DOCSLIB.ORG

Phenotypic Variation of Floral Organs in Malus Using Frequency Distribution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phenotypic Variation of Floral Organs in Malus Using Frequency Distribution Zhou et al. BMC Plant Biology (2019) 19:574 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-2155-6 METHODOLOGY ARTICLE Open Access Phenotypic variation of floral organs in Malus using frequency distribution functions Ting Zhou1,2, Junjun Fan1,2,3, Mingming Zhao1,2,4, Donglin Zhang3, Qianhui Li1,2, Guibin Wang1,2, Wangxiang Zhang1,2,4* and Fuliang Cao1,2* Abstract Background: Phenotypic diversity of floral organs plays an important role in plant systematic taxonomy and genetic variation studies. Previous research have focused on the direction of variation but disregarded its degree. Phenotypic variation (including directions and degrees) of 17 floral traits from wild to cultivated crabapples were explored by comparing their distributions and deviations in three different dimensions: floral organ number, size, and the shape. Results: Except for petal number, petal length / petal width, and sepal length / sepal width, the analyzed floral traits of cultivated crabapples all showed downward distributed box bodies in box plot analysis and left deviations of fitted curves in frequency distribution function analysis when compared to the wild, which revealed consistent variation directions of petaloid conversion (pistils or stamens → petals), size miniaturization (large → small), and shape narrowness (petal shape: circular → elliptic; sepal shape: triangular → lanceolate). However, only seven floral traits exhibited significant differences in box plot analysis, while all of the traits in frequency distribution function analysis were obviously offset. The variation degrees were quantitatively characterized by sizing traits > shaping traits > numbering traits and by horizontal dimensions > radial dimensions. Conclusions: Frequency distribution function analysis was more sensitive than the box plot analysis, which constructed a theoretical basis for Malus flower type breeding and would provide a new quantitative method for future evaluation of floral variation among different groups of angiosperms at large. Keywords: Malus spp., Floral variation, Direction, Degree, Frequency distribution Background are semi-double or double flowered. Additionally, germ- Crabapples (Malus spp.) are small trees and shrubs in the plasm with larger flowers are also rare, resulting in a scar- rose family, valued for their charming flowers, colorful city of double-flowered and novel-typed cultivars available small fruits (≤5 cm), and diverse growth habits. They also in today’smarket[8]. have an added advantage of wide environmental adaptabil- Flowers are one of the most ornamental features of ity, facilitating their world-wide prominence as landscape garden plants [9–11]. They display extremely high and gardens focal points [1–3]. After a long period of nat- variation in size, color, structure, and function, which ural selection and crossbreeding, Malus germplasm are the products of continuous remodeling to adapt present a high level of diversity, with a steadily increasing to different environmental conditions and pollinators number of varieties and cultivars in relation to their wild and the important foundations for germplasm innova- ancestors [4–7]. While nearly 1200 Malus taxa are re- tions [12–19]. Currently, most floral variation studies corded in Fiala’s “Flowering Crabapple” book,lessthan5% have been restricted to the anatomical examinations and genetic interpretations for their development on the basis of phylogenetics and molecular genetics, * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China combining with the ABC (DE) and the quartet models Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Zhou et al. BMC Plant Biology (2019) 19:574 Page 2 of 11 [20–28]. Moreover, variation analyses mainly occurred two groups (P values were 0.2896, 0.1021, 0.4922, above the species level (at the macro level, mainly de- 0.1959, and 0.1394, respectively). termined by paleontology and comparative morph- In terms of floral organ size (Fig. 1-II), larger distri- ology methods) [29–31]. Based on phenotypes and bution ranges were shown in flower diameter, petal statistical principles, few studies were carried out with length, sepal length, sepal width, and pedicel length more intuitive estimations of floral variation below of cultivated crabapples. Among them, distribution the species level (at the micro level, mostly deter- ranges of flower diameter and petal length of culti- mined by genetics, ecology, and low-level systematics vated crabapples completely encompassed the ranges methods) [30, 31]. Chu et al. (2009) summarized the of wild ones (the proportions of transgressive individ- main phenotypic variation of Malus floral organs uals were both 5.6%). Downward distribution trends based on intuitive experience and comparative were presented in sepal length and sepal width, with morphology, which had been widely accepted by re- smaller values in cultivated crabapples than the wild; searchers [32–34]. These results, however, were rela- whereas for the pedicel length, the upward distribu- tively imprecise because of the subjectivity of the tion trend was presented together with higher values methods. Furthermore, these studies did focused on (the proportions of transgressive individuals were 9.3, the direction of variation and disregarded its degree. 15.7, and 5.6%, respectively). On the contrary, sizing Using box plot and frequency distribution function traits of petal width, claw length, pistil length, stamen analyses, phenotypic variation of floral organs from length and pedicel thickness of cultivated crabapples wild to cultivated crabapples were explored to: (1) de- were distributed across a smaller range. Distribution termine the variation rules (including directions and ranges of claw length and pistil length of cultivated degrees) governing floral changes between the two crabapples were completely encompassed by those of groups in three different dimensions: floral organ the wild. And downward distribution trends were pre- number, size, and the shape; (2) compare the effect of sented in petal width and pedicel thickness, with different analytical methods on generating the vari- smaller values in cultivated crabapples than the wild; ation rules; and (3) provide a theoretical basis for the whereas the upward distribution trend was presented inheritance and improvement of Malus germplasm. in stamen length together with higher values (the proportions of transgressive individuals were 5.6, 5.6, Results and 0.9%, respectively). Except for pedicel length (P = Box plot analysis of phenotypic variation of floral organs 0.9660), pistil length (P = 0.0567), petal length (P = between wild and cultivated crabapples 0.0783), and claw length (P = 0.4040), the other six Figure 1 shows box plots for 17 phenotypic traits sizing traits of flower diameter, petal width, sepal reflecting Malus floral organ number, size, and shape. length, sepal width, stamen length, and pedicel thick- Comparative analyses of distributions and differences ness, all showed significant differences between the between the two groups were carried out, one includ- two groups (P values were 0.0244, 0.0005, 0.0001, ing 25 wild crabapples and the other including 108 0.0001, 0.0237, and 0.0001, respectively). cultivated ones. Except for petal number, petal length In terms of floral organ shape (Fig. 1-III), petal / petal width, and sepal length / sepal width, all culti- length / petal width and sepal length / sepal width of vated crabapples’ box bodies of the other floral traits cultivated crabapples were both distributed across a showed downward distributions relative to the wild. larger range that completely encompassed the distri- Specific distributions of all the phenotypic traits were bution ranges of those in wild crabapples (the propor- as follows: tions of transgressive individuals were 8.3 and 7.4%, In terms of floral organ number (Fig. 1-I), petal num- respectively). Significant variation was presented in ber, pistil number, and petal, pistil and stamen number petal length / petal width between wild and cultivated of cultivated crabapples were distributed across a larger groups (P = 0.0030); however, differences in sepal range that completely encompassed the distributions of length / sepal width did not reach the significant level wild crabapples (the proportions of transgressive individ- (P = 0.5298). uals were 4.6, 23.1 and 6.5%, respectively). However, with regards to the stamen number and the pistil and Frequency distribution function analysis of phenotypic stamen number, smaller distribution ranges were shown variation of floral organs between wild and cultivated in the cultivated relative to the wild, although certain crabapples transgressive individuals (smaller individuals) still existed For a clearer analysis of floral variation from wild to cul- (the proportions of transgressive individuals were 2.8 tivated
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Method for Producing Methacrylic Acid And/Or Ester Thereof
    (19) TZZ _T (11) EP 2 894 224 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION published in accordance with Art. 153(4) EPC (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 15.07.2015 Bulletin 2015/29 C12P 7/62 (2006.01) C12N 15/09 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 13835104.4 (86) International application number: PCT/JP2013/005359 (22) Date of filing: 10.09.2013 (87) International publication number: WO 2014/038216 (13.03.2014 Gazette 2014/11) (84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventors: AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB • SATO, Eiji GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO Yokohama-shi PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR Kanagawa 227-8502 (JP) Designated Extension States: • YAMAZAKI, Michiko BA ME Yokohama-shi Kanagawa 227-8502 (JP) (30) Priority: 10.09.2012 JP 2012198840 • NAKAJIMA, Eiji 10.09.2012 JP 2012198841 Yokohama-shi 31.01.2013 JP 2013016947 Kanagawa 227-8502 (JP) 30.07.2013 JP 2013157306 • YU, Fujio 01.08.2013 JP 2013160301 Yokohama-shi 01.08.2013 JP 2013160300 Kanagawa 227-8502 (JP) 20.08.2013 JP 2013170404 • FUJITA, Toshio Yokohama-shi (83) Declaration under Rule 32(1) EPC (expert Kanagawa 227-8502 (JP) solution) • MIZUNASHI, Wataru Yokohama-shi (71) Applicant: Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. Kanagawa 227-8502 (JP) Tokyo 100-8253 (JP) (74) Representative: Hoffmann Eitle Patent- und Rechtsanwälte PartmbB Arabellastraße 30 81925 München (DE) (54) METHOD FOR PRODUCING METHACRYLIC ACID AND/OR ESTER THEREOF (57) To provide a method for directly and efficiently producing methacrylic acid in a single step from renew- able raw materials and/or biomass arising from the utili- zation of the renewable raw materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Osher Lifelong Learning Institute
    USDA-ARS National Plant Germplasm System Conservation of Fruit & Nut Genetic Resources Joseph Postman Plant Pathologist & Curator National Clonal Germplasm Repository Corvallis, Oregon May 2010 Mission: Collect – Preserve Evaluate – Enhance - Distribute World Diversity of Plant Genetic Resources for Improving the Quality and Production of Economic Crops Important to U.S. and World Agriculture Apple Accessions at Geneva Malus angustifolia ( 59 Accessions) Malus sikkimensis ( 14 Accessions) Malus baccata ( 67 Accessions) Malus sp. ( 41 Accessions) Malus bhutanica ( 117 Accessions) Malus spectabilis ( 9 Accessions) Malus brevipes ( 2 Accessions) Malus sylvestris ( 70 Accessions) Malus coronaria ( 98 Accessions) Malus toringo ( 122 Accessions) Malus domestica ( 1,389 Accessions) Malus transitoria ( 63 Accessions) Malus doumeri ( 2 Accessions) Malus trilobata ( 2 Accessions) Malus florentina ( 4 Accessions) Malus tschonoskii ( 3 Accessions) Malus floribunda ( 12 Accessions) Malus x adstringens ( 2 Accessions) Malus fusca ( 147 Accessions) Malus x arnoldiana ( 2 Accessions) Malus halliana ( 15 Accessions) Malus x asiatica ( 20 Accessions) Malus honanensis ( 4 Accessions) Malus x astracanica ( 1 Accessions) Malus hupehensis ( 185 Accessions) Malus x atrosanguinea ( 2 Accessions) Malus hybrid ( 337 Accessions) Malus x dawsoniana ( 2 Accessions) Malus ioensis ( 72 Accessions) Malus x hartwigii ( 5 Accessions) Malus kansuensis ( 45 Accessions) Malus x magdeburgensis ( 2 Accessions) Malus komarovii ( 1 Accessions) Malus x micromalus ( 25 Accessions)
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Apple Rust Gymnosporangium Yamadae Belongs to the Pucciniales, an Order That Includes Rust Fungi That Cause Diseases on Plants
    U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory - Invasive Fungi Fact Sheets Japanese apple rust Gymnosporangium yamadae belongs to the Pucciniales, an order that includes rust fungi that cause diseases on plants. Gymnosporangium yamadae has been limited in distribution to Asia (China, Japan and Korea) where it can be a serious pathogen of cultivated apples, especially if the host of the telial state, Juniperus spp., occurs in close proximity. This fungus was recently reported from the United States (DE, PA) in its aecial state on the ornamental tree, Malus toringo (Yun et al. 2009). Gymnosporangium yamadae Miyabe ex G. Yamada 1904 Aecia on Malus, foliicolous, then hypophyllous, also less commonly caulicolous, fructicolous; initially developing in a whitish leaf spot that becomes rose red with a distinct margin. Peridium cornute to tubular, 3-7(-8) mm high, retaining this shape at maturity but with lacerate sides that often form a reticulate pattern, apex typically closed to occasionally dehiscent, yellow-brown to brown; peridial cells long-narrow rhomboid to linear-rhomboid, 59-115 µm long, pale yellow, appearing verrucose with long papillae to tuberculate, outer walls smooth, inner and side walls sparsely echinulate. Aeciospores globoid, 16-26 × 18-27 µm, walls dark yellow, 1.0-2.5 µm thick, rarely up to 3.5 µm thick, sparsely echinulate, 4-7 pores scattered on surface. Telia on Juniperus, caulicolous, rarely foliicolous, produced on globoid swellings or small galls, telial horns cylindric-acuminate, 1-3 mm diam, 5-8 mm high or more, orange, gelatinouse. Teliospores two-celled, oblong, ellipsoid or obovoid, 15-28 x 32-56 µm, walls 0.8-2.0 µm thick, yellow or orange, with two pores near septum and one pore toward apex in upper cell, frequently with an obtuse, hyaline papilla at apex.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Fenghong Nichang' Flowering Crabapple
    HORTSCIENCE 54(7):1260–1262. 2019. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13897-19 Province of China. Because Malus seeds need cold stratification, we placed these seeds under moisture sand at –5 to 10 °C until ‘Fenghong Nichang’ Flowering radicles emerged. We then sowed them on raising beds in the field in Spring 2010 Crabapple at the National Crabapple Germplasm Ge- netic Center (Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China) Junjun Fan (Table 1). From 1,251 seedlings in 2012, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; one double-flowered seedling was observed Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing and selected for further evaluation. In 2013 Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; and Department of Horticulture, and 2014, the plant consistently exhibited University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 15 to 25 petals per flower, and we named this individual plant ‘Fenghong Nichang’ Wangxiang Zhang (Fig. 1). From 2013 through 2015, we also College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; budded it into the popular rootstock, M. hupehensis, seedlings for 3 consecutive years. Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing In 2016 and 2017, 177 budded plants showed Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; and Yangzhou Crabapple the same flowering characteristics. From 2014 Horticulture Limited Company, Yangzhou 225200, China to 2015, we also conducted regional experi- ments in Shandong and Anhui Provinces Donglin Zhang (Table 1). ‘Fenghong Nichang’ showed the Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 same flowering characteristics in these places. Malus halliana has a long cultiva- 1 Ting Zhou, Hao Jiang, Guibin Wang , and Fuliang Cao tion history in China.
    [Show full text]
  • Dihydrochalcones in Malus Mill. Germplasm and Hybrid
    DIHYDROCHALCONES IN MALUS MILL. GERMPLASM AND HYBRID POPULATIONS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Benjamin Leo Gutierrez December 2017 © 2017 Benjamin Leo Gutierrez DIHYDROCHALCONES IN MALUS MILL. GERMPLASM AND HYBRID POPULATIONS Benjamin Leo Gutierrez, Ph.D. Cornell University 2017 Dihydrochalcones are abundant in Malus Mill. species, including the cultivated apple (M. ×domestica Borkh.). Phloridzin, the primary dihydrochalcone in Malus species, has beneficial nutritional qualities, including antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic properties. As such, phloridzin could be a target for improvement of nutritional quality in new apple cultivars. In addition to phloridzin, a few rare Malus species produce trilobatin or sieboldin in place of phloridzin and hybridization can lead to combinations of phloridzin, trilobatin, or sieboldin in interspecific apple progenies. Trilobatin and sieboldin also have unique chemical properties that make them desirable targets for apple breeding, including high antioxidant activity, anti- inflammatory, anti-diabetic properties, and a high sweetness intensity. We studied the variation of phloridzin, sieboldin, and trilobatin content in leaves of 377 accessions from the USDA National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) Malus collection in Geneva, NY over three seasons and identified valuable genetic resources for breeding and researching dihydrochalcones. From these resources, five apple hybrid populations were developed to determine the genetic basis of dihydrochalcone variation. Phloridzin, sieboldin, and trilobatin appear to follow segregation patterns for three independent genes and significant trait-marker associations were identified using genetic data from genotyping-by-sequencing. Dihydrochalcones are at much lower quantities in mature apple fruit compared with vegetative tissues.
    [Show full text]
  • Malus) Collection and Assessment of the Crabapple Slope
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Internship Program Reports Education and Visitor Experience 2019 Evaluation of the Crabapple (Malus) Collection and Assessment of the Crabapple Slope Micah Christensen University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/morrisarboretum_internreports Part of the Horticulture Commons Recommended Citation Christensen, Micah, "Evaluation of the Crabapple (Malus) Collection and Assessment of the Crabapple Slope" (2019). Internship Program Reports. 40. https://repository.upenn.edu/morrisarboretum_internreports/40 An independent study project report by The Charles C. Holman Endowed Rose and Flower Garden Intern (2018-2019) This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/morrisarboretum_internreports/40 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Evaluation of the Crabapple (Malus) Collection and Assessment of the Crabapple Slope Abstract This project began in response to space on the slope for more crabapple trees and a need to evaluate the current crabapple collection. As such, this project examined the collection as a whole with special attention to the slope. The Morris Arboretum had 48 crabapple trees as of 2018. The vast majority were planted in two locations: the slope by the rose garden and on the farm between the community garden and the executive director’s residence. The initial examination of the collection showed only two native crabapple specimens (Malus coronaria) both with a provenance of Maryland. Propagation of a tree with more local provenance was done to improve and expand the Malus collection. The four parts to this project included development and implementation of evaluation criteria, soil testing of the slope, recommendations of crabapple cultivars to fill empty spaces on the slope, and propagation of a native crabapple (Malus coronaria) with local provenance Disciplines Horticulture Comments An independent study project report by The Charles C.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Food Inspection Agency
    Canadian Food Inspection Agency Home > Plants > Plants With Novel Traits > Applicants > Directive 94­08 > Biology Documents > Malus domestica The Biology of Malus domestica Borkh. (Apple) Table of contents 1. General Administrative Information 2. Identity 3. Geographical Distribution 4. Biology 5. Related Species of Malus domestica 6. Potential Interaction of Malus domestica with Other Life Forms 7. References Appendix 1: Species and hybrid species currently recognized in the genus Malus, according to the taxonomy database of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Germplasm Resources Information Network GRIN) (USDA­ARS 2012) Biology Document BIO2014­01: A companion document to Directive 94­08 (Dir94­08), Assessment Criteria for Determining Environmental Safety of Plant with Novel Traits Photo credit: H. Ardiel Plant and Biotechnology Risk Assessment Unit Plant Health Science Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency Ottawa, Ontario Oct 15, 2013 1. General Administrative Information 1.1 Background 1.2 Scope 1.1 Background The Canadian Food Inspection Agency's Plant and Biotechnology Risk Assessment (PBRA) Unit is responsible for assessing the potential risk to the environment from the release of plants with novel traits (PNTs) into the Canadian environment. The PBRA Unit is also responsible for assessing the pest potential of plant imports and plant species new to Canada. Risk assessments conducted by the PBRA Unit require biological information about the plant species being assessed. Therefore, these assessments can be done in conjunction with species­specific biology documents that provide the necessary biological information. When a PNT is assessed, these biology documents serve as companion documents to Dir94­08: Assessment Criteria for Determining Environmental Safety of Plants with Novel Traits.
    [Show full text]
  • JOURNAL of the AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC, A.Pril 1966 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
    'I'IIE A.:M:ERICAN ~GAZINE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC, A.pril 1966 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1600 BLADENSBURG ROAD, NORTHEAST / WASHINGTON, D. c. 20002 For United Horticulture *** to accumu.late, inn-ease, and disseminate horticultuml information Editorial Committee Directors FRANCIS DE VOS, Chainnan Terms ExpiTing 1966 J. HAROLD CLARKE JOHN L . CREECH Washington f 'REDERIC P. LEE W. H . HODGE Maryland CARLTON P. LEES FREDERIC P. LEE Massachusetts RUSSELL J. SEIBERT CONRAD B. LINK Pennsylvania DONALD'VATSON FREDER ICK G. MEYER Hawaii "VII.BUR H. YOUNGMAN T erms Expi?'ing 1967 MRS. ROBERT L. EMERY, J R. Louisiana Officers A. C. HILDRETH Colorado PRESIDENT DAVID LEACH JOHN H . WALKER Pennsylvania A lexandria, Virginia CHARLES G. MEYER New Yo rk MRS. STANLEY ROWE F IRST VI CE- PRESIDENT Ohio FRED C. GALLE Terms ExjJiring 1968 Pine Mountain, Geo?-gia FRANCIS DE VOS Maryland SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT MRS. ELSA U. K NO LL TOM D. THROCKMORTON California Des Moines, Io wa VICTOR RIES Ohio STEWART D . VVI NN ACTING SECRETARY-TREASURER GRACE P. WILSON ROBERT WINTZ Bladensburg, Maryland Illinois The A merican Horticultural Magazine is the official publication of the American Horticultural Society and is issued four times a year during the quarters commencing with January, April, J!lly and October. It is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of growmg ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related subjects. Original papers increasing the historical, varietal, and cultural knowledges of plant mate~ials of economic and aesthetic importance are welcomed and will be published as early as pOSSible.
    [Show full text]
  • DESIGN STANDARDS for URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE 23 PLANT SPECIES for URBAN LANDSCAPE PROJECTS
    DESIGN STANDARDS for URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE 23 PLANT SPECIES FOR URBAN LANDSCAPE PROJECTS Design Standards for Urban Infrastructure 23 PLANT SPECIES FOR URBAN LANDSCAPE PROJECTS 23 PLANT SPECIES FOR URBAN LANDSCAPE PROJECTS 1 23.1 Introduction 23-2 23.2 Related codes of practice and guidelines 23-2 23.2.1 Legislation 23-2 23.3 Additions to the plant list 23-2 23.4 Trees and shrubs 23-3 23.4.1 Definitions 23-3 23.4.2 Additional design clearances required 23-10 23.4.3 Special plants 23-11 23.4.4 Native trees higher than 15 metres 23-12 23.4.5 Native trees 10 to 15 metres high 23-15 23.4.6 Native trees less than 10 metres high 23-16 23.4.7 Introduced trees higher than 15 metres 23-17 23.4.8 Introduced trees 10 to 15 metres high 23-19 23.4.9 Introduced trees less than 10 metres high 23-21 23.4.10 Conifer trees 23-24 23.4.11 List of special plants: trees 23-26 23.4.12 Native shrubs higher than 4 metres 23-31 23.4.13 Native shrubs 2 to 4 metres high 23-33 23.4.14 Native shrubs 1 to 2 metres 23-37 23.4.15 Native shrubs less than 1 metre high 23-39 23.4.16 Introduced shrubs higher than 4 metres 23-40 23.4.17 Introduced shrubs 2 to 4 metres high 23-41 23.4.18 Introduced shrubs 1 to 2 metres high 23-43 23.4.19 Introduced shrubs less than 1 metre high 23-44 23.4.20 List of special plants: shrubs 23-45 23.4.21 Native ground covers 23-50 23.4.22 Introduced ground covers 23-51 23.4.23 List of special plants: ground covers 23-52 23.4.24 Native climbers 23-54 23.4.25 Introduced climbers 23-55 23.5 Grasses 23-56 23.5.1 Definitions 23-56 23.5.2 List of special
    [Show full text]
  • Malus Flowering Crabapple
    nysipm.cornell.edu 2019 Search for this title at the NYSIPM Publications collection: ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/41246 Disease and Insect Resistant Ornamental Plants Mary Thurn, Elizabeth Lamb, and Brian Eshenaur New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, Cornell University Malus Flowering Crabapple The genus Malus includes orchard apples and crabapples. They are closely related, differing mainly in fruit size. Flowering crabapples are one of the most widely grown small ornamental trees in the Northeast and Midwest. Popular in both commercial and residential landscapes for their stunning spring flower displays, there are many selections available with a wide diversity in tree size and shape, flower color, and fruit color and persistence. Crabapples are prone to several diseases, in­ cluding apple scab, fire blight, powdery mildew and cedar-apple rust. The most serious fungal disease is apple scab, and susceptible cultivars may require routine preventive fungicide sprays to protect the plant. There are resistant cultivars available. However, it is important to note that there may be significant regional differences in disease resistance-a cultivar that performs well in one area may do poorly in another. There are also cultivars resistant to insect pests such as Japanese beetle, but disease resistance should be the first consideration. DISEASES Apple Scab is a disease of Malus trees caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis. Favored by mild, wet weather, the disease causes lesions on leaves and fruit resulting in premature leaf drop and discol­ ored, disfigured fruit. While usually not fatal, affected trees are weakened by defoliation and lose their ornamental value. Apple Scab Reference Species/Hybrids Cultivar Resistant Susceptible Malus adstringens Hopa 3 Malus baccata Jackii 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11,21, 22 Malus coronaria Charlottae 5 Nieuwlandiana 5 Apple Scab Reference Species/Hybrids Cultivar Resistant Susceptible Malus coronaria var.
    [Show full text]
  • Trees, Shrubs, Ground Covers, & Vines Suitable
    HO-61 Trees, Shrubs, Ground Covers, & Vines Suitable for Kentucky Landscapes M.L. Witt, L.J. Nash, W.M. Fountain, R.E. McNiel University of Kentucky Horticulture Department he following lists should serve as a start if Flint, Harrison L., Landscape Plants for Eastern you are interested in growing plants in North America. John Wiley & Sons. T Kentucky. This publication does not at- 1983. tempt to single out plants for wet vs. dry areas, Frederick, W. H., 100 Great Garden Plants. sunny vs. shady areas, drought resistance, pest Timber Press, Portland, OR. 1986. resistance or even cold resistance. This publication’s purpose is simply to list plants that Krussmann, Gerd (Translated by Michael Epp), perform adequately in Kentucky. No plant is Manual of Cultivated Broadleaved perfect in every respect. In fact, most plants Trees and Shrubs (three volumes) and have some undesirable characteristics. Only the Manual of Cultivated Conifers. Timber names of plant materials are given. Consult Press, Portland, OR. 1977. books available in libraries and bookstores for Odenwald, N.G., and J.R. Turner, Plants for the more information about how to grow and identify South: A Guide for Landscape Design. these plants. Claitor’s Pub. Div., Baton Rouge. These plant lists are by no means exhaus- Phillips, Roger, A Photographic Guide to More tive; other equally fine trees and shrubs are on Than 500 Trees of North America and the market. Your local nursery owner or garden Europe. Random House, NY. 1978. center operator is an excellent resource person for new plants as well as tried-and-true plants.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biogeography, Evolution, and Function of Leaf-Out Phenology Studied with Experimental, Monitoring, and Phylogenetic Approach
    Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) an der Fakultät für Biologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München THE BIOGEOGRAPHY, EVOLUTION, AND FUNCTION OF LEAF-OUT PHENOLOGY STUDIED WITH EXPERIMENTAL, MONITORING, AND PHYLOGENETIC APPROACHES Constantin Mario Zohner München, 20. August 2016 ii PREFACE! Statutory declaration Erklärung Diese Dissertation wurde im Sinne von §12 der Promotionsordnung von Prof. Dr. Susanne S. Renner betreut. Ich erkläre hiermit, dass die Dissertation nicht einer anderen Prüfungskommission vorgelegt worden ist und dass ich mich nicht anderweitig einer Doktorprüfung ohne Erfolg unterzogen habe. Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich versichere hiermit an Eides statt, dass die vorgelegte Dissertation von mir selbstständig und ohne unerlaubte Hilfe angefertigt wurde. Constantin Zohner, 20. August 2016 (Unterschrift) 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Susanne S. Renner 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Hugo Scheer Tag der Abgabe: 25.08.2016 Tag der Disputation: 21.11.2016 iii iv Note In this thesis, I present the results from my doctoral research, carried out in Munich from January 2014 to August 2016 under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Susanne S. Renner. My thesis resulted in four manuscripts, presented in Chapters 2 to 5, of which two have been published (Chapters 2 and 5), one is accepted (Chapter 3), and one is in review (Chapter 4). I also gave the conference talks listed below. I generated all data and conducted all analyses myself except for Chapter 5 for which I contributed the phenological data and conducted some analyses. Writing and discussion involved collaboration with S.S. Renner, with input from J.-C. Svenning (Chapters 3 and 4), and J.D.
    [Show full text]