the U.S. Government to force the anger," I welcome President Kennedy's of state and his influence upon public steel companies to recede from their an­ latest statement that-- opinion he exerts a leverage upon those who nouncement of a price increase. There is -are supposed to check and balance. his power This administration harbors no 111 will whi~h often cancels their effectiveness. no power to do this under the law, but he against any individual, any industry, . cor­ applied it neverthless. The Defense Depart­ poration or segment of the American And he added: ment withheld orders promptly and ignored economy. the principle of competitive bids by simply With all its defects, delays, and incon­ shifting contracts without. requiring formal I earnestly hope that subsequent veniences, men have discovered no technique submission. Coincidentally, a. Federal grand deeds will confirm these fine words. for long preventing free government except jury investigation of certain steel companies that the Executive be under the law, and was ordered. I also hope that the President's avowed that the law be mad.e by parliamentary de­ Mr. Kennedy's remarks were particularly concern for "the public interest" will ex­ liberations. tend to the rising cost of big Govern­ unsettli}lg, however, when he discussed fu­ I respectfully commend these wise ad­ ture profits and productivity. He gave the · ment, to excessive Federal employee pay impression that shareholders should be con­ increase proposals, and to reckless big monitions to the present-and all fu­ tent with a record of high returns on their union demands. ture-occupants of the White House. investment during the last 10 years. He said nothing about the current situation, in I am interested too in Mr. Kennedy's which the value of the stock held by United statement that-- THE WARSAW GHETTO States Steel shareholders is approximately Everyone is quite aware of what the powers Mrs. MAY. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan­ $63, compared to $108 2 years ago. are of the Government, and the limitations imous consent that the gentleman from Mr. Kennedy also seems to think that the of those powers. steel industry would get a $500 m1llion in­ New York [Mr. HALPERN] may extend crease in profits when steel production goes And in his denial of any intention to his remarks at this point in the REcoRD up to 85 or 90 percent of capacity. But set prices or wages. and include extraneous matter. nobody in the steel business expects any Again, the proof of these disclaimers The SPEAKER. Is there objection to s-µcb result as this !or a long time to come. must await future events. the request of the gentlewoman from In fact,, tile realistic experts among them say Washington? that what's lmportant is not the total Meanwhile, at the risk of being ac­ amount of profits, but the return per sliare­ cused of trying to "turn back the clock," There was no objection. bolder. · 'they: also say that a better ·way to Mr. HALPERN. Mr. Speaker, today I call attention to some sober wisdom is a significant anniversary-a grim but measure progress is by the rate · o! return is on sales which the steel companies receive. · which all of 10 years old. · I quote from glorious one. Nineteen years ago, on The industry figures show that in the last several of the :ma.jority opinions o! the April 19, 1943, the world was given in­ 4 or 5 years t},l~e peI"centages have been U.S. Supreme Court in 1952, when it disputable proof that the human spirit steadily going downhm. · · · ruled, 6 to 3, that President Truman's is unconquerable, that man will resist to 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE .7099 the death oppression, tyranny, and out­ WARSAW GHETTO DAY ration of bills for action by the House rage. Nineteen years ago today the in­ On April 19, 1943, the world witnessed a as a whole. habitants of the Warsaw ghetto rose in scene of incredible valor in the revolt of the Some of this spade work is still under determined revolt against their tTazi tor­ Jewish inhabitants of the Warsaw Ghetto. way on phases of the broad program pro­ Hopelessly outnumbered from the start, turers who were determined to erase knowing they would fail and without mod­ posed in a series of presidential messages every remnant of Judaism. ern arms, they rose in rebellion against the and communications. The epic of the Warsaw ghetto upris­ might of the Nazi military war machine. However, hearings have been con­ ing is a deathless saga of heroism---of Faith and spirit were greater than mate­ cluded on the all-important trade ex­ the spirit of man which would not be rial things, for at first their hopeless rebel­ pansion measure designed to meet the denied and rose to give weakened and lion was successful. With the bravery of development of the European Common starved bodie_s the strength to hold at desperation they threw back the first attack Market and to reduce mutual barriers to of the storm troopers who had been sent the free flow of international commerce. bay strong, well-armed Nazis troops. In to liquidate them. It took the full fury of the 5 weeks of resistance, thousands of the then irresistible German Army to crush The authorization bill for foreign as­ Jews died, but they died only after a them. sistance is nearing that same point. heavy toll was inflicted on the Nazis. These unforgettable patriots fought to The proposed new program for agri­ As horrible as the atrocities perpe­ death as martyrs in .the cause of freedom. culture is being written up in committee trated against Jews in every coµntry On this day we honor them as God-fearing and ready to emerge. were, none match the unspeakable tor­ men and women who preferred to die fight­ The largest of all the appropriation tures endured by the Polish Jews. On ing rather than to live on bended knees in bills, that for the Department of De­ the eve of World War II there were over humiliation and slavery. fense, has been passed. Now, therefore, I, Nelson A. Rockefeller, Action on all of these will be among 3 million Jews in Poland. In the terror­ Governor of the State of New York, do filled years that followed, Jews by the hereby proclaim April 19, 1962, as Warsaw our early tasks after reconvening on hundreds of thousands were killed-in Ghetto Day in New York State. Monday, April 30. the streets, in the unspeakable hell of Given under my hand and the privy seal of The list of major actions up to date the extermination camps-in the fire­ the State at the capitol in the city of Albany in this 2d session of the 87th Congress ravaged horror of the ghetto uprising. this 29th day of March 1962. follows: When Poland was overrun by the By the Governor: ENACTED NELSON A. ROCKEFELLER. Jobless retraining, Public Law 87-415; Nazis in 1939, every effort was made to WU.LIAM J. RONAN, stamp out all vestiges of Jewish settle­ Secretary to the Governor. storm damage relief, Public Law, 87-426; m~nts there. Into the Ghetto they enforcement provisions for Pensions poured as many as half a million Jews at Mr. Speaker, I know that my col­ Disclosure Act, Public Law 87-420; au­ once-in an area that had been inhabited leagues and our fellow Americans will thority for nationwide program of re­ by 80,000 before the tyranny began. join in this significant commemoration, habilitation of juvenile delinquents be­ They began to decimate-systematically honoring the spirit of these freedom fore Federal courts, Public Law 87-428; and calculatingly-the Jewish popula­ :fighters and dedicated to the preserva­ temporary increase in national debt tion, carrying them away by the carloads tion of this spirit, the perpetuation of limit, Public Law, 87-414. to the "final solution"-death in Tre­ the principle of liberty and freedom for PASSED BY HOUSE AND SENATE which these p~ple gave their lives. blinka, in Belzec, in the other infamous Authorization for procurement of mis­ camps that abounded in Poland. siles, naval vessels, aircraft including the To list just a few of the grisly statis­ RS-70, H.R. 9751; college construction tics, on July 22, 1942, 6,289 Jews were re- · COMMITTEE ON INTERSTATE AND program, H.R. 8900; Peace Corps expan­ moved from the Warsaw Ghetto; July 23, FOREIGN COMMERCE sion and authorization for fiscal 1963, 7,815; July 24, 7,444-in the period from Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask H.R. 10700; compelling production of July 2 to July 23, 66,701; 142,353 were unanimous consent that the Committee documentary evidence in civil antitrust removed in August; 56,730 in September. on Interstate and Foreign Commerce suits, S. 167. In conference, grant to And these official German figures are may have until midnight Tuesday, April States to encourage educational TV just some of the statistics. 24, to file a report on the bill H.R. 11040. broadcasts, S. 205. The Nazis butchered, but they could The SPEAKER. Is there objection to PASSED BY HOUSE not kill the spirit, the dignity of this peo­ the request of the gentleman from Okla­ ple. They maimed, but they could not H.R. 10606: Revamping public assist- homa? ance programs, raising benefits. scar the beauty of hope. They degraded, There was no objection. but they could not debase an age-old love H.R. 10650: Revenue Code revisions. of life, liberty, and God. H.R. 7927: Postal rate increases. H.R. 3728: Increased compensation for The :fight against their implacable foes THE EASTER RECESS was carried on by the bravest, most dar­ blinded veterans. ing, indestructible Jews. They proved Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask H.R. 10743: Increasing rates of com­ to be indominatable, defying all threats. unanimous consent that the gentleman pensation for veterans with service-con­ Numbering about 1,000 hard-core ideal­ from Louisiana [Mr. BOGGS] may extend nected disabilities. ists, these :fighters began their last and his remarks at this point in the RECORD. H.R. 10079: Authorizing continued most glorious fight in April. The SPEAKER. Is there objection U.S. part in international refugee pro­ On this day, 19 years ago, Nazi storm to the request of the gentleman from grams, in.eluding Cubans in asylum here; troopers were dispatched to liquidate, Oklahoma? reorganizes loyalty, secw·ity functions of forever, all traces of the ghetto. The There was no objection. State Department. Jews were outnumbered by at least 1,000 Mr. BOGGS. Mr. Speaker, as we pre­ H.R. 7336, H.R. 946: Measures to aid to 1, and in terms of arms and equip­ pare to adjourn today I would like to oyster production industry whose beds ment, perhaps by 10,000 to 1. -But they make the observation that the House of were destroyed by storm and disease. fought on for better than 5 weeks, until Representatives has earned. its Easter H.R. 10162: Authorizes United States sheer force of arms and decimation of recess. to join with other countries in loans to forces had reduced their number to only We have passed well over a score of im­ the International Monetary Fund to 80 survivors. portant measures, several of which are help stabilize world currencies. Mr. Speaker, this appalling and in­ on the statute books while others sent to APPROPRIATIONS human action is, -nonetheless, an ever­ the Senate are in varying stages of proc­ House Joint Resolution 612: Supple­ lasting memorial to these fighters, to the ess toward final enactment. mental, Veterans' Administration, 1962, spirit which was unquenchable. Of course the bulk of our labor thus Public Law 87-404. · I call to the attention of my colleagues far, as is usual and necessary in the H.R. 10562: Treasury, Post Office, and a declaration by the Honorable Nelson early months of every new session, has executive office. Rockefeller, Governor of my State of been performed in the committee room H.R. 10802: Interior and related agen­ New York, proclaiming April 19, 1962, where studies, discussions and hearings cies. Warsaw Ghetto Day. must be conducted prior to final prepa- H.R.10904: Labor-HEW. 7100 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 19 H.R. 11038: Second supplemental, 1962. labor, capital, business enterprises and serv­ st.and~ It is an understateme.nt to say that H.R. 11151: Legislative branch. ices anywhere within the area; to coordinate this.· condition makes it difficult for the busi­ H.R. !1289-; Defense. monetary policies; to establish a. common . ness community, to find out where it stands. agricultural policy; and to extend benefits Let me make it clear that I am not point­ and protection to the associated. states ing· the finger at the present administration EFFECT OF EUROPEAN ECONOMIC ( colonies arid associated territories mainly a.Ione. The conditions confusing business in Africa). · have persisted and4Jeen compounded during COMMUNITY ON THE AMERICAN It must be clear at once. to the most several administrations, regardless of the FORESTRY INDUSTRIES casual observer, that in effect the European party in power. Economic Community is. providing its mem­ In the. case of our own lumber and wood Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask ber nations with the. same freedom of eco­ products industry-and this is true for in­ unanimous consent that the gentleman nomic homogeneity tha.t we have in the dustry generally-our main challenge of the from Texas [Mr. DOWDY] may extend United States among our several States. moment ls to find out what the ground rules his remarks at this point in the RECORD · The main difference, as I see it, is that the are and who mak.es those rules. Too often and include extraneous matter. rules for the conduct of business within a th.ose in Government who should have the The SPEAKER. Is there objection nation are still made by that nation and greatest understanding of our industry, do each nation is exerting every effort to struc­ not appear to be making the decisions. The to the request of the gentleman from ture its procedures in such a way that its elusive trail to decision meanders through Oklahoma? own ·businessmen can have a business ad­ the Department of Agriculture, the Depart­ There was no objection. vantage. In essence, the countries of Europe ment of the Interior, the Department of Mr. DOWDY. Mr-. Speaker, recently, are applying the principles of states rights Commerce, the General Accounting Office, my good friend Arthur Temple, Jr., to the needs of their business community . and, now, seemingly _to the State Depart­ president of the National Lumber Manu­ and holding, inviolate, the power of· deci­ ment. We need a road map to Government sions within their own borders. reality. facturers Association. addressed the an­ In the Unit~ States., on the other hand, I submit to the President of the United nual meeting of the West Coast Lumber­ we find the national government imposing States, that there Is something radically men's Association on the subject "The an inequitable tax system, restrictive regu­ wrong when your own people, fam111ar with Trade World We Live In." Mr. Temple lation, and other harassments of business every aspect of an industry, cannot clean so vividly expressed the situation facing across the board in a way which more often out the confusion so as businessmen we can the allied industries of the forestry in­ than not hampers the economic growth and have some form of effective communication terests in the United States posed by the opportunity of every businessman regardless with OUT Government . to determine our European Common Market that I believe of where his plant is situated and regardless chances of staying in business or being put to of where his. markets are. out. of business: We want to stay in busi­ them. be of significant interest to this For instance, if the State of Texas were ness; we only expect Government to provide body in further deliberations on our re­ to give a. job producing business tax advan­ an atmospliere that makes it possible for us lations with the European Economic tage, it could be nullified by Federal tax de-· to. do so. · Community: mands. A producer in a Common Market We are occasionally told, and sometimes THE TRADE WORLD WE LIVE IN country, if given a business advantage· by his from unexpected sources, "Here is your solu­ own country, need not fear that such advan­ tion" without. having been asked "What is Gentlemen. those of us who make frequent your problem?" The solution may be elab­ speeches soon stop being bothered by the tage will be canceled by an oppressive tax from the overriding power of the Common borate. The problem may be nonexistent, truth of the Biblical quotation, "A prophet or a distortion of the real difficulty. We is not without honor, save in his own coun­ Market. The Common Market situation. where businessmen would prefer that the State De­ try. and in his own house." But·we do get partment not exercise powers having· pri­ bothered when the circumstances of business. country• competes against country with the same ground rules and within the same mary effects in. decisions affecting our dom­ become such that the quotation can be estic industry until it is authorized tOi do so. modified to read, "A country ls without modus operandi is a healthy and benefidal condition. It is the very essence of the Yet, it appears increasingly obvious that this profit save at the cost of its honor in its own department's concern with building up other house." We want to know why this should spirit of free enterprise which, frequently in our own country is subordinated to social nations takes precedence over any realtstic be. and diplomatic considerations which while effort to make full ut111za.tion of our own As many of you know, I recently had the good must be balanced against the growth resources' for our own economic development. privilege of joining a group of architects, and prosperity of our own citizens. The businessmen I talked with in Europe construction executives, and building mate­ Our own Federal Government had the fore­ gave testimony to the morale of their busi­ rial suppliers, gathered together by House ness community. Some of them were & Home magazine, for a tour pf four major sight to help establish the Common Market to foster eco:qomic recovery and progress in frankly puzzled-perhaps I should not go countries o:( Europe. I had read a good deal so far as to say "amused"-by what they about the Common Market and about the Europe and yet our Federal Government does not espouse the same rules for its own busi­ had heard and read conc.er:ning the pro­ new vitality of the Western European longed attempts of Amer:Ican business-to find economy but~ like most Americans, I had ness community~ We have been cornered into a situation where our friends across the out whether our Go:vernment is or is not tended to scoff at the idea that this Phoenix antibusiness. rising from the ashes of war constituted a seas recognize the advantages oi free compe­ tition in a free society and sponsor it, while If the atmosphere tu which we operate and significant threat to our own world and sell is to be created J;>y the State Depart­ domestic trade. Gentlemen, I have been our own Federal Government frequently ig­ nores the effect of its actions which thwart ment, we would like to know it. If our in­ there; I have seen fit; I couldn't have been dustry is to be discouraged from greater pro­ more wrong. the effort of American business to remain free and competitive. ductivity because we are already marked The Common Market is a force for trade down on the list of those to be sacrificed in which can alter the entire .commercial :flow We can no longer harbor the belief that the administration's trade expansion pro­ of the free world. If we are to maintain our our- shores are inviolate because. we stand posals, we demand the right to know. At markets and our own growth rate in the for free enterprise. We are being faced now least, knowing the worst, w~ can prepare to United States, we must understand the with a dynamic foreign free enterprise sys­ fight it. Common Market, we must examine its rera­ tem. Unless we as a nation move boldly into We urge our Government not to endorse tionship to our own national economy, and foreign trade we will be driven from ,the mar­ and exploit low wage conditions in other we must take economic· actions which will ketplace and be relegated to a secondary role countries at the cost of jobs for American assure that despite shifting influences at in world economics. With full employment workers. We ask Government not to go fur­ home· and abroad we will receive. our fair in Western Europe, we have nearly 6 million ther in suppression of one of the great share of· the lumber markets everywhere. unemployed at home. ·sources of our national wealth and employ­ The superior rate of growth of production, ment--our renewable. forests-at the ex­ Let us look for a moment at this new de­ of new plant and equipment, and of market velopment. The European Economic Com­ pense of shutdown of mills and plants in vigor and expansion in many other countries, American communities and the loss of jobs munity (called the Common Market) is a 4- makes our own industrial mechanism appear, year-old economic union consisting, at pres­ to American workers destroying the well­ ent, of France, West Germany, Italy, the relatively, to be grinding to a halt. The mal­ being of entire American comm.unities. Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. functioning of' this mechanism cannot be It is not within my province, nor within attributed to a lack of readiness of our busi­ Great Britain has announc·ed its decision to my time to explore the many ram1:flcations apply for membership and Derimark is ness system. We are ready. of the administration's seeking powers to The adaptability of competitive enterprise negotiate tariff reductions with the European negotiating for membership. . to new responsibilities and opportunities has Common Market, and. ther_efore, with other The objective· of the Common Market _is been provetl too often to be indict.ed now countries under the most favored nation to build mass consumptio,n within the areas for failure. The defects are apparent in a principle. Each specific of the program must by removing tariffs, quotas and other trade nebulous, confused national policy--espe­ be judged on its own merits. by the Congress. barriers; to create a uniform external ta.riff; c1a1Iy in jurisdictional uncertain ties among No doubt there will be some alternative solu­ to abolish restrictions on the movement of Government departments as to where they tions in many areas of th~ problem. Nor can 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7101 we hide our heads in the sand and fail to at the price of unemployment and commu­ Second, there is the subsidy that west reallze that the EEC and the United States · nity 1nstab111ty? On this score, gentlemen, coast lumber pays to domestic shipping: must have some form of free economic union. I might say that the picture ls not altogether I wonder how many American homebuyers Our disagreement 1s in the proposed pro- black. - really know that the Jones Act-requiring gram which falls to recognize inequality of On February 21, this industry of ours that American products shipped by water opportunity for American producers. The achieved a landmark in industry unity, 1n between two points in the United States basic, ultimate solution is a containment the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture. must travel on domestic ships-means an of costs for American producers, a profit I wish each of you could have been with us added cost of $8 per thousand board-feet . incentive, and an attitude and action by to share the sense of pride each of us felt delivered. Government that-even, 1f not directly en- as more than a hundred key people in the Recent devaluation of the Canadian dollar couraglng-is at least not punitive to do- solution of Federal timber supply problems for the benefit of Canadian exporters added mestic industries such as ours. waited for the Secretary to arrive. another competitive edge for Canadian lum­ I believe we will not see any real correction We had 55 lumbermen there, representing bennen-$5 for every $100 worth of lumber of inflation, our budget deficit, our deficit in every region, and companies, large, medium, sent into our markets. And, of course, this balance of foreign payments, and the threat and small; there were 20 Senators and Con­ advantage comes on top of the lower prices of a. lower standard of living for our people, gressmen present and 24 others were repre­ at which the Canadian government sells its until the question of costs and profits in the · sented by their principal staff assistants. stumpage to producers and the lower wages United States is answerec;l. We had a good case, and we presented it in the British Columbia region-principal Our own industry affords classic examples firmly and in complete unity, without fear competitor of our great west coast region. of Just about every factor you can think of of reprisals, without thought of selfish per­ Western producers must absorb all these in terms of trade reciprocity-as it sounds sonal interest, without any prior deals or costs to be competitive. on paper and as it works out in practice commitments having been made. And be­ Third, there are other extraneous costs when American producers are not backed up cause we were together, because we were charged off to lumber. by their own Government. · firm and ~orthright, we were heard with We are taxed for the superhighways on Imports of hardwood plywood from Japan . re~pect and understanding. which logs rarely move. At the same time and other countries where wages are 30 cents Visualize sitting in a room listening to we bear the entire cost of building access an hour or less, ~ve taken far more than · Senator WAYNE MORSE stating, after our roads to timber supply which are in large half of our American market, have caused presentation, that the management of the measure used and enjoyed by the general a large number of companies to operate at national forests must be related to the ring­ public. a loss others to close down and of course ing of cash registers on the main streets of And let us put in the record now, that have thrown thousands of' workers out of · dependent communities. However, he later on industry-owned forest land there were Jobs. Since 1956 the hardwood plywood negated his help for dependent communities more than 6 million recreation visits by the industry has mad~ two appeals for relief- · by advocating additional Government power American people in 1960. There were 55,000 and has been denied The phrases "peril over our industry. miles. of road open to the public; 54 million point" and "escape ·clause" cease to be · Senator FRANK CHURCH, of Idaho, called . acres open to hunting; 37,000 miles of meaningful when interpreted in a way that our proposals reasonable indeed and cited stream available for fishing, and '735,000 circumvents the will of the Congress. the fact that there were twice as ma~y acres of lakes open to the public-all · workers unemployed in the woods in his Entirely different factors are involved in . State than there had been a year ago. financed by private capital. the increasing spread of Canadian softwood senator FRANCIS CASE, of south Dakota, When it is borne in mind that Govern­ lumber in our domestic market. In the warned the Department of Agriculture that, ment owns more commercial forest land in first place, our industry has long been in- and 1 quote: "The curtailment Of cutting some States than the forest industries and cllned to br~ad concepts in dealing with our national forest- timber would only create a requires public. funds--over and above its Canadian fnends, with whom this country vacuum in the market and that vacuum timber sales and other income from the for­ · has auch strong economic tie6. Canadians · will be filled by substitute materials which est land, to provide recreation--our indus­ buy 16 times as much per capita from us-in will lead surely to the death of the lumber try's hospitality looks very good indeed. all commodities-as we buy from them. industry .. · Lumber is the only building material that Lumber tariffs are inequitable but we have Repre~ntative JULIA HANSEN, of Washing­ has such a public-spirited function, involv­ leaned over backward to make the trade . ton, called for immediate action by the De­ ing extra costs for facilities and extra meas­ relationship work~ Now, however, Cana- partment on our proposals. ures for protection of our raw material. dian softwood has taken 12 or 13 percent of Senator MAGNUSON, of Washington, urged But, be it to our credit, we continue to ex­ our markets (and increasing), and, we are the Department to enter into Immediate pand recreational opportunities for the pub­ necessarily reevaluating our situation. conferences with the congress to cure the lic to uphold the principle that .America's All its complexities were explored at your industry's ms. forests can be both perpetually productive own import-export meeting 2 months ago Congressman CLEM MILLER, of California, and perpetually enjoyable. and at a combined meeting of the NLMA demanded that these matters be aired at Fourth, whenever our industry seeks to Foreign Trade and Executive Committee the highest policy levels of the Department take the initiative to develop markets else• this month. We have no quarrel with Cana- and that the gap between the lumber pro­ where--such as our effort to develop a hous­ dian producers. The basic problem 1s that ducer, and the secretary's Office be closed. ing program in South Americ~we have been the Canadian Government empathizes with Representative Tox MouIS, of New Mex­ unable to get cooperation from the Govern­ lumber manufacturers and acts ·in an eco- ico, said that if the Forest service was not ment. nomically flexible manner to give them a · administering the law of 1897 in a way that When disaster struck Chile we moved in competitive edge in our market. By way of served the modem needs of the lumber to offer assistance-much later the admin­ contra.st, our softwood producers operate industry, perhaps the Congress should re­ istration came. up with a $20 million loan under condi~ions that are punitive. write the basic forestry law so that it would program with opportunities for private en­ You are so painfully familiar with these serve the i·ndustry today. terprise methods absent from the program. punitive measures and policies that I shall And these, gentlemen, were public state- Fifth, our industry has had little benefit only make a rollcall of a few of them. ments by lawmakers. · from the Buy American Act. First, we have Government timber sales How did we generat.e these spontaneous Through interpretations, exemptions, and practices that force the costs up to a point expressions of concern for our interests? By exceptions, there is no effective application at which our products. cannot be marketed being united in our approach and convictions of the Buy American Act to softwood lum­ at a profit. and by being wholly honest and reasonable ber, the major item affected in our industry. With Government as the biggest timber in our demands. I cannot emphasize too Until there is mandatory marking of im­ owner in the country (and having a mono- strongly that without the strong statements ported lumber as to country of origin, do­ poly in many areas of the West), it ls to the by lumbermen from the.WCLA, Bernie Oren. mestic producers are at a disadvantage. long-term interest of the Government's own "Stub" Stewart and the behind-the-scenes These matters that I have cited. among forest economy that its commercial timber influences of Dave James and Nat Giustina, others have considerable bearing on the ap­ be sold, utilized, and replaced with new we could not have achieved the marked sue­ proach which we insist that the Congress crops ·of better trees for coming generations. · cess we enjoyed. will take when it considers a new frame­ The present policy caters to speculative This session with the Secretary of Agricul­ work of trade legislation. Certainly, we buyers or those unable to carry out the kind ture in the presence of influential Members should not accept a program so drastic for of operations that embody all we have of Congress was, in my opinion, the most some of our industries that entire communi­ learned about forest management for sus- significant meeting of lumbermen with Fed­ ties will go on the dole. tained yield in the last half centunr. era.I officials in history, and here I must say The administration's proposed relief in Federal accounting procedures are partially that Secretary Freeman received our presen­ face of a new flood of imports is to give the responsible for this suppression of proper tation with genuine concern. With total jobless 65 percent take-home pay for a year; utilization of a constantly renewable source industry support we will win a Vital battle provide retraining for work. in other indus- of wealth and jobs of essential importance to for relief from unjust and uneconomic prac­ tries; and money to move to another job our total economy. Is the accounting re- tices by the Federal Government upon which location. quirement to get the highest dollar for Fed- the very future of our industry may well May I put a question here: How will other eral timber so sacred that it must be bought depend. industries stand the impact of the drop in ·7102 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE April 19 American consumer buying power when this land must continue as a basic and renew­ what we can do to help you lift and bear new phase of unemployment begins? able source of our wealth. They must un­ this burden, and we shall share and lighten Now, for the businessman who is injured derstand there is no shortage of our raw your load and bear it gladly. And what is by the program, the Government is going material and that, unlike iron ore· or -oil more, we will help you demonstrate anew to give him technical advice; a tax benefit deposits, we can continue to grow this raw to the world the greatness of freemen in a to those who improve or diversify their pro­ material at an ever-increasing rate through free country working together through the duction into other areas; and lend money scientific forest rganagement. greatest economic system ever introduced for modernization. That is the three-point Government must sell a reasonable pro­ on this planet, the free individual American program for business under the administra­ portion of its timber as it matures. It is in enterprise system. tion proposal. business itself in this regard. Yet our in­ As for modernization, which the planners dustry-unlike the situation in other coun­ set forth as a means by which American in­ tries--carries on alone in developing and RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN dustry can compete with low-wage coun­ promoting markets for the ll,1mber and other tries, I suggest that these planners go take forest products, markets on which Uncle Sam THE FIELD OF AERONAUTICS a look. at some of the plant and equipment as the biggest owner depends and exacts ex­ Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask in some of these foreign countries. orbitant raw material prices from our in-· We have been losing American supremacy dustry. · unanimous consent that the gentleman in this regard also for lack of profits to plow Mr. President, we ask you to look at our from Utah [Mr. KING] may extend his back into business and for lack of assurance industry a& it is viewed by our realistic com­ remarks at this point in the RECORD and that our productivity will be perinitted its petitors abroad and open equal access to include extraneous matter. proper outlet. I am happy to say that the foreign markets for your own American in­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection present administration is at least making dustry. We ask you, Mr. President, to look at to the request of the gentleman from noises indicating a recognition of this pro- our industry, as we ourselves view it as busi­ Oklahoma? ' · gram. nessmen-uncertain from one day to the It was only about 14 months ago that next as to whether we can continue to exist There was no objection. President Kennedy, in his stirring inaugural as an industry with so many political pres­ Mr. KING of Utah. Mr. Speaker, as address, told an of us that we should not sures working aaginst us. I think you will a member of the Committee on Science ask what our country could do for us but heed our plea, Mr. President, because it is and Astronautics, I have been deeply what we could do for our country. The en­ fair. impressed and pleased, as I know my col­ tire Nation applauded that statement and The responsible stewardship of forest re­ yet, within the past year, we have seen forces sources by the forest products industries is leagues have been, with the great strides moving to lock up lands for exclusive use as an established fact. The very word, "fores­ that we as a nation have made in space, playgrounds without any consideration of try," means "good forestry." There is no climaxed most recently, of course, by their significance as economic resources for other kind. And good forestry is good busi­ Col. John Glenn's spectacular orbital jobs and payrolls. We have seen trade un­ ness. There is no sustained business or sus­ flight. ionists move to serve themselves and not tained profits or sustained employment with­ Yet while I enthusiastically applaud the Nation by negotiating a contract which out long-term timber management. And the vigorous emphasis we have given the provides for a 25-hour workweek. this takes capital risk, with land and invest­ Reductions in raw material resources and ment tied up for many years. That is why, space effort, and while I recognize that in productive labor will never do anything Mr. President, we need to know now some of our space committee is resPonsible in for our country. Gentlemen, Americans the ground rules. large measure for that emphasis, I do need more resources and more employment; We do not ask for help, Mr. President, in want to express one note of concern not more playgrounds and more leisure. competing with our fellow lumbermen or about it. · · The trend away from multiple-use of our producers of competing materials. We be­ As ·we vigorously push research and , forests and the desire to lock up vast areas lieve, however, that advantages given to from all access to the typical American fam­ other nations should not be denied the 3 development in space work, we must, I ily. in the name of preservation-:-has, of million dependent on our industry. We are believe, ·also continue to push our re­ course, produced a condition of constant engaged in a strong program to develop mar­ search and development in a closely ' intimidation of our industry. Withdrawals kets so that we can make a profit-so that related field, the field of aeronaut-ics. actual and threatened, inevitably force we can stay in business and provide jobs. If I know that ·many scientists and engi­ stumpage costs up. we are forced out of business Government neers, including experts in government, Public misconceptions of what this strug­ will have to take over the whole job of pro­ share my concern about the need to focus gle is an about will have swaying power over ducing, manufacturing and selling or else many candidates for Congress unless we our­ let the wealth of our forests go into total on this important problem. Many of selves do the educational job necessary to discard. them feel, with alarm, that.this country expose the fallacies of these seemingly be­ This is not the cry of despair, Mr. Presi­ has so intensively focused its interest nevolent programs. dent. Rather than asking for help, we ask and energies on the space effort that its It occurs to me that each of you has an only for some relief from excessiye program­ interest in aeronautics has seriously, per­ obligation to acquaint your own Representa­ ing against us. We must preserve, Mr. haps dangerously, waned. This country tives and Senators with the facts with re­ President, the integrity and security of the cannot afford to neglect its progress in ~pect to the economic concepts of national freeman in America who capitalizes upon his the aeronautical sciences. forests and private holdings in their respec­ own sweat, ta.lent, and energy, and succeeds tive States and districts if we are to achieve or fails as his own master. The freemen of The aeronautical sciences and the a truly representative voice in the Congress our Nation are the Government of this Na­ astronautical sciences are closely of the United States. tion. It is their right as individuals to move related fields. In countless instances, the I firmly believe that if our Representatives forward as far as their wills, their abilities, progress which we make in one of these in Congress truly know the facts they will and their opportunities will permit them­ fields will aid our progress in the other. vote to serve the best interests of ,their dis­ to advance. If we stifle the freedom of every It is important that we keep our perspec-. tricts and their States. If they don't know man to excel and to realize his potentialities tive in the vast field of flight. Our long­ the facts, it's your fault and mine for fail­ through personal effort and endurance, then, ing to prepare and present a convincing pres­ indeed, we will have surrendered the security range national interests will be most ef­ entation of the facts that affect American of our own and all freemen to the inevitable fectively served, I think, by a balanced business. chains of economic slavery. approach. This is reflected, of course If they know the facts and still play foot­ Mr. President, we ask to be given nothing in the name which the Congress gav~ loose with our economic lives, our businesses, and offer our all to help you build this Na­ to NASA. our employees' well-being and that of our tion. We ask you to examine your programs Recent developments have made many dependent communities, let's work together and ask yourself, "Am I doing all I can to of us inclined to think of NASA as a and get them out of office. If they don•t clear up the confusion, thus making it pos­ help us, then they can't complain. sible for American business to compete in in­ space agency and only a space agency, It wa,s Supreme Court Justice Brandeis, ternational markets with foreign producers but as John Stack, the. director of aero­ who said: "Experience should teach us to who have the wholehearted support of their nautical research at NASA, likes to re­ be most on our guard to protect liberty when governments?" mind us, the first A in the name stands the Government's purposes are beneficent. We know, Mr. President, that what you do for Aeronautics. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in in­ for American business will be criticized by sidious encroachment by men of zeal, well­ some who don't have to face ·the daily obll­ In the post-World War II period, the meaning but without understanding." gaiion of having to provide jobs for people. United States has dominated both the The American people must understand But this, Mr. President, is a cross I know military and- commercial development that utilization of our commercial forest you are willing to bear. So then, ask us and production of aircraft. 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7103 I am satisfied that this Nation con­ tional and international time ~ones, will that support . by private industry . will be tinues to hold the dominant position in cause confusion in t)le passenger cabin. An f orthcomip.g. . . . overall aeronautical technology. How­ SST leaving New York City at 9:30 a.m., EST, "One estimated tc:ital cost of; developing will arrive in Los. Angeles at 8 a,m., PST. A and ·building a fleef of supersonic transports ever our leadership is being challenged man could leave New York for Tokyo at was $2 billion for 145 aircraft," he says. and 'challenged intensively by the Soviet breakfast time-and find himself having "Another figure was $12,600,000 to $20 mil­ Union. Our dominant position in this breakfast in San Francisco, and again in lion per individual aircraft. No manufac­ field will not perpetuate itself indefi­ Honolulu, en route. turer-not one-will step up to this kind of nitely unless we make continued leader­ a bill; hence the Government must play a FLIGHT TEST THIS DECADE large part." - ship in aeronautical technology one of This first American mach 3 (three times our national goals. Airline presidents, with subsonic jet bills the speed of sound) airliner could be flight still to pay, and many empty seats in their Clearly it should be one of our goals. tested in the late 1960's; by the early 1970's it new 600-miles-per-hour jets, have just fin­ The development and production of could be whisking passengers from New York ished a bad year. Their eyes roll back in supersonic and hypersonic aircraft have to London in about 2 hours ( one third the their heads at mention of supersonic trans­ many far-reaching implications, which present flying time). port costs-but they all agree that, somehow, bear not only upon our continued aero­ John Stack, Director of Aeronautical Re­ the United States must build it. nautical supremacy but also upon our search for the National Aeronautics and military strength, our industrial progress Space Administration (NASA), says when that day comes, "speculators will probably PUBLIC LAND MANAGEMENT and our national security. be trying to figure out how to take a couple It should, in fact, be a concerted goal of billion bucks out of a London bank, fly to MARKS 150TH ANNIVERSARY within the free world. To achieve it, New York and get an extra day's interest Mr. ASPINALL. Mr. Speaker, I ask this country should not hesitate to draw on it." unanimous consent to extend my re­ upon the scientific resources of the free Great Britain and France are working to­ marks at this point in the RECORD. world. gether on an aluminum plane to fly some­ what slower at mach 2, may get it into the The SPEAKER. Is there objection For several reasons, we should be mov­ air first. But aluminum loses its strength to the request of the gentleman from ing, and moving strongly, in the direc­ beyond mach 2, hence American aeronauti­ Colorado? tion of developing aircraft which will fly cal engineers see little growth potential for There was no objection. at speeds of mach 3 and faster. In this such an aircraft. effort, we should utilize whatever tech­ It's also a good bet that the Soviets will Mr. ASPINALL. Mr. Speaker, I fly some form o! mach 2 or mach 3 trans­ would like to call the attention of the nology the free world has to offer. House to what I consider to be an im­ We would suffer another serious set­ port before the United States. As envisaged, the SST will be a striking portant anniversary which will occur back in the cold war if the Russians be­ airplane. next week while the House is in recess. came the :first to achieve a recoverable Two thirds the length of a football field, Next Wednesday, April 25, 1962, will space booster. Yet the Russians could with a pOBSible wing spread of 100 feet, the mark the 150th anniversary of the estab­ very well score this important :first, be­ aircraft will stand three stories high. Four cause they have been working intensively to six jet engines, generating more than lishment of the General Land Office on multiple-cycle air-breathing technol­ 150,000 pounds thrust, will propel the SST which is now the Bureau of Land Man­ over a 4,000-mile range at cruising altitudes agement of the Department of the In­ ogy in aeronautics. of 65,000 to 70,000 feet. The plane will carry terior. In marking the sesquicentennial We must intensify our own efforts in 150 passengers. of Federal administration of public this direction, and do so now, if we are One of the biggest worries is the problem lands, as chairman of the Committee on to hold any hope of averting this setback. of "sonic boom" caused by the .shockwave Interior and Insular Affairs, I am pleased I call to the attention of my colleagues~ that moves downward from and along with to tell the House that our former col­ an article which appeared in the National an airplane in supersonic filght. With a crack like artillery fire, it can shatter win­ league, Secretary of the Interior, Stewart Observer on April 8. It bears upon the dows, damage structures, and. disturb entire L. Udall, has been making significant competition which the free world faces communities. progress in modernizing land manage­ in the development of hypersonic trans­ Finally, the SST will be a "rubber" air­ ment techniques and procedures. ports and recoverable boosters. It rec­ plane; it must use conventional airfields and I have had occasion at other times ognizes the Soviet threat, it also recog­ runways, operate efficiently over a wide range and wish again to state for the record nizes the possibility that the challenge of speeds from subsonic to supersonic. The that the Committee on Interior and In­ can best be met by our drawing upon the two speed ranges are antithetical as !ar as wing shapes, propulsion, etc., are concerned. · sular Affairs and its members on both scientific resources of the free world. For example, in supersonic, high-altitude sides of the aisle have had good working The article follows: flight, an airplane cleaves the air best with relationships with the Bureau of Land A SUPER JETLINER To OUTRUN SuN WHISKS highly swept back wings; when landing and Management regardless of the adminis­ INTO VIEW taking off, it requires more wing spread. tration in power. As we enter the 151st The supersonic airliner may yet get off To meet this problem, NASA engineers year of active management of our public the ground. have long been experimenting with a "vari­ lands, I am pleased to further inform Last week Najeeb Elias Halaby, Adminis­ able sweep" or "variable geometry" wing you that we are working m our commit­ trator o! the Federal Aviation Agency, said which could be moved forward and back­ ward mechanically. tee in a bipartisan endeavor to enact leg­ the Government will soon award $11 million islation that will modernize the under­ in research contracts on a commercial ver­ ENGXNES MUST CHANGE lying policies governing our public lands ; sion o! this transport that will fly so fast it Today's jet engines will not be versatile will outrun the Sun. enough for efficient subsonic-supersonic I hope that we can bring this legislation Before the first supersonic transport (SST) flight, says A. J. Evans, deputy to Mr. Stack. to the floor during this anniversary year, streaks down the runway in the early 1970's, Therefore, a new "engine cycle," or method which will also mark the 100th anniver­ staggering research and development prob­ of generating power, must be worked out. sary of the Homestead Act of 1862, the lems must be solved, and equally staggering The posslblllty under study ls a turbofan­ Land Grant College Act of 1862, and the costs must be absorbed. But Mr. Halaby, ramjet combination. Land Grant Transcontinental Act of anyway, feels that this country cannot afford The rather conventional jet turbofan 1862. not to build it. would power the airplane's takeoff and ini­ Mrs. ·PFOST. Mr. Speaker, I ask It's not just the estimated $3 to $4 billion tial acceleration. The ramjet, which can world market for such an aircraft, says Mr. only operate at high speed, would provide unanimous consent to extend my re­ Halaby. It's not just the large segment o! cruise propulsion. marks at this point in the RECORD. world passenger traffic. It's not just inter­ The economic picture is a subject of hot The SPEAKER. Is there objection national prestige, or even the plane's possi­ debate in aviation circles. Mr. Halaby has to the request of the gentlewoman from ble use as a troopcarrier. "It's not just all requested another $25 million in "seed Idaho? that," he says forcefully. "It is a question money" for the fis~l year beginning July There was no. objection. · of: Are we going ahead with our technology 1, to round out a 2-year basic research effort. and leadership in aviation? I think we He is frank to say that until the results Mrs. PFOST. Mr. Speaker, l wish to should." of 2 years' rese~ch is in, he isn't sure what associate myself with the remarks· of The aircraft's 2,000-m.p.h.-plus speed, kind of "Government-industry formula" Chairman ASPINALL in greeting the De­ combined with the vagaries of shifting na- can be worked out. But he firmly maintains partment of t~e Interior ~nd. the Bureau CVIII---447 7104 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 19 of Land Management on the occasion of employees of the House I extend my amendments to the budget for the fiscal the 150th anniversary of planned man­ heartfelt wishes for a happy, blessed and year 1963 in the amount of $80,000 for the Delaware River Basin Commission, and a agement of the public lands of the well-earned Easter holiday. proposed provision for the U.S. Study Com­ United States. mission-Texas (H. Doc. No. 398); to the As chairman of the Subcommittee on Committee on Appropriations and ordered to Public Lands, I am pleased to join in SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED be printed. informing the House of the fine spirit of 1964. A letter from the Director, Office of By unanimous consent, permission to Emergency Planning, Executive Office of the cooperation that exists between our com­ address the House, following the legis­ mittee and the ·Bureau of Land Man­ President, transmitting a draft of a proposed lative program and any special orders bill entitled "A bill to amend the Defense agement and its Director, Karl S. Land­ hereto!ore entered, was granted to: Production Act of 1950, as amended, and strom, who was formerly on our staff Mr. RYAN of New York, for 10 minutes, for other purposes"; to the Committee on and is familiar-like the Secretary of today. Banking and Currency. the Interior himself-with the prob­ 1965. A letter from the Comptroller Gen­ lems both downtown and here on the Mr. ALGER, for 1 hour, today. eral of the United States, transmitting a · Hill. Mr. DERWINSKI, for 1 hour, on May 3, report on the review of management, utili­ 1962. zation, and maintenance of selected land ' Mr. SAYLOR. Mr. Speaker, I ask and buildings in the 1st and 12th Districts, unanimous consent to extend my re­ U.S. Coast Guard, Treasury Department; to marks at this point in the RECORD. EXTENSION OF REMARKS the Committee on Government Operations. The SPEAKER. Is there objection 1966. A letter from the Administrator, to the request of the gentleman from By unanimous consent, permission to General Services Administration, transmit­ Pennsylvania? · extend remarks in the CONGRESSIONAL ting the report of the Archivist of the United RECORD, or to revise and extend remarks, States on records proposed for disposal un­ There was no objection. was granted to: der the law; to the Committee on House Ad­ Mr. SAYLOR. Mr. Speaker, I, too, Mr.FuLTON. ministration. desire to associate myself with the re­ Mr. MASON and to include a magazine 1967. A communication from the Presi­ marks of the Honorable WAYNE N. article. dent of the United States, transmitting a ASPINALL, chairman of the Interior and draft of a proposed bill entitled "A bill to Mr. PUCINSKI. authorize the withholding from the pay of Insular Affairs Committee, in sending The following Members